Funda esihlokweni esilandelayo konke okuhlobene ne Umlando we-Otomi, isiko, isiko kanye nemikhuba yezenkolo. I-Otomi ibhekwa njengenye yezizwe zaseMexico ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezikhulayo zesikhathi sonke.
umlando we Otomi
I-Otomi yadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wangaphambili nomlando wasendulo waseMexico, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaningi bazama ukululaza. Leli qembu belibambe elikhulu iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni amasiko namasiko. Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizofunda okwengeziwe ngomlando we-Otomi.
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, iMexico iye yaba nabantu abaningi nezinhlanga ezishiye uphawu lwazo ezindabeni zamasiko nezithandwayo. Elinye lamaqembu ezizwe zaseMexico anokwanda okukhulu nesiko kuze kube yizikhathi zethu iLos Otomíes. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngamasiko, isiko namasiko abo, sikumema ukuthi uhlale ubukele isihloko esilandelayo.
Ayini ama-Otomis?
Ngaphambi kokufunda ngomlando wabo, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuthi obani ama-Otomies. Iqembu lendabuko noma inani labantu elihlala endaweni ephazamisekile ekugxilweni kwe-Mexico. Ihlobene ngokolimi nabo bonke abantu abakhuluma i-Ottoman, inzalo yabo ethathe ukusekelwa kwe-neovolcanic kusukela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zeminyaka yesikhathi samaKristu okuqala.
Njengamanje leli qembu laseMexico lihlala endaweni ehlukene esuka enyakatho yeGuanajuato ukuya empumalanga yeMichoacán naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeTlaxcala, naphezu kokuthi isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sama-Otomi namuhla sihlala ezifundeni zaseHidalgo, Mexico naseQuerétaro. Banesibalo esikhulu sabantu abahlala khona ngokokubalwa kwabantu okwenziwa yizikhungo zakuleli.
IKhomishani Kazwelonke Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu Bomdabu eMexico yabonisa ukuthi abantu base-Otomí babeyizakhamuzi ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-646.875 2000 eRiphabhulikhi YaseMexico ngonyaka ka-XNUMX.
Kulabo bantu abangaba ngu-646 ababeyingxenye yabantu base-Otomi, abangaphezulu kancane kwesigamu bakhuluma u-Otomi. Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi ulimi lwesi-Otomí lunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokuhlukahluka kwangaphakathi, ukuze izakhamuzi zokwehlukahlukana zivame ukuba nezinkinga zokufanisa nalabo abakhuluma olunye ulimi.
Ngalesi sizathu, amagama ama-Otomi azibiza ngawo ngokuvamile ahluke kakhulu. Phakathi kwamagama amakhulu sithola:
- I-ñätho (Toluca Valley)
- i-hñähñu (Valley of the Mezquital)
- I-ñäñho (Santiago Mexquititlán eNingizimu ye-Querétaro)
- ñ yürü (Northern Sierra of Puebla, Pahuatlán)
La magama amane angezinye zamagama izakhamuzi zama-Otomí eziwasebenzisayo ukuze zizibize ngezilimi zazo, nakuba kuvamile ukuthi, lapho zikhuluma iSpanishi, zisebenzisa i-Otomí ethnonym, yemvelaphi yesiNahuatl.
Ngamagama ambalwa singasho ukuthi ama-Otomies achazwa njengabantu bomdabu okwamanje abafakwe endaweni engaqhubeki enkabeni yeMexico. Bayingxenye yemindeni yezilimi ze-Otomanguean ne-Otomí-Pame, amagama asetshenziswa abantu ngabanye ngokwesifunda abahlala kuso.
Amakhaya
Enye yezinto ezigqama kakhulu abantu base-Los Otomíes amakhaya abo akhangayo futhi athile abahlala kuwo. Iningi lalaba bantu lihlala ezingqalasizinda ezinonxande, eziwumngcingo ezivame ukuthobeka kakhulu nezisezingeni eliphansi. Ingxenye enhle yezindawo zokuhlala ze-Otomi ziphansi futhi zincane ngosayizi.
Izindlu zaseLos Otomíes nazo zinophahla olwenziwa ngamahlamvu e-maguey, olungazweli kakhulu. Njengoba nje kwenzeka nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala zangaphambi kweSpanishi, izindlu zaseLos Otomíes zazingenabo ubude obuningi. Amabhilidi aphansi, anomnyango owodwa futhi awekho amafasitela.
Izakhamuzi zalesi sizwe zisebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene zokwakha izindlu zazo. Phakathi kwezinto eziyinhloko abazisebenzisayo amahlamvu e-maguey, i-tejamanil, i-adobe netshe, uphahla lwalezi zindlu lwaluvame ukwakhiwa ngamathayili, amaqabunga, utshani noma amakhadibhodi.
Lezi zindlu zinamakamelo, abesetshenziswa kakhulu njengamakamelo okulala, ama-cellars, amakhishi ngisho nokugcina izilwane zasepulazini ukuze zivikeleke emakhazeni, emvuleni nakwezinye izilwane zasendle. Izinyathelo zokuhlanzeka ezigcinwa ngaphakathi kwalezi zindlu zimbalwa, uma zingekho.
Izembatho
Kodwa hhayi kuphela izindlu eziyingxenye yesiko le-Otomi, izingubo zokugqoka nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwesiko laleli qembu noma iqembu lobuhlanga. Ake siqale sikhulume ngezimpahla zokugqoka ezigqokwa abesifazane bakuleli dolobha. Abesifazane basebenzisa i-chincuete yoboya, cishe njalo enemibala emnyama.
Bagqoka nebhulawuzi eliklanywe ngezimbali nezilwane ezihlotshiswe entanyeni nasezingalweni. Abesifazane bakwa-Otomíes basebenzisa ibhande elifekethisiwe ukuze babambe izingubo zabo. Izingubo zabesifazane ziyamangalisa kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezamadoda, ngokuvamile ezilula kancane.
Amadoda ayingxenye yedolobha lase-Los Otomíes abelokhu ejwayela izindlela ezintsha zokugqoka, aze alungisa nezingubo zawo zendabuko kulabo abazithengisa emadolobheni abo. Amadoda amadala ngokuvamile agqoka ihembe elenziwe ngengubo yokulala efekethisiwe, ahlanganyela ngayo emaphathini nasemidansweni. I-Embroidery ivame ukwenziwa ezinhlangothini zesifuba kanye nakuma-sleeve cuffs.
Kungashiwo ukuthi indlela amadoda agqoka ngayo ifana ncamashi neyabantu bakule ndawo. Amadoda ama-Otomi awakhathaleli kakhulu ngezingubo zabo, ngaphezu kwalokho isiko noma isiko elibavumelayo. Manje, endabeni yabesifazane, izingubo zigqama kakhulu futhi bazama ukunakekela yonke imininingwane.
Kubantu besifazane, yizaguga ezijwayele ukusebenzisa ibhulawuzi lengubo elihlotshiswe ngemibala emqaleni nasemikhononi. Ngaphezu kwebhulawuzi bavame ukugqoka i-quexquémitl noma uma behluleka, i-rebozo. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi indlela yokugqoka ingabonisa izinguquko ezithile kuye ngokuthi isifunda lapho umphakathi we-Otomi uhlala khona.
Ukudla
Ama-Otomi nawo abonakala ngendlela yawo yokudla. Abazange badle konke okwakukhona, kodwa izinto ezithile ezikhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudla kwabo kwakusekelwe kakhulu emmbila. Le nto yayisetshenziselwa ukulungisa izitsha eziningi, njengama-tortilla, ama-tamales, ama-atoles, kanye nommbila ophekiwe noma ogazingiwe.
Ngaphandle kommbila, ama-Otomíes adla neminye imikhiqizo yemifino efana nama-nopales, i-prickly pear, ubhontshisi obanzi, amathanga, uphizi, ubhontshisi nophizi. Ezitsheni zayo ezijwayelekile, ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zepelepele akunakushoda, kubhekwa njengesinye sezithako ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ama-Otomi ekudleni kwawo.
