Igxile kakhulu kwezolimo nohwebo, i Umnotho WaseGibhithe Lasendulo, kwakufana nakwamanye amasiko asendulo, eqhutshwa futhi esekelwa izigaba zomphakathi ezingathandwa kakhulu neziningi. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nemisebenzi yezomnotho ezweni loFaro kanye nemibhoshongo!
Umnotho waseGibhithe lasendulo
Kuleli siko lasendulo, kwasetshenziswa lokho okubizwa nge-command economy, lapho amandla kahulumeni eqondisa, elawula futhi elahla yonke into ehlobene nomnotho waleso sizwe. Ihhovisi elikhethekile yilona elaliqondise futhi lilawule ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi, lihlela futhi lilahla yonke into ekhiqizwa imikhakha eyahlukene.
Kusobala ukuthi abantu babeyizisebenzi zikahulumeni hhayi abanikazi abazimele, izikhulu ezisebenza njengabaphathi bamapulazi kahulumeni.
Ngokuvamile, isigaba sabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi abalimi nezingcweti zezandla, sasisebenzela isigaba sikahulumeni isizukulwane ngesizukulwane. Ngemva kokuvuna noma izikhukhula ngakunye, umbuso wabela kabusha umhlaba ngokusekelwe ekwabiweni kwangaphambilini, ukulinganisa ukuhambisana nesivuno okulindelekile.
Izikhulu zikahulumeni zaqoqa ingxenye yomkhiqizo njengentela, zawugcina futhi zasakaza ngokuvumelana nesimo sombuso onegunya. Ukuqoqa nokusatshalaliswa kabusha kwakwenziwa endaweni kanye nasezifundeni kuphela uma kwenzeka kuba nokushoda kwenye yezikhungo zendawo. Isigaba sikahulumeni futhi sasiphethe imisebenzi yomphakathi, eyayigxile kakhulu enkolweni futhi ngokuvamile yayihilela izinkulungwane zezisebenzi nabaphathi.
Umphakathi wase-Egypt ungachazwa njengohlelo lwe-autarkic noma oluzimele, ngokuvamile, ngemva kokukhokha izintela, imindeni ilahlwa ngemali enqwabelene ukuze isetshenziswe yona noma yahwetshwa emakethe ngalokho ingenakho.
Iphesenti lemikhiqizo nezinsiza ezafinyelela ezimakethe cishe lalincane, lingenamphumela omncane ekusindeni komkhiqizi ngamunye, kodwa laliyingxenye yesisekelo somnotho sokuthuthukiswa kwesiko eliphezulu laseGibhithe.
Ukuhweba okuningi, okungaphezu kokuhwebelana okuncane kwendawo, kucatshangwa ukuthi bekusezandleni zabathengisi abasebenzela umqhele.
Izinga lokubamba iqhaza kwabantu okungezona ezombuso ekuhwebeni alinakulinganiswa, nokho, lingahle libe likhulu njengoba imakethe yayinakekelwa ngisho nangezikhathi lapho ukuphathwa kwawa khona.
Izinguquko ezibalulekile ohlelweni lokuhwebelana ngokwesiko lwaqala ukwenzeka ngenxa yokufika kwabantu bangaphandle kanye nokwethulwa kohlobo lwemali, olwakhiwe Ngenkathi Yakamuva.
Iningi lezakhamuzi phakathi nezinkulungwane ezimbili zokuqala zeminyaka yomlando waseGibhithe babengabalimi futhi babephila ngalokho okukhiqizwa umhlabathi emiphakathini yasemaphandleni, eyayibonakala ngokuzimela, kodwa esimweni esifana kakhulu ne-serfdom.
Izwe ababesebenza kulo lalingelonkulunkulu, okokuqala kwaba ku-Osiris futhi ngemva kokunyamalala kwakhe kuHorus, ngakho-ke, babeyimpahla yokuzalwa kwakhe kwasemhlabeni, uFaro. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kweSikhathi Sakamuva, umhlaba wawungathengwa futhi udayiswe mahhala.
Ngaphandle kwabalimi abaqashile, ingxenye enkulu yabantu yasebenza njengezisebenzi zosuku ezindaweni zezicukuthwane namathempeli. Phakathi noMbuso Omusha, mhlawumbe ingxenye yesithathu yezwe yayiphethwe abapristi, nenani elikhulu lezisebenzi nezigqila. Abaphathi, abapristi, abathengisi, nezingcweti zezandla babehlala ngokuyinhloko emadolobheni aseduze nomfula iNayile, njengoba lezi zindawo zokuhlala zazitholakala ngokudla okulula futhi okushibhile ngomkhumbi.
Imisebenzi yezomnotho kanye nemithombo yengcebo
Imisebenzi ehlukene yathuthukiswa eGibhithe lasendulo, eminye ebaluleke kakhulu kuneminye emnothweni, kodwa konke okudingekayo ukuze kuphile zonke izigaba zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezingabalulekile kangako. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu esinayo:
Ezolimo nokudoba
Ezolimo zangenisa ingxenye enkulu yengcebo yaseGibhithe, zitshala kakhulu okusanhlamvu, imifino nezithelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwafuywa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemfuyo, okuhlanganisa izimbuzi nezingulube, kanye nezinkukhu nezinhlanzi zaseNayile.
Ngenxa yezikhukhula zaminyaka yonke, inhlabathi yahlala ivundile. Kodwa amasu ezolimo ayengasebenzi kahle, izinto zokusebenza zaziyizidala futhi zimbalwa kakhulu intuthuko kanye nentuthuko ebalulekile ebonakalayo kule ndawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvuna kwakungabalulekile kangako emnothweni, kodwa ngokusobala kwakuyindlela edingekayo nebalulekile ukuze kuphile izigaba ezimpofu kakhulu.
Ukufuywa kwezinkomo kwakufana kakhulu nezolimo, ngokusobala kwashiyelwa ngengozi futhi kwenziwa umzamo omncane wokuthuthukisa amasu ayezowenza ngempumelelo futhi ibe nanda. Ukuzingela kwakuwumsebenzi wesikhathi sokuphumula futhi ngokuvamile owenziwa abacebile.
Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi kubonakala bekukhona ngezinga elincane, kodwa iningi labantu lalidla izinhlanzi ezibanjwe eNayile.Ekugcineni, lapho izintela ezihlukahlukene sezisusiwe, insalela yakho konke okuvunwayo nokukhuliswayo kwathengiswa ezimakethe.
Yezandla
Emnothweni waseGibhithe lasendulo, ingxenye enkulu yemikhiqizo eyenziwe yayivela ikakhulukazi emindenini ekhiqiza izinto ezingavuthiwe, okungukuthi, izinto zokuzenza. Kulokhu umsebenzi wahlukaniswa ngokobulili, ngokuvamile ukushiyela ukucutshungulwa kowesifazane. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho amadoda elima iflakisi, abesifazane bomkhaya babephotha futhi beluluka.
Izinhlanzi ezibanjwe amadoda, lapho zingadliwa ngokushesha, zazihlanzwa futhi zomiswe, ngokuvamile ezenziwa abesifazane, ukuze zigcinwe isikhathi eside esimweni sezulu esishisayo saseGibhithe.
Kwavela amafekthri amancane emadolobheni, ngokuvamile axhaswe yizicukuthwane ezicebile: amabhikawozi, izindawo zokuphuza utshwala, ama-workshops okubaza nokuthunga, phakathi kokunye, nabasebenzi abambalwa, lapho amadoda nabesifazane bephethe izikhundla ezithile.
Ukumayini
Emnothweni waseGibhithe lasendulo, iningi lamaminerali akhishiwe lalingenasithakazelo esincane futhi lifinyelela isakhamuzi esivamile, amaqembu amancane kuphela abantu abacebile angasebenzisa futhi azuze kulezi zinsiza. Izinsimbi eziyigugu azizange zibonwe noma zitholakale kubantu kuze kube yiNkathi Yokugcina futhi nalapho zahlala ezandleni zabambalwa.
Izinsimbi ezisetshenziselwa amathuluzi afana nethusi, ithusi kanye, kusukela ngeSikhathi Sakamuva kuya phambili, insimbi, zazimba eqolo futhi izinto ezenziwe ngazo zazingaphezu kwamandla ezakhamuzi eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezizinikele kwezolimo. abampofu kakhulu.
Izigaba zomphakathi ezingathandwa kangako zaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amathuluzi amatshe nawokhuni cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi nezinjongo zawo, kuze kube seNkathini Yethusi ngisho nangale kweNkathi Yensimbi. Amatshe ayigugu namatshe ayigugu nawo asala ephethwe yidlanzana elicebile nelinamandla, ngokuvamile elaliwasebenzisa emathempelini nasemathuneni. Kulo mbuthano owawunamatshe namagugu enani elikhulu, izingcweti ezihilelekile ekwakheni ekugcineni zingazuza.
Ukuthola amaminerali afana ne-natron kwaba kudingekile ngenqubo yokugqumisa, okwakubiza kakhulu enye indlela kubantu abaningi, ngakho-ke kwenziwa abambalwa kuphela, ikakhulukazi isigaba esibusayo.
I-Commerce
Ukuhwebelana kwasendaweni, kwezwe noma kwamazwe ngamazwe bekuyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi impucuko kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngisho nalapho umphakathi noma izwe likhiqiza futhi linenani elikhulu lezimpahla, kuyohlale kunokuthile okudingekayo nokungatholakali, ngakho ukuthenga kwelinye elinakho bekulokhu kuyinketho, ukuguqula ukuhwebelana kube umsebenzi odingekile nobalulekile.
IGibhithe lasendulo laliyisizwe esicebile nesinamandla, sinemithombo eminingi yemvelo, kodwa noma kunjalo yayingakwazi ukuzimela, yingakho kwakuncike ekuhwebeni ukuze kutholwe izimpahla ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukunethezeka kanye nesimo sayo. Uhwebo lwaqala ngesikhathi se-Predynastic e-Egypt phakathi kuka-6000 no-3150 BC futhi lwaqhubekela eGibhithe laseRoma ngo-30 BC kanye no-646 AD.
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, umnotho waseGibhithe lasendulo wawuzungeza uhlelo lokuhwebelana, okungukuthi, ukushintshana, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwanoma iyiphi imali. Kodwa ngo-525 BC, isikhathi sokuhlasela kwamaPheresiya, kwasungulwa uhlelo lwezomnotho oluhlukile ezweni, lapho kwaqala ukusetshenziswa khona imali.
Ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi, ezentengiselwano zazichuma ngokuhwebelana kwezimpahla namasevisi ngokusekelwe ezingeni levelu elalibhekwa njengelilungile yizo zombili izinhlangothi.
Abakhiqizi base-Egypt kwakudingeka banikeze ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo wabo kubanikazi bezindlu nabaqoqi bentela, bashiye imali enqwabelene ukuze kudliwe umnikazi wayo, futhi okwakusele, uma lokhu kwenzeka, kwakungahwetshwa emakethe evulekile noma kudayiselwe abalimi ngokuqondile.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngabathengisi abangochwepheshe bangaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngokuvamile, okungenani kwaze kwaba Sesikhathini Sakamuva, ama-ejenti omqhele noma amakilasi kahulumeni.
I-Banca
Emnothweni waseGibhithe lasendulo, omunye ukolweni owawuvunwa futhi ungowabanikazi abazimele wawugcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla zikahulumeni futhi ukhokhiswa intela.
Imiyalelo yokuhoxiswa ebhaliwe evela kubanikazi bezindawo zokusanhlamvu nayo yasetshenziswa, njengohlobo lwemali. Lesi sitayela simataniswa namabhange kulezi zinsuku kanti la mabhange okusanhlamvu aqhubekile nokusiza abalimi nabahwebi ngisho nangemva kokwethulwa kwemali.
Ngaphansi kwamaPtolemy ibhange elikhulu lase-Alexandria lalibhalisa wonke ama-akhawunti ezinqolobane ezazisakazwa kuyo yonke indawo. Izinkokhelo zazidluliswa zisuka kwenye i-akhawunti ziye kwenye ngendlela efanayo nesistimu yesimanje yoku-oda imali. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC, igolide, isiliva nethusi lalisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekusebenzelaneni nabantu bezinye izizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangama-mercenaries noma abathengisi.
Amandla
Umthombo oyinhloko wamandla ezikhathini zasendulo kwakungamandla emisipha anikezwa abantu ngokuyinhloko, kodwa izilwane ezifuywayo zadlala indima ebalulekile. Izilwane ezazisetshenziswa kwezolimo kwakuyizimbongolo zokuthutha imikhiqizo nezinkomo zokulima neminye imisebenzi enzima. Ukusetshenziswa kwakungasebenzi, ngoba kuze kube manje ukusetshenziswa kwejoka elalibekwe emahlombe ezilwane kanye nezimbazo zamageja zifakwe izimpondo zezinkomo.
Amahhashi ethulwa eGibhithe ngeNkathi Yesibili Ephakathi phakathi kuka-1800 no-1550 BC futhi awazange anikezwe ukubaluleka okukhulu emisebenzini yezomnotho eyahlukene. Ayebhekwa njengokumba eqolo ukuwanakekela, ngakho ayesetshenziswa kuphela izicukuthwane namasosha, kungaba ukudonsa izinqola zempi noma ukugibela.
Izimoto ezinamasondo amancane zaqala ukusetshenziswa phakathi noMbuso Omusha futhi zasebenzela impi nezemidlalo ngokuyinhloko. Ngalesi sikhathi, noma yini eyayidingeka ithuthwe isuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye ngomhlaba, ngisho nasezifundeni ezomile neziwugwadule, yayithuthwa abantu, izimbongolo, noma idonswe ngezihlibhi zokhuni.
Amandla omoya ayesetshenziselwa ukuhamba kwemikhumbi kuphela futhi nakulokhu ayengasebenzi. AbaseGibhithe babenenhlanhla yokuthi iNayile igeleza isuka eningizimu iye enyakatho futhi imimoya ekhona yayivela enyakatho, okwakwanele ukuthwala imikhumbi iye phezulu. Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi emfuleni kwakudingeka kuphela ukumboza oseyili futhi uzivumele uthathwe umsinga kanye nezigwedlo ezithile ukuze ufike lapho uya khona.
Umlilo, njengakunoma yimuphi umphakathi noma iqembu labantu, wawudingeka ukupheka nokubhaka ukudla, ukuncibilikisa izinsimbi, ukwenza ingilazi, ukubhaka izitsha zobumba, futhi kuyaqabukela, ukwenza izitini. Kudingeka amazinga okushisa aphezulu ekuphatheni nasekusebenzeni kwezinsimbi, okwafezwa ngokushisa noma iyiphi imifino eyomile noma indaba yezilwane eyayiseduze.
Ukushisa kwelanga, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwasetshenziswa kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izitini zodaka, okwakuyimpahla yokwakha eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezweni elingenamvula kangako njengeGibhithe.
impi
Izinkampani zezempi nazo zaziwumthombo wemali engenayo, noma nini lapho zinqoba ngokusobala, zazivumela ukukhula kombuso, owanda ngokunqoba izindawo ezintsha, ukuthola ingcebo namandla,
I-Egypt yaba nenhlanhla ngalokhu kwaze kwafika iNkathi Yokugcina, lapho isingena ngaphansi kombuso wamazwe angaphandle, imisebenzi ephansi yamaLibya, amaKushi, ama-Asiriya namaPheresiya, ayiqhathaniswa nendlela uMbuso WaseRoma owawucindezela futhi uyingozi ngayo, uxhaphaza izifundazwe zabo. ngokungenasihawu.
Cishe ngonyaka wama-31 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, uMbuso WaseRoma wabusa i-Ptolemaic Egypt, eyanyamalala ngokungenakugwenywa njengombuso.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, qiniseka ukuthi ubheka ezinye izixhumanisi kubhulogi yethu: