I-Egypt umlando wayo omkhulu siyawazi ukuthi ihlehlela emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2000 kodwa siyazi ngonkulunkulu bayo, Namuhla sikulethela ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo konke okuhlobene namagama abanye Onkulunkulu AbaseGibhithe nokunye okuningi
Onkulunkulu baseGibhithe abangama-25 (I-Biography, Ubuntu kanye nefa)
Onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babeyizibalo eziyisisekelo zezinkolelo namasiko emphakathini waseGibhithe lasendulo. Lezi zinhlobo zokholo zakha yonke indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzelana phakathi konkulunkulu nezakhamuzi ezivamile, ziqiniseka ngokulawula namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo alab’ onkulunkulu, akwazi ukuguqula isiphetho sabantu.
Ngale ndlela, izimfanelo, iminikelo, imithandazo kanye neminye imikhuba enikezelwe konkulunkulu baseGibhithe, kwakuhloswe ngokukhethekile ukuzuza uzwela nokukwazi ukuthembela ekuthandeni kwabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu owaziwayo waseGibhithe lasendulo uFaro, ngaphezu kokubusa, wakhonza njengesixhumanisi phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu. Izakhamuzi zazwakalisa zonke izinhlobo zokumlalela ukuze zigcine onkulunkulu bazo “bejabule” futhi balondoloze isimo esihlala njalo sokuhleleka nokuthula.
Onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababaluleke kakhulu
Ngezansi kunohlu lwezithixo zaseGibhithe ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezinencazelo emfushane ngayinye kanye nencazelo yethonya ababenalo kuwo wonke umlando.
1.geb
Wayengunkulunkulu onguyise kaSeti, uNephthys, no-Osiris, futhi wayechazwa njengendoda enehansi ekhanda lakhe. Alukho uhlobo lokudunyiswa okuye kwabizwa ngalo ngenxa yesimo sakhe njengoNkulunkulu wasemhlabeni. Kwakuwuphawu lokuzala, futhi ukuzamazama komhlaba kwaseGibhithe kwakuhlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu uGeb ngokuhleka kwakhe.
2. Ammit
Umzimba walo nkulunkulukazi wakhiwe izilwane ezintathu ezahlukene: ibhubesi, ingwenya kanye nemvubu. Ngokungafani nabanye onkulunkulu, u-Ammit wayebonwa njengedemoni futhi wayesatshwa ngakho konke ayekumela (ukufa).
3.Shu
Ubaba kaNut noGeb kanye nomyeni kaTefnut. Kanye naye, babengonkulunkulu bokuqala baseGibhithe abadalwe ngu-Atum. Wayengunkulunkulu womoya nelanga; Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaShu wawuwukusekela umzimba kankulunkulukazi uNun futhi kanjalo ahlukanise izulu nomhlaba.
4. Amantongomane
Umama unkulunkulukazi kaNephthys, uSeti, u-Isis no-Osiris. Ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba wayo omncane futhi omude, wawufanekisela isibhakabhaka. Ngokusho kweGibhithe lasendulo, uNut wayegwinya ilanga njalo ebusuku futhi alikhanyise ngesikhathi sekhefu lasekuseni. Ukumelwa kwayo okuyingcaca kutholakala emathempelini amaningi, nasemabhokisini abafileyo.
5. Amune
Lonkulunkulu wayaziwa nangokuthi u-Amoni futhi wayengunkulunkulu oyinhloko wedolobha laseThebes. Wayengumvikeli woFaro basedolobheni elifanayo futhi wabekwa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yeqembu eduze kukankulunkulu uRa. Ukuhlangana phakathi kuka-Amun noRa kwazala unkulunkulu u-Amon-Ra, futhi wabhapathizwa “njengenkosi yonkulunkulu”.
