Ngomlando othuthukisiwe osebeni loMfula iNayile phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka, ogcwele ama-hieroglyphs, amaphiramidi, ama-sphinxes, oFaro, izimpi, ukuvukela umbuso kanye nokukhaphela, okungavamile. Izici zesiko laseGibhithe umxhwele ngobuhle bazo obuyimfihlakalo nobunkimbinkimbi. Ungaphuthelwa lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo!
Izici zesiko laseGibhithe
Impucuko yaseGibhithe lasendulo, eyavela cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine ngaphambi kukaKristu, yayingenye yezindala kakhulu emhlabeni. Izimo zemvelo ezivumayo zaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwasekuqaleni kwesiko nobuciko eGibhithe lasendulo. Ngalesi sikhathi, abaseGibhithe babekwazi ukwenza ubucwebe obuhle ngezinsimbi eziyigugu, ukubhala kwavela, futhi ulwazi lwesayensi kancane kancane lwaqala ukunqwabelana.
Izici zesiko laseGibhithe ziyingqayizivele kangangokuthi i-Egypt ishiye ifa elikhulu lamasiko empucukweni yomhlaba, imisebenzi yobuciko bayo yathunyelwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba ezikhathini zasendulo futhi yakopishwa kabanzi ngamakhosi avela kwamanye amazwe.
umlando wesiko laseGibhithe
Kunemithombo emithathu eyinhloko yolwazi mayelana nezici zesiko laseGibhithe: imibhalo eyabhalwa ababhali bamaGreki, iBhayibheli nezinye izincwadi zenkolo yamaJuda ezalotshwa kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC, kanye nemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu okuyimibhalo, imibhalo, kanye nezinto ezivela ngqo eNkathini Yasendulo. iGibhithe.
Ngenxa yokushoda kwesisekelo somthombo namuhla, umuntu akanakuqiniseka ngamaphesenti ayikhulu ngezinsuku eziphelele zalokhu noma leso senzakalo emlandweni. Iningi lamaqiniso lingalandiswa kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ukuqala kwempucuko yaseGibhithe lasendulo kuwukuqala kwenkathi yokuqala yamakhosi, okwenzeka, ngokusho kwezazi zesimanje zaseGibhithe, ngenkulungwane yesine BC.
Ukuphela kweGibhithe lasendulo kwaziwa ngokuqiniseka: kungu-31 BC. C., lapho uFaro wokugcina waseGibhithe Lasendulo, uKhesariyoni, eqeda ukubusa futhi iGibhithe laba isifundazwe soMbuso WaseRoma.
Umlando waseGibhithe lasendulo uvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana. I-Egyptology yesimanje emlandweni waseGibhithe iveza ukuthi:
iGibhithe lasendulo
Yinkathi emlandweni waseGibhithe kusukela ekubukeni komuntu kuya ekubunjweni kwempucuko yezolimo yaseGibhithe.
Inkathi ye-Predynastic (inkulungwane yesi-XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
Isikhathi sokubola kokugcina kobudlelwane bezizwe, ukwakheka komphakathi ohlukene ngokwenhlalo kanye nokuvela kwezifunda zokuqala zezigqila zaseGibhithe lasendulo.
umbuso wokuqala
Yisikhathi sokuqala samakhosi emlandweni wesifunda saseGibhithe lasendulo, isikhathi sokubusa kobukhosi be-I kanye no-II boFaro. Yathatha kusukela ngo-3120 kuya ku-2649 BC
umbuso wasendulo
Yisikhathi esihlanganisa ukubusa koFaro bobukhosi be-III-VI. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa umbuso oqinile omaphakathi eGibhithe, kwakukhona ukuchuma kwezwe kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe-ezempi namasiko.
Isikhathi sokuqala soshintsho
Phakathi nokubusa kobukhosi be-VII kanye ne-VIII, amandla oFaro baseMemphis ayemane nje egama nje, isiphithiphithi sezombangazwe sasibusa eGibhithe. Amandla adlulela ezandleni zamakhosi.
umbuso ophakathi
Yinkathi ephakathi kuka-2040 no-1783 (noma 1640) BC. C., echaza ukubusa kwamakhosi oFaro iManetho XI - XII, evela eThebes. Isikhathi sokuvela okusha, kodwa ngokufakwa endaweni eyodwa okubuthakathaka kombuso waseGibhithe lasendulo.
Isikhathi soshintsho lwesibili
Ngemva kokuwa kobukhosi be-XNUMX, i-Egypt idilika ibe amagama azimele.
umbuso omusha
Kuyinkathi yokuchuma okukhulu kwezwe lasendulo laseGibhithe, elaziwa ngenani elikhulu lezikhumbuzo, eziyisisekelo salo lonke ifa lempucuko yoFaro, izikhonzi zabo ezakha i-20% yabantu bomhlaba. Lesi yisikhathi sokubusa kwamakhosi amathathu abalulekile: XVIII, XIX, XX.
Isikhathi sesithathu soshintsho
Ukwehlukana kweGibhithe kwaholela ekuhlakazweni komnotho owodwa wangempela, isisekelo sombuso owodwa.
Isikhathi Sasemuva noma Umbuso Wamuva
Ihlanganisa ukubusa koFaro of the XXVI-XXX Dynasties (664 - 332 BC). Lesi yisikhathi somzabalazo wokubuyiselwa kwenkululeko eGibhithe, izimpi ezinamandla nokuhlasela kwamanye amazwe, okwaphetha ngokunqotshwa kwezwe nguMbuso WasePheresiya kwase kuba u-Alexander Omkhulu.
Isikhathi sePtolemaic
Isikhathi sePtolemaic noma ubuGreki yinkathi emlandweni weMedithera, ikakhulukazi eyasempumalanga, esukela ekufeni kuka-Alexander Omkhulu (323 BC) kuze kube sekumisweni okuqinisekile kokubusa kwamaRoma kulezi zindawo, okuvamise ukuqalwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ukuwa kwe-Hellenistic Egypt. , ephethwe ubukhosi bukaPtolemaic (30 BC).
ulimi nokubhala
Ososayensi bayalwazi ulimi lwaseGibhithe lasendulo kusukela enanini elikhulu lemibhalo egciniwe yokubhala nge-hieroglyphic, eyenziwe ngamatshe kanye ne-papyrus. Ulimi lwaseGibhithe lungolunye lwezilimi ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni ezazinolimi olubhaliwe; imibhalo yokuqala yasendulo esekhona isukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesine neyesithathu BC.
Kusukela kulesi sikhathi, ukubhala kwaseGibhithe kwakunazo zombili izimpawu ezimelela amagama nezimpawu ezibonisa inhlanganisela yongwaqa, ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu zezinhlamvu zongwaqa abangabodwa kanye nezinqumo ezijwayelekile, ezikhomba ngomfanekiso ukuthi igama liyingxenye yamuphi umbuthano. Ama-accountant asebenzisa amanani amakhulu: izinkulungwane eziyishumi, izinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngisho nesigidi, ababenamazwi abo nezimpawu zabo. Ukubhalwa kwabaseGibhithe kwakuhlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana:
umbhalo we-hieroglyphs
Umbhalo ongokomfanekiso ohambisana nezimpawu zefonetiki, okungukuthi, uhlanganisa izakhi zezinhlamvu ze-ideographic, syllabic kanye nefonetiki Ama-Hieroglyphs ayeqoshwa etsheni, akhona futhi ama-hieroglyphs aqondile we-sarcophagi yokhuni kanye ne-papyrus.
ama-hieratics
Lolu uhlobo lwakuqala lokubhala ngokuhlanganisayo, olwavela phakathi Nobukhosi bokuqala lapho izinhlamvu ze-hieroglyphic zisetshenziswa ngebhulashi ku-papyrus, itshe, noma isikhumba, ngenxa yalokho abalingisi bathola umumo oyisiyingi wokugoqa.
i-demotics
Kuwuhlobo lombhalo wokuhlanganisa owenziwe lula. Izimpawu zazibhalwa zivundlile zisuka kwesokudla ziye kwesobunxele, zisuka ngisho nezimpawu ezenziwe lula, ngezinye izikhathi ziqhubeke.
izincwadi zasendulo zaseGibhithe
Imibhalo ingenye yezici zesiko laseGibhithe, eyabhalwa kusukela enkathini yamapharaonic yaseGibhithe lasendulo kuze kube sekupheleni kokubusa kwamaRoma, kanye nezincwadi zaseSumerian, kubhekwa njengezincwadi zokuqala emhlabeni. Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu, abaseGibhithe baye badala inganekwane ecebile, bathuthukisa izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene.
Enkathini yoMbuso Omdala (ikhulu lama-XNUMX kuya kwelama-XNUMX BC), ubuciko bokubhala buhlanganisa imibhalo yomngcwabo, izincwadi, amahubo enkolo nezinkondlo, kanye nemibhalo ekhumbulekayo ye-autobiographical elandisa ngemisebenzi yezikhulu ezivelele. Kuphela ekuqaleni koMbuso Ophakathi (ikhulu lama-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX BC) lapho kwadalwa khona izincwadi ezilandisayo. 'Kwakuyinguquko', leyo, ngokuka-RB Parkinson, eyabangelwa ukukhuphuka kwesigaba songqondongqondo sababhali, umuzwa omusha wobunikazi bamasiko, amazinga aphezulu kakhulu okufunda nokubhala, kanye nokufinyelela okulula kokubhaliwe.