Ingxenye enhle ye-Otomies yayinomkhuba wokudla ubisi, imifino kanye namafutha ezilwane. Endabeni yenyama, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi bayidla kuphela lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi ekhethekile njengamaphathi noma imidanso, futhi bayidla ngamanani amancane.
Ngaphakathi kokudla kwama-Otomíes, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi afana netiye le-mote, i-mint noma i-chamomile nakho kuvamile. Nakuba zingadli kakhulu, abantu baleli dolobhana bavame ukudla izithelo zasendle ezisebenza njengomsizi we-gastronomy yabo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-pulque nakho kuvamile.
Njengoba sikwazile ukuqaphela, ukudla kwe-Otomi kunempilo futhi kuhluke kulokho kweminye imiphakathi noma izinhlangano. Iningi lokudla kwabo okuyisisekelo liqukethe ama-corn tortilla, enye yezinto ezikhiqizwa kakhulu kule miphakathi.
Kodwa izitsha zabo ze-gastronomic azigxili kuphela kummbila, naphezu kokuba umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokudla kwazo. Ekudleni kwe-Otomi, ezinye izakhi nazo ziyagqama, njengobhontshisi, amaqanda, ama-quelites, ama-quintaniles, ama-mallow, ushizi futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ezikhethekile, ngokuvamile adla amaprotheni ezilwane njengenkukhu noma inyama yenkomo.
Bafuna kakhulu uma kuziwa ekudleni, kepha uma kukhulunywa ngeziphuzo abazidlayo, ama-Otomi nawo anemikhiqizo yawo ejwayelekile. Phakathi kwabantu base-Otomi kukhona isiko noma isiko lokuphuza ikhofi eningi, kanye ne-atole netiye, abayilungiselela ngokusekelwe kumakhambi ahlukene kanye ne-pulque.
Umsuka Nomlando
Kunezinguqulo eziningi mayelana nemvelaphi nomlando wama-Otomies. Izazi-mlando eziningi eziye zagxila ekutadisheni ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalesi sizwe zithi la maNdiya aba abantu bokuqala ukuhlala eSigodini SaseMexico, lapho iDolobha laseMexico likhona namuhla, nokho axoshwa amaNdiya.
Abakwa-Otomi nabo babeyingxenye yamaqembu akhona eTeotihuacán, ethathwa njengelinye lamadolobha asendulo anethonya futhi amakhulu kunawo wonke eMexico, okwakuyisizinda sezizwe eziningi ngaleso sikhathi, kanye neTula, okuyilapho anikezwa khona umhlaba ukuze bakhe umbuso. kaXaltocan.kusukela eNkosini Xolotl (XNUMXth century).
Ekugcineni, umbuso wama-Otomi waphela phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX lapho iMexica nemifelandawonye yayo inqoba umbuso. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu ababeyingxenye yabantu base-Otomi babephoqelekile ukuthi bakhokhe intela kubantu baseMexico njengoba umbuso wabo ukhula.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu base-Otomi baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthele ezindaweni ezingafiseleki kangako empumalanga naseningizimu. Nokho, ngale kwaleli qiniso, amanye ama-Otomi ayesazinze eduze neDolobha laseMexico, nakuba isibalo esikhulu samaNdiya sahlala ezindaweni eziseduze nesigodi saseMezquital e-Hidalgo, izindawo eziphakeme zasePuebla, izindawo eziphakathi kweTetzcoco neTulancingo. , ngisho neColima neJalisco.
Izazi-mlando nazo zivumile ukuthi i-Otomi yadlala indima ebalulekile empucukweni yaseMexico. I-Mexica, okwakungumphakathi owawuphethe iningi lendawo yaseMesoamerican ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kweSpain, yathatha amasiko namasiko amaningi e-Otomi.
Kodwa-ke, i-Mexica isolwa ngokushisa nokuzama ukuqeda izici ezithile zempucuko yabo ukuze ikwazi ukuphatha umlando wayo omningi. Kwakukhona ngisho nesikweletu nge-Otomí okukholakala ukuthi sasulwa emlandweni waseMexico.
Kuzo zonke lezo zizathu, ama-Otomi aqokwa yi-Mexica njengempucuko yempilo ephansi kanye nemiphumela eminingi engemihle. I-Otomi yaqala ukubonakala njengethonya elibi, hhayi nje ngabaseMexico kuphela kodwa ngisho nabanqobi baseSpain abafika endaweni yaseMexico.
Imiphumela yalo mbono oyiphutha mayelana nama-Otomi ayizange ithathe isikhathi eside, kangangokuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje inzalo yalesi sizwe iye yaphoqeleka ukuba iguqule ulimi lwazo lwendabuko ngenxa yedumela eladalwa amaMexico. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-Otomi ayehlala endaweni enezintaba ezimazombezombe.
Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi lakwazi ukuphila ukuphila okwakubonakala kungcono kakhulu kuzo, ngokungafani nezakhamuzi zomdabu eziseduze neDolobha laseMexico elalikhungethwe ukuhlasela okunqobayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amasiko amaningi enkolo nezinkolelo ze-Otomi zagcinwa kusukela esikhathini sangaphambi kokunqotshwa.
Lokhu kwakuvamile phakathi kweSierra Ñähñu, lapho amanye amakholwa ase-Augustinian ekhulwini le-XNUMX abhala ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yama-Otomi yayigcina izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo futhi kwakunzima ukuyikhipha kuzo. Kwakunezimpande eziningi kakhulu kulezi zinkolelo kangangokuthi namuhla izithombe eziningi zenkolo zama-Otomi zisekhona lapho.
Umlando wama-Otomies usifundisa nokuthi ingxenye enhle yalolu hlanga yayihlala esifundeni saseTlaxcala. Kulelo dolobhana lapho bahlangana khona namabutho omnqobi waseSpain uHernán Cortés, ukuze balwe nabaseMexico, abagcina bekwazile ukuwanqoba.
Ukunqotshwa kwamaMexico kwanikeza ama-Otomi ithuba lokuphinda andise ezindaweni eziningi zezwe. Baqhubeka nokuthola idolobha laseQuerétaro, ngaphezu kokuhlala emadolobheni ahlukene wesifundazwe okwamanje aziwa ngokuthi iGuanajuato.
Ama-Otomíe asebenza ngokubambisana nabaseSpain isikhathi eside futhi lokho kwabangela inani eliphawulekayo lala maNdiya ukuba liguqukele ebuRoma Katolika, nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo lalondoloza amasiko awo asendulo. Ngesikhathi sekoloni, ulimi lwesi-Otomí lwasakazekela kwezinye izifundazwe eziningi njengeGuanajuato, Querétaro kanye nesifunda saseMezquital Valley.
Isifunda saseMezquital Valley sasihlanganisa izifunda zasePuebla, iVeracruz, iHidalgo, neToluca Valley kanye neMichoacán neTlaxcala, lapho iningi lalingabalimi. Esigodini saseMezquital, abavundile babengenazo zonke izinto zokusebenza kwezolimo, ngoba umhlaba wawusomile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-Otomí amaningi agxila kakhulu njengezisebenzi zosuku futhi ancike kakhulu esiphuzweni esine-maguey, i-pulque.
Ekuqaleni, abaseSpain banquma ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwesiphuzo, kodwa bazama ngokushesha ukuphatha ibhizinisi ngokukhiqiza kwayo, okwaholela ekutheni i-Otomi isebenzise isiphuzo ukuze isetshenziswe kuphela. I-Otomi nayo yadlala indima ebalulekile eMpini Yokuzimela yaseMexico.
Phakathi naleyo mpi, ama-Otomí asekela ukuhlubuka, ikakhulukazi ngoba ayehlose ukubuyisela izindawo zawo ezilahlekile, ezazithathwe kuwo ngaphansi kwesimiso se- encomienda. Noma kunjalo, izwe lanikezwa inzalo yamaSpanishi okuqala ayefuna indawo nabantu base-Otomi ababeqashwe njengezandla ezisizayo.
Ngezikhathi zika-1940-50, iziphathimandla ezaziphethe uhulumeni zenza izithembiso eziningi emiphakathini yabomdabu, ezathembisa ukuyinikeza usizo ezindaweni ezifana nezemfundo nomnotho, nokho zahlala ziyizethembiso kuphela, ngoba azizange ziphumelele. bagcwalisa lokho okwathenjiswa.
Ngokuhluleka ukubona izethembiso zigcinwa, imiphakathi yomdabu yaphoqeleka ukuthi iqhubeke nokulima futhi isebenze njengezisebenzi emnothweni wayo omncane wokuziphilisa ngaphakathi komnotho omkhulu wonxiwankulu lapho abantu bomdabu bengase baxhashazwe yilabo abaphethe.
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi selokhu kwatholakala inkululeko yaseMexico, iziphathimandla zalelo zwe ziye zagcina isimo sokukhulekela emlandweni wangaphambi kweSpanishi kanye nemisebenzi yama-Aztec namaMayans, nokho-ke baye bashiya abantu bomdabu abaphilayo bengasabonwa, njengabakwa-Otomi, abanganakwa ngokubaluleka okufanayo.
Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule, i-Otomis yayingahanjelwa kahle yiziphathimandla. Kwaba njalo kwaze kwaba yilapho isazi samuva nje se-anthropologist siqala ukuphenya indlela yabo yokuphila yasendulo. Ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni waseMexico uzimemezele ukuthi uyizwe elinamasiko amaningi elisiza abantu abaningi bomdabu, njengama-Otomi.
Ngokuqinisekile ingxenye enhle yenzalo yamanje ye-Otomi isiqalile ukuthuthela kwezinye izifunda, kusekhona inkomba yesiko labo lasendulo elikhona namuhla. Kwezinye izindawo zaseMexico, njengaseGuanajuato naseHidalgo, kuzwakala izingoma zomthandazo ze-Otomi futhi abadala baxoxe ngezindaba zentsha eqonda ulimi lwayo lwebele.
Ngaphandle kwethonya elingenakuphikiswa labantu base-Otomi emasikweni nasemlandweni waseMexico, iqiniso liwukuthi ukunakwa okuncane kuye kwakhokhelwa isiko lama-Otomi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zemfundo, lapho kuncane kakhulu okushiwo okwamanje ngomlando wayo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, inzalo yama-Otomi amaningi ayazi ngezici ezihlobene nomlando wabo wamasiko.
Lapho abaseSpain befika endaweni yaseMexico, ama-Otomi athola ithuba elihle lokuzikhulula embusweni wama-Aztec. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ingxenye enhle yemiphakathi yase-Otomi yanikeza ukusekela kwabo ngokugcwele kubanqobi baseSpain, nakuba kwakukhona umkhakha owawungafuni ukusekela abanqobi.
Labo Otomí, ababemanqikanqika ukusekela izinhloso zabanqobi baseSpain, bahlehla ezintabeni, ukufuduka okwakhula kakhulu lapho kugqashuka umqedazwe wengxibongo. Kakade phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, ukudliwa kwezindawo zabo, ngaphandle kokusungulwa kwemishini, kwabangela izimo zokungazinzi.
Ngemva kokuqoqwa kwezintaba ezihlala amaChichimecas, kwakuhloswe ukuphoqelela imihambima ukuba yamukele imikhuba emisha nendlela yokuphila, isuke ekuzingeleni iye kwezolimo. Izithunywa zevangeli zenza umzamo omkhulu wokuzama ukukholisa imizulane, ngendlela enokuthula, kuyilapho zibazisa enkolweni yamaKatolika.
Kakade phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, iqiniso le-Otomies laqala ukuba nzima nakakhulu. Ingxenye enkulu yazo yaxoshwa ezindaweni ezomile neziseceleni. Inhlangano yokuzimela, ekude nokubasiza, yabangela ukungazinzi phakathi kwabantu base-Otomi, ikakhulukazi ngokombono wezomnotho.
Ama- latifundios ahlukaniswa aba yizindawo ezincane zama-criollo nama-mestizo, kanti amaNdiya aqhubeka njengama-peon. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimayini esifundazweni sase-Hidalgo kwathinteka ngokuphawulekayo, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokungena enkingeni ejulile, isimo esaphoqa abasebenzi abaningi ukuba bathuthele kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi i-Huasteca ne-Mineral del Monte.
Lesi simo siphinde sabangela ukwehla kokubhaliswa kwabantu besilisa phakathi kwabantu base-Otomi. Phakathi neminyaka eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yempi, ama-Otomi amaningi agxiliswa ngenkani eTulancingo. Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga kanye nokuxhashazwa lapho bebhekene khona, i-Otomi ayizange ilahlekelwe ulimi lwabo, kunalokho, badala izingoma zabo, imidanso, imisebenzi yezandla kanye nombono wabo wezwe.
Izici ze-Otomi
Ngaphakathi kwe-Los Otomíes sithola amaqembu amaningana, kodwa kukhona amabili athathwa njengawaziwa kakhulu. Lezi izi:
- I-Altiplano (noma iSierra) Otomí. Leli yiqembu elihlala ezintabeni zase-La Huasteca, e-Sierra Otomí ivamise ukuhlonza isi-Ñuhu noma isi-Ñuhu, kuye ngolimi lwesigodi olulukhulumayo.
- I-Otomi Mosque. Leli qembu lihlala eSigodini saseMezquital engxenyeni esempumalanga yesifunda saseHidalgo, nasesifundeni saseQuerétaro. I-Mezquital Otomí iziveza njengo-Hñähñu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kunezibalo ezincane ze-Otomi ezihlala kwezinye izindawo zaseMexico, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni zasePuebla, Mexico, Tlaxcala, Michoacán naseGuanajuato. Ulimi lwesi-Otomí oluyingxenye yegatsha le-Otopame lomndeni wolimi lwesi-Oto-Mangue lukhulunywa ngezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene, ezinye zazo ezingaqondakali kahle.
Elinye lamasiko akudala ayinkimbinkimbi aseMesoamerica, ama-Otomi kukholakala ukuthi ayeyizakhamuzi zakuqala zasezindaweni eziphakeme zaseMexico ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu baseNahuatl cishe c. 1000 CE, kodwa kancane kancane zathathelwa indawo futhi zabandlululwa abantu baseNahua.
Ngesikhathi sobukoloni baseNew Spain, abantu base-Otomi babebonakala kakhulu ngokubambisana nabanqobi baseSpain njengamasosha namadlelandawonye, okwabanika ithuba lokunwebeka ezindaweni eziningi lapho bake bahlalwa khona amaChichimecas angama-semi-nomadic, isibonelo uQuerétaro. kanye neGuanajuato.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zama-Otomies kwakuyisiko labo lenkolo namasiko. Ngokuvamile babenomkhuba wokukhulekela inyanga njengonkulunkulu wabo omkhulu, futhi ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla inani elikhulu lama-Otomi liye lahileleka kubushamanism futhi linezinkolelo zangaphambi kweSpanishi ezifana neNagualism.
Ama-Otomi nawo ayebonakala ngokulima nokudla ummbila, ubhontshisi kanye ne-squash, njengoba kwakunjalo ngeningi labantu baseMesoamerica ababezihlalele. I-Maguey nayo yayiyi-cultigen ebalulekile esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kotshwala kanye ne-fiber.
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi laba bantu bomdabu abavamile ukudla ukudla okuvamile okubhekwa njengokubalulekile ukugcina iphethini enempilo.
Naphezu kwalokho, banokudla okuhle kokudla ama-tortilla, ukuphuza i-pulque nokudla okuningi kwezithelo ezitholakala eduze kwabo. I-Otomi iye yabonakala njengabantu abasebenza kanzima, naphezu kwezimo ezinzima zokusebenza lapho benza khona imisebenzi yabo.
Lokhu kwaboniswa ucwaningo lokudla okunempilo olwenziwa kubantu base-Otomi eSigodini saseMezquital eMexico phakathi neminyaka ka-1963 no-1944. Kulowo mbiko kwathiwa naphezu kwesimo sezulu esomile kanye nomhlaba ongakufanelekeli ukulima ngaphandle kobungozi, i-Otomi. incike kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-maguey.
Nge-maguey benza imisebenzi eminingi, phakathi kwabo ukukhiqiza imicu yendwangu kanye "ne-pulque", ijusi yendabuko engahlungiwe eyayibaluleke kakhulu emnothweni we-Otomi nokudla kwabo. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba wehlise izinga lawo ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwawo okusha okukhulu.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaOyCN86Ess
“Isitshalo se-maguey sincike kakhulu emaqhugwaneni akhiwa ngamaqabunga ezitshalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, iningi lesifunda lalingathuthukisiwe futhi izitshalo eziningi zinezinga eliphansi kakhulu lenzuzo. Izindawo zokuhlala ngezinye izikhathi zithathwa njengezindawo ezikude nendawo yokuhlala.”
Ngokuphathelene nomnotho wabo, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ama-Otomi ayebonakala ngokuyinhloko ngokuba ngabakhandi bensimbi nangokuhwebelana ngezinto ezibalulekile zensimbi nezinye izinhlangano zomdabu, kuhlanganise ne-Aztec Triple Alliance. Phakathi kweminye yemisebenzi yabo yezandla kwakukhona imihlobiso nezikhali.
Ngokuphathelene nenhlangano yezenhlalakahle ngaphakathi kwe-Otomíes, kubalulekile ukugqamisa izici eziningana. Into yokuqala okufanele siyisho ukuthi inhlangano yezenhlalakahle phakathi kwabo ingashintsha kakhulu kuye ngokuthi isifunda sokuhlala. Ngale ndlela siyabona ukuthi kunezifunda lapho ingxenye eyisisekelo yomphakathi ingumndeni wenuzi, kanti kwezinye izifunda umndeni omkhulu.
Kodwa kunesici esisodwa yonke imiphakathi esabelana ngayo, kuye ngendawo yokuhlala lapho itholakala khona, futhi lokho kuyiqiniso legunya eliyinhloko, elivame ukumelwa ngubaba. Ubaba, ephelezelwa ngumama, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa, ukufundisa nokudlulisela amasiko nemikhuba ezinganeni zabo nakwamanye amalungu omphakathi.
Ilungu ngalinye lomndeni wakwa-Otomi lidlala indima ekhethekile futhi wonke umuntu uyawazi umsebenzi okufanele awenze. Emadodeni yibona ababhekele ukulima umhlabathi, ukwakha nokulungisa izindlu, ukunakekela imfuyo kanye nokubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yomphakathi.
Abesifazane bezizwe zama-Otomi banakekela izinto ezihluke kakhulu kodwa ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Ngokuvamile yibona abaphethe ukulungisa ukudla, ukugcina izindlu zisesimweni esihle, ukuwasha izingubo nokufuya izilwane ezifuywayo ezikhona emphakathini ngamunye.
Esinye sezici zama-Otomies siwukuthi lapho kufika isikhathi sokuhlwanyela nokuvuna, akuwona amadoda kuphela ahilelekayo, kodwa wonke amalungu omndeni ngokuvamile ahlanganyela kulo msebenzi. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabantu base-Otomi sihlobene nesibalo somshado.
Kubo, umshado ufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu nebalulekile, kodwa ngaphezu komshado, kumiswa ubuhlobo obuhlonishwa kakhulu ne-compadrazgo ephakama lapho ubhapathizwa futhi ibhekwa njengesibopho esingokomfanekiso esibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezakhamuzi zase-Otomi.
Umsebenzi ubuye uthathwe njengenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe-Otomi, ngaphandle kokuthi uyimpoqo. Ngenxa yokufuduka, indoda engaphandle ikhokhela omunye umuntu ukuba enze umsebenzi. Uma lo mlisa enqaba ukukhokhela omunye umuntu, uzifaka engozini yokulahlekelwa wonke amalungelo akhe njengelungu lomphakathi.
Ama-Otomi nawo abonakala ngokuba nezinkolelo zawo mayelana nezifo. Bahlukanisa imvelaphi yezifo emazingeni amabili ahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kunezifo zemvelaphi yemvelo, kodwa futhi banenkolelo yokuthi kukhona ama-pathologies athile anemvelaphi engaphezu kwemvelo.
Izifo zemvelo, ngokusho kwe-Otomi, yizona ezivame kakhulu futhi ukulwa nazo zenza ngemithi ye-allopathic. Kwenzeka okuhluke kakhulu kulezo ezibizwa ngezifo ezingaphezu kwemvelo, okuthi ngokwezinkolelo zazo, ziyingxenye yombono weqembu.
Ngokwesiko lama-Otomi, imvelaphi yezifo inesisekelo somlingo-inkolo. Ukuze bathole ikhambi lalezi zifo kumele baye kubalaphi bendabuko abangababelethisi nabagaya amathambo, abelapha nabelaphi abangabalapha izifo zabo.
Imindeni eminingi yama-Otomi iphinde iphendukele ezitshalweni zemvelo ukuze zelaphe izifo zayo. Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi basebenzisa izitshalo zokwelapha ukwelapha i-pathologies ngayinye ethulwe. Imithi yasekhaya nayo ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yebhayoloji nenhlalo yomphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-herbalism kuvame kakhulu.
Izibalo zabantu zamanje kanye nesibalo sabantu
Njengamanje, izilimi zesigodi zesi-Otomi zikhulunywa izikhulumi ezingaba ngu-239,000, kuzo amaphesenti angu-5 kuya ku-6 akhuluma ulimi olulodwa, ezifundeni ezihlakazeke kakhulu. Njengamanje kukholakala ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezakhamuzi zalesi sizwe zifakwe esifundeni sase-Valle de Mezquital e-Hidalgo naseningizimu ye-Querétaro. Omasipala abambalwa lapho banezikhulumi ze-Otomi ezifika kumaphesenti angama-60-70.
Ngenxa yokuthi izikhulumi eziningi ze-Otomi ziye zathuthela ezikhathini zamuva, namuhla kungenzeka ukuthola ubukhona bazo ezindaweni eziningi zensimu yaseMexico, ngisho nase-United States. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX, inani labantu abakhulumayo laqala ukwanda futhi, nakuba lalihamba kancane kunelomphakathi jikelele.
Ngenkathi inani eliphelele lezikhulumi ze-Otomi liqhubeka nokukhula, inani labo uma liqhathaniswa nabanye abantu baseMexico liyehla. Ulimi lwesi-Otomi okwamanje lungabhekwa njengengcuphe yokushabalala, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bangabantu abanamandla nokuthi izingane zifunda ulimi ngokudluliselwa kwemvelo ezindaweni eziningi, njengaseMezquital Valley nasezindaweni eziphakeme.
Ngokusho kocwaningo oluhlukahlukene lwabantu olwenziwe eminyakeni yamuva nje, kukholakala ukuthi inani elikhulu labantu base-Otomi litholakala esifundeni saseHidalgo, ikakhulukazi eValle del Mezquital eyaziwayo. Kukhona omasipala abathile esifundeni esisentshonalanga abanabantu abaningi base-Otomi kunabanye.
Phakathi komasipala abakhulu abanenani elikhulu kakhulu lezakhamuzi zalolu hlanga kukhona iTlanchinol, iCardonal, iTepehuacán de Guerrero, iSan Salvador, iSantiago de Anaya neHuazalingo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, omasipala besifunda esisentshonalanga ye-Hidalgo enesibalo esiphezulu sabantu base-Otomí yi-Huehuetla, San Bartolo kanye neTenango de Doria.
Kuthiwa futhi isimo saseMexico njengamanje sikleliswe endaweni yesibili ngokwezibalo zabantu base-Otomi. Iningi lalezi zakhamuzi ligxile komasipala baseToluca, Temoaya, Acambay, Morelos naseChapa de Mota. Esifundeni saseVeracruz kukhona nokuba khona kwe-Otomi, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Huasteca.
Kwezinye izifundazwe zaseMexico kukhona nokuba khona kwe-Otomí, nakuba ngamaphesenti aphansi, kunjalo nge-Michoacán. Kuye kwashiwo ukuthi imidwebo nemiklamo yezilwane, izinyoni nezinye izibalo zakhuthazwa imidwebo emigedeni. Lokhu kufekethiswa okuthile kwaziwa nangokuthi i-embroidery ye-Tenango.
Isiko libonisa ukuthi ngamadoda ngokuvamile aphethe ukwenza imidwebo yemiklamo ngendwangu emhlophe noma emhlophe ukuze kamuva abesifazane baphethe inqubo yokufekethisa. Izibalo ziyizindaba noma izethulo ezijwayelekile noma impilo efundiswe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Ukukhuluma ngenani labantu base-Otomi kubhekiselwa kuziphathimandla zabo. Kula madolobhana, inhlangano yezepolitiki izinze ehholo ledolobha elisemthethweni, eliwumgogodla wepolitiki, nomongameli kamasipala oyinhloko. Ezingeni elinabantu abaningi, izikhundla zingahluka futhi ngohlelo olukhuphukayo lwezikhundla yilezi:
- Isigijimi
- Usherifu
- Amaphoyisa
- Unobhala
- umsizi wejaji
Kubalulekile futhi ukusho ukuthi i-Otomi igcina izikhundla eziningi zenkolo yendabuko, njenge-mayordomos nabashushisi, nakuba kudingekile ukucacisa ukuthi ukhetho okwamanje lungokuzithandela. Umsebenzi womphakathi, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "i-faena", usewumkhuba ojwayelekile phakathi kwemiphakathi eminingi yama-Otomi.
Izinganekwane ze-Otomi
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi isiko lama-Aztec libhekwa ngabaningi njengenye yezinganekwane nezibuhlungu ngendlela engaqondakali kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane elalikhona emibhalweni yomlando kanye nokubhujiswa komphakathi Abanqobi baseSpain.
Ngokokwazisa kochwepheshe abaningi, umphakathi wama-Aztec wawuyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nesihlangene sezigaba zezigaba nokwehlukana kwezenhlalo. Ngaleyo minyaka, abantu abaningi babebuswa ukwesaba onkulunkulu abanobudlova nabaphindiselayo, kuyilapho impucuko incike kokubili ezimpini nakwezolimo.
Ngokomlando, ama-Aztec ayebhekwa njengamaqaba anobudlova, ngokuvamile ayehlala ngokungqubuzana unomphela nayo yonke imiphakathi noma izizwe ezazisondelene nawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babekholelwa ngokuqinile emhlatshelweni womuntu njengendlela yokuthulisa indawo yonke futhi isebenze njengethuluzi lokusabisa nokubusa.
Njengoba abanqobi baseSpain bemasha bebheke eMexico futhi bemagange ukubusa, baphinde bafuna ukuthatha isikhathi sokuloba izimpilo zalabo ababeyingxenye yesiko lama-Aztec. Bakwenza kanjalo ngoba kwakuyindlela evamile yokudlulisa indaba yabo ngaleso sikhathi.
Okungenakungabaza ukuthi laba banqobi baseSpain kwadingeka benze imizamo eminingi yokuzama ukwazi izindaba namasiko ama-Aztec bese bedlulisela ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngayinye yamasiko nemikhuba evamile yale nhlangano. Kukholakala futhi ukuthi lezi zindaba bezingase zisebenze ngokuhlehla njengamafutha okubhujiswa kwama-Aztec ezandleni zamaSpanishi.
Enye yezinganekwane eziningi ezaziwayo ze-Otomi imayelana Nenganekwane ye-Tlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, eyabhalwa nguFray Alonso de Grijalva, owayengomunye wabalingisi ababephelezela u-Hernán Cortés phakathi nohambo oluyingqopha-mlando lwaseSpain oluya e-Mexico.
Le nganekwane yalandiswa uGerónimo de Aguilar, owayengumpristi owazalelwa eSpain futhi owaboshwa isizwe sendawo samaMaya ngemva kokuphuma ephila ngemva kokuphahlazeka komkhumbi eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Iqiniso liwukuthi le nganekwane ibhekwa abaningi njengenye yezindala ngaphakathi kwesiko lama-Aztec, kanye nenye ethandwa kakhulu.
Inganekwane ye-Tlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi ilandisa indaba yendaba engaqondakali eyayaziwa kuphela ngokuthi i-Cuetlachtli, okuhunyushwa kwayo okudumile ibhekisela egameni elithi "Wolf". Umlando uthi le ndaba yavela ngesinye isikhathi edolobheni elisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-El Tajín.
Wathi efika nje emzini, wamemezela ukuthi uyinkosi entsha. Ababengahambisani nesikhundla sakhe basesemandleni okuqhubekela phambili baphonsele inselelo le ndoda ngokuthatha amandla okuhola abantu. Inkosi yaseMylonitic ka-El Tajín, indodana yesithathu ka-Mixcóatl nomholi wehlelo le-Quetzalcóatl, yavela obala.
Inganekwane ithi le Nkosi yaseMylonitic yaqhubeka nokubiza "inyoka enezimpaphe" ukuze ihlasele leso sihloko esingaqondakali, nokho uCuetlachtli washintsha ukubukeka kwakhe ngokomzimba futhi waba impisi nomuntu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngaleso simo esisha wabe esebulala iNkosi uMilonitica wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi.
Kungale ndlela lapho uhulumeni waseCuetlachtli, iTlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequi, waqala khona. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi lo mlingiswa ongaqondakali wayedabuka enyakatho ye-Aztlán, ikhaya lokhokho bamaNahua. Lalineminyaka engamakhulu amaningi likhona, futhi kuthiwa lalizalelwe esidulini esikhulu.
Okhokho bakaCuetlachtli iningi labo babengabazingeli, ababenamandla okuphenduka abe izimpisi lapho ilanga lishona. Lezi zihloko ezingaqondakali zazinamandla akhethekile futhi zihluke kakhulu kuzo zonke ezike zabonwa ngaphambili. Abalandeli bakhe bathola igazi lakhe ukuze bahambe njengezimpisi. Kwakuwudumo olunikezwa labo ababengabonisa ubuqhawe babo.
Inganekwane ilandisa ukuthi uhulumeni waseTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi welula iminyaka eminingi. Phakathi naso sonke leso sikhathi, kwavela izitha eziningi, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni aseduze. Uma kwakukhona into eyayigqamisa ibutho likaTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, kwakuwukwesaba okuncane okwakumele balwe ngakho.
Lesi sizwe sangena ngendlela enobudlova nenonya emadolobheni amakhulu angomakhelwane. Benza okwezimpisi khonapho bahlasela abantu belele baze babulawa. Amalungu alesi sizwe ayengawafuni amandla, into ayeyifuna yigazi lokudla. Badla igazi lazo zonke izisulu zabo baze basutha ngokuphelele.
Kwadlula iminyaka eminingana, lapho nje i-Tlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequi isivele isebenzisa amandla aphelele enyakatho, lapho ngokumangalisayo amalungu amaningi e-Otomi yakhe (isigaba seqhawe) emvukela ngenhloso yokumsusa emandleni. Ngokusekelwa i-shaman, i-Otomi yashintsha yaba amaJaguars namaCoyotes.
Ngasohlangothini lwakhe, uCuetlachtli kanye namabutho akhe ahlangene baguqulwa baba izimpisi futhi ukulwa okuqinile phakathi kwamabutho omabili kwakhululwa ngale ndlela. Ngaphansi kobusuku, amaqembu alwayo awela ngamakhulu kwaze kwaba yilapho engekho. Phakathi kwezisulu zalokho kungqubuzana, uCuetlachtli akazange abone, njengoba enyamalele, ebuyela enyakatho, ngaphesheya kwezwe elimhlophe, elingeke liphinde libonakale.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi sekudlule iminyaka eminingi kakhulu kusukela kwaqala lokho kungqubuzana, izakhamuzi zase-El Tajín, kanye namanye amadolobha aseduze, zisalinde ukubuya kwakhe. Iziprofetho eziningi zimenyezelwe mayelana nokubuya kweCuetlachtli.
Esinye seziprofetho ezinjalo sithi lapho izintaba zibomvu yigazi, kuyoba yileso sikhathi lapho uCuetlachtli ebuya khona. Abasengozini bayokuzwa ukukhala kwempisi njengoba inyanga ekhazimulayo igudla udedangendlale wesibhakabhaka.
Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, le nganekwane enamandla kakhulu futhi emele yayingaba nenjongo ecacile futhi yayiwukwesabisa nokwethusa abahambi ababeka unyawo emhlabathini waseMelika Ephakathi, kuhlanganise nabanqobi baseSpain ngokwabo njengoba bezama ukuqhubekela phambili kulo lonke elaseMexico.
"Iqiniso elilula lokuthi inguqulo yesiNahuatl yamagama e-Tlatoani Mocuitlachnehnequ ngokwezwi nezwi isho ukuthi "Umbusi wethu ufana nempisi," kungenzeka ukuthi lenze amaqhawe esaba uNkulunkulu isisusa esengeziwe sokubulala abantu ababebabona njengabahedeni abakhonza izilwane kuwo wonke amandla ".
Ngawo-1521, uCortés wayesewanqobile kakade ama-Aztec futhi impucuko eyake yaba namandla manje yayizocekelwa phansi ukufa nezifo. Kuhle ukusho ukuthi inguqulo yesi-Spanish ye-Tlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi kuze kube manje ukuphela kwenguqulo eyaziwayo ebhaliwe yendaba.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izazi-mlando zivumile ukuthi iyinganekwane yenkolo yomphakathi olula, nokho njengoba le ndaba ihlolisiswa kabanzi, kuvela izici eziningi ezingaqondakali ezingaphakamisa ubuqiniso bale nganekwane.
Kukhona labo abathi inganekwane kaTlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi yayingaba indaba elula eyesabekayo eyadalwa ukwesabisa abanqobi baseSpain, kodwa kunezinkomba eziningi kanye nemibhalo ebhaliwe endabeni edlula kakhulu indaba evuthayo yomlilo we-1519.
Kubalulekile futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi kulolu hlobo lwesiko, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwama-Aztec namaMeya, kwakukhona isiko phakathi kwezinganekwane zabo zokumelela amadoda afayo aguqulwa abe izilwane ezahlukene. Manje, impisi ayikaze ibe uphawu oluqinile kunoma yisiphi isiko laseMesoamerican, ngakho-ke kungani ivela kule ndaba yenza kube nzima ukuyiqonda.
Okwenza ilukuluku elikhulu nakakhulu ukuthi inganekwane ye-waswolf ixhumene kakhulu nesiko laseYurophu kunaseMesoamerican, okuholele ekutheni izazi-mlando eziningi zicabange ukuthi indaba yokuqala ishintshiwe ngemva kokuhumusha ukuze ivumelane nakakhulu nesiko laseMpumalanga.
“Okunye okuthakaselekayo okuphawulwe ngale ndaba ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-Cuetlachtli, umsuka wayo kanye nokuhlehla okulandelayo emazweni “eNyakatho”. Sekuyisikhathi eside abavubukuli bekholelwa ukuthi i-Aztlán, ebizwa ngegama emlandweni, kungenzeka ukuthi yayisendaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi amazwe aseMelika.”
Indawo okucatshangwa ukuthi kwazalelwa kuyo ehlotshaniswa "nendunduma" isikhumbuza izindawo eziningi zemivubukulo e-United States, isibonelo i-Bynum Mound e-Mississippi, i-Etowah Mounds e-Georgia, ne-Cahokia Mounds e-Illinois, zonke ezandulela ukuphela kombuso wama-Aztec.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi isibalo sempisi sasingavamile kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, nokho, ngaphakathi kwesiko lamaMelika Omdabu sasimelela okuningi. Umfanekiso "wempisi" cishe uhlobene njalo namasiko okuthakatha kanye nenganekwane yendalo.
“Okunye okuvusa ilukuluku, kuyilapho iCuetlachtli iwuhlobo olususelwa kugama elithi “wolf” ngolimi lwesiNahuatl, akukho ncazelo evelayo noma kuphi ezilimini zaboMdabu baseMelika ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezazikhona eNyakatho Melika. Kuyaxaka ukuthi encwadini eyabhalwa ngo-1879, noColonel Robert Quick we-13th Cavalry of the United States Army.”
UColonel Quick wabelwa umsebenzi wokubamba noma ukubulala umzulane wamaNavajo owayeteketiswa ngegama lesiteketiso elithi Cuetlachtli. Indaba ithi wonke amalungu e-13th Cavalry anyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo ngemuva kokuwela izintaba ze-Medicine Bow ngenkathi ethungatha imbuka.
Ngaphandle kwenganekwane edumile nendabuko ye-Tlatoani Mocuitlach Nenequi, ezinye izindaba ebeziyingxenye yesiko lama-Otomi ziyaziwa. Singabala izinganekwane ezifana nethi "The Leg Cleaner", enemvelaphi yayo eningizimu ye-Querétaro, lapho ihlaziya khona imibono yomphakathi wendabuko, owabelana ngemiqondo yase-Mexica.
Iqiniso liwukuthi abantu baseQuetzal base-Otomí baye babonakala ngokuguqula indaba ngayinye noma izinganekwane zabo zibe izindaba ezithakazelisayo, ziqinisekisa ubuqiniso bezindaba zabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona yini ubufakazi bokuthi lezi zenzakalo zenzeka ngempela.
Kufanelekile ukusho icala le-Mexquititla Foundation. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuhlanganisa izindaba ezithile noma izinganekwane ezihlobene nomhlaba, ukudalwa kwelanga nenyanga, izinganekwane zabantu basendulo, ukusondela kwamadoda anombila, abesifazane nezinyoka. Ezinye izinganekwane zingezombono wezwe wamaKhatholika olandisa ngendlela uKristu alwa ngayo namademoni.
ulimi nokubhala
Ngaphakathi kwalesi sizwe kunendlela yaso yokuxhumana, ngomlomo noma ngokubhala. Ulimi lwesi-Otomí, iqembu lezilimi zomdabu zaseMexico ezihlobene eduze. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lolu limi lukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-240 abahlala endaweni emaphakathi nethafa eliphakeme laseMexico.
Ulimi lwesi-Otomi lubhekwa njengolunye lwezilimi zomdabu zaseMexico ezaziwa kakhulu emlandweni. Namuhla lolu limi lusetshenziswa abantu abaningi bomdabu abaziwa ngokuthi ama-Otomí. Iwulimi lwesiMesoamerican futhi ibonisa izici eziningi zendawo yolimi lwaseMesoamerican.
NgokoMthetho Wamalungelo Ezilimi waseMexico, ulimi lwesi-Otomi lwamukelwa njengolimi lwesizwe, njengoba kwenzeka ngezinye izilimi zomdabu ezingamashumi ayisithupha nambili kanye neSpanishi. Kuthathwa njengolunye lwezilimi zomdabu ezikhulunywa kakhulu ezweni lama-Aztec, kangangoba lithatha isikhundla sesikhombisa ohlwini lwezilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu eMexico.
Ulimi lwesi-Otomi kufanele luthathwe ngokuthi "umndeni wolimi lwe-Otomi", ngoba kunezinhlobonhlobo ezingenakubalwa. Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi inani labakhuluma izilimi ze-Otomi liye lehla ezikhathini zamuva, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesimo sokufuduka lapho lo mphakathi womdabu uthonywe khona.
Njengeqiniso elithakazelisayo, kungashiwo ukuthi okwamanje akukho rekhodi lezindaba ezibhalwe ku-Otomí, okungukuthi, awekho amaphephandaba noma omagazini ngalolu limi, ngaphandle kwezincwadi zokuxhumana ngezikhathi ezithile nezincwadi ezisakazwa kancane. Kodwa-ke, uMnyango Wezemfundo Yomphakathi waseMexico, usebenzisa Ikhomishana Kazwelonke Yezincwadi Zamahhala, ushicilela izincwadi ezimbalwa ze-Otomi zemfundo yamabanga aphansi.
Njengazo zonke ezinye izilimi zesi-Oto-Mangue, isi-Otomí sibhekwa njengolimi lwephimbo futhi izinhlobo eziningi zihlukanisa phakathi kwamathoni amathathu. Amagama amakelwe umbambi kuphela. Inombolo yobuningi imakwe ngendatshana eqondile kanye nesijobelelo somlomo.
Ngemva kokufika kwabanqobile baseYurophu, u-Otomi waba ulimi olubhalwayo lapho ama-friars echitha isikhathi esiningi efundisa ama-Otomi ngohlelo lolimi lwesiLatini; ulimi olulotshiwe lwenkathi yamakoloni ngokuvamile lubizwa ngokuthi i-Classic Otomí.
Isikhathi se-Proto-otomí kanye nesikhathi sangaphambi kobukoloni
Izilimi ze-Oto-Pamean kucatshangwa ukuthi zahlukana nezinye izilimi ze-Otomanguean cishe ngo-3500 BC ngaphakathi kwegatsha lase-Ostomia. I-Proto-Otomí ibonakala ihlukene ne-Proto-Mazahua ca. Ngo-500 AD. Cishe ngonyaka we-1000 AD, i-Proto-Otomí yaqala ukuhlukahluka ibe izinhlobo zesimanje ze-Otomí.
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yeMexico emaphakathi yayihlalwa iminyaka eminingana abantu abasebenzisa izilimi zesi-Oto-Pamean, okungenani kwakunjalo ngaphambi kokufika kwabakhuluma isiNahuatl.
"Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zezigaba zokhokho zeningi lezilimi zomdabu zaseMexico, kanye nokuxhumana kwazo nemiphakathi ehlukahlukene, kuhlala kungapheli"
Kuye kwashiwo ukuthi i-proto-otomí-mazahua ingenye yezilimi ezisetshenziswa e-Teotihuacán, isikhungo esikhulu semikhosi sase-Mesoamerican senkathi ye-Classic, ukunyamalala kwayo kwenzeka cishe ngo-600 AD Kufanelekile futhi ukucacisa ukuthi i-pre- Abantu baseColumbian Otomí Ngaleso sikhathi, yayingenalo uhlelo lokubhala olwakhiwe kabanzi.
Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yombhalo wama-Aztec wawuyi-ideographic futhi wawungaqondwa kokubili ngesi-Otomi nesiNahuatl. Abantu base-Otomi babenesiko lokuvame ukuhumusha amagama ezindawo noma ababusi ku-Otomi esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amagama esiNahuatl.
Isikhathi samaKoloni kanye ne-Otomí yakudala
Phakathi nokunqotshwa kweSpanishi okwenzeka maphakathi neMexico, i-Otomi yasakazwa kabanzi kunanamuhla. Babenezindawo ezibalulekile abakhuluma isi-Otomi kwezinye izifundazwe ezifana ne-Jalisco ne-Michoacán. Ngemva kokuphela kokunqotshwa kweSpain, izakhamuzi zalesi sizwe zaqala ukuzwa inkathi yokwanda kwezindawo.
Ukusabalala kwezindawo zama-Otomi kwakubangelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuthi abanqobi baseSpain basebenzisa amaqhawe amaningi akulesi sizwe somdabu ukuze aqhube uhambo lwawo lokunqoba, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yeMexico. Ngemva kwaleyo nkathi, ama-Otomi aqala ukuhlala ezindaweni ezintsha, ikakhulukazi eQuerétaro, lapho asungula khona idolobha laseQuerétaro.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsU5GsQsnJc
Baphinde bazinza eGuanajuato, insimu eminyakeni edlule eyayihlalwa kakhulu imizulane yaseChichimeca. Ngalesi sikhathi ezinye izazi-mlando zamakholoni, njengoBernardino de Sahagún, zasebenzisa ikakhulukazi izikhulumi zesiNahua njengemithombo yemilando yazo yobukoloni.
Izikhulumi zesiNahua zazinombono omubi kakhulu ngabantu base-Otomi, owahlala cishe kuso sonke isikhathi sobukoloni. Lo mkhuba wokwenqaba nokwehlisa ukubaluleka kobunikazi bamasiko e-Otomi uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imiphakathi yomdabu wanikeza indlela yokulahlekelwa ulimi nokuxutshwa, ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye enkulu yama-Otomi yakhetha ukwamukela ulimi namasiko eSpanishi.
I-Classic Otomí igama elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kuma-Otomí ayekhulunywa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka okuqala okubusa kwamakholoni. Kwakuyisiteji esithakazelisa kakhulu, lapho ulimi lwathola khona ukubhalwa kwemibhalo yesiLatini futhi lwabhalwa abazalwane baseSpain abaqala ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalolu limi, ukuze balusebenzise njengokuguqula abantu phakathi kwama-Otomi.
Iqiniso liwukuthi umbhalo we-Otomi wakudala uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuyiqonda, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi ama-friars nama-monks e-Spanish mendicant oda, njengamaFranciscans, abhala uhlelo lolimi lwama-Otomi, oludala kunawo wonke okuwubuciko bolimi lwesi-Otomi lukaFray Pedro de. Cárceres, eyabhalwa mhlawumbe kusukela ngo-1580, kodwa ayizange ishicilelwe kwaze kwaba ngu-1907.
Ngonyaka we-1605, omunye umlingiswa emlandweni, onjengo-Alonso de Urbano, waba nesibindi sokwenza isichazamazwi seSpanishi-Nahuatl-Otomi sezilimi ezintathu, lapho kungase kubonakale khona isethi encane yamanothi olimi mayelana no-Otomi. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi isazi sohlelo lolimi lwesiNahuatl, uHoracio Carochi, sabhala uhlelo lolimi lwesi-Otomi, nakuba ungekho umbhalo walokhu osekela umbhalo.
Phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, umpristi ongumJesuit ovelele, ogama lakhe lingadalulwanga, wabhala uhlelo lolimi lweLuces del Otomí (okungelona, uma sikhuluma nje, uhlelo lolimi kodwa umbiko wokucwaninga ngo-Otomí). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uNeve y Molina ukhiqize isichazamazwi nohlelo lolimi.
Umlando usitshela ukuthi ngesikhathi sobukoloni, inqwaba yama-Otomi yaqala ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ngolimi lwabo, futhi kwakungale nkathi lapho bafundiswa khona ukufunda nokubhala ulimi lwabo. Ngalesi sizathu, kunenombolo ebalulekile yemibhalo eyenziwe e-Otomi, kokubili eyezwe neyenkolo, edume kakhulu ama-Codices of Huichapan and Jilotepec.
Ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi sobukoloni nangemuva kwenkululeko, amaqembu endabuko ayengasenaso isimo esihlukile. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi u-Otomi walahlekelwa isimo sakhe njengolimi lwezemfundo, eqeda isikhathi se-Otomi yakudala njengolimi lokubhala.
Konke lokhu okungokoqobo kuholela esigabeni sokuncipha kwenani labakhuluma izilimi zomdabu njengoba amaqembu endabuko kulo lonke elaseMexico amukela ulimi lweSpanishi njengendlela yawo eyinhloko yokuxhumana. Inqubomgomo ye-herpaniicization yaqala ukusetshenziswa phakathi kwabo, okwabangela ukwehla ngokushesha kwabakhuluma zonke izilimi zomdabu, kuhlanganise nesi-Otomi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Kuhle futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-1990, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni omkhulu eMexico zanquma ukwenza ukuguqulwa kwezinqubomgomo eziqondiswe emalungelweni emiphakathi yomdabu, okuhlanganisa nezilimi zabo.
Ngale ndlela, kwavela izikhungo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile ezazinenhloso enkulu yokuthuthukisa nokuvikela imiphakathi nezilimi zomdabu. Phakathi kwazo singabala iKhomishana Kazwelonke Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu Bomdabu kanye neNational Institute of Indigenous Languages.
Isiko namasiko
Uma kunokuthile okufanele kugqanyiswe ngalo mphakathi wendabuko njengama-Otomíes, isiko lawo kanye namasiko abawenzayo. Ake siqale sikhulume ngomculo wakho nomdanso. Imidanso izinhlangano lapho izibopho zomphakathi eziningi zingenela futhi zibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabantu base-Otomi.
Njengamanje sinemidanso enemvelaphi yobukoloni. Phakathi kwabo singabala ama-Apache, ama-arches, ama-cowboy, ama-muleteer, abamnyama nabelusikazi. Ngokuvamile, le midanso ihlelwa njengengxenye yeminikelo enikezwa izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ase-Otomi kwabangcwele babo ngosuku lomkhosi.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi le midanso ayenziwa kuphela ngesikhathi somkhosi wama-patron saint, kodwa eminingi yale midanso yendabuko ibuye yenzeka ngesikhathi somkhosi we-Santa Cruz, lapho kwenziwa khona amasiko okucela imvula. Ngokuvamile badansa kweminye imikhosi evamile njengokubhapathizwa noma imishado.
Ngaphakathi kwamasiko namasiko abantu base-Otomi, kufanelekile ukusho umsebenzi wezandla ojwayelekile wale miphakathi yendabuko. Abantu base-Otomí babonakala ngokuyinhloko ngokwenza imisebenzi yezandla ehlukene, phakathi kwayo esingabiza ukukhiqizwa kwama-rugs woboya, ama-molcajete nama-metates amatshe.
Futhi banomkhuba wokwenza izigqoko zesundu, izihlalo ezi-lite, ama-maguey fiber ayates, izindwangu ezenziwe ngendwangu okhalo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Bavame ukusebenzisa umhlanga ukwenza amabhodwe, obhasikidi, ama-rattle amise okwejuba kanye nezimbiza ze-pulque.
Njengengxenye yamasiko abo ngokwezomnotho, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ku-Otomi umsebenzi wendabuko obaluleke kakhulu kubo yizolimo. Ngokuvamile zisebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni ummbila ukuze uzidle, kodwa futhi zikhiqiza ezinye izinto ezinjengobhontshisi, upelepele, ukolweni, i-oats, ibhali, amazambane, isikwashi namatshwele.
Amaholide endabuko
Emadolobheni ase-Otomi kunemikhosi eminingi yendabuko ebaluleke kakhulu, nokho enye edume kakhulu futhi eyaziwa kakhulu ukugujwa koSuku Lwabafileyo, okwenzeka minyaka yonke ngoNovemba 1. Phakathi nalesi senzakalo kuyisiko ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukene.
Mhlawumbe kwabaningi banelukuluku lokugubha usuku lwabafileyo, kodwa engxenyeni enhle yabantu baseMexico, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yendabuko, lezi zinhlobo zemikhosi zinencazelo ekhethekile. Kubo ukufa nemikhosi kuhlobene eduze.
Le nkolelo ivela kubantu bomdabu basendulo ababehlala eMexico, kuhlanganise nama-Otomi, ababekholelwa ukuthi imiphefumulo yabafileyo iyabuya minyaka yonke ukuze izovakashela futhi iziphilise: idle, iphuze futhi izijabulise, njengoba nje yayenza lapho bebephila.
Umkhosi washintsha ngemva kokufika kwamaSpanishi ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu. Manje basaqhubeka nokugubha usuku lwabafileyo, kodwa endabeni yemiphefumulo yezingane ezishonile, bakhunjulwa ngayizolo, okungukuthi, ngoSuku Lwabangcwele Bonke. Ukuze bakhumbule izinkumbulo zabo bakwenza ngamathoyizi namabhaluni anombala ahlobise amathuna abo.
Phakathi nosuku lwabafile, abantu abadala asebeshonile nabo bayahlonishwa, kodwa ngokuboniswa kokudla okuthandwa umufi neziphuzo, kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa nezomuntu siqu. Emathuneni kuyisiko ukubeka izimbali, ikakhulukazi i-cempasúchil namakhandlela, okukhanyisa indlela yemimoya ebheke ezindlini zezihlobo zabo.
Inkolo
Ama-Otomi anezinkolelo zawo ezingokwenkolo, eziyingxube yezakhi zamaKatolika nezangaphambi kweSpanishi. Phakathi kwezinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo kukhona inkolo yabafileyo, inkolelo kwezinye izifo, amaphupho nezinkoleloze ezivamile ekuphileni kuka-Otomi. Iningi lama-Otomi lihlotshaniswa nenkolo yamaKatolika futhi linomkhuba wokuhlonipha izithombe eziningi zobuKristu.
Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuba khona kwamaqembu enkolo yobuProthestani phakathi kwamadolobha ase-Otomi nakho kuye kwakhula ngokumangalisayo. Banesiko lokukhulekela abangcwele abangabasekeli emathempelini esifunda. Izinkolelo zenkolo zama-Otomi zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amakhulu noma amafilosofi.
- Mesoamerican indian
- UmKatolika
- umProthestani wevangeli
Otomi onkulunkulu
Elinye lamasiko enkolo abonisa u-Otomi kwakuwukukhulekelwa konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi okuhlobene nezici ezibalulekile zemvelo, njengeLanga, iNyanga, Umhlaba, Umoya, uMlilo, Amanzi, phakathi kwabanye. Phakathi konkulunkulu babo, abalingiswa ababili ababalulekile nabo bagqama: "Umama Omdala" kanye "noBaba Omdala".
Enkolweni ye-metzca, kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile ngehlelo i-Otomi elenza enyangeni, nokho omunye wonkulunkulu base-Otomi ababenethonya futhi abaphawulekayo kwakungu-Otontecutli, obhekwa njengomholi wokuqala wama-Otomi, owathola ukukhulekelwa eMexico.
Omunye wezithixo eziyinhloko zama-Otomi zaseJilotepec kwakungunkulunkulu womoya abambiza ngokuthi u-Edahi, olingana ne-Mexica Ehécatl. UFray Esteban García wayeqiniseka ukuthi u-Otomi waseTutotepec wayenesiko lokukhulekela umoya, owenziwe samuntu kunkulunkulu womoya u-Edahi.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, babenomkhuba wokukhulekela uMuye, ochazwa njengenkosi yemvula, elingana neMexica Tlaloc. Phakathi kwama-Otomi, kwakukhona onkulunkulu abancane u-Ahuaque no-Tlaloque abacela ama-conjurers emvula. Unkulunkulu wezimpi u-Otomi wayebizwa ngokuthi u-Ayonat Zyhtama-yo, kuyilapho u-Otomi waseTutotepec ekhulekela unkulunkulu wezintaba okuthiwa u-Ochadapo.
Iningi lezakhamuzi zasemakhaya ase-Otomi linesiko lokukholelwa ngokuqinile ebuthakathini. Bathi ukuthakatha kungenzeka, futhi bakholelwa ukuthi imimoya emibi inamandla okugula. I-Sierra Otomí isebenzisa igama elithi nagual ukuze ibhekisele kuma-vampire angaphezu kwawomuntu kanye nemimoya yezilwane ezifuywayo zabathakathi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAZxpetmvTg
I-Otomi igcina inkolelo yokuthi amakhosi obubi, njengoThingo, u-Santa Catarina kanye neNdlovukazi Yomhlaba, banamandla okulimaza abantu. Kuyafaneleka futhi ukusho ukuthi abantu baseSierra Otomí, abahlala eduze namadolobha anabapristi, ngokuvamile bavumelana nezimfundiso zamaKatolika.
Ingxenye enhle yabantu base-Otomi iye yathonywa ngokuphawulekayo imisinga yenkolo ethile, ngokwesibonelo ivangeli lamaProthestani, imfundiso ebonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokwenqaba zonke ezinye izinkolelo nokunikeza umbono wokwenqaba inkonzo yempahla.
abezenkolo
Phakathi kwabantu base-Otomi ungathola ukubonakaliswa okuningi kwemvelo yenkolo, isibonelo ama-shaman. Laba bantu bachazwa ngokuthi ochwepheshe bezenkolo ababhekana nezinkinga zomuntu siqu nezomndeni nezinye izidalwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinamandla angaphezu kwawomuntu, abantu, izitshalo nezilwane.
Ama-Otomi shamans asebenza ngokukhethekile ekunikezeni ukubonisana komuntu siqu kanye nokwelapha, ngaphezu kokungenelela emikhosini ehlukene yomphakathi yonkulunkulu bamaqaba. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-shamans nawo anemisebenzi yobupristi, nakuba kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi awahlelwanga ekuphathweni kwe-bureaucratic.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: