UJosé de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, wathuthukiswa njengesosha laseMexico elakwazi ukuthuthuka ngaphansi kwesikhundla sikaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi.
U-Porfirio Diaz
Abaningi bayazibuzaWayengubani uPorfirio Diaz? Leli kwakuyisosha laseMexico kanye nepolitiki eyayisemandleni kamongameli iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanye, ihlelwe ngezikhathi eziyisikhombisa. Imibandela yakhe yesikhundla yayibizwa ngezazi-mlando zaseMexico, inkathi yePorfiriato.
Ihlandla lakhe lokuqala njengenhloko yezwe lenzeka ngemuva kokunqoba okwasungulwa ngemuva kwezenzo zeNguquko yaseTuxtepec. Impi eyabulawa phakathi kukaNovemba 28 wonyaka we-1876 kuya kuDisemba 6 walowo nyaka.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesibili kukahulumeni wakhe kwenzeka phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-February 17, 1877 kuya ku-May 5 walowo nyaka. Ngemuva kwalokho, yathuthuka ngaphakathi kwesisekelo somthethosisekelo ngoNovemba 30, 1880, ngemuva kokusungula imithethonqubo edingekayo kumthethosisekelo wezwe.
Ngemva kwazo zonke lezi zenzakalo, wathatha amandla kamongameli waseMexico ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kusukela ngonyaka we-1884 kuya ku-1911. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthuthuka njengomongameli waziphatha njengebutho.
izici zempi
U-Porfirio Díaz wagqama njengesosha ezimpini ezifana ne-Second French Intervention eMexico. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wenza kahle kakhulu eMpini YasePuebla, kanye naseSiege of Puebla, Impi yaseMiahuatlán kanye neMpi yaseLa Carbonera.
Ngokulandelayo, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngo-Okthoba 15, 1863, ngaleso sikhathi uMongameli uBenito Juárez wanquma ukuqoka i-Porfirio Díaz Division General. Ngemva kwalokhu, ngomhla zingama-28 kuleyo nyanga efanayo, izinhlangano zezempi ezazigxile egunyeni lezempi zenziwa ezifundazweni zaseVeracruz, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala nasePuebla.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi phakathi kwabalingiswa uPorfirio Díaz abagqamisile, wakwenza lokho ngezinqumo zakhe zempi ezimpini ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwesifunda sase-Oaxaca. Phakathi kwezinqumo zakhe ezinhle, wadweba amaqembu abashokobezi ngokumelene namaFulentshi, ngenhloso yokuqeda imizamo yeFrance yokubusa.
Ekuqaleni kuka-April 1867, uPorfirio Díaz wanquma ukuya ePuebla, ukuze ngemva kuka-April 15 azuze ukunqoba futhi kanjalo ahole amabutho asezingeni lama-republic enhloko-dolobha yaseMexico.
U-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukwenza ukuvukela kwezikhali ngokumelene nohulumeni wobumbano ekhuthazwa imibono ephambene izikhathi ezimbili. Isenzo sakhe sokuqala ngezingalo sasimelene noBenito Juárez, enza i-Plan de la Noria. Uma ufuna ungafunda okwengeziwe ngezindatshana ezifana nalezi Ignatius Manuel Altamirano
Lezi zenzakalo ziholele ekungqubuzaneni no-Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho echaza kabanzi ngohlelo lweTuxtepec. Lolu hlelo lwenziwe ngempumelelo, okwaholela uPorfirio Díaz ukuba athuthuke njengomongameli wendawo yaseMexico.
Uzichaze njengomvikeli ophelele wezinto eziholela ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo nenqubekelaphambili. Phakathi kwezenzo ezibaluleke kakhulu azenza ngenkathi ehlala esikhundleni sokuba yinhloko yezwe kwaba impumelelo yokwenza ukunwetshwa okuqhubekayo komzila wesitimela eMexico.
I-Biography
La Biography of Porfirio Diaz kubonisa ukuthi wazalelwa e-Oaxaca, eMexico, esifundazweni esiqanjwe ngaphambili sase-Antequera, ngo-September 15, 1830. Ubhapathizo lwakhe lwenziwa uJosé Agustín Domínguez njengonkulunkulu, ngosuku azalwa ngalo.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi wayeyindodana yesithupha yobumbano lukaJosé Faustino Díaz Orozco noMaría Petrona Cecilia Mori Cortés, umbhangqwana owahlanganyela emshadweni ongcwele ngo-1808. Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi uyise walo mlingiswa obalulekile emlandweni waseMexico. yayisendaweni yezimayini nezinsimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uJosé Faustino unquma ukujoyina amasosha amavukelambuso aholwa nguVicente Guerrero. Kukula masosha ezempi lapho u-Jóse Faustino athuthuka khona njengodokotela wezilwane, kamuva ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe wokuqanjwa ngokuthi uColonel.
Ngo-1819 abazali bakaPorfirio Díaz bakwazi ukukhulelwa indodakazi yabo yokuqala ebizwa ngokuthi uDesideria. Ngemva kwalokho, amawele uCayetano noPablo azalwa, nokho, ukuphila kwawo kugutyungelwe amashwa ngemva kokushona esemncane. Bese kuzalwa amanye amantombazane amabili okuthiwa uManuela noNicolasa. UPorfirio wazalwa ngo-1830 futhi ekugcineni umfowabo omncane ogama lakhe linguFelipe Díaz Mori, owazalwa ngo-1833.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngo-1820 abazali bakaPorfirio bathuthela enkabeni yedolobha lase-Oaxaca. Lapha banquma ukuthenga indlu yezihambi eseduze nethempeli le-Virgen de la Soledad. Kuyaziwa ngokusingatha abahambi abadlula kulelo dolobha.
Ekugcineni, u-José Faustino Díaz ugqugquzelekile ukuba aqale ibhizinisi elizinikele ekwenzeni umsebenzi wezinsimbi. Lokhu kwavumela umkhaya ukuba ube nesimo esihle sezomnotho iminyaka embalwa.
isifo sekholera morbus
Ehlobo lika-1833, kwaqubuka umqedazwe wekholera edolobheni lase-Oaxaca. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi uJosé Faustino Díaz wangenwa yilesi sifo ekuqaleni kuka-August futhi wanquma ukwenza intando yakhe ekupheleni kwenyanga efanayo. Izimpahla zanikezwa umkakhe ngokugcwele.
Ngemuva kweshwa, umndeni awukwazanga ukuzondla endlini yezihambi ngakho wanquma ukuthuthela eSolar del Toronjo. Ebhekene nesimo esasikhona ngalezo zikhathi, ezinye ze imishwana ekhumbulekayo kaPorfirio Díaz, egqugquzelwa izikhumbuzo zakhe “Ukwahlulela okuhle nemisebenzi yakhe njengomama kwamnikeza indlela yokwelula lezo zinsiza ezincane isikhathi eside”
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amantombazane u-Díaz Mori, uManuela, uDesideria noNicolasa, banquma ukuqala ngemisebenzi yokweluka, ukuthunga nokwenza ukudla nama-dessert, ngenhloso yokuwathengisa ukuze kugcinwe umnotho ozinzile ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus yomndeni.
U-matriarch yena, uqhubeka nokuhlwanyela ama-nopales ngenhloso yokuwakhiqiza ukuze adayise ngemuva komphumela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqala ukufuya izingulube, ngemva kokuqeqesha enye ye-patios yendlu yakhe ukuze enze lo msebenzi.
Iminyaka yokuqala yokufunda
Kwakungo-1835 lapho uPorfirio Díaz engena eSikoleni Sobungani. Lesi sakhiwo sezemfundo sasingaphakathi kwezigaba zokulawula zesifunda sase-Oaxaca. Kulapha lapho umlingiswa ekwazile ukufunda ukufunda nokubhala.
Ngokomlando wakhe, kuthiwa ngesikhathi esengumfana wayechitha isikhathi esiningi edlala futhi echitha isikhathi nabangane nomakhelwane ayenabo eSolar del Toronjo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwemibiko, ngesinye isikhathi phakathi nentukuthelo phakathi kwabazalwane, unquma ukubeka isibhamu emakhaleni kaFeliksi, lapho ephumule, ngaleyo ndlela amthungele ngomlilo. Lokhu kubenze babiza u-Félix el chato Díaz.
Seminar
Unkulunkulu kaPorfirio wayebizwa ngokuthi uJosé Agustín Domínguez y Díaz, isihloko esakhula njengompristi futhi kamuva njengoMbhishobhi wase-Antequera. Uncoma ukuthi umama kaPorfirio amngenise esikoleni sobufundisi.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1843 umlingisi wangena e-Tridentine Seminary yase-Oaxaca, ethuthuka ngaphakathi kwebanga le-bachelor degree kwezobuciko. Lolu hlelo lwenzeka esikhathini esiyiminyaka emithathu. Kungalesi sizathu kwathi ngo-1846, uPorfirio wafunda ngokutadisha i-physics, mathematics, logic, uhlelo lolimi, isiLatini, kanye nokukhuluma.
Waphinde waphasa kahle, ikakhulukazi ezifundweni zesiLatini. Kungalesi sizathu eqhubeka nokunikeza amakilasi ngalolu limi kuGuadalupe Pérez, owayeyindodana kaMnu uMarcos Pérez, ngenhloso yokuxazulula izinkinga zezomnotho zomndeni.
Ukungenelela kwe-United States maqondana nensimu yaseMexico, kwaletha ukuvukela okuthile kanye nokuhlubuka ohlangothini lwamalungu amasemina. Eyase-Oaxaca ibingasali ngemuva ngalezi zenzo, yingakho amalungu ayo aqala ukugqugquzelwa ukulwa nalaba bahlaseli.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, baqala ngemibono yoguquko eyayisekelwa abapristi nabafundisi abasebenza ngaphakathi kwesikhungo. Kungalesi sizathu, ngo-Okthoba wonyaka wokuhlasela kwamaMelika, iqembu labafundi linquma ukuhlangana nombusi woMbuso, ngenhloso yokucela ukuba bavunyelwe ukungena embuthweni wezempi wezwe. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi uPorfirio Díaz ubeyingxenye yalelo qembu.
