Kwakuwumbuso owakhula osebeni loMfula iNayile cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Isikhathi eside kangako Inhlangano yezenhlalo yaseGibhithe wazuza ekudaleni impucuko ekhaliphile izici zayo eziyinhloko zakhuthazela ngoshintsho oluncane phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle yaseGibhithe
Impucuko yaseGibhithe lasendulo yavela ikakhulukazi ngenxa yekhono layo elikhulu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima zeNayile River Valley kanye neDelta. Ukusebenzisa izikhukhula zaminyaka yonke ezazivundisa inhlabathi ngodaka oluvundile, kwasungulwa uhlelo lokunisela ngenkasa kwezolimo, olwavumela ukuba kube nezikhukhula zaminyaka yonke ezivundisa umhlabathi ngodaka oluvundile. ukukhiqizwa ngenani eleqile lokusanhlamvu, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekisa inqubekelaphambili kwezenhlalo namasiko.
Ukuphatha okuphumelelayo okugxilise amandla phezu kwezinsiza zabantu nezinto ezibonakalayo kwavumela ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yemiselekazi, ukwakhiwa kwebutho elivamile, ukwanda kwezohwebo, nokuthuthukiswa kancane kancane kwezimayini, i-field geodesy, nobuchwepheshe bokwakha obenze ukuhlela kwaba nokwenzeka. ukwakhiwa ngokuhlanganyela kwezakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo.
Ibutho eliphoqelelayo nelihlelayo laseGibhithe Lasendulo laliyithuluzi lombuso elithuthuke kahle, elakhiwa abapristi, ababhali, nabaphathi, elaliholwa uFaro, ngokuvamile elakhelwe phezu kwesimiso senkolo esiyinkimbinkimbi esinehlelo lemingcwabo elithuthukisiwe.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGibhithe lasendulo yayiholwa uFaro owathi, kanye nomndeni wasebukhosini, kwakuyi-axis yayo yonke imisebenzi futhi wagxila amandla aphelele; ngaphansi kukafaro kwakuyisigaba sabapristi esasidlala indima ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo senhlalo; ngezansi kukhona izikhulu kanye nendikimba yokuphatha, kamuva isigaba samasosha kanye nabathengisi nezingcweti, ngaphansi kwabalimi futhi ekugcineni izigqila.
UFaro
Igama elithi Faro livela egameni elithi per-aâ olimi lwaseGibhithe lasendulo lisho "indlu enkulu", futhi lisetshenziselwa ukuqoka amakhosi nezindlovukazi ezazibusa iGibhithe lasendulo iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu. Amagama oFaro abangamakhulu amathathu namashumi amane nanhlanu aziwa ngobufakazi obuningi, kuhlanganise nohlu lwasebukhosini olwahlanganiswa ababhali baseGibhithe. Phakathi kwenhlangano yezenhlalo yaseGibhithe, uFaro wasebenzisa amandla aphelele, wayala ibutho, wabeka izintela, wahlulela izigebengu, futhi elawula amathempeli.
Kusukela ebukhosini bokuqala oFaro babebhekwa njengezidalwa zaphezulu futhi bahlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu uHorus, kusukela ebukhosini besihlanu nabo babebhekwa "njengamadodana kankulunkulu uRa". Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uFaro wazihlanganisa nonkulunkulu u-Osiris, wazuza ukungafi, wabe esekhulekelwa njengomunye unkulunkulu emathempelini. AbaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi uFaro wabo ungunkulunkulu ophilayo. Nguye kuphela owayengahlanganisa izwe futhi agcine ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke noma i-Maat.
Ngokusho kwemiqondo yemibono yasebukhosini, isimo sikaFaro siphindwe kabili: umuntu kanye noNkulunkulu. Lo mbono waphezulu kaFaro wavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. EMbusweni Omdala (2686 kuya ku-2181 BC), njengonkulunkulu welanga uRa, owayeyindodana yakhe, uFaro wayephethe ukugcina ukuhleleka. Ngaphansi koMbuso Ophakathi (2050 kuya ku-1750 BC) uFaro usondela ezifundweni ezikhethwa unkulunkulu uRa futhi esebenza njengomlamuleli. EMbusweni Omusha (1550 kuya ku-1070 BC) uFaro uyinzalo kankulunkulu, indodana yakhe yenyama.