6.Anubis
Lo nkulunkulu wayemelelwe njengendoda enekhanda likajakalase. Indodana kaSeti noNephthys, wayengumvikeli wabafileyo. U-Anubis wayenesibopho sokuletha abafileyo ngosuku lwabo lwembubhiso. Kwabuye kwaxhunyaniswa nenqubo yokucwiliswa kwezidumbu kanye nokulondolozwa kwemizimba.
7. um eh
Wayengunkulunkulu wendawo yabaphansi, ogama lakhe lalisho “umshwabathi waphakade”. Uvezwe njengendoda enekhanda lenja ehlala echibini lomlilo.
8. Anathi
Unkulunkulu wesifazane waziswa kakhulu emasikweni aseGibhithe lasendulo. Wanikezwa amathempeli amaningana, ngoba wayemelela unkulunkulukazi wempi. Unkulunkulu uRamses ngokwakhe waqamba indodakazi yakhe ngokuthi u-Bint Anat (indodakazi ka-Anat ngesi-Arabhu).
9. Kiss
Ngokungafani nabanye onkulunkulu, uBes wayedwetshwe ebheke phambili hhayi kuphrofayili. Wayeyisidalwa esiqinile, enemilenze emifushane, enolimi olunamathelayo, futhi wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu wokubeletha. UBes kukholakala ukuthi wayekhipha amademoni ebusuku futhi avikele abantu ezilwaneni eziyingozi.
10. Hhayi
Wayengunkulunkulu owayemelela indlela yomfula iNayile, wayeyindoda enamabele amakhulu nesisu nomhlobiso ekhanda lakhe owenziwe ngezitshalo zasemanzini. Kukholakala ukuthi wayehlala emigedeni yomfula nokuthi inkolo yakhe yayisungulwe edolobheni lase-Aswan.
11. Horus
Imbangi eyinhloko kankulunkulu uSeti, lo nkulunkulu wayeyinzalo ka-Isis no-Osiris. Isithombe sakhe sihlala singaziwa: ezinye izazi zase-Egypt zithi wayeyindoda enekhanda le-falcon, abanye njenge-falcon egcwele, kanti abanye bathi uHorus wayengumfana onezinwele ezimpunga ehlezi emathangeni kanina.
Ngemva kokubulala unkulunkulu uSeti, waba inkosi yaseGibhithe, wayengunkulunkulu wezulu futhi wayebhekwa njengomvikeli wamakhosi.
12. Imhotep
Wayengomunye wabantu abambalwa abavamile ukuzuza isikhundla saphezulu. Wayeyisazi sezibalo saseGibhithe futhi wasebenza njengeshansela ngesikhathi soBukhosi Lwesithathu. Naye walakhela ithuna lakhe lapho okwakuzoba yindawo yakhe yokugcina yokuphumula (ulokhu ecashile futhi akaziwa ukuthi ukuphi).
13.isis
Umuntu obalulekile ezinganekwaneni zaseGibhithe lasendulo, u-Isis wayengunkosikazi ka-Osiris nomama kaHorus. Wayexhunyaniswe namasiko omngcwabo futhi kuthiwa wadala umama wokuqala ezinsalela ezihlakazekile zika-Osiris.
Lapho evusa u-Osiris, wanika uHorus ukuphila, okwathi ngenxa yalokho wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi wokuphila, ophulukisayo nomvikeli wamakhosi. Ngokwesiko lasendulo, u-Isis wayemele umfazi ofanelekayo, onothando, ozinikele futhi onakekelayo.
14. I-Nephthys
Indodakazi kaGeb noNut, udadewabo ka-Isis, umkaSeti nomama ka-Anubis, lo nkulunkulukazi wayaziwa ngokuthi "inkosikazi yezigodlo". Njengonkulunkulukazi u-Isis, uNephthys ubhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe ongumvikeli wabafileyo.
15. Osiris
Omunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu, wayeyinkosi yokuqala yaseGibhithe. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi nguye owaletha impucuko esintwini. Evuswe umkakhe u-Isis, ngaleyo ndlela waba unkulunkulu wezwe elingaphansi nomahluleli omkhulu wokufa.
