Kulesi sihloko ngikumema ukuba wazi konke mayelana emangalisayo Isiko laseTeotihuacan, elinye lamasiko aseMexico elasungulwa edolobheni elikhulu elaphenduka isikhungo esikhulu sokunakwa, kodwa idolobha lawela ekushiyweni ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene ezisafuna izincazelo okwamanje qhubeka ufunda futhi uthole konke okwenzekile.
Isiko laseTeotihuacan
Ukubhekisela esikweni laseTeotihuacan, kufanele kugcizelelwe idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, idolobha langaphambi kweSpanishi eliseMesoamerica, elaziwa ngokuthi. “indawo lapho abantu beba onkulunkulu” ngolimi lwesiNahuatl, yaziwa nangokuthi "umuzi welanga", ngokwemibhalo esinayo, leli dolobha lasungulwa esikhathini esithile ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, lesi-XNUMX noma lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Igama elinikezwe leli dolobha lisuselwa olimini lwesiNahuatl, ulimi olukhulunywa eMexico futhi lusetshenziswa abantu baseMexico ababengabantu ababenamasiko ama-Aztec. Kodwa lapho laba bantu befika edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, lase lakhiwe kakade futhi lashiywa yimpucuko yangaphambili, lapho iMexica iyibona okokuqala isivele ilahliwe iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Okwamanje, akwaziwa ukuthi babengobani izifiki zokuqala zedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán.
Okusele kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán kungatholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSigodi saseMexico, phakathi koMasipala baseSan Martín de las Pirámides nedolobha laseTeotihuacán (Isifunda saseMexico). Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-78 ukusuka enhloko-dolobha yaseMexico City. Indawo ehlala idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-21 futhi inezikhumbuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zemivubukulo futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngo-1987, yamenyezelwa i-UNESCO njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, imvelaphi yedolobha laseTeotihuacán ayiqiniseki futhi okwamanje imvelaphi yalo nabasunguli basaphenywa ngochwepheshe abahlukahlukene kulo mkhakha, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yobuKristu, idolobha laseTeotihuacán Kwakuyidolobha. idolobhana elibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba laliyindawo okwakukhulekelwa kuyo onkulunkulu, laliseduze nomfula i-Anahuac. Izakhiwo eziqine kakhulu neziqinile eziheha ukunakwa zenziwa ngesikhathi sesisekelo sokuqala.
Njengovivinyo olwenziwa ekuvubukuleni okwenziwa ePyramid of the Moon. Idolobha libe nokuchuma okukhulu enkathini yakudala phakathi kwekhulu lesi-21 ngaphambi kukaKristu kanye nekhulu lesi-XNUMX emva kukaKristu. Ngaleso sikhathi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lalinokuthuthuka okuningi kwezentengiselwano, ezombusazwe nezenhlalo. Ngaphezu kwesiko elikhulu laseTeotihuacan endaweni ecishe ibe amakhilomitha-skwele angama-XNUMX lapho lafika khona ikhaya lisuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyikhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni ezingamakhulu amabili izakhamizi.
Ithonya lesiko laseTeotihuacán lazwakala kuso sonke isifunda saseMesoamerican, njengoba kwaboniswa kwamanye amadolobha omdabu, njengeTikal ne-Monte Alba, lapho kwatholakala khona imivubukulo emikhulu futhi yayihlobene eduze nesiko laseTeotihuacán. Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán laba nezinkinga zalo kusukela ekhulwini lesikhombisa leminyaka ngemva kukaKristu, ngenxa yezinkinga eziningi zezombangazwe.
Ukuhlubuka kwangaphakathi kwakubuye kwenziwe ngamanye amaqembu abomdabu futhi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kwakuhlala njalo futhi kuyingozi kubantu, okubangele ukuwa kwedolobha futhi abantu baqala ukufuduka edolobheni elidala baya ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseMexico.
Kuze kube manje, akwaziwa ukuthi obani abahlali bokuqala bedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, futhi abakha isiko laseTeotihuacan, kodwa ochwepheshe nabacwaningi endaweni baye bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi babengamaNahuas noma amaTotonac, njengoba bobabili. abantu bomdabu baseMesoamerica. Kukhona nabantu bomdabu ababizwa ngokuthi ama-Otomi ababehlala maphakathi neMexico.
Nakuba i-hypothesis eyamukelwa kakhulu yizazi-mlando ukuthi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán laliyidolobha laseCosmopolitan, okusho ukuthi amasiko ahlukene ayexubene edolobheni futhi yingakho kwazalwa isiko laseTeotihuacan, kolunye uphenyo olwenziwa endaweni yaseZapotec, bona. wathola izinto ezazivela edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, ngendlela efanayo izinto ezitholakala kwezinye izifunda zaseMesoamerica njengeGulf of Mexico kanye nensimu yaseMayan.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi idolobha kanye nesiko laseTeotihuacan kube nesithakazelo esikhulu emiphakathini yakamuva neyamanje kuze kube kwehla, kuyindaba yophenyo, njengoba amanxiwa ahlolisiswa ngokucophelela kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi yiMexica neToltec. impucuko. , njengoba kuye kwatholwa izinto ezivela esikweni laseTeotihuacan, kanye nezindawo zemivubukulo edolobheni laseTula naseThempelini Elikhulu laseMexico eliseTenochtitlan.
Ezinganekwaneni zamaNahua zenkathi ye-post-classical edolobheni lasendulo, isiko laseTeotihuacan lalinezinganekwane ezicacile ezifana nenganekwane yamaLanga, eyayihlanganisa ukuthi ukudalwa kwendawo yonke, umhlaba kanye nobuntu kwenzeka ezinhlanu. izigaba ezahlukene kusukela endalweni. Le nganekwane yasekelwa abantu baseMexico.
Njengamanje, idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lihlala kuphela kodwa livikelekile ngoba linezikhumbuzo zemivubukulo futhi ngenxa yalokho elimelela isintu, ngaphezu kokuheha izivakashi eziningi ngonyaka. Ngaphezulu kwenhlonhlo yaseYucatan lapho iChichen Itza ikhona. I-El Tajín ne-Monte Alba ngezinye iziza zemivubukulo, ezivakashelwa kakhulu izivakashi. Ngalokhu, isiko laseTeotihuacan liyakhula emhlabeni wonke.
Idolobha laseTeotihuacan
Leli dolobha libizwa ngokuthi iTeotihuacán futhi lidabuka kwisiNahuatl, kodwa leli gama laqanjwa ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa lokuphela kwalo, njengedolobha elikhulu laseCosmopolitan lapho kwakukhona khona abantu abangamaNahuatl. Ngokomlando kodwa akuqinisekisiwe. Futhi lapho abantu baseMexico befika kuleli dolobha, baliqamba ngegama ledolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, nakuba lase lishiywe kakade eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule.
Ngenkathi yamakholoni yaseMexico, abaseMexico baqala ukuvakasha ngemithombo yomlando yesiko laseTeotihuacan ngeSpanishi. Nakuba kunokungaqondi okuningi esikweni laleli dolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacan. Njengoba abaseMexico babelazi leli dolobha lapho selivele lilahliwe. KwabaseMexico, idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán laliyidolobha lasendulo lapho kwakunomsebenzi omningi wamasiko, wezenhlalo nezombusazwe, ngisho nobuchwepheshe ngenxa yezinto ezitholakele.
Kukhona abacwaningi abaningi, abaqinisekisa ukuthi idolobha laseTula lachuma lapho, futhi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izakhamuzi zazidabuka eToltec. Ngenxa yencazelo yegama elinikezwe idolobha lasendulo, kunemibono eminingi, ngoba ngolimi lwesiNahuatl imvelaphi ye-agglutinative, lapho imibono eminingi yokuthi igama elithi Teotihuacán lingahunyushwa lingahunyushwa kanjani.
Enye yezincazelo ezamukelwa kakhulu ngumphakathi nabacwaningi yileyo lapho ihunyushwa khona “indawo lapho onkulunkulu bazalelwa khona” noma ngendlela efanayo ongasho ngayo “Indawo lapho onkulunkulu benziwa khona” futhi le ncazelo ihlanganiswe nenganekwane mayelana ne Inganekwane YamaLanga. Okuyinganekwane eyaziwa kakhulu eMesoamerica efuna ukuphendula ukuthi indawo yonke idalwe kanjani.
EMexico, idolobha laseTeotihuacán lihlonishwa kakhulu ngumphakathi wamaNahua, omemezela ukuthi leli dolobha ladalwa ngokudalwa kweLanga lesihlanu, njengoba bonke onkulunkulu benkathi edlule bazidela. Ku-Nahuatl Language Dictionary, ebhalwe ngeSpanishi, igama i-teotl kusho uNkulunkulu, ti i-euphonic ligature, futhi hawu iyi-athikili eyimfihlo, ekugcineni i- can lokho kwenza isenzo. Ngale ndlela yonke into ihumusha ibe "Indawo yalabo abanonkulunkulu."