Kusukela Emibhalweni Yephiramidi, imisebenzi yezenkolo yenkosi yakhiwe ngesimiso esisodwa: «Letha uMaat futhi uhlehlise i-Isefet», lokhu kusho ukuba umgqugquzeli wokuzwana nokuhlehlisa isiphithiphithi. UFaro uqinisekisa ukuchuma kombuso ngokuncenga onkulunkulu ukuze balawule amanzi oMfula iNayile.
AbaseGibhithe abazange bacabange ukuthi uFaro wayengakwazi ukulawula isenzakalo sikazamcolo njengonkulunkulu. Indima yabo incane futhi ilinganiselwe ekutholeni umusa wobunkulunkulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuvama nokuchichima kwamanzi ngeminikelo yokukhulekela. Ukubambisana phakathi kukaFaro nonkulunkulu kuyindaba yokusinda kokubili. Emathempelini, ukuhlinzekwa kwama-altare kuncike ezikhukhuleni, futhi kunikezwa kuphela esimweni sokuphana kanye nenkonzo evamile.
UFaro wayenamandla okuba yinhloko yamabutho futhi aqoke ojenene. Ezithombeni eziningi ze-papyrus kanye ne-fresco uFaro uboniswa ukunqoba izitha zakhe, lokhu kubonakala njengokubonisa i-megalomania, ukuzicabangela wena kanye ne-despotism. UFaro futhi ungumahluleli ophakeme, wasungula izinkantolo zezobulungiswa, imithetho eyala futhi yagunyazwa, yamemezela imithetho yasebukhosini yokuqokwa kwezikhulu, ukukhushulwa, ukushintshwa, izimemezelo zemivuzo, njll.
Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka komphakathi okusungulwe kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uFaro aqinisekise ukulandelana kwamandla akhe. Kungakho wayenabafazi abaningana, kodwa oyedwa kuphela wabo wayebhekwa njengendlovukazi owathola igama loMfazi Omkhulu Wasebukhosini. Uma indlovukazi ifa, uFaro wayekhetha omunye wabesifazane bakhe. Umkhuba ovamile phakathi koFaro wawuwukushada odadewabo, ngisho namadodakazi abo, njengoba nje onkulunkulu beshada nemindeni yabo. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisa ubumsulwa begazi lasebukhosini.
Ubukhosi
Izicukuthwane enhlanganweni yezenhlalo yaseGibhithe zazimelwe umndeni kaFaro, izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphakeme nabanikazi bezindlu abacebile. Phakathi kwezikhundla ezivelele ezaziyingxenye yezikhulu zaseGibhithe kwakuyi-vizier. Ukubaluleka kwe-vizier kwaqokonyiswa phakathi nobukhosi besine, nakuba kwaziwa ukuthi ukuba khona kwalesi sikhundla kusengaphambili kakhulu. I-vizier iyinhloko yawo wonke amandla aphezulu, oqondisa ama-greats ase-Upper Egypt kanye ne-Lower Egypt, ijaji eliphakeme futhi liphethe umsebenzi oyalwe nguFaro.
I-vizier iyinhloko yokuphatha okuphakathi, ibhekana nobulungiswa, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu ukuphatha umgcinimafa kanye nezolimo. I-vizier imele isikhundla sikandunankulu futhi igunya lakhe ladlulwa kuphela elikafaro owamnikeza imisebenzi yakhe eminingana.
Omunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile yevizier kwakuwukubusa izwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa zokulila ezalandela ukushona kukafaro; futhi uyena owayephethe idili lomngcwabo kanye nokuhambisana nomculo. Futhi, ekugcineni, nguye owayenamandla okuqoka, ngokuphumelelayo, indlalifa kaFaro.
Isikhundla esasiyingxenye yezicukuthwane ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGibhithe kwakungesokuba nomarch. Imihambima yayiyizikhulu eziphezulu ezaziphethe uhulumeni wesifundazwe noma igama. Inkosi yayiyinhloko ephakeme yokuphatha kwendawo eGibhithe lasendulo, enesibopho sokunisela, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, kanye nokuqoqa izintela nokubeka imingcele yempahla ngemva kokukhukhula kweNayile minyaka yonke, futhi yayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha izinqolobane nezinqolobane.