Ubuciko obuhle
Iminyaka engaphezu kuka-3500, amaciko abambelele kumafomu nama-canon athuthukiswa ngesikhathi soMbuso Omdala, elandela isethi eqinile yezimiso ephikelelayo ngisho nangezikhathi zethonya langaphandle kanye noshintsho lwangaphakathi.
Esinye sezici zesiko laseGibhithe ukuthi lezi zindinganiso zobuciko zivezwa ngemigqa elula, izimo, isibonakaliso esiyisicaba sezibalo, ngaphandle kokucacisa ukujula kwendawo, okudale umuzwa wokuhleleka nokulinganisela ekubunjweni.
Izithombe nemibhalo kwakuhlotshiswe eduze emathuneni nasezindongeni zethempeli, ezitsheni eziqoshiwe nasezifanekisweni. Opende batholakala kumaminerali afana nensimbi (i-ocher ebomvu nephuzi), insimbi yethusi (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza), umule noma amalahle (omnyama), kanye ne-limestone (emhlophe). Ayengase axutshwe ne-gum arabic ukuze kutholakale ukuthi i-viscosity ingakanani futhi aphuke abe izingcezu ezingaswazwa ngamanzi uma kudingekile.
Ukudweba
EGibhithe Lasendulo, zonke imidwebo yayinemibala egqamile, okuncane kakhulu kuzo zonke izithombe kwakusezingodlweni, amathempeli nasemathuneni, kwakukhona imidwebo ebusweni kuphela. Imifanekiso eminingi yaseGibhithe lasendulo iye yasinda ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile. Ingaphezulu letshe lalilungiselelwa ukupendiwa, ungqimba lomhlabathi oluwugqinsi olunongqimba oluthambile lukakhonkolo ngaphezulu, bese kuba i-limestone, upende ubekwe phansi. Imibala yokwakha ngokuvamile yayingamaminerali okuvikela izithombe ekukhanyeni kwelanga.
Ukwakhiwa kopende kwakungafani: i-egg tempera, izinto ezihlukahlukene ze-viscous nama-resin. Ekugcineni, i-fresco mural ayizange ikhiqizwe noma isetshenziswe. Kunalokho, kwasetshenziswa upende phezu kongqimba lukakhonkolo olomile, okuthiwa yi- mural al seco. Ngaphezulu komdwebo kwakumbozwe ungqimba lwe-varnish noma i-resin ukuze kugcinwe isithombe isikhathi eside.
Izithombe ezincane ezenziwe ngale ndlela zigcinwe kahle, nakuba zingatholakali ezifanekisweni ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifanayo, kwapendwa izithombe ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezakhiwe ngokhuni.
Isikhuhlu
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe waseGibhithe wasendulo ungenye yezindawo ezihluke kakhulu futhi ezithuthukiswe ngokuqinile ezicini zesiko laseGibhithe. Lo mfanekiso wadalwa futhi wathuthukiswa ukumelela onkulunkulu baseGibhithe lasendulo, oFaro, amakhosi nezindlovukazi ngesimo somzimba. Izithombe zonkulunkulu noFaro zazibekwe emphakathini, njengomthetho, ezindaweni ezivulekile nasemathempelini angaphandle. Izithombe ngokuvamile zigcina isimo sokuqala sebhulokhi noma ucezu lokhuni eziqoshwe kulo.
inkolo kanye nezinganekwane
EGibhithe lasendulo, yayingekho inkolo evamile, kodwa kunalokho inhlobonhlobo yamahlelo endawo anikezelwe konkulunkulu abathile. Iningi labo lalikholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa (egxile ekukhulekeleni unkulunkulu oyedwa nokwazisa abanye), yingakho inkolo yaseGibhithe ibhekwa njengenkolo eminingi.
Onkulunkulu abakhulekelwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene benza samuntu amandla emvelo nezenzakalo zomphakathi. Isibhakabhaka sasimelelwe owesifazane noma inkomo, umhlaba nomoya - ngonkulunkulu besilisa. UNkulunkulu uThoth wayengusanta ongumvikeli wemibhalo nobuthakathi, futhi unkulunkulukazi uMaat wenza samuntu iqiniso. Izenzakalo zemvelo zazibhekwa njengobuhlobo bonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene. Abanye onkulunkulu ezikhathini zasendulo babekhulekelwa abaseGibhithe ngezilwane noma izinyoni.
AbaseGibhithe bahlobanisa iHorus Falcon nombono kankulunkulu wasezulwini onamandla. I-falcon ikhonjiswe ngamazinga ezizwe, iphinde ikhonjiswe iletha ukunqoba kuka-Narmer e-Lower Egypt. Ngemva kokubunjwa kombuso, uHorus usebenza njengomphathi oqhubekayo woFaro.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwehlelo likaHorus nelenkosi nakho kwaqhutshwa yiqiniso lokuthi ngokuthuthukiswa kwehlelo lika-Osiris njengoFaro oshonile. Ezikhathini ezihlukene, abahlonishwa kakhulu kwakungonkulunkulu bakaRa bese kuthi u-Amun, Osiris, Isis, Set, Ptah, Anubis ahlonzwe kanye naye.
Ngekhulu leshumi nane BC, uFaro Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) wenza izinguquko ezibalulekile zenkolo, nguye owafaka inkolo ka-Aton. U-Akhenaten wenza inkolo eyodwa (i-henotheism) yase-Aten hhayi ngenxa yokuthi wayengakholelwa ebukhoneni babanye onkulunkulu, kodwa ngoba wayegwema ukukhulekela noma yimuphi unkulunkulu ngaphandle kuka-Aten. Ukuguqulwa kuka-Akhenaten kwakungeyona nje inkolo, kodwa futhi yamasiko, ebanzi. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, u-Amun waphinda waba unkulunkulu ophakeme wehlelo.
Impilo yansuku zonke
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwakuyisinkwa nobhiya futhi kufakwa imifino efana no-anyanisi nesweli nezithelo ezifana namadethi namakhiwane. Ngezinsuku zedili kwakuphakwa iwayini nenyama. Kwakukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zesinkwa namabhanisi, okwakuhluka ngofulawa, ukuma, izinga lokubhaka kanye nezithasiselo enhlama, okwakusetshenziselwa uju, ubisi, izithelo, amaqanda, amafutha, ibhotela, izinsuku, njll. Imikhiqizo yobisi yayiyaziwa: ukhilimu, ibhotela, i-cottage shizi. AbaseGibhithe babesebenzisa uju noma i-carob njengezithako ezinoshukela eziphuzweni nasekudleni.
AbaseGibhithe babegcizelela kakhulu ukubukeka nokuhlanzeka komuntu siqu. Bazigeza ngamanzi omfula besebenzisa insipho enamafutha ezilwane kanye noshoki. Ukuze alondoloze ukuhlanzeka, amadoda ayeshefa yonke imizimba yawo futhi asebenzise namakha ukuze alwe nephunga elibi namafutha okugcoba ukuze athobe isikhumba.
Ososayensi bayazi ukuthi izakhamuzi zaseGibhithe lasendulo zazithanda ukudlala imidlalo yebhodi, kodwa imithetho yazo ayizange isinde. Izinto zokudlala zazenziwa ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokhuni kanye nezinye izinto. Amathoyizi ahlukahlukene, imidlalo yebhola, ne-juggling kwakuthandwa yizingane, futhi kwatholakala nobufakazi bokuthandwa kwe-wrestling. Abantu abacebile babenza ukuzingela (okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinja eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile) nokuzulazula.
Izinsimbi zomculo zaseGibhithe lasendulo kwakuyihabhu nomtshingo. Phakathi nenkathi yoMbuso Omusha, abaseGibhithe babedlala izinsimbi, amathamborini, izigubhu namahabhu avela e-Asia. Izicebi ziphathe amadili nabaculi abangochwepheshe.
Ifa
IGibhithe lasendulo lishiye ifa elikhulu lempucuko yomhlaba, imisebenzi yalo yobuciko ezikhathini zasendulo yayithunyelwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba futhi yakopishwa kabanzi yizingcweti zakwamanye amazwe. Isiko laseGibhithe laba nethonya elikhulu kumaRoma asendulo. Inkolo kankulunkulukazi u-Isis yayisakazeke eRoma. I-portraiture eqoshiwe yaseGibhithe, ukudweba kwezwe, ama-obelisks nezinye izici zezakhiwo, amabhubesi nama-sphinxes abonwa ngobuciko basendulo, futhi ngawo ngobuciko baseYurophu.
Isiko nempucuko yaseGibhithe lasendulo kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko okwalandela kwabantu abaningi. Izinhlobo zezakhiwo ezingavamile: imibhoshongo emikhulu, amathempeli, izigodlo nama-obelisks, akhuthaze umcabango wabahambi nabahloli bamazwe amakhulu eminyaka. Izingcweti zaseGibhithe zakha imidwebo emihle yodonga nemifanekiso, ingilazi enekhono nezindlela zokukhiqiza izitsha zobumba, izimbongi nababhali bakha amafomu amasha ezincwadini.
Phakathi kwezinto ezingokwesayensi ezafezwa abaseGibhithe lasendulo, ukwakhiwa kwesimiso sokuqala sokubhala, izibalo, imithi esebenzayo, ukuhlola izinkanyezi, kanye nekhalenda elavela ngenxa yalo. Isithakazelo ezikhumbuzo, izinto zobuciko kanye nokuvubukulwa kwemivubukulo eGibhithe lasendulo, okwavela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, kwaholela ekudalweni kwesayensi ye-Egyptology kanye nokuvela kwemikhuba ethile yemfashini.
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