Okuqinisekileyo wukuthi namanje akwaziwa ukuthi yiliphi igama langempela elatholwa leli dolobha, ngesikhathi ligcweleza izakhamuzi zakhona zangempela. Kunemibhalo ethile etholwe enemvelaphi yamaMayan, lapho leli gama iglyph nabantu abanemvelaphi yesiko laseTeotihuacan.
Laba bantu baye bamelwa njengababaluleke kakhulu emadolobheni aseMeya yaseTikal, e-Uaxactún naseBonampak. Kuphinde kugcizelelwe igama phoh ukuthi ngolimi lwesiMayan kunencazelo efana kakhulu negama Tollan. Lokho kukhomba idolobha elihle ngokwesiko laseTeotihuacan. Ngezwi thola Kwagcizelelwa impucuko eseMesoamerica futhi enemvelaphi esemthethweni evela ezizukulwaneni ezivelele zamadolobha amaningi aqanjwe ngemibhalo yamaMayan.
Lokhu okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kuqiniswa ukutholwa kwezethulo ezihlukahlukene ze ama-glyphs emidwebeni eyayenziwe ezindongeni zesakhiwo sokuhlala sedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán. Yize le Tollan ikhonjwa njengedolobha elibizwa ngeTollan-Xicocotitlan, njengenhloko-dolobha yamaToltecs.
Kodwa kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi abacwaningi abaningi baye bahlukanisa inganekwane emlandweni wedolobha njengoba kukhona amanye amadolobha kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica abaluleke kakhulu futhi abizwa ngendlela efanayo. Nakuba lalingasetshenziswa edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán ngoba limelela idolobha elinezinganekwane ezingaphezu komlando, ngoba ngokuhlaziya umlando walo latholakala selineminyaka eyinkulungwane ubudala.
Ukutholwa kwemivubukulo okuye kwatholakala edolobheni laseMayan nasenkabeni yeMexico, lapho abacwaningi abaningi baye benza izinhlangano nalezi zinto ezitholakala emivubukulweni kanye nenganekwane yedolobha laseTeotihuacán, basola ukuthi inyunyana phakathi kwedolobha iTollan neTeotihuacán kuthiwa iTula. inganekwane lapho amadoda eba onkulunkulu.
Isazi semivubukulo uLaurette Séjourné, owazalelwa ePerugia, idolobha lase-Italy, futhi wafa ngo-2003, unalo mbono ofanayo EMhlanganweni Wezazi Zemivubukulo, okwenzeka esikhathini esithile esidlule. Lapho i-Tollan yenganekwane yasungulwa khona kwakungu-Tollan-Xicocotitlan, futhi le mbono yabelwa abanye abavubukuli abafana no-Stuart, u-Uriarte, uDuverger no-René Millon futhi bonke laba bacwaningi bangochwepheshe abaziwayo besiko laseTeotihuacan.
Bonke abavubukuli okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla bayakwamukela ukuthi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán idolobha elidumile laseTollan futhi akwamukeleki ukuthi leli igama lalo langempela. Njengoba idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lisetshenziselwa ukuqoka idolobha elinomlando futhi zonke izinto ezitholakala emivubukulweni ezenziwe zibonwa ngokugcwele emphakathini, yaziwa nangokuthi isiko laseTeotihuacan.
Indawo ezungezile yedolobha laseTeotihuacana
Edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán elasungulwa endaweni engavamile yendawo, ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwayo eduze komcengezi waseMexico, ngesikhathi se-Middle Preclassic. Ngaleso sikhathi, izindawo zokuhlala eziningi ezinkulu ezazakhiwe zazisendaweni eseduze nosebe lwesimiso samachibi e-Anahuac noma eduze kakhulu nalo. Amaphuzu ayo ayinhloko kwakuyiCuicuilco neCopilco eningizimu; eTicomán, El Arbolillo, Zacatenco, neTlatilco enyakatho; kanye neTlapacoya empumalanga.
Ngenkathi idolobha lasendulo iTeotihuacán, lasungulwa eSigodini saseTeotihuacán futhi liyingxenye yesigodi saseMexico. Yayitholakala kumakhilomitha ayishumi nanhlanu ukusuka ogwini lweLake Texcoco eduze nomfula iSan Juan esigodini esaqanjwa ngegama ledolobha.
Umvubukuli uDuverger ocwaningweni lwakhe uthe indawo yedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán ayihambisani nomngcele owodwa wemvelo, kodwa ihambisana nomngcele ophakathi kwempucuko yezolimo yaseMesoamerica kanye nomhlaba wamasiko wabantu abayimizulane base-Aridoamerican.
Isigodi saseTeotihuacán sixhumene nesigodi saseMexico, futhi sisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yesigodi saseMexico, esinendawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane eziyi-14. Futhi kungaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe lamanje laseMexico, ukuphakama lapho idolobha laseTeotihuacán lalikhona cishe ngamamitha angama-2240 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kuze kufike endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yeCerro Gordo efinyelela kumamitha angama-3200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kanye nendawo lapho iningi lamachibi olwandle. Okutholwe ngemivubukulo kutholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-2300 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Isigodi saseTeotihuacana sinqunyelwe enyakatho yiCerros del Gordo, iMalinalco neColorado. Eningizimu yalesi sigodi, igudla ukhahlamba lwezintaba zasePatlachique, okuwukwakheka kwe-orographic futhi inokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-2600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ngasempumalanga kunqunyelwe umasipala wase-Otumba namanye amagquma. Ngaseningizimu-ntshonalanga kunesigodi negquma laseChiconautla. Uphi umlomo omdala woMfula iSan Juan.
I-Cerro Tonala itholakala ngasentshonalanga futhi iphawula ukuhlukana phakathi kwesigodi sase-Teotihuacán kanye nethafa le-alluvial lapho i-Tecámac ne-Zumpango ihlangana khona. Ukugeleza kwamanzi esigodini saseTeotihuacán kubheke engilazini yeLake Texcoco okudlula kuyo umfula iSan Juan, ngendlela efanayo nemifula iSan Lorenzo kanye neHuipulco, kodwa yomibili le mifula ingeyesizini njengoba iyimifula ebonakala ngenkathi yezimvula. umsinga onamandla wamanzi bese kuthi ngezikhathi zesomiso umfula wawo unyamalale phezulu ukuze aphinde avele futhi ngenkathi yemvula.
Inhlabathi etholakala esigodini sase-Teotihuacán ingeyezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko okuyi-feozem enamaphesenti angu-40, bese kuba i-vertisol enamaphesenti angu-16 kanye ne-cambisol ne-leptosol enamaphesenti angu-13 ngayinye, futhi yakha inhlabathi engaphezulu esuka esigodini. Uphenyo oluningana seluphinde lwenziwa phansi esigodini sase-Teotihuacán ukuze kutholwe umthelela umsebenzi womuntu onawo kuleyo ndawo.
Enye yezinkampani ezenza lolo phenyo lwamagama. U-Rivera-Uria et al. Kuye kwabikwa ukuthi kwezinye izingosi, njengeCerro San Lucas, inhlabathi ishintshe ukubunjwa kwayo kakhulu, njengoba ubufakazi butholakala ukuthi ngaphambi kokugcwala esikhathini se-Preclassic, inhlabathi evelele yendawo yayiyiLuvisol. Kodwa manje isinyamalale ngokuphelele.
Ezinye izingxenye zesigodi saseTeotihuacán ziye zathinteka kusukela ukwakhiwa kuye kwenziwa, esimweni sezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa ezazisetshenziswa ePiramidi Yenyanga, zivela ezweni eliseduze nendawo ababekuyo. izakhiwo, njengoba kutholwe izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba esezifinyelele kuma-cubic metres ayizigidi ezimbili.
Ngokuphathelene nezitshalo ezitholakala esigodini saseTeotihuacán, sekushintshe kakhulu kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, lapho idolobha lasendulo lahlala futhi lakha isiko laseTeotihuacan, kodwa indawo yamanje yesigodi iwumphumela wokuhlangana kochungechunge lwemvelo nemvelo. izici ze-anthropogenic, futhi umehluko omkhulu okhona ukwandiswa kwe-ecosystem yemifino.
Nokho, ezolimo esigodini saseTeotihuacán ziye zakhula ngezindleko zabantu bomdabu abaqala ukutshala futhi abasaqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo, futhi indawo yalesi sigodi isinyamalele, eyayinohlobo lwezitshalo ezibizwa ngokuthi. Pinuses.
Njengamanje, isigodi saseTeotihuacán sinezinhlobo eziyisithupha zohlaza futhi sinamahlathi amancane ohlobo lwe-oki, atholakala eCerro Gordo; kodwa cishe lolu kwakuwuhlobo lwezitshalo olwalukhona ngesikhathi sedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán. Okuwuhlaza lwesibili olukhona kakhulu futhi uhlaza olugqame kakhulu i-xerophytic scrub futhi luhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi, ezivame kakhulu Opuntia streptacantha, Zaluzania augusta and Mimosa biuncifera.
Bese kuba namathafa okuwuhlaza oluhambisana nesikhathi sezimvula. Izimo zomhlaba zivuna ukugcwala kwesibalo sabantu njengoba kuyindawo ethulile futhi encomekayo kwezolimo. Usuku lokuqedwa kwenani labantu kusenkathini yangaphambili phakathi kweminyaka engu-2500 ngaphambi kukaKristu kanye nonyaka wama-200 ngemva kukaKristu.
Amadolobhana okuqala amiswa edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán ayesemithambekeni yamagquma, njengoba engxenyeni engenhla yamagquma kwakunenhlabathi efanelekayo yokulima, kodwa eminyakeni engu-200 ngemva kukaKristu kwaze kwaba unyaka wama-700 ngemva kukaKristu. Isibalo sabantu sikhule kakhulu ngaphansi kwesigodi, ngokusho kwabacwaningi ngoba bekuyindawo yoshintsho futhi bekuyindawo enelacustrine ye-Anahuac kanye nezigodi ezome kakhulu zeTulancingo ne-Mezquital, kube sobala ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Abacwaningi baphinde baqinisekise ukuthi ukukhanya, okuyinqubo yokuqoqwa kwenhlabathi, eyatholakala obumbani lweCerro San Lucas, kunokuncipha komswakama okuhambisana nokwanda kwabantu, kodwa ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán. imvelo ngokwezifundo ezenziwayo yayinomswakama futhi inesimo sezulu esipholile kunesimo sezulu samanje esenzeka namuhla.
Isiko lobuhlanga nezilimi lamaTeotihuacanos
Ngokophenyo olwenziwa ngochwepheshe kulolu daba, banqume ukuthi obani abantu abasungula idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán akwaziwa. Kodwa lapho abaseSpain befika eMesoamerica, idolobha laseTeotihuacán lase lishiywe isikhathi eside, yingakho kunezikhombo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezikhuluma ngedolobha lasendulo, futhi lezo ezikhona ziye zalondolozwa yimithombo yomlando kusukela eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kokunqotshwa. waseMexico.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi izikhombo zomlando esinazo akuzona ezezakhamuzi zedolobha laseTeotihuacán kodwa ezezakhamuzi zedolobha lase-Anáhuac, ezazihlale lapho kwaze kwawa idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán.
Izakhamuzi zomuzi wamaNahuatl zaqinisekisa ukuthi idolobha laseTeotihuacán laliyindawo lapho onkulunkulu babehlangana khona ukuze bakhiphe uNahui Ollin, okusho ilanga lesihlanu. Njengoba kushiwo ezinganekwaneni zomdabu zaseMexico, lapho abacwaningi benkathi yangaleso sikhathi beqondiswa khona. Yilokhu okubikezelwa yinkondlo yomdabu.
“Kusesebusuku,
Lapho lwalungekho usuku,
Lapho ukukhanya kungakabikho,
Bahlangana,
Onkulunkulu babiziwe
Laphaya eTeotihuacan.
Bathi,
Bakhulume bodwa:
Wozani lapha, o nkulunkulu!
Ubani ozozithwala
ngubani ozophatha
ukuthi kukhona usuku,
Ukuthi kukhona ukukhanya?
Kweminye imithombo yomlando yenkathi yamakoloni, amaNahua ayeqiniseka ukuthi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lakhiwa i-quinametzin, okwakuthiwa ezinganekwaneni zomdabu yayiyimidondoshiya eyadalwa phakathi nelanga elinemvula.
Lezi ziqhwaga zazigcwele umhlaba enkathini edlule futhi labo abasinda babengabantu abakhule kakhulu, yingakho amathempeli nemibhoshongo okwakukhona idolobha laseTeotihuacán, kukholakala ukuthi angamathuna alezi zidalwa ezasungula idolobha, Le ndawo. iyindawo engcwele lapho lapho befa baba onkulunkulu ngokwesiko laseTeotihuacan.
“Bayibiza ngokuthi iTeotihuacán, ngokuba kuyindawo lapho amakhosi ayengcwatshwa khona. Nokho, njengoba basho: Lapho sifa, asifi ngempela, ngoba siyaphila, siyavusa, siyaqhubeka siphila, siyavuka. Lokhu kuyasijabulisa bathi: UNkulunkulu wenziwa lapho, kusho ukuthi wafela khona”
Kodwa izakhamuzi zedolobha laseSahagún ziqinisekisa ukuthi obani abantu abasungula idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán babengazi, kodwa kunemibono eminingi yokuthi obani ngempela abasunguli bedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán babengama-Otomi, abantu bomdabu. ehlala isikhathi eside eSigodini saseMexico. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi bangabasunguli bedolobha kanye nesiko laseTeotihuacan.
Ezinye izazi-mlando ziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuba khona kwama-Otomian edolobheni kwakubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kubhekwa ukuthi isigaba esasibusa idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán kwakuyi-Ottoman. Ngokombono womcwaningi u-Wright Carr, kokubili izakhamuzi zomdabu kanye nezinye izakhamuzi zedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, ngaleso sikhathi kufanele ukuthi kwakuyi-proto Otomí-Mazahua, ngoba kwakuyindawo enabantu abaningi futhi ethandwa kakhulu ngabanye abantu base-Otomanguean futhi Izilimi zeTotonac.
Ekuhlaziyweni okwenziwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwezilimi, phakathi kwe-Otomi neMazahua, okwathi ngokwalokho okwenzeka ngesikhathi esiqongweni saseTeotihuacán futhi kunobufakazi bezilimi nemivubukulo, lapho kuthiwa ulimi olwakhulunywa ngabaseTeotihuacán lungase. kube yiMazahua, i-Otomí, iTotonac, iTepehua, iPopoloca, iMixtec noma iChocholteco. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi abantu ababehlala edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán bazoxhumana ngolimi lwesiNahuatl.
Abanye abantu abazongenela lesi siza njengabasunguli beqiniso bedolobha laseTeotihuacán abantu bomdabu baseTotonacos. Njengoba ababhali abaningi benkathi yamakholoni bamukela ukuthi ulimi lwesiNahuatl lwalusetshenziswa edolobheni kodwa ngokombono wesiko laseCoyotlatelco, elihlotshaniswa nokuphela kwedolobha laseTeotihuacan, kodwa baziveza ngolimi lwesiNahuatl.
Ngokunjalo, amaTotonac atholakala njengabantu abangaba abasunguli bedolobha kanye nesiko laseTeotihuacan. Yingakho ababhali abenza izifundo zesiko laseTeotihuacan, ngesikhathi sobukoloni, bathatha ubufakazi obuningi lapho kuqinisekiswa khona ukuthi amaTotonac yiwo akha idolobha laseTeotihuacán.
Ngokusho kwesazi solimi okuthiwa u-Lyle Campbell, kuhambisana nobufakazi bomlando obuthathwe ababhali benkathi yamakholoni. Njengoba ulimi lwamaTotonac lwalunikeza amagama amaningi ngolimi lwawo, kwamanye amaNdiya aseMesoamerican. Ikakhulukazi olimini lwesiNahuatl nesiMayan, lapho lolo limi lukhulunywa khona ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisempumalanga. Yingakho kuqiniseka kakhulu ukuthi labo abasungula idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán babekhuluma ulimi lwamaTotonac.
Umlando wedolobha laseTeotihuacan
Umlando ophenywe ngababhali bemilando futhi yiwona obhalwe phansi, ukuthi isiko laseTeotihuacan laline-apogee yalo enkulu ngesikhathi sakudala saseMesoamerica, esihambisana phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka le-II, III, IV, ngaphambi kukaKristu. Nokho, ukuqala kwedolobha kufanele kubekwe enkulungwaneni yokuqala yeminyaka ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu futhi itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico.
Itholakala eduze kosebe lweLake Texcoco enyakatho yezwe. Kungakho idolobha laba ngelinye lamakhono aphambili edolobha laseCuicuilco ngesikhathi seLate Preclassic. Kamuva, ngokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo i-Xitle eningizimu yesigodi, idolobha laseCuicuilco lawa futhi abantu bathuthela edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán futhi kwakhiwa amandla amakhulu ezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe, okwenza kube nesiko laseTeotihuacan.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezingakatholwa, idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lawa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, okwadala isikhathi se-Mesoamerican Epiclassic. Futhi ukwakhiwa okusele edolobheni kubangela izincazelo eziningi mayelana nokuba khona kwabantu bomdabu abahlukahlukene abaphila edolobheni lasendulo, kodwa okuyinhloko kwakungabantu baseNahuatl ngesikhathi se-postclassic. Konke ukwaziswa kwaqoqwa izithunywa zevangeli zaseNdiya kanye nesazi-mlando uBernardino de Sahagún.
Ukulandelana kwezikhathi kwedolobha laseTeotihuacán
Ukufeza ukulandelana kwezikhathi zesiko laseTeotihuacan, kuye kwahlongozwa uphenyo oluningana oluye lwenziwa ezintweni zakudala ze-ceramic ezitholakala edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, njengoba eziningi zalezi zinto zatholakala ekuvunjweni okuhlukene okuye kwenziwa idolobha. Isigaba ngasinye esiqhutshwayo sihlobene nemisebenzi yezandla yedolobha.
Inqubo eyenziwayo ikwazile ukwenza lula umsebenzi wokuqomisana nezinto zakudala ezitholakele. Njengoba izinto ze-ceramic edolobheni lasendulo ziningi kakhulu futhi endaweni lapho zitholakala khona zivame ukumelana nokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi zikhona kulo lonke isiko laseTeotihuacan.
Kodwa inqubo eyenziwa ngezinye izikhathi iba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba ayikuniki incazelo enembile yezimpawu zendlela into yobumba eyenziwe ngayo nokuthi inqunywa kanjani ngesikhathi. Ngesizathu sokuthi abacwaningi abaningi bagxile olwazini lwabo esikweni laseTeotihuacan, kukhona ukulandelana kwezikhathi okwenziwa idolobha lasendulo.
Kodwa owaziwa kakhulu futhi owamukelwa ochwepheshe nabacwaningi ukuthi umvubukuli uRené Millon nethimba lakhe, kodwa kukhona abanye abacwaningi abathi ukulandelana kwezikhathi zomvubukuli kufanele kube nembe kakhudlwana, njengoba abacwaningi uGeorge Cowgill no-Evelyn Rattray, bahlongoza ukuthi ukuwa idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nekhulu ngaphambi kokulandelana kwezikhathi okusikiselwe uRené Millon.
Isikhathi se-prehispanic
Ngokwesiko laseTeotihuacan kuqondwa njengenqubo ende futhi ehlukahlukene eyaqala ngokufika kwabantu bomdabu e-Anahuac, lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili edlule, ngalesi sikhathi izinto ezitholwe edolobheni laseTequixquiac zabhalwa, namuhla. Ingomunye womasipala abangu-125 baseMexico, ngemuva kokuvundululwa okwenziwe emadolobheni iTocuila neTlapacoya.
Edolobheni laseTlapacoya, kwatholakala amadiphozithi lapho kwakunogebhezi lwekhanda labantu ababili nezinsalela zezilwane ezihlukahlukene kanye namathuluzi amaningi amatshe. Bafunda nokufuya izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo okwakusekelwe kuzo imithombo yazo eyinhloko yokudla, lokhu kutholakala enkulungwaneni yesikhombisa ngaphambi kokuba kuqale inkathi yobuKristu.
Ezolimo endaweni zavuna abantu bomdabu inqubo yokuhlalisa abantu futhi osebeni lomfula osempumalanga yeLake Chalco kwasungulwa idolobha okumanje liyindawo ebizwa ngokuthi iZohapilco. Okabani isigaba sokuqala esasingase senziwa eminyakeni engu-5500 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu kuze kufike ku-3500 BC. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu bomdabu ababegcwele idolobha laseZohapilco base besebenzisa amathuluzi okulima nezitsha zokucubungula okusanhlamvu ababekuhlwanyele ngokwabo namathuluzi okuzingela.
Ngonyaka ka-2000 ngaphambi kukaKristu, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zobumba kwaqala, kodwa ezolimo zaba yiphuzu lokuqala lomnotho wabantu bomdabu ababehlala eSigodini saseMexico, njengoba lalinikeza umthombo ovikelekile wokudla futhi yazinza ngasemachibini e-Anahuac lapho kwakunamadolobhana amaningi futhi lokhu kwaba nzima kakhulu ngenxa yezigaba ezahlukene zomphakathi ezazivela.
Phakathi nenkathi ye-Middle Preclassic, eyayiphakathi kweminyaka engu-1200 no-400 BC, lapho zonke izigodi zafinyelela khona ithonya elikhulu, njengaleyo enezikhulu eziphezulu, okuyiTlatilco, Copilco neCuicuilco. Zonke lezi zigodi zenza inhlanganisela phakathi kwezolimo kanye nezinsiza zasolwandle ababenazo futhi kwaba khona ingxube phakathi kwamasiko ahlukahlukene ngenxa yogqozi lwabantu base-Olmec namanye amasiko avela entshonalanga yezwe.
Idolobhana lendabuko laseCuicuilco laliyisikhungo esiyinhloko sezomnotho, ezombusazwe namasiko eSigodini saseMexico ngonyaka wama-600 BC, ngesikhathi salo sinethonya elikhulu lalinabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-22, kodwa olunye uphenyo lwathola ukuthi idolobha Lalinabantu abangaphezu kuka-40. izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi. Kwakuyindawo yokuqala lapho kwakhiwa khona amaphiramidi okuqala aseMesoamerica futhi ayekhulekela uNkulunkulu woMlilo, njengoba ayeseduze kakhulu nezintaba-mlilo zaseXitle.
Ngonyaka we-100 BC, enye yezintaba-mlilo egqumeni i-Xitle yaqhuma futhi yangcwaba idolobhana laseCopilco kanye nengxenye yedolobhana laseCuicuilco ngodaka. Kodwa kunezindaba ezimbalwa mayelana nokuthi abantu baseCuicuilco kwadingeka baphile ngani, futhi abacwaningi abaningi bayaqinisekisa ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekusungulweni kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán kanye nesiko laseTeotihuacan. Ngenxa yalokho okwenzeka endaweni yakubo nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
Kodwa ukufuduka okwenzeka kuleli dolobha kwakungaphambi kokuba intaba-mlilo iXitle ikhiphe lolu daka.Abacwaningi abaningi baye baqinisekisa ukuthi idolobha laseCuicuilco laliyimbangi yedolobha lasendulo iTeotihuacan. Kodwa lo muzi nawo wawunyamalala futhi akwaziwa ukuthi kungani, kodwa kuthiwa wehla phakathi neminyaka engu-200 ngaphambi kukaKristu nonyaka ka-200 ngemva kukaKristu.
Indawo yokuqala edolobheni laseTeotihuacán
Alukho ulwazi oluningi olunembayo ngendawo yokuqala lapho idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán likhona, kodwa konke kuqala enkathini ye-Middle Preclassic, lapho iqembu lamadolobhana endabuko azinikele kwezolimo futhi athuthukiswa esigodini sase-Teotihuacán. amadolobhana ase-Terremote Tlaltenco, e-Tlatilco naseCuicuilco. Futhi izigaba zayo zokuthuthuka zazixhunywe eCuanalan naseTezoyuca phakathi kweminyaka engu-500 ngaphambi kukaKristu kanye neminyaka eyi-100 ngemva kukaKristu.
Esigabeni sokuthuthuka saseCuanalan yilapho kusungulwa khona amadolobhana okuqala esigodini saseTeotihuacan njengoba sisebenzisa izimo zensimu nesimo sezulu okufanele siqale ukulima, ezinye izigodi zihlala eduze nemizila yelacustrine ukuze zisizakale. izinzuzo zemifula neziphethu. Enyakatho yesigodi saseTeotihuacán, izindawo zokuhlala ezindala kakhulu zenziwa esigodini saseSierra de Patlachique.
Ngokweminye imibono eqokonyiswa abavubukuli lapho beqagela ukuthi kulezo zindawo zokuqala zokuhlala zingavela kubantu bomdabu base-Otomi noma basePopoloca. Kodwa abukho ubufakazi obuqinisekisayo noma obuqinisekisayo ukuthi laba kwakuyizakhamuzi zedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán.
Esigabeni esaziwa ngokuthi i-Tezoyuca, bekunephethini yezigaba ezinhlanu zokuhlala okuthi, ngokophenyo olwenziwe, kwakuyimisebenzi yokuzivikela njengoba amadiphozithi ahambisana naleso sikhathi athonywa isiko le-Chupícuaro elalikhula e-Bajío ngaleso sikhathi. isikhathi, isimo sezulu.
Eyafika ngonyaka we-100 ngaphambi kukaKristu, kwakhiwa izindawo zokuhlala ezimbili kamuva ezazizoba idolobha elikhulu laseTeotihuacán.Kwenye yezindawo zokuhlala, okuhambisana nendawo okwakuqhutshwa kuyo imikhosi yedolobha laseTeotihuacán emgwaqweni wabafileyo. Esigabeni esibizwa nge-Patlachique, kulinganiselwa ukuthi bekunesibalo sabantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu futhi kubeka idolobha laseTeotihuacán eline-rebound ebalulekile esigabeni esilandelayo.
Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukwanda kwenani labantu edolobheni laseTeotihuacán kungenxa yakho konke okwakwenzeka edolobhaneni laseCuicuilco, lapho abantu abaningi bomdabu babelishiya khona ngenxa yezinkinga zesimo sezulu endaweni. Nakuba indawo yedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán yayisemasu ukuze ithandeke ezolimo futhi iqinisekise ukutholakala kokudla kulo lonke idolobha.
Izindawo zesigodi ezitholwe zineziphethu ezifana neSierra Patlachique kanye neCerro Gordo zikhombisa inani labantu abaningi njengoba izimo bezingcono kakhulu kwezolimo ezinomthelela omkhulu futhi kunemibono eminingana lapho i-elite yesifunda itholakala kulezo zindawo zokuhlala. . Futhi ngokwakha isiko Teotihuacan.
Inqubo eyenziwa ukuklama ukuhlelwa kwedolobha eyaholela ekusekelweni kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán yathola umnikelo omkhulu wamasiko kubantu baseCuicuilca, ngoba babengabanikazi benhlangano yezenhlalakahle enzima kakhulu kodwa ehlelwe kahle eyaqinisa amandla omphakathi. isakhiwo senhlangano yedolobha Idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacan. Elinye iphuzu elivuna leli dolobha ukuthi indawo elanikezwa yona yenza kwaba lula ukufinyelela izinsiza zamasu ezazikhona kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica.
Ngaleso sikhathi, kwavela ithuba lokusebenzisa imali ye-obsidian e-Otumba naseSierra de las Navajas, ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo eminingi eyakhishwa eLake Texcoco. Kanye namanzi avela eziphethwini zegquma i-Pa Tlachiques kanye nokulawula okwenziwa emizileni yezohwebo yangaleso sikhathi eyayikhona phakathi kwe-Anahuac nogu lweGulf of Mexico.
Wonke lawa maphuzu ayizici ezibalulekile futhi enza isimo esaholela idolobha laseTeotihuacán edolobheni elikhulu futhi lakha iphrojekthi yezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle, ngaleyo ndlela eqaphela isiko laseTeotihuacan futhi enze elinye lamadolobha anamandla kakhulu emlandweni weMesoamerica.
Esigabeni esilandelayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Patlachique, isikhungo sasemadolobheni saseTeotihuacán sesivele sihlanganisiwe, futhi idolobha elidala labhekana nenani elikhulu lezifiki okulinganiselwa ukuthi zifike endaweni yaseMexico enabantu bomdabu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Kulapho abangu-25 babehlala khona edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán futhi iningi labantu lalingabedolobha laseCuicuilco elalifike ngenxa yokwehla nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo.
Isibalo sabantu esasiseduze nethafa le-alluvial yeChibi i-Xochimilco, sasinedolobha lasendulo i-Teotihuacán njengezimbangi zaso ezinkulu zezombangazwe njengoba zaziphethe umfula waseMexico. Futhi kukhona okucatshangelwayo ukuthi kwakukhona impi kanye nokubhekana ngezikhali kwempahla eluhlaza ye-ceramics ye-Tezoyuca eyatholwa esiqongweni samagquma edolobha laseTeotihuacán, ngale ndlela idolobha linendima enkulu yezombangazwe namasiko.
Ngale ndlela iheha inani elikhulu labantu bomdabu ekhona ngaleyo ndlela yandise inani labantu bayo kakhulu. Yize kunomqondo wokuthi idolobha laseCuicuilco selifike esiphethweni ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentabamlilo iXitle okuthiwa yagcwala isigodi sonke ngodaka kodwa sebekuqinisekisile ukuthi leli dolobha lashabalala ngenxa yezigameko ezibaluliwe. ngenhla.
Ukuqala kwedolobha laseTeotihuacán
Ukuze uqhubeke nokubhala phansi isiko laseTeotihuacan, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuqala kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, njengoba ngonyaka we-100 BC idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán laligxilise inani elikhulu labantu bomdabu cishe kuso sonke isigodi sase-Anahuac. ukuthi, abantu bomdabu ababesuka edolobheni laseCuicuilco ukuze balisuse futhi babheke indawo yokuhlala entsha edolobheni laseTeotihuacán.
Kwakukhona esinye isigaba esibizwa ngokuthi i-Tzacualli de Teotihuacan esenzeka phakathi neminyaka eyi-1 ne-150 ngemva kukaKristu, kulesi sigaba izisekelo zokuhlela idolobha ziyasungulwa futhi yilesi sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa khona amaphuzu amaningi amasiko. I-Teotihuacan, ngaleso sikhathi baqala ukwakha izakhiwo edolobheni laseTeotihuacán eziklanywe ukuzungeza izimbazo ezimbili, i-eksisi esenyakatho eseningizimu ehamba futhi yakha iCalzada de los muertos, okuyinto esigabeni saseTzacualli esivele ihlelwe kahle .
Nokho, ngokwezezwe itholakala kuma-degrees 15° 28' ebheke empumalanga maqondana nendawo esenyakatho nempumalanga nentshonalanga eyayihlelwe ngokuhamba koMfula iSan Juan, okwadingeka ukuthi inkambo yayo iphambukiswe ukuze ihambisane nomfula. isimo sendawo 16° 30' eningizimu yempumalanga. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakwakhiwa isigaba sokuqala sePyramid of the Moon, futhi iplaza yalesi sakhiwo esikhulu esiphawula umkhawulo osenyakatho womgwaqo wabafileyo nayo yayihlelwe kahle.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcizelela umzamo owenziwayo wokwakha iPyramid of the Sun ngesiko laseTeotihuacan, njengoba yakhiwe cishe ngesiteji esisodwa esibhalwe kulesi sigaba esibizwa ngokuthi iTzacualli, phakathi naleso sigaba isikhungo sedolobha imakwe yilo kwakhiwa okwakungumfanekiso wentaba yesondlo futhi yakhiwe yi- ekseni emhlabeni ngokwalokho okulotshwe ngesiko laseTeotihuacan.
Umsamo wePyramid of the Sun kungenzeka ukuthi wakhiwe ekupheleni kwesigaba seMiccaotli. Ngokomsebenzi owenziwe uRené Millon, esigabeni saseTzacualli inani labantu bedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán laliyizakhamuzi zomdabu ezilinganiselwa ku-30, endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-17, ngesikhathi sesigaba esishiwo ngenhla.
Kungakho kungangabazeki ukuthi idolobha lasendulo iTeotihuacán laliyidolobha elimaphakathi neMexico futhi lalingafaniswa kuphela namadolobha aseMonte Albán asezingodini ezimaphakathi ne-Oaxaca kanye nedolobha laseCholula elitholakala esigodini saseTlaxcalteca ePuebla, Uphenyo lwemivubukulo oluye lwenziwa kuleli dolobha lasendulo luthole izinsalela eziningi zezitsha zobumba eziyimbudumbudu, okuwumfundaze owatholwa emaphoyiseni aseMorelos nasenkabeni yesifunda saseGuerrero.
Lokhu kuholela abacwaningi ukuthi bacabange ukuthi edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lalinobudlelwano bezentengiselwano nezindawo ezihlukene zaseMesoamerica nokuthi zazisebenza lapho iLate Preclassic iqala. Phakathi kweminyaka engu-150 no-250 ngemva kukaKristu, ihambisana nesigaba seMiccaotli. Kulesi sigaba libizwa ngaleli gama ngenxa yokuthi amaNahua akhetha iCalzada de los Muertos, ngale ndlela leli dolobha lihlanganiswa njengelinye lamadolobha agcwele abantu abaningi enkabeni yeMexico.
Maphakathi nedolobha lasendulo iTeotihuacán baqhubekela eNingizimu befika ekwakhiweni kwenqaba, okuyindawo ebiyelwe efana nse nePyramid of the Sun lapho intaba yokuqala engcwele yayimelwe khona. I-citadel yakhiwe ngamathempeli ayishumi nantathu asakazwa eduze kwesikwele esikhulu lapho iphiramidi yeNyoka Enezimpiko ikhona.
Iqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu ngoMbhoshongo Wenyoka Enezimpiko, ukuthi kwenziwa imihlatshelo eminingana enabantu abangaphezu kwekhulu futhi yangcwatshwa njengeqembu ngamaqembu ahlukahlukene emizimba emi-4, 8, 18 kanye nengama-20, kanye nezinye izidumbu ezangcwatshwa zodwa. ekhoneni ngalinye lezisekelo zesakhiwo, kukhona nezingane eziningana ezanikelwa futhi zatholwa umvubukuli uLeopoldo Batres endaweni ngayinye yezinga ngalinye lesiteji.
Ngendlela efanayo kakhulu nokwakhiwa kwenqaba, idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lahlelwa ngamaquadrants amane, njengoba kwakunjalo ngokwakhiwa kwemigudu yaseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, yomibili eyakha i-eksisi ecishe ifane neCalzada de los Muertos, kusukela lapho. basuka esigodlweni bebheke endaweni ngayinye futhi baphawule ukuhlukaniswa kwequadrant ngayinye yedolobha.
Esigabeni seMiccaotli, uMbhoshongo Wenyanga wanwetshwa kabili, owokuqala phakathi kweminyaka engu-150 no-200 ngemva kukaKristu kanti omunye ngonyaka ka-225. Umvubukuli uRené Millon ophenyweni lwakhe wakwazi ukubala ukuthi inani labantu basedolobheni lase- I-Teotihuacán yayingafinyelela izakhamuzi ezingu-45 esigabeni saseMiccaotli, futhi idolobha linendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-22,5, ubukhulu obukhulu kunawo wonke elalinawo emlandweni walo wonke.
Nakuba inani labantu lalilokhu likhula kuzo zonke izigaba, ukwakhiwa okukhulu okwakwenziwa ngaleso sikhathi kuveza ukuthi leli dolobha laliyisikhungo esikhulu sezombangazwe namasiko saseTeotihuacan futhi libaluleke kakhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica yingakho laheha abantu abaningi bomdabu. abavela kwezinye izifunda zaseMexico futhi icala elibaluleke kakhulu kwaba ngelamaZapotec ahlala eTlailotlacan ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka.
Ukuchuma kwedolobha laseTeotihuacán
Ngonyaka wama-250 ngemva kukaKristu, isigaba se-Tlamimilolpa siqala, futhi bathatha lelo gama emaphethelweni edolobha laseTeotihuacán. Phakathi nesigaba samanje edolobheni laseTeotihuacán, amandla esifunda ahlanganisiwe futhi anethonya elikhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica. Iphiramidi iNyanga ikhulisa kabili kulesi sigaba. Isigaba sesihlanu sokwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo sasicishe sibe unyaka wama-300 ngemva kukaKristu.
Isigaba sesithupha sokwakha siphakathi kweminyaka engama-0 no-350 emva kukaKristu. Ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwenziwa kuzo zonke izigaba ezedlule, kwenziwa imihlatshelo eminingi yabantu
Ukunwetshwa kwabantu kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán kwakuhlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile kakhulu ezindlini eziningana zezindlu, njengoba lo mkhuba wawuwenziwe ezigabeni ezedlule futhi walungiswa ohlelweni lwedolobha ledolobha ngokuphathelene nezimbazo zalo ezimbili. Izindlu eziningana ezindala ezifana ne- iwindi zandiswa futhi zanikezwa izindawo zokwenza imisebenzi yomphakathi.
Kwakhiwe amakamelo amasha, kodwa okubi wukuthi ubuso bedolobha buyancipha ngesikhathi sesiteji njengoba buhlala endaweni engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingu-20, amakhilomitha-skwele amabili ngaphansi kwesigaba sangaphambilini kodwa inani labantu basedolobheni lenyuka ngokwezibalo ukuthi URené Milon wenza lapho ayengakwazi ukufinyelela khona izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-65 zedolobha.
Ophenyweni lwemivubukulo olwenziwa esigabeni se-Tlamimilolpa, izinto zokuvubukula ezenziwe nge-ceramic zatholwa i-Orange Thin iyi-ceramic yokusabalalisa okukhulu eMesoamerica kodwa iwuphawu lwesiko laseTeotihuacan, kulesi sigaba amaphesenti angu-6 wezinto zobumba bese kuba iyanda kuzo zonke izigaba ezilandelayo, le-ceramic ibaluleke kakhulu kumadiphozithi futhi ithathwa njengenkomba exhumanisa lonke isiko laseTeotihuacan neMexico.
Kodwa izitsha zobumba ziwumkhiqizo wangaphandle okungewona owesiko laseTeotihuacan, njengoba kushiwo umcwaningi uCarmen Cook, owayeyisikhungo esikhulu sokukhiqiza i-ceramic e-Puebla. U-Rattray uyavumelana nalolu cwaningo futhi wengeza ukuthi esifundeni saseTepexi de Rodríguez, Lesi siko lachuma njengoba ligcina ubudlelwano obuqinile nedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán kodwa alizange libe ngaphansi kwedolobha.
Ubuhlobo idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán ababenalo nazo zonke izifunda zase-Mesoamerica zahlukahluka phakathi nesigaba se-Tlamimilolpa, njengoba kuboniswe ebufakazini bemivubukulo obutholakele. Emngcwabeni wenombolo yesihlanu yephiramidi yeNyanga eyanikelwa ekukhumbuleni ukuphela komsebenzi, izihloko ezintathu eziyinhloko zokungcwaba zabekwa endaweni yembali ye-lotus.
Okunye okuhambisana nabo kwakunezitsha ze-jade ezazalelwa eMotagua River Valley. Isikhundla okwatholakala kuso izinsalela zomuntu sifana nalokho okwenziwa lapho kungcwatshwa izicukuthwane eKaminaljuyú (Guatemala). Lokhu kutholakala kunomthelela omkhulu wokwakha ukuthi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán laba nokuchuma kwalo okukhulu olwazini lwamaMaya njengoba kwakunjalo nedolobha laseTikal neKaminaljuyú uqobo.
Izingcezu eziningana zamaMayan nazo zatholwa endaweni ye-Tlamimilolpa yaseTeotihuacán, ngaphezu kwalokho eziningi ze-ceramics ezatholakala zaziwuhlobo lwe-Tzakol futhi zinezici eziningi neminye imisebenzi kusukela ubukhona bamaMaya edolobheni laseTeotihuacán lwengezwe okufanayo nalokhu amaZapotec esigabeni seMiccaotli.
Ukunqotshwa kwedolobha laseTikal
Ngonyaka wama-378 ngemva kukaKristu, ngenyanga kaJanuwari, idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lalibuswa umlingiswa ogama lakhe lingu-Atlatl Cauac, elihunyushwe ngesiSpanishi lisho uMjikijeli wezikhova futhi wayengumbusi wedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, iqhawe laseTeotihuacan uSiyah. U-K'ak' (Umlilo Uzalwa) "wanqoba" idolobha laseTikal.
Abakwenza kwakuwukususa futhi esikhundleni senkosi yaseMaya eyaqondisa idolobha laseTikal, ngokusekelwa idolobha lasePeru, namuhla eliyindawo yokuvubukula yesiko lamaMaya eliseduze kakhulu nomfula iSan Pedro emfuleni. Umnyango wePetén eGuatemala.
Iphinde yaba neqhaza labahlali bedolobha laseNaachtún, okuphinde kube yindawo yokuvubukula yesiko lamaMayan, sonke lesi sigameko saqoshwa kuStela 31 saseTikal nezinye izikhumbuzo zesifunda saseMayan.
Ukunqotshwa kwedolobha laseCopán neQuiriguá
Ngonyaka wama-426 ngemva kukaKristu, omunye wabasunguli bohlanga lwamakhosi akwaYax Kuk Mo olwabusa idolobha laseMayan laseCopán cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amane, lokhu kwabhalwa ezweni manje eliyiHonduras, njengoba kuchazwe e-altare Q laseCopan.
Itholakala esigabeni se-Xolalpan, esisuka onyakeni wama-450 kuya ku-650 ngemva kukaKristu. Kulesi sigaba, idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán linethonya elikhulu kuso sonke isifunda saseMesoamerica, njengoba konke okwenziwa edolobheni kunemiphumela kwezinye. futhi ngaleyo ndlela isiko laseTeotihuacan liyakhuthazwa, ngaphezu kokuba indaba okuxoxwa ngayo phakathi kwamanye amadolobha omdabu.
Abacwaningi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi ukwanda kwesiko laseTeotihuacan kwakuwumkhiqizo wokuthengiselana kwezentengiselwano, yingakho ichaza ukuthi ubumba lwe-Thin Orange lwatholakala kanjani ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseMesoamerica, abanye abacwaningi banombono wokuthi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lalikhona. izwe elinamandla amakhulu ezempi futhi idolobha laba nokwanda okukhulu ngezikhali.
Kodwa abacwaningi bavumile ukuthi umthelela wesiko laseTeotihuacan wawungenxa yezinto eziningi, phakathi kwazo okuhlanganisa ukuhweba, izikhali kanye nemifelandawonye yezombangazwe okwenzeka kulezo zigaba, njengoba kwakukhona iminyaka yentuthuko enkulu ekwakhiweni kwedolobha. inkulumo kanye nokwakheka kweCalzada de los Muertos, njengoba kungabonwa namuhla njengendawo yemivubukulo. Ihambisana nesiteji sikaXolalpan.
Izakhiwo zedolobha zinezinkomba zokuhlomula kwezomnotho namasiko edolobha, njengoba amacala omakhelwane abhalwe kahle ngokumbiwa kwemivubukulo ayabonwa, ikakhulukazi edolobheni laseTeopancazco, ngoba izakhamizi zaleli dolobha izinga eliphezulu kunasesigabeni esedlule. Njengoba idolobha lalihlelwe ngamabhulokhi ezindlu kanye nemizila emincane futhi bekungaba nenani labantu bomdabu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-85.
Le datha ingumphumela wocwaningo olwenziwa uRené Millon, kodwa ezinye izazi-mlando zithi abantu bomdabu abangaphezu kuka-300 babehlala kulelo dolobha, kodwa kunoma yikuphi kungaphikiswana ngokuthi ngaleso sikhathi idolobha lakwazi ukufinyelela esiqongweni salo esiphakeme kakhulu. ukuminyana kwabantu nokuzihlanganisa njengedolobha elinezikhundla eziphezulu kakhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica futhi elingelinye elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi.
Idolobha laseTeotihuacán lalinesimiso esikhulu sokukhucululwa kwendle nepayipi elivumela ukuthi wonke amanzi angcolile edolobha akhishwe. Isiko laseTeotihuacan nalo laqokonyiswa ngalesi sikhathi ngobuciko, esigabeni sikaXolalpan kuye kwatholakala izinto eziningi ezimele ezinjengama-braceros, ezinye izingcezu lapho ukubunjwa okuqondile kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kwenziwa khona, kwakukhona nemidwebo yasemuva yeTepantitla, lezo I-Atetelco kanye nodonga lwamaJaguars esigodlweni saseQuetzalpapálotl kuhambisana nalesi sigaba.
Ukwehla kwedolobha laseTeotihuacán
Esigabeni se-Metepec esiqala cishe ngonyaka wama-650 BC, ngokocwaningo olwenziwa u-René Millon, idolobha linezakhamuzi ezibalelwa ku-75, ezimele ukulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angu-25 uma kuqhathaniswa nesigaba sangaphambilini okuthiwa i-Xolalpan. Ngalokhu kwehla kwezibalo zabantu, idolobha laseTeotihuacán laba nelungelo lokuba idolobha elinethonya elikhulu kuzo zonke izifunda zaseMesoamerica. Umsebenzi wezokwakha uthonya kakhulu isiko laseTeotihuacan elisabalala kuzo zonke izifunda.
Kodwa kulesi sigaba umsebenzi wokwakha ukhubazekile, nakuba okuwukuphela kwesakhiwo esasingase siqedwe ngokuphelele kwakuyisiteji esisekela uMbhoshongo Wenyoka Enezimpiko. Isiteji sakhelwe ukufihla isakhiwo esasiyisikhungo esikhulu sokunakwa edolobheni futhi siwuphawu lwamandla edolobha laseTeotihuacán.
Yingakho izakhamuzi zedolobha phakathi nalesi sigaba zingakwazi ukuvakashela iThempeli Lenyoka Enezimpiko, okwamanje elingabonakala endaweni yokuvubukula, ngoba i-façade yayo kwadingeka ihlengwe ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngokusho kophenyo olwenziwa nguRené Milon, eCitadel izakhiwo ezazikhona zazizungeze i-Causeway of the Dead lapho kwakuyinto yokucekelwa phansi okuhlelekile ngabakhileyo bedolobha, bafinyelela kulokhu okulandelayo beqinisekisa umphenyi.
“Isikhungo asizange sishiswe wumlilo omkhulu. Amathempeli nezakhiwo zomphakathi azizange nje zicekelwe phansi, kodwa zadilizwa, zashiswa, zaba yimvithi kaningi nhlangothi zombili zomgwaqo isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhilomitha […] Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi labo abaqala lolu hlelo babefuna ukuqiniseka ukuthi awekho amandla. noma awekho amandla esifunda saseTeotihuacan azozalwa kabusha kulawo manxiwa”
Khona-ke esigabeni se-Oxtotipac esiphakathi kweminyaka engu-750 no-850 ngemva kukaKristu, inani labantu eliphila edolobheni laseTeotihuacán liyancipha kakhulu njengoba kunokufuduka okukhulu kwezakhamuzi, uRené Millon ophenyweni lwakhe wenza izibalo kulesi sigaba. lapho indawo yasemadolobheni yayihlala abantu abayizinkulungwane ezi-5 kanti ezinye izingxenye zedolobha zahlala zinabantu, phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu ezasala zinabantu abaningi kwakuyiDolobha Elidala kanye nezindawo ezazihlala abantu abaphezulu bedolobha.
Nakuba lo msebenzi wedolobha uhlobene eduze nesiko laseCoyotlatelco, kanye nokuvela kwe-ceramics enegama elifanayo, nakuba abacwaningi bezwakalise ukuthi isiko lingaphandle, umkhiqizo wabo bonke abantu abafudukayo abaye bavela kusiko iTeotihuacan, kodwa abanye abacwaningi baye bathi kuwukubonakaliswa kwamaqembu angaphandle kwedolobha ayengenalo ulwazi lwesiko laseTeotihuacan.
Ukuze kuchazwe icala lokuwohloka kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, kuye kwenziwa imibono eminingana, kodwa leyo abacwaningi abanembile kakhulu yileyo eyenzeka ngekhulu lesikhombisa lapho kuba nesomiso esikhulu enyakatho yayo yonke iMesoamerica futhi lokhu kubangele ukufuduka kwabantu bomdabu eningizimu yeMesoamerica, njengoba isomiso sithinte zonke ezolimo edolobheni kanye nesifunda, futhi sabangela ukugcinwa okungenakugwemeka kwenani labantu.
Kodwa-ke, umvubukuli uMcClung de Tapia nabahlanganyeli bakhe baye babika ukuthi le mibono ayinayo inkomba lapho ingakwazi ukugcinwa khona, njengoba ngesikhathi sokuncipha kwedolobha kwakungenzeka ukuthi kubonakale ukuthi umswakama uyanda edolobheni lonke, njengoba ngesikhathi lapho idolobha laseTeotihuacán laqala ukwehla, amanye amadolobha aseMesoamerica aqala ukuchuma njengoba abaningi base bemukele isiko laseTeotihuacan.
Lokhu kungaba yisici esibe nomthelela ekwehleni kwedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacan, amanye amadolobha akha umqhele maqondana nedolobha laseTeotihuacán ayenamaphuzu amaqhinga emigwaqweni ebaluleke kakhulu yezohwebo esifundeni saseMesoamerican. Njengoba kwakunjalo iXochicalco esigodini saseMorelos, iTeotenango esigodini saseToluca, iCacaxtla esigodini saseTlaxcala, iCantona empumalanga ne-El Tajín edlula eLa Huasteca; yonke le mizi yabona ukuchuma ngenkathi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lawa.
Kunabacwaningi abaningi abaqinisekisayo ukuthi ngala mandla esifunda amasha bagcina beklinya idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán baze baliphuca yonke indlela yokuhweba.
Ukufuduka okwenzeka ngemva kokuwa
Njengamanje kusenezinkulumo mpikiswano mayelana nemvelaphi yamaqembu abephethe izitsha zobumba zakwaCoyotlatelco, kodwa abacwaningi basaphikisana ngokuthi ukuvela kwalawa maqembu kuhlobene kakhulu nokuwohloka kwedolobha, nesimo esibucayi saleli dolobha sihambisana nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. zenzeka futhi zashiywa ezaqala ngonyaka wama-500 ngemva kukaKristu.
Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa ngobufakazi bemivubukulo obutholakala enyakatho yesifunda saseMorelos, lapho ukuba khona kwabahlali baseTeotihuacan abahlangana nezifiki zendawo futhi balahlekelwa isiko labo laseTeotihuacan kwanqunywa, njengesu lokusinda ekucindezelweni okuhlushwa yidolobha laseTeotihuacan.
Ukuhlakazeka kweTeotihuacan okwasungulwa ezindaweni ezihlukene kude nedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, lokhu kwaqinisekiswa phakathi nesigaba seMetepec esasiphakathi kweminyaka engama-550 no-650 ngemva kukaKristu.
Ngalesi sikhathi idolobha laseTeotihuacán njengedolobha elikhulu lalibusa enyakatho yesigodi saseMexico, kodwa amadolobha ayeseningizimu yeMesoamerica nalawo ayengasentshonalanga ayengahlangani nethonya ledolobha, njengoba kukhona. uphenyo lapho kugqama khona ukuthi akuzange kuthinteke nezinye izinto ezivela kwamanye amadolobha ahambisana nalezo zindlela.
Ngale ndlela, empumalanga ye-Anahuac, enyakatho yeSifundazwe SaseMorelos nasesigodini saseTlaxcala nasesigodini saseToluca, kwadingeka bathole inqwaba yabantu baseTeotihuacan ngemva kokulahlwa kwedolobha, lapho amaqembu abathwali bedolobha. isiko laseTeotihuacan lalisendaweni.
Phakathi kwe-Azcapotzalco ne-Ecatepec kukhona abantu abambalwa abasebenzisa lolu hlobo lwe-ceramic lapho kusetshenziswa izinto eziseSigodini sase-Toluca, kukhona futhi elinye iqembu lezifiki zendabuko ezazisendaweni yase-Chalco-Xochimilco. Futhi iqembu lesithathu nelikhulu kunawo wonke elaligxile ePortezuela elahlala enkathini ye-Epiclassic phakathi kuka-650 no-950 ngemva kukaKristu.
Iqembu lokugcina leCoyotlatelco lihambisana naleli elahlala edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán futhi lakwazi ukuthatha izakhiwo ezilahliwe nezicekeleke phansi okwakuyiTula, Cacaxtla, Cholula neXochitécatl njengoba kwakungamaphuzu abalulekile ayengaphandle kwedolobha laseTeotihuacán futhi eduze kakhulu. umcengezi waseMexico, kodwa izinto ezenziwe ngezitsha zobumba ze-Coyotlatelco nazo zatholakala lapho, nakuba ngezinga elincane.
I-Urbanism yedolobha laseTeotihuacán
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi lapho idolobha laseTeotihuacán liqala ukuhlelwa, iphrojekthi yasemadolobheni eyakhiwe kahle yayiqhutshwa eduze kwezimbazo ezimbili ze-axial, iCalzada de los Muertos, eyayiphakathi kwezimbazo ezisenyakatho-eningizimu, ngenkathi iqhubeka. omunye umzila owaqala eCitadel futhi wawuphakathi kwezimbazo zasempumalanga nasentshonalanga.