Ezifundazweni, inkosi yenza njengesithunywa sikafaro sithatha imithwalo yemfanelo yezomthetho, yezempi neyezenkolo. Futhi babengabaqondisi babefundisi besifundazwe ababeqondisa, bengenela kokubili ekuphathweni kwethempeli nasekusebenziseni ukukhulekela okuphumelelayo kobunkulunkulu obuhilelekile, izikhundla okusebenza kwazo okusekelwe ekulungiselelweni okujwayelekile kwama-altare anikezelwe kunkulunkulu. .
Amandla ezempi
Labo abasebenzisa amandla ezempi nabo babeyingxenye yezikhulu enhlanganweni yezenhlalo yaseGibhithe. Ngemva kwempi namaHyksos, eNkathini Yesibili Ephakathi (1786-1552 BC), uguquko lokuphatha lwenzeka lapho kwakhiwa ibutho elihlala njalo. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, eGibhithe lalingekho ibutho, kodwa uchungechunge "lohambo" lwenziwa ukuya empini. Ngokudalwa kwaleli butho elihlala njalo, isithombe soMkhuzi wamabutho siyavela.
Induna enkulu yebutho nguFaro futhi umndeni kaFaro waqondisa indlunkulu yebutho elihlukene, ngisho nezinduna zebutho zingaba amadodana kaFaro. Ojenene nezikhulu ezimaphakathi kwakungezabahlonishwa. "Umphathi wamasosha" wayengujenene futhi ngaphansi kwakhe kwakukhona: "Abaphathi bamasosha", "Umphathi wamasosha ashaqisayo", njll. Amaphoyisa aphethe induku ende, ukuze ahluke kwamanye amasosha.
Isigaba sobupristi
Umbuso owawubusa iGibhithe lasendulo wawungokwasezulwini. Eqinisweni inkosi yayithathwa njengonkulunkulu. Njengonkulunkulu, wayenomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokugcina ukuhleleka kwaphezulu embusweni. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi uFaro athumele ezinye izikhulu ezingabamba imisebenzi yazo kuyo yonke imikhosi egujwa emathempelini amaningi aseGibhithe. Lokhu kwakuwukuzalwa kwesigaba sabapristi phakathi kwenhlangano yezenhlalo yaseGibhithe.
Ngakho uFaro wamisa iqembu labapristi, abanye babo okwakungaba amalungu omndeni wakhe, ababenezindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba emandleni abo. Abapristi babebonakala ngokuhlakanipha kwabo, umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukuphatha amathempeli nokunaka konkulunkulu babo ukuze bahumushe izifiso zabo futhi bazifeze.
Upapa, obizwa ngokuthi uShemi, wayephezulu esikhundleni esiphakeme sobupristi. Upapa wayeyindoda efunde kakhulu, ngokuvamile engomunye wabadala basethempelini, ephiwe ikhono elikhulu lokuphatha kanye nekhono lepolitiki. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kwakuwukusebenza kahle kwethempeli nefa lalo, ngaphezu kwalokho kwakufanele aphathe yonke imikhosi enesizotha. Leli gunya livamise ukubuthwa phakathi kwabefundisi, nakuba kwakuyilungelo likafaro ukuqoka noma ubani athanda ukungenela lezi zikhundla.
Omunye wemisebenzi, mhlawumbe obaluleke kakhulu kubapristi, kwaba ukugcinwa kwezithombe ezingcwele noma "izibikezelo". Phakathi kwabapristi, idlanzana elikhethiwe laba nelungelo lokungena "engcwele" yethempeli ngalinye ukuze linakekele ukunakekelwa kwe-oral.
Isigaba sabapristi sasinamandla amakhulu nokuzimela njengoba ithempeli ngalinye ngokuvamile lalinikezwa indawo eyanele yokuqinisekisa ukuphila kwaso ngezitshalo nemfuyo elaliyiqashisela abalimi. Abapristi babenesibopho sokudlulisela imfundo yezikhulu, izikhulu nezikhulu zakusasa.
Imfundo abapristi ababeyinikeza oFaro noma izicukuthwane emathempelini yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoba ekufundiseni ukubhala kwakuhlanganisa nezinye iziyalo, ngaphandle kwekhono eliqondile lokudweba ipeni, kusukela geography, izibalo, uhlelo lolimi, njll. izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, imidwebo, izincwadi zezentengiselwano kanye nezokuxhumana, njll., okwenze ukuba kutholakale imisebenzi ehluke kakhulu.