16.Ra
Wayengunkulunkulu welanga ophakeme, emelelwa njengendoda enekhanda lokheshe. Njalo ebusuku wayeya endaweni engaphansi ukuze alwe nobubi nezinxushunxushu, futhi ekuntweleni kokusa wazalwa kabusha. Amakhosi aseGibhithe ayethi ayinzalo kaRa, yingakho azibiza ngokuthi "amadodana kaRa".
17. Sethi
Wayeyindodana kaGeb noNut, umfowabo ka-Osiris. Wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu wobumnyama, ukudideka nezinxushunxushu. Wavezwa njengendoda enekhala elide namadlebe amade, okungenzeka ugebhezi lwekhanda lenyamazane. USet wabulala umfowabo weba isihlalo sobukhosi saseGibhithe, futhi iningi labonkulunkulu lalimzonda. UHorus wakwazi ukuqeda uSeti, kulokho okwakubhekwa njengempi phakathi kokuhle nokubi.
18. I-Tefnut
Unkulunkulukazi womswakama nokugqwala, wayengunkosikazi kaShu kanye nomama kaNut noGeb. Kanye nomyeni wakhe, babengonkulunkulu bokuqala abadalwe ngu-Atum. Wayevezwe ngezindlela ezimbili: owesifazane onekhanda lengonyama noma ibhubesikazi.
19.Ptah
Wayebhekwa njengomdali wezwe ngemicabango nemithandazo yakhe, ngakho-ke wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu umdali. UPtah wayehlobene nezingcweti futhi enethempeli lokuhlonipha.
20. Nefertum
Ngokwezinganekwane zaseGibhithe, okokuqala kwakuyimbali ye-lotus eyayikhona ngesikhathi kudalwa umhlaba futhi ivela emthonjeni wokuphila. Wayebhekwa njengendodana kankulunkulu ongumdali, uPtah, nonkulunkulukazi uSekhmet. Wayevame ukuvezwa njengensizwa ebukekayo, eyisigqiki.
21.Mehen
Unkulunkulu waseGibhithe owayemelelwa inyoka enkulu wayebhekwa njengomunye unkulunkulu oyisivikelo. Wahlasela unkulunkulu uRa ngesikhathi ehla ebusuku ebumnyameni (khumbula uRa wayengumvikeli wokuhle).
22.Khonsu
Igama lakhe lisho "isihambi", mhlawumbe elihlobene nohambo ayeluthatha njalo ebusuku eya enyangeni. Lo nkulunkulu waba nendima ebalulekile ekudaleni ukuphila nezidalwa. Ngale ndlela, wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu wenyanga.
23.Khnum
Ungomunye wonkulunkulu baseGibhithe abadala kunabo bonke ezinganekwaneni futhi uvezwa njengendoda enekhanda lenqama. Ikakhulukazi okukholakala ukuthi iwumthombo weNayile, wabuye wathathwa njengomdali wezingane, owabakhipha odakeni ukuze abangenise esibelethweni sikanina.
24.Ishtar
Wayengunkulunkulukazi wothando, wenzalo, ubulili, impi, namandla. Wayeyindodakazi ka-Anu. Kukholelwa ukuthi ungumuntu waphezulu weplanethi iVenus.
25.Khepri
Lo nkulunkulu waseGibhithe uyintandokazi kumanoveli ezinganekwane zesayensi namamuvi. Yayihlobene nebhungane eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-Khepri ifanekisela indalo nokuzalwa kabusha. Wadonswa njengendoda enekhanda lebhungane.
Ithempeli leSolar, elibizwa nangokuthi i-astral, livela eMbusweni Omdala
Ithempeli likaNiuserre (uFaro wohlanga lwakwa-V) kuphela elisele futhi elisele. Leli thempeli lise-Abusir, eningizimu yeGiza.
Lawa amathempeli akhelwe ukukhulekela ilanga, uRa, futhi ukuze ahlonzwe nakuFaro. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izakhi ezimbili ezivelayo: i-obelisk nesikebhe selanga. Atholakala endaweni ewugwadule, angamathempeli avulekile, futhi ngeke abe nomthelela kuMbuso Omusha kuze kube yisikhathi sika-Amenhotep IV.
Ithempeli lika Niuserre
Iqukethe i-pavilion esigodini esixhumana nabo bonke abanye nge-avenue ehlanganisiwe futhi iholela egcekeni lesibili eliwukwakhiwa okufanele kwethempeli lelanga.
Liyidolobha elinezivikelo eziqinile elinegceke elivulekile okufanele kuqokonyiswe kulo izakhi ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-altare ngemva kwe-obelisk, egcina ngombhoshongo, ingxenye yegolide eyibonakalisa kangcono imisebe yelanga.
Ngakwesokudla egcekeni kunoxhaxha lwezakhiwo eziyizinqolobane nezokwenza imikhosi ethile. Itshe leli lalifinyelelwa evarandeni elibheke egcekeni ngephasishi elingakwesobunxele. Ngaphandle kwendawo ebiyelwe, kunezinsalela zokwakhiwa kwamatshe okukholakala ukuthi umkhumbi welanga.
Ithempeli lomngcwabo wonkulunkulu baseGibhithe
Ivela eMbusweni Omdala kodwa ayinaso isakhiwo esimakwe kakhulu, esizokwenzeka eMbusweni Omusha, esizolandela iphethini yesici esizofana nesamathempeli angcwele noma asendulo.
Ithempeli leNdlovukazi uHatshepsut
Leli thempeli liseduzane netshe lesikhumbuzo somngcwabo we-Mentuhotep e-Deir el Bahari. Ngendlela engiyilingisa ngayo kodwa eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Nakuba inemibala eminingi, ayingqubuzani nezwe, nakuba ngokuqinisekile izoba nopende kanye nemvelo yemifino. Akulona ithempeli lezidumbu.
Ibizwa ngokuthi ama-hemispeans ngoba inengxenye ebheke ngaphandle kanye nengxenye yokusika idwala. Ukuze ufinyelele lapho, kwakukhona umgwaqo omkhulu onqamula inqwaba yama-sphinxes futhi uzungezwe izingadi. Lawa amapulatifomu amathathu abekwe phezulu anesakhiwo sekhonsathi esisekelwe izinsika ezifinyelelwa ngamarampu.
Kukhona ama-chapel anikezelwe konkulunkulu abahlukene, abaluleke kakhulu e-Hathor, lapho kugcinwa khona izinsika ze-Hathoric ezithakazelisa kakhulu, nase-Anubis. Ingxenye yokugcina isikwa edwaleni. Isuka esakhiweni se-classical.
Yayinomhlobiso obaluleke kakhulu we-sculptural, kokubili ekusizeni nasesithombeni. Yakhiwa umakhi uSenmut, owayebaluleke kakhulu, wayephethe ukufundisa izingane zikaHatshepsut futhi mhlawumbe nesithandwa sendlovukazi.
U-Hatshepsut wayeyindlovukazi yoBukhosi Beshumi Nesishiyagalombili ehlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi njenge-regent yendodana yakhe u-Thutmose III, owayephethe ukucekela phansi imisebenzi eminingi kamama wakhe. Nakuba wayengumbusi, wabusa njengoFaro wesifazane ogcwele futhi kuthiwa ubusa njengendoda, okwakuvame ukuvezwa kuye kanjalo.
El URamesseum
Yayalwa ukuba yakhiwe uFaro Ramses II wozalo lwe-XNUMX, kodwa kusele amanxiwa ambalwa. Kwakuyindawo ebiyelwe enkulu eyaphangwa kakhulu futhi kusukela ekuqaleni amatshe aqala ukususwa ukuze kwakhiwe kamuva.
Eduze kwayo kutholwe izinsalela zezindawo zokugcina impahla. Izinsika zika-Osiris zasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwayo futhi kusasele izinsalela ze-colossus ebhidlikile.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: