Ama-Hieroglyphs kanye nokubhala kwaseGibhithe nencazelo yawo

Omunye amasiko asendulo ukuthi yakha isithakazelo kakhulu namanje Egypt Lasendulo, egcwele izimfihlakalo, amasiko kanye nolwazi, baba neqhaza emhlabeni hhayi kuphela izakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo kanye papyrus, baphinde baba phakathi kwabokuqala ukwakha uhlelo lokubhala. Yazi yonke into ehlobene nenhlese ukubhala kweGibhithe!

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

ukubhala kweGibhithe 

Ukubhala kwaseGibhithe kuhlehlela emuva cishe ku-3000 BC, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi nolwakudala oluye lwaba nezinguquko eziningi nokuguqulwa kuwo wonke umlando. Kuye kwaba into ethakazelisa futhi ecwaningwa ngochwepheshe abaningi, nokho kwaze kwaba ngu-1822 lapho uJean-François Champollion eveza imfihlakalo ukuthi lezi zimpawu zazigcinwa.

UChampollion, isazi-mlando saseFrance esichazwa njengomsunguli we-Egyptology, nguyena owahlaziya futhi wahumusha imibhalo yaseGibhithe, egxile ekuhlaziyeni nasekucwaningweni kwetshe le-Rosetta.

Enye yezindlela ezidume kakhulu zokubhala kwaseGibhithe lasendulo yaziwa ngokuthi ama-hieroglyphs noma imifanekiso eqoshiwe engcwele futhi yathuthukiswa esikhathini esithile ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuqala samakhosi, phakathi kuka-3150 no-2613 BC, nokho akulona kuphela uhlobo.

Izazi eziningi zibonisa ukuthi umbono wegama elilotshiwe wakhula eMesophothamiya futhi wasakazekela eGibhithe Lasendulo ngohwebo. Nakuba ukushintshana kwamasiko okuqhubekayo kwagcinwa phakathi kwezifunda zombili, azikho izinkomba zokuthi ama-hieroglyphs aseGibhithe anemvelaphi yawo kwelinye isiko, angamaGibhithe ngokuphelele.

Okwamanje abukho ubufakazi bemibhalo enala ma-hieroglyphs, achaza izindawo noma izinto ezingezona ezaseGibhithe, futhi ama-pictographs okuqala aseGibhithe awahlobene nezimpawu zokuqala ezisetshenziswa eMesopotamiya.

Leli gama sibongile echaza le mibhalo yokuqala inemvelaphi yobuGreki, uma kubhekiselwa ekubhaleni kwayo abaseGibhithe babesebenzisa leli gama i-medu-netjer lisho ukuthini amazwi kaNkulunkulu, njengoba baqinisekisa ukuthi uThoth, ababembheka njengonkulunkulu omkhulu, wayebanike lo mbhalo.

Imvelaphi kankulunkulu omkhulu inemibono eminingi. Ngokokulandisa okuthile kwaseGibhithe lasendulo, ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, uThoth, umdali wakhe, wathatha isimo senyoni eyaziwa ngokuthi umbhishobhi futhi wabeka iqanda lendawo yonke eliqukethe yonke indalo.

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

Enye indaba yasendulo isitshela ukuthi, ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, unkulunkulu uThoth wavela ezindebeni zikankulunkulu welanga uRa futhi enye ibonisa ukuthi wavela engxabanweni enkulu phakathi konkulunkulu uHorus noSet, abamelela amandla okuhleleka nesiphithiphithi.

Iqiniso liwukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yavelaphi, zonke izindaba zasendulo zibonisa ukuthi unkulunkulu omkhulu uThoth wayengumnikazi wolwazi oluningi, okunye okubaluleke kakhulu amandla amazwi.

UThoth wanika abantu lolu lwazi ngokukhululeka, nokho, leso sipho sasimele umthwalo omkhulu okwakumelwe bawuthathe ngokungathi sína, ngoba amazwi anamandla amakhulu.

KwabaseGibhithe, amazwi angalimaza, aphulukise, akhe, aphakamise, abhidlize, alahle, futhi abuyise umuntu kwabafileyo. Ezinye izazi ze-Egyptologists zibonisa ukuthi, kule mpucuko yasendulo, ukubhala kwakungenayo inhloso yokuhlobisa, ngakho-ke kwakungasetshenziselwa izinjongo zokubhala noma zokuthengisa.

Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko futhi mhlawumbe obaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukusebenza njengethuluzi lokuveza imiqondo ethile noma izehlakalo ababefuna ukuzenza zibe ngokoqobo. Okungukuthi, eGibhithe lasendulo kwakukholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ngokubhala okuthile ngokuphindaphindiwe nangomlingo, lokhu kungenzeka.

Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo babeqonda ukuthi lesi sipho sikaThoth kwakungekona nje ukuziveza, kodwa ukuthi ngokwezwi nezwi igama elibhaliwe lingashintsha umhlaba ngamandla aqukethwe. Kodwa kwakungeyona into elula kangaka, ngoba ukuze lawa mandla akhululwe futhi lokho okuvezwe nabo kwakungenzeka, lesi sipho kwakudingeka siqondwe, kuphela lapho singase sisetshenziswe ngokugcwele.

Ukudalwa kokubhala kwaseGibhithe

Ngisho nalapho isintu sithola uhlelo lwaso lokubhala kwaThoth, ngenxa yokuthi kubantu baseGibhithe umhlaba wawuyimpucuko yabo, kwadingeka bazitholele ngokwabo ukuthi lesi sipho sasihlanganisani futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthi sisetshenziswa kanjani.

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

Esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-6000 no-3150 BC, lapho kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakuyingxenye yokugcina yenkathi ye-predynastic eGibhithe, izimpawu zokuqala zibonakala zimelela imiqondo elula, njengokukhomba indawo, umuntu, umcimbi noma okungowakho.

Ubufakazi bakuqala bokuba khona kokubhala eGibhithe uhlu olunikezwayo emathuneni ngeNkathi Yokuqala YeDynastic.

KwabaseGibhithe lasendulo, ukufa kwakungesona isiphetho sokuphila, kwakumane kuwukushintshashintsha, ukusuka kwelinye izwe ukuya kwelinye, ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye. Bathi abafileyo babephila ngemva kokufa futhi bathembele kwabaphilayo ukuba babakhumbule futhi babanike iminikelo yokudla neziphuzo ukuze bazisekele.

Lwalwaziwa ngokuthi Uhlu Lweminikelo futhi lwaluwuhlu lweminikelo eyayizokwethulwa kumuntu othile futhi iqoshwe odongeni lwamathuna noma itshe eliqoshiwe, eliqoshiwe noma elipendiwe. Ngokuvamile, ukudla okuhambisana nokuthandwa namasiko omuntu ofile kwabekwa.

Lolu hlu lweminikelo beluphelezelwa amafomula eminikelo, esingawachaza njengokupela noma amagama azoguqula ngomlingo lolu hlu olubhaliwe lweminikelo lube yinto engokoqobo, ukuze kujabulele umufi.

Umuntu owenze izenzo ezinkulu, owayenesikhundla esiphakeme, noma owayehola amabutho ekunqobeni empini, wayefanelwe iminikelo emikhulu kunomuntu owenze okuncane ngokuqhathaniswa nokuphila kwakhe.

Kanye nalolu hlu kwakunombhalo omfishane owawubonisa ukuthi wayengubani lowo muntu, ayekwenzile, nokuthi kungani kwakumfanele iminikelo enjalo. Lezi zinhlu nama-epitaphs ayengavamile ukuba mafushane, ngokuvamile ayebanzi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma umufi enesigaba esithile sabaphathi.

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

Izinhlu Zokunikela zazilokhu ziba zinde futhi zidingeka kakhulu, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuvela uMthandazo Weminikelo, owawuthatha isikhundla esiphumelelayo sohlu okwase kuba nzima ukuluphatha.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi lo mthandazo ekuqaleni wawuwumthandazo okhulunywayo. Lapho selibhaliwe, laba isici esiyisisekelo okwahlelwa ngaso imibhalo yethuna nezethulo.

Kwenzeka okufanayo ngohlu olungapheli lwezikhundla neziqu zezikhulu, zaqala ukuzithuthukisa zaba yizindaba ezixoxwayo futhi esikwazi ngokuthi umlando wokuphila kwakhe kwazalwa.

Kokubili i-autobiography kanye nomthandazo kubhekwa njengezibonelo zokuqala zezincwadi zaseGibhithe, ezenziwe kusetshenziswa ukubhala kwe-hieroglyphic.

Kodwa-ke, kusengenzeka ukuthi inhloso yokuqala yokubhala yayizosetshenziselwa ukuhweba, ukudlulisa ukubonga kuyo ulwazi mayelana nezimpahla, izintengo, ukuthengwa, njll. EGibhithe bakha futhi basebenzisa izinhlobo ezintathu zokubhala:

  • I-Hieroglyphic, kucatshangwa ukuthi ingeyokuqala eyathuthukiswa futhi yasetshenziswa abaseGibhithe kusukela esigabeni sangaphambi kobukhosi kuya ekhulwini lesine.
  • I-Hieratic: ehlobene nokubhala nge-hieroglyphic, kwakuwukubhala okulula, okuhambisana kakhulu nokwenza lula ama-hieroglyphs, asetshenziswa kakhulu emibhalweni yokuphatha neyezenkolo. Yasetshenziswa phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC.
  • I-Demotics; okuhambisana Nenkathi Yakamuva YaseGibhithe, isigaba sokugcina saseGibhithe Lasendulo. Kwakuwuhlelo lokubhala olwalubusa cishe ngo-660 BC, olwalusetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezomnotho nezincwadi.

I-papyrus yaseGibhithe, uyinki nokubhala 

Ukuthuthukiswa nokuvela kwezinhlelo zabo zokubhala kuhlobene eduze nokusungulwa kwe-papyrus noyinki, lokhu kungenye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu esikweni laseGibhithe.

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

I-Papyrus isitshalo esidabuka eGibhithe, sikhula kakhulu osebeni lweNayile.Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwalolu lwazi olwalusebenza njengesisekelo sokubhala, lwakhiwe ezibhebheni zobumba nasemadwaleni, kungenakwenzeka kakhulu, kusukela ekubhidlikeni nokunye. yayinzima kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuyiqopha.

Kodwa i-papyrus yenza umehluko omkhulu, njengoba babedinga ibhulashi noyinki kuphela ukuze bathwebule amagama abo, izinto ababengaziyisa noma kuphi kalula.

Uyinki kanye ne-papyrus kwakubhekwa njengento eguquguqukayo eyashiyelwa abaseGibhithe lasendulo kuwo wonke amasiko, okuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sezokuxhumana ezibhalwe ngesandla.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kokubhala kwe-hieroglyphic yaseGibhithe

Ama-Hieroglyphs athuthukiswe kusukela kuma-pictograms wakudala, okwakuyizimpawu nemidwebo emele imiqondo efana nomuntu noma umcimbi. Ukuze kudalwe lolu hlelo lokubhala, abaseGibhithe banake indawo yabo futhi bathatha izinto ezivamile, izilwane, izitshalo, njll, ukwenza izimpawu zabo.

Nokho, lezi zithombe ezisetshenziswa abantu ekuqaleni zaziqukethe ulwazi olulinganiselwe.

Isibonelo, ungadweba owesifazane, isihlahla nenyoni, kodwa kwakunzima kakhulu uma kungenakwenzeka ukudlulisa ukuxhumana kwabo. Umbhalo wokuqala wezithombe wawungenawo amandla okuphendula imibuzo eminingi ehlobene nezibalo ezintathu, ngoba owesifazane wayeseduze nesihlahla, wabona inyoni, wayezingela, njll.

AmaSumer eMesophothamiya yasendulo akubona lokhu kukhawulelwa ekusebenziseni ama-pictogram futhi asungula uhlelo lokubhala oluthuthukisiwe cishe ngo-3200 BC edolobheni lase-Uruk.

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

Ngenxa yalesi sici, inkolelo-mbono yokuthi ukubhala kwaseGibhithe kwavela ekubhalweni kwaseMesopotamiya akunakwenzeka, ngoba uma kunjalo abaseGibhithe babeyofunda ubuciko bokubhala kumaSumerians, bedlula isigaba sama-pictograms, kusukela kanye nendalo yaseSumeri. amaphonogram, izimpawu ezimelela imisindo.

AmaSumer afunda ukwandisa ulimi lwawo olulotshiwe ngezimpawu ezimelela lolo limi ngokuqondile, ukuze kuthi uma efuna ukudlulisela ukwaziswa okuthile okuthile akwazi ukukwenza ngokugcwele nangomyalezo ocacile. AbaseGibhithe bakha lolu hlelo olufanayo, kodwa bengeza ama-logogram nama-ideograms.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi isisekelo sokubhalwa kwe-hieroglyphic yaseGibhithe kwakuyi: phonogram, ilogogram, i-ideogram kanye ne-determinative. Ngakho-ke masifunde okwengeziwe ngabo:

1-Amafonogramu okungukuthi izimpawu ezimele imisindo kuphela. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamaphonogram eziyingxenye yama-hieroglyphs:

  • Izimpawu ezihlangene noma ze-alfabhethi: lezi zimele ungwaqa noma inani lomsindo.
  • Izimpawu zamazwe amabili, ezisebenza njengongwaqa ababili.
  • Izimpawu ezisemaceleni amathathu zikhiqiza ongwaqa abathathu.

2-Logogram, uhlamvu olubhaliwe olufanekisela igama noma ibinzana, zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezincazelo kunemisindo futhi ngokuvamile kulula ukuzikhumbula.

3-Ideograms, okuyizimpawu ezimele umbono noma umqondo, okungukuthi, idlulisela ngokucacile umlayezo othile, njengama-emoji amanje avumela umuntu ofunda umlayezo ukuthi azi isimo sengqondo somuntu onobuso obuthukuthele. , uma ezincokolela nobuso obuhleka izinyembezi noma izulu lalapho libalele noma lina.

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

4-Ama-Determinatives: angama-ideograms asetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi into eyayimelwe yayiyini, njengoba ezinye izithonjana noma izimpawu zazinencazelo engaphezu kweyodwa. I-Ideograms ivamise ukubekwa ekugcineni kwegama, ibe usizo ngezindlela ezimbili:

  • Ivumela ukuchaza noma ukucacisa incazelo yegama elithile, njengoba kukhona afanayo, acishe afane.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuvumela ukukhombisa lapho igama elilodwa ligcina khona futhi elinye liqala.

Ukubhala usebenzisa ama-hieroglyphs kwakunezici ezingavamile zokuthi zingabhalwa ngendlela oyifunayo, inqobo nje uma ibukeka ihlanzekile futhi inhle ezingeni lobuhle, okungukuthi, ingabhalwa kunoma iyiphi indlela ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, kusukela phansi kuya phezulu kanye nobubi. okuphambene kuzo zombili.

Lapho wenza imibhalo emathuneni, emathempelini, ezigodlweni, njll., into ebalulekile kwakuwukwenza umsebenzi omuhle futhi ngenxa yalokhu kubhalwe ngendlela efanele indawo etholakalayo.

Kuwuphawu lombhalo wase-Egypt okufanele ulawulwe ubuhle, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokubeka ama-hieroglyphs aqoqwe ngonxande, ngakho izimpawu ziyakhuliswa noma zincishiswe ukuze zivumelane neqembu, ziqonde noma zivundlile, zinikeze ukubukeka okulinganiselayo kombhalo. .

Kwezinye izimo bebehlehlisa ukuhleleka kwezimpawu uma benomuzwa wokuthi unxande wobuhle nokulinganisela kungase kubonakale ngeso lengqondo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhleleka okungalungile.

Nokho, umusho wawufundeka kalula, uqondiswa indlela amaphonogram ayeqondiswe kuyo, njengoba izithombe zihlale zisekuqaleni komusho, isibonelo, uma umusho kufanele ufundwe kusukela kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele, izilwane noma umuntu. izidalwa, zizoqondiswa noma zibheke kwesokudla.

UKUBHALA KWASEGIBHITHE

Kuzazi zolimi kwakungeyona into eyinkimbinkimbi, njengokungabikho kwezimpawu ezifanekisela unkamisa, lezi zaziqondwa kulabo ababeqonda ulimi olukhulunywayo. AbaseGibhithe babekwazi ukufunda umbhalo we- hieroglyphic, ngisho nalapho izinhlamvu zingekho emshweni, ngoba babezazi.

I-alfabhethi yokubhala ye-hieroglyphic yaseGibhithe yayinongwaqa abayisisekelo abangamashumi amabili nane, kodwa kwakukhona izimpawu ezingaphezu kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa ezehlukene ezengezwa emshweni ukuze kucaciswe noma kucaciswe lokho ongwaqa abazama ukukusho. Ukuze babhale ngokusebenzisa lolu hlelo ngendlela efanele, abaseGibhithe kwakudingeka bazi ngekhanda futhi basebenzise lezi zimpawu ngendlela efanele.

Leli nani elikhulu lezimpawu lalikhona futhi lalisetshenziswa ngaphambi kwezinhlamvu zamagama, yingakho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kungase kube uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi ngokweqile ngenxa yobuningi bezimpawu, azikwazanga ukukhishwa ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo.

Khumbula ukuthi ukubhala, kulokhu ama-hieroglyphs, kwakubhekwa njengesipho esivela kunkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha uThoth, ngakho-ke ukuwayeka noma ukuwashintsha kwakubhekwa njengokuhlambalaza, futhi kwakumelela ukulahlekelwa okumangalisayo, ngoba imilayezo yemibhalo yasendulo yayizolahlekelwa incazelo nomqondo wayo. .

Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kombhalo we-hieratic 

Uma kucatshangelwa indlela okumelwe ukuba kwakuwumsebenzi onzima ngayo ngombhali ukubhala nge- hieroglyphics, akumangalisi ukuthi kwasungulwa enye indlela yokubhala eyayishesha futhi ibe lula.

Umbhalo owaziwa ngokuthi umbhalo we-hieratic noma ongcwele, wawenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezingase zibhekwe njengokwenza ama-hieroglyphs abe lula futhi wathuthukiswa enkathini yokuqala ye-dynastic.

Ukubhalwa kwe-Hieroglyphic, kakade kwase kuthuthukiswe ngokuqinile, kwaqhubeka kusetshenziswa eGibhithe lasendulo, okuyisisekelo sazo zonke izindlela zokubhala kamuva, kodwa kugcina indawo yako ehloniphekile lapho kuziwa ekubhaleni ekubekweni kwezikhumbuzo namathempeli.

I-Hieratic yaqala ukusetshenziswa emibhalweni yezenkolo, kwase kuba kwezinye izindawo ezihlanganisa ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi, izincwadi zemilingo nobuthakathi, izincwadi zomuntu siqu nezebhizinisi, amarekhodi kanye nemibhalo yokwahlulela nezomthetho.

Lolu hlobo lokubhala lwaseGibhithe lwalubhalwa nge-papyrus noma izindengezi, amadwala nokhuni. Ekuqaleni yayingabhalwa ngokuqondile nangokuvundlile, nokho kusukela ebukhosini be-XII ngaphansi kokubusa kuka-Amenemhat III, kutholakala ukuthi uhlelo lwe-hieratic lwabhalwa ngokuqondile ukusuka kwesokudla ukuya kwesobunxele, luhluke ohlelweni lwe-hieroglyphic.

Cishe ngonyaka wama-800 BC, yaba nezinguquko ezithile, yaba umbhalo ohlanganisayo owaziwa ngokuthi i-hieratic engavamile. Iskripthi se-hieratic sathathelwa indawo cishe ngo-700 BC yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi umbhalo wedemotic.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kombhalo wedemokhrasi 

Ukubhala okudemotheka, noma ukubhala okudumile, kwakusetshenziselwa zonke izinhlobo zezinhloso, ngaphandle nje kokubhala imibhalo ebabazekayo etsheni, okwakusenziwa ngemibhalo eqoshiwe.

Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo babebiza umbhalo wedemotic sekh-shat noma lowo owawusetshenziswa emibhalweni, osetshenziswa kakhulu futhi odumile eminyakeni eyinkulungwane ezayo.

Kusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemibhalo ebhaliwe, lolu hlobo lombhalo waseGibhithe lwavela endaweni ye-Delta ye-Lower Egypt futhi lwasakazekela eningizimu phakathi nobukhosi bama-1069 beNkathi Ephakathi YesiThathu phakathi kuka-525 no-XNUMX BC.

I-Demotic yaqhubeka isetshenziswa ngeNkathi Yokugcina YeGibhithe Lasendulo phakathi kuka-525 no-332 BC kanye Nobukhosi Bama-Ptolemaic phakathi kuka-332 no-30 BC, kamuva kulokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-Roman Egypt, i-Demotic yathathelwa indawo yi-Coptic script.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kweskripthi sesiCoptic

IsiCoptic kwakuwumbhalo wamaKristu aseGibhithe, ngokuyisisekelo akhuluma izilimi zaseGibhithe futhi abhala esebenzisa izinhlamvu zesiGreki, nezinye izengezo ezivela kumbhalo weDemotic. La maqembu ayaziwa ngokuthi amaCopt.

Ku-alfabhethi yesiCoptic kunezinhlamvu ezingamashumi amathathu nambili, ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu ziphuma ezinhlamvini ze-Hellenic, ezinomsuka wazo embhalweni we-hieroglyphic waseGibhithe, kanti eziyisikhombisa ezisele zivela ngqo kumbhalo wedemotic waseGibhithe. Ilingisa ukubhala kweGrisi yasendulo, isiCoptic sibhalwa kuphela ukusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla.

Yasungulwa eGibhithe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili ngaphambi kukaKristu, inobukhazikhazi bayo ngekhulu lesine. Namuhla iCoptic ivame ukusetshenziswa eSontweni LamaCoptic ukubhala imibhalo yezenkolo.

AmaCopt ayefaka onkamisa abakhona olimini lwesiGreki emibhalweni yawo, okwenza incazelo icace kunoma ubani ofunda imibhalo yawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiluphi ulimi lwakhe lwendabuko.

Umbhalo wesiCoptic wawuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuze kukopishwe futhi kugcinwe uchungechunge lwemibhalo ebalulekile, eyahunyushwa isuka olimini lwawo yoqobo yayiswa kulolu limi. Ikakhulu imibhalo ehunyushelwe olimini lwesiCoptic yayihlobene nenkolo, izincwadi zeTestamente Elisha lamaKristu namanye amavangeli aqashelwa ezinye izinkolo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yayiwusizo ekuqondeni ama-hieroglyphs, njengoba yanikeza okhiye abathile balokho ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo.

Umlando wezinhlamvu zeCoptic ungahlotshaniswa nePtolemaic Dynasty, eqala ngo-305 BC noPtolemy I Soter jikelele futhi ifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngoPtolemy XV Caesar ngo-30 BC. Kule nkathi, isiGreki siqala ukusetshenziswa emibhalweni engokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo yedemokhrasi yaqala ukulotshwa kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zesiGreki.

Imibhalo eminingi yasendulo yalotshwa kulokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Old Coptic, emakhulwini amabili okuqala obuKristu. Aqukethe imibhalo yesi-Egypt, ebhalwe ngezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ze-Hellenic kanye nezinhlamvu ze-Demotic, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphinda kukhiqizwe imisindo ethile yesi-Coptic.

Lapho ubuKristu busungulwa njengenkolo esemthethweni yaseGibhithe, izinkolo zendabuko zabaseGibhithe lasendulo zavinjelwa futhi zenqatshelwa, okwabangela ukunyamalala okuqhubekayo kokubhala kwe-hieroglyphic kanye nokubhalwa kwedemokhrasi kamuva, kwasungula isiCoptic njengohlelo lokubhala oluvunywe yisonto lobuKristu. .

Ukunyamalala kokubhala kwaseGibhithe

Izinkolelo-mbono eziningi nezimpikiswano zibonisa ukuthi incazelo yama-hieroglyphs yanyamalala ekuthuthukisweni kwezikhathi zokugcina zomlando waseGibhithe, njengoba ukufundwa nokubhala kwalezi zimpawu kwasuswa ezinye izinhlelo ezilula futhi abantu bakhohlwa ukufunda nokubhala.

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluningi lubonisa ukuthi ama-hieroglyphs empeleni asetshenziswa kuze kube isikhathi sobukhosi basePtolemaic, eqala ukulahlekelwa ukubaluleka ngokubonakala kobuKristu, phakathi nenkathi yokuqala yamaRoma.

Kodwa-ke, kuwo wonke umlando waseGibhithe kwakunezikhathi ezifushane kakhulu lapho ukusetshenziswa kombhalo we-hieroglyphic kwaqalwa kabusha, kwaze kwaba yilapho izwe labaseGibhithe lishintsha nezinkolelo zenkolo ezintsha.

Ngokusetshenziswa kombhalo wesiCoptic, owangena kumodeli entsha yesiko eyathatha indawo yesiko laseGibhithe lasendulo, ama-hieroglyphs akhohlakala futhi ashabalala ngokuphelele.

Phakathi nokuhlasela kwama-Arabhu ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX ngemva kukaKristu, akekho umuntu owayehlala emazweni aseGibhithe owayazi ukuthi imibhalo ebhalwe nge-hieroglyphic isho ukuthini.

Kamuva, lapho ukuhlola kwaseYurophu kuqala ukuvela ezweni cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngemva kukaKristu, abazange baqonde okufanayo namaSulumane, ukuthi lelo nani elikhulu lezimpawu laliwulimi oludala kakhulu olubhalwayo.

Ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD, konke lokho abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu ababengakusho kwakuwukuthi ama-hieroglyphs ayeyizimpawu zemilingo, okucatshangwayo okwafinyelelwa ngomsebenzi wesazi saseJalimane u-Athanasius Kircher.

U-Athanasius Kircher wamane walandela isibonelo futhi wabelana ngemibono yababhali basendulo abangamaGreki, nabo ababengayazi incazelo ye-hieroglyphics, becabanga ukuthi babeyizimpawu zomuntu ngamunye ezimelela umqondo othile. Egxila kulo mfanekiso oyiphutha, wazama ukucacisa umbhalo waseGibhithe, okwaholela ekuhlulekeni.

Nokho, kwakungeyena yedwa, ezinye izazi eziningi zazizama ukuchaza incazelo yalezi zimpawu zaseGibhithe lasendulo, kodwa azikho ezaphumelela njengoba zazingenasisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi zazisebenza ngani,

Ngisho nalapho kubonakala sengathi zikhomba iphethini emibhalweni, yayingekho indlela yokwazi ukuthi lawo maphethini angahunyushwa kanjani.

Nokho, cishe ngonyaka ka-1798 ngemva kukaKristu, ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwebutho likaNapoleon emazweni aseGibhithe, uLieutenant wathola iRosetta Stone. Le ndoda yabona ukubaluleka okungaba khona kwalesi sici futhi yadluliselwa eCairo, ngqo esikhungweni saseGibhithe esasungulwa nguNapoleon ekuqaleni komkhankaso wakhe kuleli zwe.

Itshe laseRosetta liyisimemezelo ngesiGreki, i-hieroglyphics, kanye ne-demotics yokubusa kukaPtolemy V, owabusa kusukela ku-204 kuya ku-181 BC.

Imibhalo emithathu ezinhlelweni zokubhala ezehlukene idlulisela ulwazi olufanayo, ilandela umbono wePtolemaic womphakathi onamasiko amaningi. Noma ubani ofunda isiGreki, i-hieroglyphics, noma i-demotic uzoqonda umlayezo obhalwe etsheni le-Rosetta.

Kodwa-ke, izingxabano phakathi kweNgilandi neFrance zanda, zibambezeleka njengoba kulindelekile ukuphila ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, isibonelo umsebenzi wokuhlaziya ama-hieroglyphs ngosizo lwamatshe wabambezeleka.

Ngokunqotshwa kwamaFulentshi ezimpini zeNapoleon, iRosetta Stone yasuswa eCairo yayiswa eNgilandi futhi izifundo nokuhlaziywa kwayo kwaqalwa kabusha.

Abacwaningi abaphethe ukuhlaziya kanye nokucacisa lesi simiso sokubhala sasendulo baqhubeka nokusebenza ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zikaKircher kanye nezimali ezibanjwayo, zasebenza futhi zadalulwa ngendlela ekholisayo.

Usosayensi oyiNgisi uThomas Young, obambisene emsebenzini wokucacisa ama-hieroglyphs, ucabange ukuthi amele amagama nokuthi ahlotshaniswa neDemotic, Coptic kanye nemibhalo ethile yakamuva.

Umsebenzi kaYoung waqashelwa futhi wacatshangelwa uzakwabo kanye nembangi yakhe, isazi sefilosofi uJean-Francois Champollion, okwathi cishe ngo-1824 AD washicilela ucwaningo lwakhe mayelana nokuchazwa kwemibhalo yaseGibhithe.

Lesi sazi sefilosofi sizohlala sihlobene neRosetta Stone kanye nemibhalo ye-hieroglyphs, ngoba nguye owabonisa ngokucacile ukuthi lezi zimpawu zasendulo zaseGibhithe zaziwuhlelo lokubhala olwakhiwe ngamaphonogram, ama-logogram kanye nemibono.

Ngisho nalapho ingxabano phakathi kwezazi ezimbili yayihlala njalo, izama ukuthola ukuthi ubani owathola okubaluleke kakhulu ngakho-ke ubani ofanelwe ukuqashelwa nokufaneleka okwengeziwe, isimo izifundiswa ezisigcinayo namuhla, umnikelo wabo bobabili kule ndawo.

Umsebenzi kaYoung wabeka izisekelo lapho uChampollion athuthukisa khona ucwaningo lwakhe futhi wazuza imiphumela elindelekile. Nokho, akunakuphikwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi kaChampollion owagcina uphule uhlelo lwasendulo lokubhala futhi wadalula isiko nomlando waseGibhithe esintwini.

UJean Francois Champollion

Eyaziwa ngokuthi umsunguli we-Egyptology, lesi sazi-mlando saseFrance sazalwa ngoDisemba 23, 1790 edolobheni elincane elaziwa ngokuthi i-Figeac. Indodana kaJacques Champollion noJeanne-Françoise Gualieu, wayenguthunjana ezinganeni eziyisikhombisa.

Wafunda eLyceum of Grenoble, isikhungo esinohlelo lwezempi futhi ngenhloso yokunikeza imfundo yezinga lokuqala neyunifomu, njengoba kwasungulwa imithetho yamaNapoleon cishe ngo-1802. Nakuba kwakunzima kuye ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi afinyelele umvuthwandaba kulesi sikhungo, waphothula ngo-1807.

Lo mfundi oshisekayo wezilimi zasendulo namasiko aseGibhithe uthole i-Ph.D. Emlandweni Wasendulo eNyuvesi yaseGrenoble.

Umsebenzi wempilo yakhe kwakuwukuchaza imibhalo yaseGibhithe futhi ngo-1824 washicilela incwadi.  Isifinyezo sohlelo lwe-hieroglyphic lwamaGibhithe lasendulo, umsebenzi owawuchaza lolu hlelo lokubhala oluyinkimbinkimbi.

Cishe ngonyaka we-1826, waqokwa njengomphathi weqoqo laseGibhithe lemnyuziyamu yaseLouvre, ophethe ukukhetha nokuqoqa izinto zakudala zemibukiso ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyihlela, kanye nemikhawulo ebekwe umnyuziyamu.

Ngo-1828 wayeyingxenye yohambo oluya e-Egypt, olwakhiwe ngabadwebi, abadwebi bamapulani, abadwebi bezakhiwo nezinye izazi zase-Egypt, lesi kwaba ukuphela kwesikhathi avakashela leli zwe alincoma futhi anikezela ukuphila kwakhe kulo. Uvakashele izindawo ezifana neCairo ukuze abone amaphiramidi kanye neNubia lapho abonga khona amathempeli aseRamesside.

Ngijabulela cishe izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili zomsebenzi wasensimini emazweni aseGibhithe, ngibuyela eFrance ngikhathele kancane futhi ngigula. Engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka we-1831, wathola ukuqokwa kwakhe njengoProfesa Wemivubukulo eKolishi laseFrance.

Wafa enezinkinga eziningi zempilo ngo-March 4, 1832, engakwazi ukuqeda lokho ayekubheka njengomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu. uhlelo lolimi lwaseGibhithe, kamuva eyaqedwa umfowabo omdala uJacques-Joseph njengesikhumbuzo sakhe.

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