Ababhali
Ababhali babesekela izicukuthwane emisebenzini yazo. Lezi zikhulu zenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGibhithe zazibonakala ngokukwazi ukufunda, ukubhala nokubala okuhle, kufanele zifunde iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, ngakho-ke zazingabantu abafundile kakhulu ababekhonza njengonobhala bakaFaro. Babephatha izwe, babheke ukwakhiwa futhi baqoqe izintela. Umsebenzi wayo okhethekile ubuhlanganisa ukuloba ama-oda, ukurekhoda nokulandelela yonke imisebenzi yezomnotho.
Umbhali waseGibhithe wayephuma esigabeni esiphansi, kodwa wayehlakaniphile futhi efundile. Wayezazi kahle izincwadi ezingokomthetho nezentengiselwano zangaleso sikhathi, futhi wazilungiselela ngokubizelwa noma ngezinye izindlela, umsebenzi ayekhokhelwa wona.
Abahwebi Nabahwebi
Lawa malungu enhlangano yezenhlalakahle yaseGibhithe ayezinikezele ekuthengeni nasekudayiseni zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo kusukela ekudleni okuyisisekelo, okufana nokusanhlamvu, imifino, izithelo, njll. izikhulu, ngisho noFaro uqobo nomndeni wakhe.
Abanye abathengisi babenezindawo zabo, kuyilapho abanye behweba ezimakethe nasezindaweni ezithengisa emadolobheni. Abanye babenenqwaba yemikhumbi eyayihamba izilwandle ezikude ifuna izinto eziyigugu ezivela emazweni akude. Abanye bahamba imizila emikhulu yohwebo yezwe lasendulo.
izingcweti
Babengabantu ababephethe ukwenza uchungechunge lwezinto ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ngezandla zabo, kusukela kwezidingeka kakhulu nezisetshenziswayo, njenge-tableware, kuya emifanekisweni eyindilinga, amafresco noma ama-bas-relief. Izingcweti zaseGibhithe zizosebenza ngezinhlobo ezimbili zama-workshops: ama-workshops asemthethweni, azungeze izigodlo namathempeli futhi yilapho kuqeqeshwa khona abaculi abakhulu nemisebenzi, kanye nama-workshops angasese, ahloselwe amakhasimende angahlobene noma nobukhosi noma inkolo.
Abalimi
Abalimi babeyiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke, futhi babehlala emaqhugwaneni amancane kanye nezilwane zabo osebeni loMfula iNayile, ukuphila kwabo kwakuzinikele emisebenzini yezolimo, bebhekwa njalo izikhulu zikaFaro. Izithelo zokuvuna ezitholiwe zahlukaniswa zaba izingxenye ezimbili: enye yazo, nenye efakwa ezinqolobaneni zoFaro ukuze zondle izikhulu zasebukhosini Abalimi babengamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili abantu baseGibhithe.
Iningi labalimi lalisebenza emasimini lilima, kuyilapho abanye besebenza njengezinceku ezindlini zezikhulu ezicebile. Phakathi nenkathi yezikhukhula, eyathatha cishe izinyanga ezintathu, abalimi babevame ukusebenzela emisebenzini emikhulu kahulumeni yokwakha.
Izigqila
EGibhithe kwakukhona ubugqila, kodwa hhayi ngomqondo wakudala wegama. Ama-serf "aphoqelelwe" ayenamalungelo asemthethweni, athola iholo futhi ayengakhushulwa. Ukuphathwa kabi kwakungavamile, futhi lapho kwenzeka, isigqila sasinelungelo lokufaka isicelo enkantolo, kodwa kuphela uma isijeziso sasingenabulungisa. Ukuze bakhonze emikhayeni engcono kakhulu kwakukhona ngisho namavolontiya. Ngezinye izikhathi abantu abangenamali bazithengisa emindenini emi kahle.
Izigqila ezabelwe umsebenzi wasekhaya zingase zizibheke zinenhlanhla. Ngaphezu kwendawo yokuhlala nokudla, umnikazi wawo kwakudingeka abanikeze izindwangu eziningi, amafutha nezingubo.
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