Leli qembu labafana lalingaphakathi kweSan Clemente Battalion. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zenzo, impi yaphela ngemva nje kwalokho futhi akekho kumalungu eqembu owakwazi ukusebenza phakathi kwempi.
amakilasi latin
U-Porfirio Díaz wasebenza njengomfundisi wesiLatini noGuadalupe Pérez, owayeyindodana yommeli obalulekile u-Marcos Pérez, umlingiswa onobudlelwane obuhle no-Benito Juárez.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ngolunye usuku ngemva kokuqeda amakilasi noGuadalupe, uyise, unquma ukumema uPorfirio ukuba ahlanganyele nabo emcimbini wemiklomelo owawuseLiberal College.
Ngemva kokwamukela umfundisi kaPérez omncane, uhlangana nombusi wezwe ngaleso sikhathi, owayenguBenito Juárez. Lapho umfana ubheka indlela abalingiswa abafana noMarcos Pérez noBenito Juárez abaqhubeka ngayo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, uyaqhubeka nokulalela amazwi aveza ulwazi olungatholakali ngaphakathi komhlangano. Yingakho, ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, enquma ukuyibeka eceleni isemina.
Isikhungo Sesayensi Nezobuciko sase-Oaxaca
U-Porfirio ugqugquzelekile ngemuva kwezenzo zakhe zokungena e-Institute of Sciences and Arts of Oaxaca, ngesikhathi insizwa inquma ukungena kulesi sikhungo, le ndawo yayaziwa ngokuthi inezici zokuhlubuka. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, unkulunkulu wakhe, owayesevele esebenza njengombhishobhi, unquma ukuhoxisa ukusekelwa ngokwezimali ayemnike kona, kanye nangokwemizwa.
Naphezu kwesimo sakhe esisha, u-Porfirio Díaz uyakwazi ukuvela ezifundweni zakhe endaweni yezomthetho. Yini eyamenza wathola ekupheleni konyaka we-1850 isihloko sokuba uthisha ngaphakathi kwe-Institute of Sciences and Arts of Oaxaca.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo sezomnotho lapho umndeni wakhe watholakala khona saholela uPorfirio ukuba abe i-bolero. Kamuva unquma ukusebenza endaweni yokugcina izikhali lapho esebenza khona ngaphansi komkhakha wezibhamu futhi ngemva kwalokho uba umbazi.
Ngo-1854 uyaqhubeka nokuthatha isikhundla sikaRafael Urquiza emsebenzini womsebenzi womtapo wolwazi we-Institute of Sciences and Arts of Oaxaca. Yonke le misebenzi yayihlose ukuthuthukisa isimo somnotho umkhaya wakhe owazithola ukuso.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngemva kokuba u-Manuel Iturribarrí eshiye isihlalo somthetho wemvelo ngenxa yokugula, kwakunguPorfirio Díaz owamthatha esikhundleni. Lesi sikhundla esisha sisithuthukisa kakhulu isimo sezomnotho somndeni wakhe futhi simbeka esigabeni esisha empilweni yakhe yobungcweti.
Ukuthuthukiswa ezifundweni
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi lo mlingiswa wakhula ngekhono elikhulu emthethweni wamaRoma. Okuholele ekutheni abe ngumfundi ophase kahle esizukulwaneni sakhe.
Phakathi kozakwabo ayehlobene nabo kwakunoMatías Romero noJosé Justo Benítez. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayengumfundi kaBenito Juárez emthethweni wezomphakathi kusukela ngo-1852 kuya ku-1853.
impilo yodadewabo
Lapho uyise efa, udadewabo kaPorfirio, u-Desideria, unquma ukushada no-Antonio Tapia, osebenza njengomthengisi endaweni yaseMichoacán. Kule ndoda ukuthi unezingane ezimbalwa. Nokho, kulaba ababili kuphela abakwaziyo ukusinda. Lona wesifazane wahlala eMichoacán kwaze kwaba yisikhathi sokufa kwakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uNicolasa unquma ukushada esemncane kakhulu futhi abe umfelokazi ngemva nje kokushada. Kungemva kwalezi zenzakalo, lapho engashiyi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenzalo.
UManuela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, waba nobuhlobo bobulili ngaphandle komshado nodokotela okuthiwa uManuel Ortega Reyes. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho uDelfina Ortega Díaz azalwa khona, okuthi njengoba iminyaka ihamba eba unkosikazi kamalume wakhe uPorfirio.
Umsebenzi wezempi
NgoMashi 1854, 1853, esifundazweni samanje saseGuerrero, uFlorencio Villareal kanye noJuan N. Álvarez banquma ukukhipha uHlelo lwe-Ayutla, olwalufuna ukuqeda ukuthuthukiswa kukamongameli ka-Antonio López de Santa Anna. Umlingiswa wezepolitiki owayesebenzisa isikhundla sikamongameli okweshumi nanye, kusukela ngo-April XNUMX.
Kungalolu shicilelo lapho kuqala iNguquko ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Ayutla. Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi lowo owahlela ukunyakaza okukhulu kakhulu e-Oaxaca kwakunguMarcos Pérez, kanye nabangane bakhe ababaluleke kakhulu bemibono. Yingakho, phakathi kwabo bonke, beqala ukwenza isu ngenhloso yokusebenzisana nenhlangano yoguquko.
Ngemva kwalokhu, baqhubeka nokuba noxhumana nabo abahlobene ngokuqondile nabalingiswa bomdabu waseMexico ababesedolobheni laseMelika i-New Orleans ngaphansi kwezinga labadingisiwe. Phakathi kwalezi kwakuyindaba yangaleso sikhathi sikaBenito Juárez, owayethuthele endaweni ngenxa yezingxabano no-Santa Anna.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuletha ukuboshwa kukaMarcos Pérez namanye amalungu axhumana ngezincwadi nabadingisiwe, njengoba amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi kahulumeni ekwazile ukuthola izenzo zabo.
U-Porfirio Díaz ekufuneni kwakhe izinguquko uzama ukuvakashela uPérez, nokho, akulula kangako kuye ngenxa yemikhawulo ebekwe uhulumeni ngokumelene nalezi ziboshwa.
Naphezu kwalokhu, u-Porfirio akayeki, ngakho uyakwazi ukukhuphuka imibhoshongo yesigodlo ngokubambisana nomfowabo ngobunye ubusuku ngoNovemba. Lokhu kumenza axhumane noPérez ngolimi lwesiLatini.
Ngemuva kwalesi simo, ushwele unikezwa amajele ngakho-ke uPorfirio unquma ukwazisa uPérez ngesinqumo. Ngo-December walowo nyaka ofanayo, uPérez wadingiswa umbusi futhi, ngemva kwalokho, kwakhishwa incwadi egunyaza ukuboshwa kukaPorfirio Díaz, njengoba yena ngokwakhe wanquma ukuvota obala ngokumelene noSanta Anna, kanjalo esekela u-Álvarez.
UJuan Álvarez ngaleso sikhathi, unquma ukwakha iqembu labashokobezi, ngenhloso yokubhekana namasosha ombuso endaweni yaseTeotongo ngoFebhuwari wonyaka ka-1855. Qiniseka ukuthi uzazisa ngezihloko ezinjengokuthi Biography of Guadalupe Victoria
Ukwesula kuka-Santa Anna
Ngo-Agasti 9, 1855, uSanta Anna, unquma ukusula esikhundleni sakhe njengomongameli, ngemuva kwezenzakalo eziphakanyiswe ngaye. Yingakho engena echwebeni laseVeracruz elibangise eCuba.
NguJuan N. Álvarez oba umongameli wendawo yaseMexico, njengoba kunguye owahola izinhlangano zamavukelambuso ngokumelene no-Santa Anna. Ngo-August 27 walowo nyaka, uBenito Juárez uyabuya, ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka embalwa ekudingisweni e-United States. Ngemuva kwalokho, uBenito Juárez uqokwa njengombusi wase-Oaxaca.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uCelestino Macedonia, wasebenza njengonobhala kahulumeni Wezwe. Kungalesi sizathu lapho kwathathwa khona ukuqokwa kuka-Porfirio Díaz njengenduna yezombangazwe ephethe iSifunda sase-Ixtlán.
U-Díaz ukwazile ukwenza unogada wokuqala kule ndawo, naphezu kokuba nezinhlamvu ezimbalwa ezimelene naye, njengoba kwenzeka kumphathi wezempi wombuso. Kuhlangene nala mabutho amasha lapho u-Díaz ehlanganyela khona e-Oaxaca empini ngonyaka ka-1856. Kulesi senzakalo esingokomlando walinyazwa ngenhlamvu futhi ngemva kwalokhu u-Esteban Calderón uqhubeka nokumhlinza.
Umklomelo wamasevisi akho
U-Porfirio Díaz waklonyeliswa ngezenzo zenkululeko azenza ngesikhathi esaqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wezempi. Umuntu owamnika lokhu kuhlonishwa kwakunguMongameli u-Ignacio Comonfort. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nguye owanikeza ubuholi bezempi be-Isthmus of Tehuantepec, eyayiseSanto Domingo Tehuantepec.
Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, kwavela ukuvukela okuvamile, ngakho u-Porfirio Díaz wanquma ukuthatha umphathi we-Jamiltepec, esendaweni yase-Ixcapa. Kungenxa yalesi senzo ukuthi izehlakalo ezazihlelwe ama-Conservatives zavalwa.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi endaweni yase-Tehuantepec, yilapho u-Díaz athola khona ukwazi uMauricio López, osebenza ngaphansi kwezici zenkululeko. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uthole ithuba lokuzwana nomphathi weposi wendawo, owayaziwa ngelikaJuan Calvo. Kanye noJuan A. Avendaño, owayesebenza kuleyondawo njengejaji nomthengisi, noCharles Etienne Brasseur, umFulentshi owayehamba kuleyo ndawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Díaz yangaleso sikhathi, yathuthukisa ukuxhumana nezakhi zesiko laseZapotec kanye nesiko le-Mixtec. Kubalulekile futhi ukubalula ukuthi kwamkhuthaza ukuthi afunde kabanzi ngamaMixtec nsuku zonke ngoba unina wayeyinzalo yalaba bomdabu.
Naye, waba nethuba lokuhlanganyela noJuana C. Romero, owesifazane obalulekile ovela emndenini ovelele wosopolitiki. Ngokufanayo, ngenkathi i-Porfiriato isakhula, le ndoda yanquma ukuba yingxenye yezici ezivelele ze-Isthmus.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwakungo-1860 lapho uPorfirio Díaz eshiya khona indawo yase-Oaxaca okokuqala. Ekhombisa kwezinye izindawo zezwe, ngokobufakazi obufana nobukaBrasseur, ukuthi wayeyindoda esezingeni eliphakeme, njengoba wayenezimpawu zokuhlonishwa. Ngaphandle kokushiya eceleni, izakhi ezijwayelekile zaseMexico.
Kwabaningi, u-Díaz wayene-halo ethile ye-aristocracy. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimilo sakhe esihle nobuhlakani bakhe kwakhanya lapho enza izinqumo ezihlobene nokuvela kwezwe lakhe. Kungalokhu lapho aqala khona ukubizwa ngendoda yase-Oaxaca.
impi yezinguquko
Ngesikhathi kuqala iMpi Yezinguquko, uPorfirio Díaz wayeyingxenye yamasosha ayeholwa uJosé María Díaz Ordaz no-Ignacio Mejía ezimpini ezaziseCalpulalpan.
Kuyafaneleka ukuveza ukuthi ngemva kokuthuthuka kwakhe okukhulu, waklonyeliswa ngezikhundla zikaColonel kanye noLieutenant General eminyakeni emithathu nje kuphela. Ekugcineni, ngemva kokunqoba kwenkululeko okwasemthethweni ngoJanuwari 11, 1861, uPorfirio wanquma ukugijimela iphini likahulumeni, esifundeni lapho azalelwa khona. Lokhu kuthola ukunqoba ephalamende, ngaphansi kokumelwa yi-Oaxaca, kulokho okubizwa ngeCongress of the Union.
Naphezu kwalokhu kunqoba, u-Díaz unquma ukuhlala kude nesikhundla sakhe isikhathi esithile ngenhloso yokungena ezinhlwini zempi, ngemuva kokubulawa okuhlelwe ama-Conservatives ngokumelene noMelchor Ocampo, Santos Degollado kanye noLeandro Valle, owathatha indawo yakhe ngenkathi engekho. isikhundla sakhe kwakunguJusto Benítez.
Umhlangano eLondon
Ngo-Okthoba 31, 1861, kwaba nomhlangano eLondon lapho abameleli baseSpain, France kanye neNgilandi babehilelekile. Wonke lamazwe ayenomgomo ofanayo owawuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuthola indlela yokuphoqa iMexico ukuthi ikhokhe izikweletu zayo.
Lesi simo sidalwe ngemva kokumiswa kwezinkokhelo ezenziwa nguBenito Juárez, njengoba izwe lalingenamali. Yini eyagqugquzela amaFrench, iSpanishi namaNgisi ukuthi aye enhlabathini yaseMexico esuka ogwini lwaseVeracruz, Orizaba naseCórdoba.
La masosha angaphandle ayeholwa nguJuan Prim, uDubois de Saligny noJohn Russell. Nokho, sibonga uManuel Doblado, ngaleso sikhathi owayesebenza njengoNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle, amabutho asuka eSpanishi naseNgilandi ahoxa, njengoba kwavela iZivumelwano zaseLa Soledad.
Naphezu kwezingxoxo, akukho okwavunyelwana ngakho namasosha aseFrance, ngakho banquma ukuhlala endaweni yaseMexico. Kungokokuqala kukaMashi 1862 lapho beqhubeka nokuzakhela phakathi nezwe. Laba babenamasosha angaba ngu-5000, ayeqondiswa uCharles Ferdinand Latrille, owayephethe isihloko esithi Count of Lorencez.
Kwakusekupheleni kuka-April walowo nyaka lapho amasosha aseFrance azinza khona eLas Flores, indawo eyakha indawo yaseVeracruz. Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, u-Benito Juárez unquma ukukhombisa u-Ignacio Zaragoza, ukuthi abe yingxenye yebutho elikhululayo eligcina lisebenza ku-War of Reform, ngenhloso yokuqeda amabutho aseFrance ahlala ePuebla.
Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, uPorfirio Díaz, ngokubambisana namanye amasosha, unquma ukunikeza ukusekelwa ngokumelene namaFulentshi eMpini yasePuebla. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho ukunqoba kufinyelelwa khona, okuholela amabutho ezitha ukuthi ahlehle e-Orizaba.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi u-Díaz wayenomsebenzi wokuvikela indawo yesokunxele yedolobha. Lapho yayihlala imelana nokuhlasela okwakuhlelwe ngamabutho aseFrance. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngemva kokunqotshwa nokubaleka, nguPorfirio Díaz noGonzález Ortega, abazinikezela emsebenzini wokujaha amasosha ahlaselayo, ngenhloso yokuwabhubhisa ngokuphelele.
Nokho, uZaragoza unquma ukunqanda izenzo zabo, okuholela amaFulentshi ukuba abaleke ngempumelelo. Ngemva kwalesi senzo sikaZaragoza, isosha linquma ukumthumelela incwadi kuJuárez, ngenhloso yokumazisa ngakho konke okwenzeka empini. Kuyo, waveza ngendlela evelele zonke izinto ezenziwa uPorfirio Díaz.
Ukufa kukaSaragossa
Ekuqaleni kuka-September, uZaragoza wafela endaweni yasePuebla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekuqaleni konyaka we-1863, uMbusi waseFrance uNapoleon III wanquma ukuthumela amabutho engeziwe eMexico, ngenhloso yokuzuza ukunqoba okuphelele futhi ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise inqubo ye-European geopolitical futhi ezwenikazi laseMelika.
UFederico Forey wayengumholi wamasosha ayesePuebla kusukela ngo-April 1863. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakunguJesús González Ortega owaqhubeka nokuvikela inkundla namabutho akhe. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uthole ukusebenzisana kukaMiguel Negrete noFelipe Berriozábal y Díaz.
Konke lokhu kuholele ekutheni kube nezimpi ezimbalwa nemiphumela engaphumeleli kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomdlalo. Nokho, ngemva kokulinda isikhathi eside, amaFulentshi azuza ukulawula maphakathi noMeyi. Kungalesi sizathu uPorfirio Díaz wanquma ukucekela phansi zonke izikhali nemibhalo ukuze amaFulentshi angazibambi.
Ngesikhathi lapho amaFulentshi ekwazi ukudlula izinqaba lapho amasosha aseMexico ekhoseliswe khona, wonke amasosha ayeyingxenye yezimiso zama-republic athathwa njengeziboshwa zomqhele waseFrance.
Thatha futhi uboshwe
U-Porfirio Diaz. Kanye nabanye abahlanganyeli bamasosha ezempi, babanjwa futhi bagcinwa ngaphakathi kweConvent of Santa Inés, eyayisePuebla. Ngemva kokubhaliswa, iziboshwa zempi zathunyelwa eVeracruz. Yilapho ababezoyiswa khona eMartinique.
Nokho, ngenxa yobuqili babo obumangalisayo, bobabili uBerriozábal noDíaz bakwazi ukubalekela enhloko-dolobha yendawo yaseMexico. Ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka, inqubo yokubaleka yayiqhubeka ohlangothini lukaJuárez namalungu akhe athembeke kakhulu ekhabhinethi. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi amasosha ahlaselayo kaJuan Nepomuceno Almonte ayebalandela ngokubambisana kwebutho laseFrance.
Konke lokhu kuholela ekutheni uDíaz axhumane noJuárez ekupheleni kukaMeyi, kule ngxoxo umbuzo obuzwe umongameli ugqamile, ohlobene nokuthi u-Díaz wayezimisele kangakanani ukulwela inkululeko yezwe lakhe.
Ngokunikezwa kwalokhu, uPorfirio ukhombisa ukuthi kumele ahlele futhi athumele ibutho elifinyelela ezingeni namabutho aseFrance nabalingani bawo abalandelanayo. Kungenxa yalokhu futhi ngaphansi kwethonya likaSebastián Lerdo de Tejada, lapho umongameli enikeza u-Díaz amalungu angu-30000 amasosha akhe athembeke kakhulu.
Kanye nala mabutho u-Díaz unquma ukuya endaweni yase-Oaxaca. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ubalwa njengombusi wesikhashana. Ngenyanga kaJuni ufika e-Oaxaca kanye noManuel González nomfowabo uFelipe. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi uGonzález wayebalekile kuma-Conservatives ngemva kokushona kukaComnfort.
Izimpi phakathi kwama-guerrillas
Phakathi nonyaka ka-1864, kwaba nezimpi eziningi phakathi kwabashokobezi ababeholwa uDíaz noGonzález. Lokhu kwavumela i-Oaxaca ukuthi ingalokothi ibuswe amaFulentshi.
Naphezu kwalokhu kunqoba komuntu siqu kombuso, isimo sasikhathaza, njengoba ama-Conservative ayezuza kakhulu nsuku zonke ngemva kokunqoba okungaka empini. Kungalesi sizathu uJuárez enquma ukushiya eMonterrey alibangise ePaso Norte. Funda okwengeziwe mayelana izindatshana ezifana Izingane amaqhawe
Njengoba lezi zenzakalo ziphakama, iqembu lamasosha kanye nabefundisi abanemibono eqinile banquma ukuthuthela eVienna, e-Austria, ngenjongo yokudlulisela umqhele woMbuso WaseMexico ku-Archduke Maximilian waseHabsburg kanye nomkakhe uCarlota ngo-October 1863.
Isinqumo sokunikeza amandla kuMaximilian senziwa ngemva kwengxoxo phakathi kwezikhulu zezombangazwe kanye namalungu omphakathi ophakeme eMexico, lapho inkosana yayiyithemba elingcono kakhulu lokusebenza njengombusi. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uMbuso omusha waseMexico usungulwa khona ngoJuni 10, 1864.
Ukuqiniswa kwe-Oaxaca
Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari wonyaka we-1865, i-Porfirio Díaz iyaqhubeka nokwenza izici ezilawula ukuqinisa isimo i-Oaxaca ezithola ikuso. Konke lokhu kuthungathwa ukwehlisa amasosha ayeholwa ngu-Aquiles Bazaine okwakusele kancane ukuthi athathe i-Antequera.
U-Bazaine uqala inqubo yakhe yokuzinza endaweni yase-Oaxaca maphakathi no-February futhi ngemva kwezimo eziningana lapho eqhubeka nokulwela indawo, u-Díaz unquma ukuzinikela maphakathi noJuni.
Njengoba kunikezwe lokhu, u-Bazaine uyala ukuthi u-Díaz kufanele adutshulwe, kodwa u-Justo Benítez uyakwazi ukumqinisekisa ukuthi kwakungadingekile ukuqeda impilo yakhe. Kungemva kwalokho bamyisa etilongweni eliseSigodlweni SaseKarmeli, endaweni yasePuebla.
Naphezu kwalezi zikhathi ezimnyama empilweni yakhe, yilapho uDíaz ekwazi khona ukusungula imvuthuluka nenduna yaseHungary uLouis de Salignac, ngoba nguye owayezinikezele ekulawuleni ijele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uDíaz uzama ukubaleka ngommese nentambo ngolunye usuku lapho umkhuzi wamasosha engekho ngaphakathi kwejele. Ebhekene nalesi simo, u-baron uyamthola kodwa ngenxa yobungane babo uyaqhubeka nokuthula futhi amvumele ukuba abaleke.
Kwenzeka lokhu nje, kwatshalwa iqulu lamadoda ngenhloso yokuyolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kokwenza noma yisiphi isenzo, baqhubeka nokwazisa uJuárez ngencwadi yezenzo ezizothathwa.
Ibutho laseMpumalanga
UDíaz wenza imisebenzi yokuqasha unyaka nesigamu futhi ngemva kokufeza umgomo wakhe, unquma ukubuyela eningizimu yensimu yaseMexico. Kukule ndawo lapho athola khona usizo ku-cacique ngemibono ekhululekile uJuan Álvarez.
Ngemva kwalokhu, unquma ukuhlela i-Army of the East, lapho azuza khona ukunqoba kwakhe ngo-Okthoba 3, 1866, kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi iMpi yaseMiahuatlán. Kamuva ngo-Okthoba 18 wonyaka ofanayo, impumelelo yamasosha kaDíaz yenzeke e-Battle of La Carbonera.
U-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukuhlasela idolobha lase-Oaxaca, ngemva kokulungiselela amasosha akhe izinyanga ezimbili. Uyakwazi ukulawula idolobha lase-Oaxaca ngobusuku bango-December 27. Ngakho unquma ukukhetha umbusi ozophatha izinqumo zombuso zezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezempi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokulawula i-Oaxaca, u-Díaz waqhubeka nokuchitha futhi ezimweni ezithile waphinde wakhipha izinhlamvu ezakha amabutho ezempi aseFrance. Ngokunjalo, umbhishobhi omkhulu wase-Oaxaca unquma ukuzimemezela ngokumelene nezinhlangano zezombangazwe zamaRiphabhulikhi, lapho uDíaz eqhubeka nokumbulala, ngenhloso yokuqeda noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuvukela. UJuan de Dios Borja, nguyena osebenze njengombusi kusukela ngo-1867.
Ukuhoxiswa kweFrance
Ngemva kwazo zonke izehlakalo ezaholela ekuhlulekeni kukaNapoleon III, unquma ukuhoxisa amabutho akhe ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 1867. Ngakho uBazaine ucela ukuhoxiswa kwamadoda akhe. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi abezindaba badlala indima ebalulekile ezenzweni ezithathwe umbusi waseFrance, ngoba bakhiqiza imibono ehlukahlukene eyathinta ngendlela ethile izenzo zephalamende laseFrance.
Ngokwalokho okwazanywa ngalesi senzo ukuhlakaza izakhi ezithile zamaPrussia ezazizoba ama-protagonists esikhathini esizayo azoholela eMpini yama-Franco-Pursian endaweni yaseFrance.
Ukuwa koMbuso WaseMexico
Izinyathelo ezathathwa uMbusi uNapoleon III zaletha ukuqala kokuwa koMbuso WaseMexico. Phakathi kwezizathu ezihlobene nalesi simo ukuthi umbusi, ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwamaFulentshi, wayenamadoda angu-500 kuphela emabuthweni akhe ezempi.
Ngemva kwalokhu, kwanqunywa ukuba kwenziwe ukunyakaza kwenkululeko, lapho uMaximilian ayenabagcini bemvelo abafana noMiguel Miramón noTomás Mejía, abaqhubeka namasosha abo amancane baya eQuerétaro, lapho bamukelwa khona nguMariano Escobedo, owahlulwa ngoMeyi 15. kusukela ngo-1867.
Ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka uCarlota waseBelgium, umkaMaximilian, waqhubeka waya eParis naseRome, ngenhloso yokukhuluma noNapoleon III, uFrancisco José I, uPapa Pio IX no-Eugenia de Montijo, efuna ukusekelwa ukuze aqhubeke ephila. umbuso.
Ezingxoxweni akafinyelelanga obekulindelekile, ngakho akazange akuthole ukwesekwa umyeni wakhe. Konke lokhu kwamholela ekuhlaselweni komsangano eRoma, okwathi umndeni wakhe wanquma ukumvalela enqabeni yaseBrussels, lapho ashonela khona ngoJanuwari 19, 1927, eneminyaka engama-87.
Ngo-March 1867, u-Díaz waqala inqubo yokubuyisela indawo yasePuebla. Lezi zenzo zenziwa amasonto amathathu, okwaletha ukulungiswa okudingekayo ukuze kuqedwe amasosha ayeyalwe nguLeonardo Márquez, umlingiswa owanquma ukuthuthela eToluca ngemva kokunqotshwa kwakhe.
Kwakungo-April 2, 1867, lapho ukuhlasela kokugcina ePuebla kwenziwa uPorfirio Díaz. Ngakho-ke, iPuebla yayeka ukuba idolobha eliseningizimu elalilawulwa yiFrance. Ngemva kwalokhu, konke okwakusele kwakuwukuqeda ukulawula kweFrance eQueretaro kanye nenhloko-dolobha yaseMexico.
amabutho aqinisiwe
Ngesikhathi uPorfirio Díaz esendleleni eya eToluca, uMárquez, owayephethe insimu, waqeqesha amadoda angaba ngu-700. Maphakathi no-Ephreli, amabutho aholwa nguGonzalo Montes de Oca aqala ukulwa noMárquez.
Abanqobile kulokhu kuhlasela ngamasosha abelwela inkululeko yaseMexico. Ngalokho uMárquez anquma ukuya eCuba, lapho ehlala khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1913. Lokhu kubizwa ngomlando ngokuthi iMpi yaseLomas de San Lorenzo.
Ngalokhu kunqoba, okwakusele kuphela kwakuwukuqeda amandla asele amaFulentshi. Njengoba isimo esifanele sokuhlasela sikhula, u-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukuvimbela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlasela, ukuphanga noma ukugebenga. Uma kubhekwa lokhu, amadoda amabili embuthweni wakhe anquma ukungalaleli, okwathi ngenxa yalokho ajeziswa ngokudutshulwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMaximiliano uyaqhubeka nokunikeza amandla e-Querétaro plaza ku-Mariano Escobedo, ngemva kokuvalelwa ekhoneni, okwamfaka ejele kanye noMejías noMiramón.
Bonke laba balingisi badutshulwa ngemuva kokwephula imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nekazwelonke kanye neSivumelwano Sokuba Sodwa. Kubalulekile ukubalula ukuthi baningi ababecela intethelelo kuMbusi nabanye abalandeli bakhe ababili. Nokho, uBenito Juárez wanquma ukungabonisi isihe.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ngokusho kwamarekhodi, abantu baseMexico benziwa ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi uMaximiliano akazange afe, edala inkolelo yokuthi uzobuyela enhloko-dolobha ukuze alwele amalungelo akhe kahulumeni. Nokho, uPorfirio Díaz unquma ukushicilela ukufa kwakhe, ngenhloso yokuqeda la mahemuhemu angenasisekelo.
Ukuqashelwa kweJuarez
U-Benito Juárez ngemva kwazo zonke izimo zengqondo ezenziwa u-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukukhipha encwadini eqondiswe kuGuillermo Prieto, amandla u-Díaz osemusha ayenawo, eqokomisa intuthuko ukuthi ukuhlala kwakhe esikhundleni samandla kungakhiqiza.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, enkulumweni eyenziwe ngoJulayi 15, uBenito Juárez waqhubeka nokuqaphela izimfanelo zikaPorfirio Díaz esidlangalaleni. Ngokulandelayo, ngimnikeza umklomelo wokuqaphela amakhono kanye nokunqoba okwenziwa amasosha ase-Oaxaca.
Ngokufanayo, i-Hacienda de La Noria yanikezwa, lapho i-Plan de La Noria yayizokwenziwa khona kamuva. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umfowabo kaDiaz, uFelipe, ngenxa yamakhono akhe amakhulu ubizwa ngokuthi umbusi wase-Oaxaca. Lokhu kwenziwe ngevoti elidumile. Ngokulandelayo, uPorfirio unquma ukubuyela endaweni yase-Oaxaca.
Uthando lobuhlobo
Ngenkathi esezikhathi zempi, uPorfirio Díaz wayenobudlelwano bothando. Phakathi kokugqama kakhulu uthando ayenalo iminyaka embalwa noJuana Catalina Romero. Owesifazane owathi, ngaphezu kokumsiza ngezici zeMpi Yezinguquko, wamsekela ngokomzwelo.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ubuhlobo baqhubeka ngemva kwempi. Kukholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi esasongelwa ngokubulawa wayelibangise emzini wesithandwa sakhe.
Ngokufanayo, ngokusho kwamarekhodi omlando, u-Díaz naye wayenobudlelwane noRafaela Quiñones, owayeyisosha empini yokungenelela. Kungemva kwalolu thando lapho indodakazi egama layo lingu-Amanda Díaz yazalwa ngo-1867, eyahlala noPorfirio kwaze kwaba ngu-1879.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-Ephreli 15, 1867, u-Porfirio Díaz waqhubeka nokushada nomshana wakhe u-Delfina Ortega de Díaz, ngemva kokuxolelwa nguBenito Juárez ngenyunyana phakathi kombhangqwana onobuhlobo bofuzo.
Ngemva kwalokho, umntwana wokuqala womshado wazalwa ngo-1869, umfana waqanjwa ngokuthi Porfirio Germán, nokho wafa ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ezelwe. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili bakwazi ukuzala amawele, kodwa lawa, njengengane yawo yokuqala, ashona ngemva nje kokuzalwa.
Ngo-1873, u-Porfirio Díaz Ortega wazalwa, owayeyindodana yokuqala yokuphila kuze kube umuntu omdala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-May 1875 kwazalwa uLuz Victoria, onalelo gama ngemva kokunqoba okwatholakala ePuebla.
Ukhetho lwango-1867 nangemva kweminyaka
Kamuva, lapho impi nama-battalion aseFrance iphela. UBenito Juárez, ngaphansi kokusekelwa kwe-athikili 128 yoMthethosisekelo owenzelwe i-1857, uyakwazi ukuzimemezela njengomongameli. Ngalesi sizathu, ukhetho lukamongameli lubanjwa ngeSonto, Agasti 25, 1867.
Ikhandidethi elibaluleke kakhulu kwakunguBenito Juárez. Owabhekana naye okhethweni lokhetho kwakunguPorfirio Díaz. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi i- uhulumeni ukuthi Porfirio Diaz okunikezwayo kwakusekelwe ezintweni zentuthuko yezwe. Imiphumela yabangenele ukhetho ababili yaba kanje:
- Benito Juarez 2344 amavoti.
- Porfirio Diaz 785 amavoti.
Ngemuva kwemiphumela, iCongress, ebimelwe nguManuel Romero Rubio njengomongameli wendikimba, iyaqhubeka nokumemezela esidlangalaleni uBenito Juárez njengomongameli weRiphabhulikhi yaseMexico ngendlela engokomthethosisekelo.
Inkathi kaJuarez kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaqala ngo-December 1, 1867 futhi yaphela ngoNovemba 30, 1871. Lezi zenzo zafakwa emigwaqweni yenhloko-dolobha kusukela ngo-September 23 wonyaka wokhetho. Ngenhloso yokucacisela abantu ngezigameko ezenzekayo.
Ukuhlulwa kukaDiaz
Okwamanje lapho kubikwa khona imiphumela, u-Porfirio Díaz uzizwa edangele ngokuphelele ngemva kokuhlulwa nokunqoba kukaJuárez okhethweni lukamongameli. Kungalesi sizathu ukuthi aqhubeke nokuya ku-hacienda yakhe iLa Noria.
Kukule ndawo lapho ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 1868 aziswa ngokumiswa kweButho LaseMpumalanga, okwathi ngoJulayi wonyaka odlule lase lehlisiwe laba ngamadoda angu-4000 ngaphakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwebutho.
Ngokulandelayo, uBenito Juárez ngoMatías Romero, owayesebenza ngaleso sikhathi njengoNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, wanikeza uPorfirio Díaz isikhundla sikamongameli weqembu laseMexico eWashington DC, ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe emangalisayo. Nokho, naphezu kokuba isikhundla esivelele kakhulu, u-Díaz ukhetha ukungasamukeli lesi siphakamiso.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo yakho
Kusukela ngo-1869 kuya ku-1870, u-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukuhlala endaweni yakhe yaseLa Noria, kanye nomkakhe uDelfina, efuna ukuthula kancane. Ngaphansi kwalesi sikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, izingane ezintathu ezifa ngemva nje kokuzalwa ziyazala.
Ebhekene nalesi simo esibuhlungu, umkakhe uDelfina ukholelwa ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zihlobene nezici zenkolo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umshado wabo wenzeka nakuba benobuhlobo begazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka, i-La Noria yayiyindawo eyinhloko lapho i-Porfirio Díaz yaqala khona ngesisekelo esihloswe emisebenzini ehlobene nezinganono, izibhamu kanye nezinhlamvu. Ngokufanayo, uDiaz waphatha, izakhi zezolimo.
Ngokufanayo, umfowabo uFélix Díaz Mori ngaleso sikhathi waba umbusi wase-Oaxaca. Ngenkathi ehlala njengombusi, wathintwa ezinye izingxoxo futhi waphinde wabhekana nokungqubuzana okuthile, ngenxa yentela yokhuni, nama-regents avela eJuchitán.
Maphakathi no-February 1870, umbusi kanye namabutho akhe, eyakhiwe amadoda angamakhulu amahlanu, bangena edolobheni futhi baqala ukubulawa kwabantu bazo zonke izigaba, ubulili neminyaka, kuhlanganise nabesifazane abangenacala nezingane. Lezi zenzo zenziwa ngenhloso yokuqeda noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuvukela umbuso.
Ngaphambi kokusuka endaweni, umbusi unquma ukungena esontweni lendawo ngenhloso yokuliphanga. Yingakho eyala ukuba kwehliswe isithombe sikasanta ongumvikeli waseJuchitán, efuna ukukucacisa ukulawula ayenakho phezu kwedolobha.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi u-Díaz Mori unquma ukuthumela izingcezu ezicekeleke phansi edolobheni. Lezi zenzo zabangela ukuthi ngo-March 1872, kwenziwe uhlelo olwaluzoholela ekubanjweni kombusi. Ngemva kwalokhu, baqhubeka nokumthena ukuze ekugcineni bambulale. Izenzo zenziwa ngenhloso yokucacisa ukuthi kufanele akhokhele izenzo ezenziwa eJuchitán.
I-Ferris wheel Revolution
Ngo-1871, u-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukungenela futhi okhethweni lukamongameli. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi uBenito Juárez ubegijima okwesithathu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uSebastián Lerdo de Tejada naye wayengumphikisi okhethweni, ngaleso sikhathi owayesebenza njengomongameli weNkantolo Ephakeme Yezobulungiswa yezwe.
Lolu khetho lukamongameli lwabanjwa ngo-August 27, 1871. Nokho, imiphumela yango-October walowo nyaka yanyatheliswa, yaphinde yanikeza uJuarez ukunqoba. Imiphumela ebonakalayo izobonakala ngezansi:
- UBenito Juárez ngamavoti angama-5837.
- U-Porfirio Díaz ube namavoti angu-3555.
- Ngesikhathi uSebastián Lerdo de Tejada ethole amavoti angu-2874.
ukungahambisani
Imiphumela yokhetho yaletha nokungavumelani kuka-Díaz noLerdo. Yingakho begqugquzelekile ukuphikisa imiphumela evezwe nguKhongolose.
Ngemva kwezenzo ezingazange zithole imiphumela emihle, u-Lerdo unquma ukubuyela esikhundleni sakhe eNkantolo Ephakeme Yezobulungiswa. Nokho, uPorfirio Díaz akayeki lapho ebhekene nokwehluleka. Yingakho ngemva kwezenzo ezinkulu ethola imvume yezakhamuzi eziningana eningizimu yesifunda Mexican.
Iningi labalandeli baka-Díaz beligxile esifundeni sase-Oaxaca. Phakathi kwezikhundla zabo kwakukhona amalungu ezempi nabanikazi bama-hacienda. Zonke lezi zenzo zaholela u-Díaz neqembu lakhe ukuba benze i-La Noria Plan ekuqaleni kukaNovemba walowo nyaka. Lokhu bekusekelwe enhlanganweni yamasosha emelene noBenito Juárez. Ngakho nalokhu kuqala Revolution of La Noria.
Izenzo eziholwa ngu-Porfirio Díaz zafika nesifunda sase-Oaxaca, e-Chiapas nase-Guerrero ukuze bajoyine amasosha ka-Díaz. Ngalokhu, ukunqoba kwatholakala endaweni yaseToluca. Kodwa-ke, yilapho ukunqotshwa kwaqala khona, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuyeka.
Labo abakwazile ukuhlakaza izenzo zika-Díaz namasosha akhe kwakungu-Ignacio Mejías noSóstenes Rocha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abahlubuki baseLa Noria, naphezu kokuhlulwa okuhlukahlukene, bakwazi ukuthola abalandeli phakathi kwabantu abasezingeni eliphansi baseMexico. Okufike nenani elikhulu labalingani.
Ngokulandelayo, ngesikhathi lapho amasosha ka-Díaz efuna ukudlula ePuerto Ángel e-Oaxaca, ngenhloso yokubhekisa amabombo ePanama ngo-1872, ibutho leJuchitecos likwazile ukuthumba uFélix Díaz, obulawa ngenjongo yokuziphindiselela ngamacala akhe. ngokumelene nabantu beJuchitec esikhathini esidlule.
Ngobusuku ashona ngabo u-Manuel González, okwathi ngaphezu kokuba yingxenye yobuholi bokuvukela umbuso wayengumngane kaPorfirio Díaz, uthola incwadi ebonisa ukuthi uFélix Díaz ubulewe.
UBenito Juarez ushonile
NgoJulayi 18, 1872, uBenito Juárez ushona enhlokodolobha yaseMexico. Ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka, u-Díaz no-González babambe umhlangano befuna ukusekelwa, no-Manuel Lozada, owasebenza njenge-cacique ye-Nayarit.
Ngokusho kwendaba, kuboniswa ukuthi lapho u-Díaz ezwa ukudubula kwenganono ebonisa ukufa kukamongameli, wabuza ukuthi kwenzekani, lapho abasondelene nendoda bamtshela ukuthi uJuárez ushonile.
Kungemuva kwalokhu lapho uLerdo de Tejada eqokwa khona njengomengameli wesikhashana. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo ezafezwa u-Díaz zayeka ukuba nengqondo, njengoba sasingasekho isizathu sokulwa nabalingani bakaJuárez.
Isimo sashukumisela u-Díaz ukuthi aqhubeke nokugcina ukuxhumana no-Lozada, kodwa lapho eveza izinhlelo zakhe, akamniki noma yikuphi ukusekela. Okuholele ekuvukeleni kwamavukelambuso. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngo-Okthoba walowo nyaka, ukhetho lukamongameli lubanjwa.
Amakhandidethi kwakungu-Porfirio Díaz no-Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Owathatha ukunqoba kwakunguLerdo de Tejada, ngakho iCongress iyaqhubeka nokushicilela isikhathi sikaLerdo esasizoba kusukela ngoDisemba 1, 1872, kuya kuNovemba 30, 1876.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ushwele unqunyelwe kubaguquli baseLa Noria, nguMariano Escobedo. Nokho, lesi sinqumo sakhishwa ukuze abahlanganyeli balo mbutho wamavukelambuso bangabe besaba ingxenye yeButho Lempi YaseMexico.
Ukunqoba kukaLerdo
Ukunqotshwa kukaPorfirio Díaz kwaletha ukugconwa emphakathini ngabameleli bamaphephandaba bangaleso sikhathi. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho u-Díaz enquma khona ukubuyela e-Oaxaca.
Lapho efika ekhaya, wathola ukuthi enye yamadodakazi akhe yayishonile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo somnotho esidabukisayo samenza wanquma ukuthengisa indawo yaseLa Noria. Ngokulandelayo, ihlotshaniswa nepulazi elalisebenza njengomlimi kashukela, eliseTlacotalpan, indawo eyingxenye yeVeracruz. nawe ungafunda Umlando ka-Agustin de Iturbide
Kusendaweni yase-Veracruz lapho abakwa-Diaz bethola khona ukuzinza okuthile ebangeni lezomnotho futhi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uPorfirio Díaz wasebenza etshala ushukela futhi wenza imisebenzi yokubaza. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngesikhathi esathuthukisa lo msebenzi wasungula isihlalo esinyakazayo esinabalandeli abazishintshayo.
izifiso zezombangazwe
Naphezu kwakho konke okwenzekile u-Porfirio Díaz, wayelokhu egcina izifiso zakhe zezombangazwe zicacile kakhulu. Yingakho ngo-Okthoba 1874, egijimela isekela likahulumeni, isikhundla akwazi ukusinqoba ngemva kokhetho. Ngemuva kwalokhu, uyaqhubeka nokukhuluma neChamber of Deputies.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengamanye amasekela akade eyingxenye yebutho laseMexico, uyasichitha isiphakamiso sokwehliswa kwempesheni yamasosha ayengasasebenzi esizweni.
Ubemelene futhi nezinhlangano ebezifuna ukwehlisa iholo lamasosha asabumba iButho lesizwe. Konke lokhu kuholela ekutheni aziveze ephikisana nesiphakamiso sikaMgcinimafa.
U-Justo Benítez ngaleso sikhathi uyena owayesiza u-Porfirio Díaz, ngakho wameluleka ukuthi aqhubeke nokwenza inkulumo ethula izisusa zezenzo zakhe ngaphakathi kweSigodlo Somthetho.
Lesi siphakamiso samukelwe ngu-Díaz, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayazi ikhono lakhe elimpofu njenge-orator. Waba nomuzwa wokuthi lesi senzakalo sasimfanele ngokugcwele. Yingakho ezama ukukhuluma kahle.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi naphezu kwemizamo eminingi, yehluleka ukuhlangabezana nokulindelwe futhi ikhala ngisho phakathi kwesenzo somthetho. Lokhu kubangele ukuthi osopolitiki abaningi bahlekise isikhundla sika-Díaz, ngokusho kwama-akhawunti asungulwe nguJosé López Portillo y Rojas.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki kaDiaz
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi okwenzeka ephalamende ngandlela thize kwalimaza isithunzi somphakathi sikaPorfirio Díaz, iqembu lezombangazwe elalinemibono eqinile ngaphansi komyalo kaLerdo, laletha ukwakheka okuqinile kwenhlangano yePorfirista.
Kancane kancane, abalandeli benhlangano ye-Porfirista banda, kuyilapho abalandeli bakaLerdo behla. Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi isigaba senhlalo esiphezulu yisona esagqugquzelwa kakhulu ukulandela imigomo kaDíaz. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi uLerdo wanquma ukukhipha izinhlangano zenkolo emandleni futhi wakhuphula ukukhokhwa kwezintela kusukela ngonyaka ka-1874.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ohulumeni bezinye izizwe babengavumelani nezinqumo ezakhishwa izinhlangano zamaLerdista. Phakathi kwezinto ezahluka ezinqumweni zabo ukuthi ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo emazweni athile anjengeNgilandi neFrance kwehle kakhulu.
Lesi simo sezombangazwe, ezweni lonke nakwamanye amazwe, siholele uPorfirio Díaz ukuthi athole ukwesekwa okwengeziwe ngakho-ke amandla nsuku zonke. Kungalesi sizathu amalungu eqembu lezombangazwe likaLerdo athatha umsebenzi wokuqapha izenzo zikaDíaz izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ngokulandelayo, uManuel Romero Rubio, owayengumeluleki kaLerdo kwezombangazwe, wanikeza uPorfirio Díaz isikhundla sikamongameli weNkantolo Ephakeme Yezobulungiswa, njengeqhinga lezepolitiki. Nokho, ngenxa yemibandela yezombangazwe zangaphakathi zezwe, u-Díaz wanquma ukwenqaba lesi siphakamiso.
I-Tuxtepec Revolution
Ekupheleni kuka-1875, uSebastián Lerdo de Tejada wanquma ukuveza isifiso sakhe sokuphinde angenele ukhetho olwaluzoba ngo-1876. Lesi simemezelo senziwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-December 23 walowo nyaka, esafika nemibono ehlukahlukene ngasohlangothini. yezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezathuthuka eMexico ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Porfirio Díaz uyaqhubeka nokuzimemezela njengomuntu ongenele ukhetho lukamongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wamemezela obala izinhloso zakhe eziphikisana ngokuphelele nokuphathwa kwezepolitiki uLerdo nekhabhinethi yakhe ababekuhlele ngesikhathi sakhe sobumongameli.
Nokho, le mibhikisho wayicindezelwa ngokushesha uLerdo, njengoba ecabanga ukuthi yayifuna ukumenza inhlekisa emphakathini ngalezi zenzo. Lezi zimo zokucwaninga zaqalwa amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi. Okuphinde kwadala ukucasuka okukhulu emaqenjini ezepolitiki aseLerdismo.
Ngo-January 10, 1876, kwaqala i-Tuxtepec Plan, eyayihlelwe uPorfirio Díaz. Leli qembu lakhiwa amasosha avela kulo lonke izwe futhi lisekelwa ngisho nayiSonto LamaKatolika.
Ukwamukela okukhulu kungenxa yendlela uLerdo nekhabhinethi yakhe abasebenzelana ngayo nomphakathi waseMexico. Lokhu kwabangela ukuqala kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi iTuxtepec Revolution, eyaba impi yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX eyenziwa endaweni yaseMexico.
Ukwethembeka kuLerdo
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi naphezu kokuba nenani elihle labasekeli, cishe bonke babeyizakhamuzi, njengoba ngisho neningi lebutho laseMexico lahlala lithembekile emiyalweni kaLerdo. Ngakho amabutho aholwa uDíaz ayethola ukunqotshwa ngemva kokunqotshwa.
UMariano Escobedo, nguyena ohola ukunqoba ngoMashi 1876 ngokumelene noDíaz, endaweni yase-Icamole, eyakha iNueva León. Abaningi baqinisekisile ukuthi ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwakhe u-Porfirio Díaz uyaqhubeka nokukhala phambi kwawo wonke umuntu, noma kunjalo, akwaziwa ukuthi le mbono ifakwe umcimbi wephalamende.
Inzwabethi eyasabalala ngesikhathi sempi yezenzo zika-Díaz yaholela ekutheni aziwe empini ngokuthi u-El Llorón de Icamole. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Lerdistas ngemva kokunqoba kuka-Icamole azizwa eqiniseka ngokuphelele ngempumelelo yawo elandelayo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu anciphisa ukuqapha kwawo ngokunciphisa izenzo zezempi ezweni lonke.
Naphezu kwezenzo, abalingiswa abafana no-Donato Guerrero, u-Manuel González kanye no-Justo Benítez, basasele ezimpini ezisatshalaliswe kulo lonke elingaphakathi lezwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uPorfirio Díaz, unquma ukuthuthela eCuba, ngomkhumbi owawusuka eTampico Tamaulipas. Ukuze ahambe ngomkhumbi ngaphandle kwenkinga, u-Díaz ulingisa indawo kadokotela waseSpain okuthiwa uGustavo Romero.
Kuthe uma efika endaweni yaseCuba lapho u-Díaz ekwazi khona ukuthola izikhali ezahlukahlukene bese kuthi abalandeli abakha izigqila endaweni. Izimo zakhona zazibangelwa ukulawula okuphelele ngisho nezwe laseSpain elalinakho kule nsimu.
Ngibuyela eMexico
Ngesikhathi uPorfirio Díaz ebuyela eMexico, uyakwazi ukulawula izindawo zaseVeracruz naseSan Luis Potosí. Ngenkathi lesi simo senzeka, u-Manuel González kanye no-Benítez basalawula indawo yaseGuerrero.
NgoNovemba, baqala ngokunyakaza kwabashokobezi endaweni yasePuebla. Ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka, u-Alatorre uyasuswa esikhundleni sakhe njengoNgqongqoshe Wezempi, futhi uMejía ungene esikhundleni sakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Escobedo, u-Alatorre namanye amalungu eqembu le-Lerdista azinza eTecoac, indawo engaphakathi kwamadolobha aseTlaxcalan. Maphakathi no-November u-Díaz no-Escobedo babhekana bodwa empini, ekuqaleni kwale Escobedo kanye namabutho akhe babenqoba. Kodwa uManuel González, kanye nebutho lakhe, bavumela amabutho kahulumeni ukuba anqotshwe.
Ngokusho kwezindaba, ekupheleni kwale mpi, u-Porfirio Díaz usondela ku-González, owalimala futhi wamqamba ngokuthi u-El Manco de Tecoac. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uyambonga, ngoba u-Díaz uyazi ukuthi ngaphandle kosizo lwakhe ukunqoba bekungeke kuzuzwe. Ethembisa nokuthi uma uGonzález ethatha izintambo uzoqokwa njengoNgqongqoshe Wezempi.
umvuthwandaba wempi yombango
Ekupheleni kwempi yombango, uPorfirio Díaz, kanye neqembu lamasosha, ukwazile ukufinyelela inhloko-dolobha yaseMexico. NgoNovemba 21, u-Díaz uba umongameli wesikhashana.
Ngemva kwalokhu uJosé María Iglesias, ngaleso sikhathi owayebambe njengomongameli weNkantolo Ephakeme Yezobulungisa, ubonisa ukuthi ngokomthethosisekelo kufanele athathe izintambo. Lokhu kwaletha inhlangano kaDecembrist. Ngakho-ke, emabhokisini okuvota okhetho kwakukhona amaqembu amathathu azimisele ukuthola amandla omongameli, okwakuyi-Decembrists, Lerdistas ne-Porfiristas.
Ngenkathi lokhu kwenzeka, abakwaDecembrists banquma ukuhlangana eGuanajuato. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lowo owayephethe izici zezempi zeqembu kwakunguFelipe Berriozábal.
Lokhu kuholela ekutheni u-Díaz ashiye uJuan N. Méndez ephethe isikhundla sikamongameli wesikhashana. Ngakho maphakathi no-December u-Diaz kanye namanye amabutho bashiya inhloko-dolobha, baqonda eGuanajuato. Kulapha lapho ekwazi khona ukuthola ukunqoba ngokumelene namasosha kaDecembrist ngo-March 1877.
Ngokulandelayo, kwenziwa izivumelwano noJusto Benítez kanye no-Iglesias, okuholela uBenítez ukuthi abone u-Porfirio Díaz njengomongameli. Ngakho ukuze athole ukwesekwa kwakhe, u-Díaz umnikeza ububusi baseMichoacán, isimo umlingiswa azalelwa kuso.
Zonke izenzo ezenziwa u-Benítez no-González zasebenza njengokwesekwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukunqoba kuka-Diaz ebhokisini lokuvota, okwenza u-Porfirio Díaz abe umongameli osemthethweni waseMexico ngoMeyi 1877.
I-Porfiriato
Ngo-1877 uPorfirio Díaz umenyezelwa yiCongress njengomongameli weRiphabhulikhi yaseMexico, ngaphansi kwezakhi zomthethosisekelo. Ihlandla lokuqala lika-Díaz likamongameli laphela ngo-1880. Wagqama ngokuba nezinto ezihlobene nemibono ayeyishilo ngenkathi esahlala emikhankasweni yoguquko.
Ugqugquzele izinguquko zezinga lomthethosisekelo. Ngokulandelayo, ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba sikamongameli, unikeza indawo yakhe uManuel González, owakhonza njengomongameli kusukela ngo-1880 kuya ku-1884.
Esikhathini sikamongameli sikaGonzález, u-Díaz wathuthuka njengoNgqongqoshe Wezokuthuthukiswa futhi ngemva kwalokho wasebenza njengombusi wesifunda sakubo sase-Oaxaca. Lapho isikhathi sika-González ekugcineni siphela, u-Díaz uphinde wanquma ukuba yingxenye yamakhandidethi okhethweni lukamongameli. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, ngokomthethosisekelo, owayengumengameli angaphinde angenele, inqobo nje uma kungalandelani.
Uma kubhekwa konke lokhu, u-Díaz ukwazile ukukhethwa kabusha futhi athathe isikhundla futhi ngoDisemba 1. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yalo hulumeni, ukhuthaza ukuchitshiyelwa okugunyazwe yiCongress, lapho ukukhethwa kabusha kwakhe okulandelanayo kuvunyelwe. Lesi simo sabangela ukuba uPorfirio Díaz aqhubeke ebusa kwaze kwaba ngu-1911.
Ukuncishiswa kwezikhungo zezombusazwe ezikhululekile
Ukukhethwa kabusha okungenamkhawulo okugunyazwe yiCongress kwenziwe ngemuva kwezenzo zangaphambilini ezenziwe ngu-Porfirio Díaz. Lapho kuqhubeka kancane kancane ukunciphisa amandla ezikhungo zezombangazwe ezisezingeni elikhululekile. Ngakho-ke, intando yeningi yamanga iqala ukumiswa ngaphakathi kwendawo yaseMexico.
Ngenkathi ehlala ehhovisi likamongameli, u-Díaz wazinikela ekuqedeni amandla ezitha zakhe, ngoba wayazi ukuthi zingamelela usongo oluthembekile emsebenzini wakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Díaz unquma ukugcina umshini wokunyathelisa ungekho, okubangela ukuthi ungabi nokuzimela okufanele kube khona esizweni sentando yeningi. Ngokulandelayo, ngenxa yezenzo zakhe, kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi kusukela ngo-1890 u-Porfirio Díaz wahola izwe ngaphandle komthethosisekelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wathola ukuhanjiswa kweCongress, lapho avunyelwa khona ukuguqula imithetho ngaphandle kwenkinga. Isimo esadala ukuthi indoda izinikeze amandla angadingekile nangalungile ngumongameli wentando yeningi.
izithembiso zokuthula
Abantu baseMexico base bekhathele yizimpi ezingapheli. Kungalesi sizathu uDíaz ethembisa abantu bakhe ukuthi ekugcineni bazomisa ukuthula kuyo yonke indawo yesizwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi iMexico ngaleso sikhathi yayingenayo imali eyanele yokukhokha zonke izikweletu ezihambisanayo ngesikhathi. Yingakho kufanele kwenziwe amaqhinga okuletha imali yakwamanye amazwe kanye nabo. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akekho ozoqhubeka nokutshala imali endaweni uma ingenakho ukuzinza kwezomnotho futhi iphinde ibe nokuthula komphakathi.
Ngemva kwesimo, u-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukugcina inqubomgomo eqinile, lapho eqeda khona imibono ethile ehlukile kweyakhe, ebiza lesi senzo sokuthuthukiswa komsebenzi kahulumeni. Ngaleso sikhathi sikahulumeni wakhe Isiqubulo sikaPorfirio Diaz "Kwakuyipolitiki encane kanye nokuphatha okuningi".
Nokho, ukuthula okwathenjiswa umbusi akuzange kugcwaliseke ngokugcwele. Njengoba u-Díaz enquma ukugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi esebenzisa amandla, eyala amaphoyisa namasosha ukuba aqede ukunyakaza okuphikisayo okungaletha usongo ohlotsheni lwakhe lukahulumeni.
Naphezu kwezimpawu zokugunyazwa zikahulumeni wakhe, isimo somnotho sase sithola ukuzinza. Okubuye kwavumela isidingo esikhulu kakhulu somsebenzi kunasezikhathini zangaphambili.
ukuchuma okukhethiwe
Njengoba iminyaka yayidlula, uhulumeni wasePorfirio Díaz wabonisa ukuthi ukuchuma owawukunikeza wawukhetha ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwabangela ukuthi kancane kancane, ukunganeliseki kwalabo ababenenhlanhla kuyanda. Ngokulandelayo, abantu baseMexico baqala ukuqonda ukuthi uPorfirio Díaz wayesenesikhathi eside ephethe.
Lezi zenzakalo zenze u-Díaz walahlekelwa kancane kancane ukulawula kwezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe ayekugcinile. Ngakho-ke uyaqhubeka nokuqala ngemikhankaso yengcindezelo esebenzisa amabutho ahlomile.
Phakathi kwezenzo ezimelene nohulumeni wakhe ophathwe ngonya olukhulu iziteleka zaseCananea ezenziwa ngo-1906, isiteleka seSonora kanye nesiteleka saseRío Blanco esenziwa ngo-1907.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezifundazweni ezinjengoVeracruz, amalungu bezindaba anquma ukuveza imibono engemihle ngokumelene nohlobo lukahulumeni lukaPorfirio Díaz ashushiswa futhi ajeziswa.
impumelelo nokungabi nabulungiswa
Naphezu kwezimo zengcindezelo, inkathi kamongameli kaPorfirio Díaz nayo yagqama ngokuba nemisebenzi emikhulu ehlobene namachweba akha insimu yezwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakhilomitha angu-20.000 anikezelwe kojantshi besitimela ahlelwe ngendlela efanele. Ngokulandelayo, le migqa yayinikezelwe ukufinyelela emachwebeni avelele kakhulu.
Ngendlela efanayo, imigwaqo yayifakwa kalula emngceleni wezwe elingumakhelwane, i-United States, njengoba ukunyakaza kwezentengiselwano ngayo kwakungenziwa kalula ngale ndlela, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izindleko zokuthutha umkhiqizo.
Ngale ndlela efanayo, uguquko oluqhubekayo lukaloliwe lwavumela imikhiqizo yaseMexico ukuthi ithekeliswe isuka endaweni eyodwa iye kwenye ngaphakathi kwendawo efanayo kalula kakhudlwana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zazibuye zisetshenziswe njengendlela eqaphile yezombangazwe zezwe.
Ngokufanayo, izindlela zokuxhumana ezinjengeposi nezingcingo zisakazwa cishe kuyo yonke inhlabathi yaseMexico. Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yentuthuko yezomnotho, kwasungulwa amabhange amasha, okwavumela izikweletu zaseMexico ukuba zikhokhwe kancane kancane.
Kwaqalwa nemisebenzi ezovumela ukuxhashazwa kukawoyela endaweni, okulethe inqwaba yabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe. Okubangela ukuthi izinsiza zezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe ezweni ziphathwe ngendlela efanele endaweni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphinde iqale futhi ngemisebenzi yezimayini, isenzo esavumela iMexico ukuba ibe umkhiqizi wesibili omkhulu wethusi emhlabeni ngo-1901.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi sikahulumeni we-Diaz saqala ngokukhuphuka kwezinkampani zendwangu. Ukuthuthukisa ngendlela efanele ngokusekelwa isiFulentshi neSpanishi. Izinkampani ezibaluleke kakhulu zalolu hlu ezweni zazitholakala ePuebla naseVeracruz.
Ngendlela efanayo, imfuyo nentuthuko yezolimo kwachuma kakhulu phakathi nenkathi kahulumeni kaDíaz. Isimo esivelele phakathi kwale misebenzi kwakuyiYucatán, ikakhulukazi eMorales kanye naseLa Laguna. Ukukhiqizwa kukamoba nokotini kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wezwe.
Ukukhula komnotho kanye nezici ezingezinhle
Ngokuhamba kukahulumeni wasePorfirio Díaz, iMexico iyakwazi ukuba nokukhula okuhle komnotho. Isibalo sabantu sasingakaze sidlule kulokhu kuthuthukiswa, ngakho-ke abaningi babekwazi ukuboleka imali ngaphandle kwenkinga enkulu futhi batshale amabhizinisi amakhulu noma izakhiwo.
Kungalesi sizathu abaningi bazalwa futhi bazuza abantu bakwamanye amazwe ngaphakathi kwendawo yesizwe. Kwakungenzeka futhi ukukhokha isikweletu sangaphandle esasinaso. Ngokulandelayo, osomabhizinisi baseMelika bayakwazi ukubamba izindawo zokuhluza ezinikezelwe kuwoyela, okuholela ekulawuleni le mithombo yemvelo esizweni. Ngendlela efanayo, utshalomali lwaseMelika lungenelele kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kukaloliwe.
Nokho, ukungalingani okwakukhona phakathi kwabacebe kakhulu nabampofu kakhulu kwakungabonwa kalula, okwabangela ukuba kusungulwe ikhefu elikhulu emphakathini waseMexico.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali, izindawo zabalimi bomdabu zaqala ukuqhwagwa. Isimo esikhiqize ukulahleka kwengxenye ethile yomlando wendabuko wezwe. Okudale ukuthi abaningi baqale ukusebenza njengezisebenzi phakathi kwabanikazi bomhlaba abasha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokufundisa
Ngenkathi u-Porfirio Díaz esaphethe, kwafunwa izinhlelo zesakhiwo ezazizovumela kakhulu intuthuko enhle kwezemfundo, egxile kakhulu emadolobheni kunasemaphandleni.
Lezi zenzo zenze inani elikhulu labantu eliqhubeke nokufundiswa endaweni yase-Mexico. Yini eyaletha ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nesigaba esiphakathi esikhulayo sochwepheshe.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko ezwe kwanda emazingeni ahlukene, kwanda ochwepheshe kwezobuntatheli, imidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nezinkampani ezithuthukisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene evumelana nesizwe.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuhlakani kwenziwa ngendlela eqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abalingiswa abafana noJusto Sierra baqale ngezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, njengoba kwenzeka naseNyuvesi Yesizwe. Kanye noJosé María Velasco owagqama ngokuba umdwebi omuhle waseMexico noma uSaturnino Herrán naye owagqama njengomdwebi. Ngenkathi u-José Guadalupe Posada ethuthuke ngendlela engavamile ukuqopha izigcawu ezijwayelekile zempilo yansuku zonke yase-Mexico.
Kusukela ku-Porfiriato kuya kuNguquko yaseMexico
Ngo-1908, u-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukwenza inhlolokhono noJames Creelman, owayesebenza njengentatheli yomdabu waseMelika. Kulo mcimbi, kwagqanyiswa ukuthi maduze iMexico izoba nomhlangano wamahhala wokhetho.
Lokhu kwaziswa kwabangela ukuba izakhamuzi eziningi zendawo zizizwe zijabule, njengoba manje zase zingahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukisweni kwezombangazwe eMexico. Ngakho-ke abaholi abambalwa ababefuna ukungenela umongameli basuka. Ngendlela efanayo, izihloko zenziwa futhi kwabhalwa izincwadi ezikhomba lesi simo.
Phakathi kwabantu abavelele phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano zezombangazwe kwakunguFrancisco I. Madero. Lo mlingiswa wayesezilungiselele futhi wahambela izindawo ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, njengoba wayenomndeni ocebile, umnikazi wezinkampani namapulazi.
UMadero unquma ukuthola iqembu le-Anti-reelection, ngaleyo ndlela egijima njengokhetho lukamongameli. Wabe eseqala ngomkhankaso owawuhlanganisa ukuhamba kulo lonke izwe laseMexico, efuna ukuveza emphakathini ukuthi zaziyini izinhloso zakhe zezombangazwe.
Uhlobo lwezinhlangano zezepolitiki ezenziwa uMadero belungakaze lwenziwe kusukela ngesikhathi sikamongameli lapho uBenito Juárez athatha khona izintambo. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngemva kwezenzo zakhe nemibono yakhe, uMadero wakwazi ukuba nenani labalandeli abaningi.
Ingozi kuhulumeni wase-Díaz
Izenzo ezithathwe uMadero zabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu ohlangothini lukaPorfirio Díaz. Njengoba wayazi ukuthi inqubo kaMadero yokukhankasela ipolitiki yayidala amathemba okuthi kuzoba noshintsho emphakathini.
Kungalesi sizathu uDíaz eyala ukuboshwa kwakhe eMonterrey ngo-1910, ngaphambi nje kokhetho lukamongameli ezweni. Ngesikhathi uMadero eboshiwe, waziswa ukuthi uDiaz usephinde wanqoba ukhetho lukamongameli.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isikhathi salo mlingiswa ejele sasingeside kakhulu, njengoba ibheyili yakhe ikhokhwa ngokushesha, nokho, uphoqeleka ukuba ahlale edolobheni. Kodwa uma kubhekwa isimo, uMadero unquma ukubalekela maphakathi no-Okthoba ukuya e-United States, lapho aqala khona ngokuthi i-Plan of San Luis.
Kwakukulolu hlelo lapho uMadero eqhubeka nokukhomba izenzo ezingekho emthethweni ezihlobene nokhetho lokugcina lukamongameli olubanjwe ezweni lakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMadero unquma ukuzimemezela njengomongameli wesikhashana, efuna ukuthi kubanjwe ukhetho olusha.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wazihlanganisa nabalingiswa ababedingiswe eMexico, ngenhloso yokuthi kanye naye bazovikela ukhetho lukamongameli ngaphandle kokuhlolwa nokukhwabanisa.
Ngokulandelayo, ucela abantu ukuthi bajoyine umsebenzi wakhe. Maphakathi no-November 1910, kanye neqembu labantu ababenganelisekile ngoDíaz, waqala ukuvukela uhulumeni ngezikhali.
Diaz Army
Amasosha kaPorfirio Díaz kukholakala ukuthi akhiwe phezu kwezisekelo eziqinile, njengoba ayegcine ukuthula isikhathi eside. Nokho, lo mbono ngaye wawungelona iqiniso, ngoba kwakukhona nokungeneliseki okuthile ezinhlwini zakhe.
Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha nje, uMadero nabalandeli bakhe bathola ukunqoba. Isibonakaliso sokuqala salokhu kunqoba sabonakala lapho bezolawula iDolobha laseJuárez. Kukule ndawo lapho ngo-May 1911 kwenziwa khona isivumelwano sokuthula noDíaz nabasekeli bakhe.
Izehlakalo zenza uPorfirio Díaz aqhubeke nokusula isikhundla sakhe njengomengameli, eshiya uMadero ephethe ngemuva kokhetho. Okwaholela ekutheni uDíaz athathe umhlalaphansi aye ekudingisweni eFrance, wafa ngo-1915.