Ngakho-ke, umfula iSan Juan kwadingeka ukuthi uphambukise indlela yawo yemvelo ukuze weqe iCalzada de los Muertos perpendicularly. Ngalezi zimbazo ezimbili eziyinhloko, kwadwetshwa igridi eyayisebenza njengesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezihlukene zokuhlala namathempeli, ngaphezu kwamaphiramidi.
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha laseTeotihuacán kwathola uhlobo oluvelele cishe ngekhulu lesithathu emva kukaKristu, lapho isigaba sesine sedolobha sase sakhiwe, okwakuyiphiramidi yeNyanga, iCitadel kanye nephiramidi yeLanga. yahlelwa eCalzada de los Muertos kwathi e-Avenida Este nase-Oeste yachazwa esigabeni segama le-Tzacualli, esisukela cishe ku-1 kuya ku-150 AD. c.
I-Calzada de los Muertos iwumgwaqo omkhulu onqamula idolobha futhi uqala ePlaza phambi kwePyramid of the Moon futhi uqhubeke amakhilomitha amabili ukuya eningizimu eduze nezinsalela zezakhiwo zokuhlala ezibizwa ngokuthi iTeopancazco. I-avenue iqonde phakathi kuka-15º kanye no-30' ngokuphathelene nenyakatho yezinkanyezi.
Kodwa lokhu kuchezuka kuyefana nalokho okubonakala kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezakhiwe edolobheni laseTeotihuacán, emgwaqweni omkhulu kunezakhiwo ezibalulekile zokuhlala nezikhumbuzo zedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, imisebenzi eyinhloko yenkolo nayo yenziwa futhi umgwaqo wabafileyo kwakuyiphiramidi yeLanga eduze kwethempeli lezilwane zezinganekwane kanye nethempeli laseQuetzalcóatl.
Inhliziyo yedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán yayakhiwe izakhiwo ezishiwo ngenhla nezinye ezazinikezelwe ekukhulekeleni futhi eduze kakhulu nezakhiwo kwakuyizindawo zokuhlala eziphakeme zedolobha, njengesigodlo saseQuetzalpapálotl kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlala ezivela eYayahuala, Tetitla, Xala and Zacuala.
Izindawo ezingomakhelwane ezaziyisizinda esiphansi kakhulu sedolobha zahlelwa endaweni emaphakathi yedolobha futhi zakhiwe ngabasebenzi bezolimo nezingcweti zezandla, kanye nabathengisi nabangaphandle, ngokusho kwedatha yocwaningo oluhlukile olwenziwe. .
Idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacan lalinamagumbi okuhlala angaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwalo okukhulu futhi lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kwekhulu lesi-20 nelesi-25 ngemva kukaKristu, njengoba izakhiwo zazihlale zandiswa ngenkathi zilungiswa kabusha ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zabantu. idolobha lafinyelela ku-30 km-skwele esigabeni se-Tzacualli, futhi inani labantu lafinyelela ku-XNUMX kuya ku-XNUMX izakhamuzi.
Kodwa kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi idolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán lalinohlelo olukhulu lwezinsizakalo zasemadolobheni ezithuthuke kakhulu lapho ukuphathwa kwamanzi kokubili ukusetshenziswa komuntu nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi angcolile kugqama, njengoba lalinoxhaxha olukhulu lwemisele yendle eyasiza ahlanze indawo ezungezile yedolobha elikhulu nezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi ezazihlala kuleyo ndawo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo okwenziwa ohlelweni lwedolobha laseTeotihuacán kuhlobene eduze nombono womhlaba womphakathi owadala kanye nemvelo lapho itholakala khona. Hhayi-ke, ukwakheka kwedolobha kwedolobha kumakwa yizimo ezimbili ezihluke kancane, ezibangelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zesayensi yezinkanyezi nezokuma kwendawo.
Engxenyeni emaphakathi yedolobha, kufakwe iCalzada de los Muertos, lapho isiqondiso silungiswa khona sibheke ephiramidi yelanga, kuyilapho ukuqondiswa okubheke eningizimu kubheke eCitadel futhi lezi zakhiwo ezimbili ziphawula ukuphuma nokushona kwelanga. ngezinsuku ezithile zonyaka. Njengoba babevunyelwe ukusebenzisa ikhalenda bebuka izinhlelo nemicimbi yezolimo.
Iqiniso lokuthi kokubili ukuqondiswa kuzokwenziwa okwamaqembu akhethekile ahlakazeke kakhulu kulo lonke elase-Mesoamerica, njengoba lingachazwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa izinkomba zezinkanyezi emkhathizwe.
Iphiramidi yelanga nayo yakhiwe ukuze iqondaniswe neCerro Gordo enyakatho, lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho kufundwa indawo yokwakha, kucatshangelwa izici eziningi, ngaphezu komhume wokwenziwa ngaphansi kombhoshongo, owawumelela i- indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yesiko laseTeotihuacan nayo ibaluleke kakhulu ubudlelwano obabukhona phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu zedolobha kanye nezinhlobo zezintaba zasePatlachique ezizungeze isigodi sonke sedolobha laseTeotihuacán.
Izakhiwo zedolobha lasendulo
Esikweni laseTeotihuacan kubalulekile ukugqamisa izakhiwo zedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, njengoba emgwaqeni omkhulu unebanga lamamitha angu-40 futhi uphambukiswe kancane ubheke enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-15º 30' ngokuphathelene nenyakatho yezwe. Eduze komgwaqo kunezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu namathempeli, kanye nesigodlo nezindlu zabalingiswa abaphezulu kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Phakathi kwazo zonke lezi zakhiwo kukhona imibhoshongo emibili, iNdlu yabapristi nesigodlo saseQuetzalmariposa (Quetzalmariposa), eduze kwesigodlo sezingwe kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu samakhose aminyene, ithempeli laseQuetzalcóatl, inqaba nezinye izakhiwo eziningi kunezinye. ngosuku lwabo kwakunobuhle obukhulu.
Kwesinye sezitezi zamathempeli zazakhiwe ngezingqimba ezimbili zamashidi awugqinsi angu-XNUMX cm kamuva ambozwa nge-tezontle. Isivakashi esifisa ukucabangisisa ngaleli lukuluku lokwazi sizokwazi ukulibona noma nini lapho sibuza unogada wendawo ebiyelwe.
Iphiramidi yelanga: iyisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke esakhiwe edolobheni futhi ingenye yezithombe zesiko laseTeotihuacan futhi iyiphiramidi yesibili ngobukhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, njengoba enkulu kunazo zonke iyiphiramidi yaseCholula engaphezulu kwamamitha angu-400 ukuphakama, kodwa iPyramid of ILanga linobukhulu obukhulu obungabonwa ukude kodwa lingamamitha angama-63 kuphela ukuphakama, nohlelo olucishe lube ngamamitha angama-225 ohlangothini ngalunye.
I-Pyramid of the Sun ivame ukuqhathaniswa ne-Cheops e-Giza etholakala e-Egypt. Ukwakhiwa kwephiramidi yeLanga kunemizimba emihlanu e-superimposed frustoconical kanye nesakhiwo esinamathiselwe semizimba emithathu engafinyeleli ukuphakama kwesikhulumi sokuqala. Ngasohlangothini olusempumalanga, iPyramid of the Sun itholakala eduze neCalzada de los Muertos, cishe emgqeni we-perpendicular.
Ukubuyiselwa kwenziwa phakathi kuka-1905 no-1910 ngumvubukuli u-Leopoldo Batres, njengoba kwakuyisikhumbuzo seNkulungwane yeNkululeko yenkululeko yaseMexico futhi izakhiwo eziningana zaguqulwa zaba izindawo zokuvakasha, nakuba lokhu kubuyiselwa kwagxekwa kakhulu njengoba kwenziwa endaweni enzima kakhulu. indlela esheshayo futhi yayingaphelele futhi imibono yezakhiwo zaseGibhithe yathathwa esikhundleni sesiko laseTeotihuacan.
Ekuqaleni kwedolobha laseTeotihuacán, indawo lapho umbhoshongo weLanga wawuzoba khona uhambisana nohlobo oluthile lodonga olunesisekelo semithambeka, futhi lwalungahlotshaniswa nezinye izakhiwo, okwamanje akukho rekhodi lokuthi kanjani. yasetshenziswa iPyramid of the Sun Nakuba abacwaningi abaningi beye basikisela ukuthi kwakuyindawo engcwele, lesi sakhiwo naso sakhiwa ngezigaba ezimbili, kwesokuqala saqedwa saze safinyelela kuzo zonke izilinganiso esinazo.
Isigaba sesibili senza izinguquko ezincane kuphela kanye nokunezelwa okuthile, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okwanikezwa lesi sakhiwo esikhulu namanje akukaziwa esintwini.Ngo-1971, umvubukuli nomcwaningi uJorge Ruffier Acosta, enza umsebenzi wakhe, wathola umhubhe ngaphansi kwePyramid of ILanga kanye nokufinyelela kuvela ngaphambili kwesiteji esinamathiselwe.
Umhubhe wawunegama okuwumhume ongcwele ngemva kokwenza uphenyo oluningi endaweni, abavubukuli baye bacabanga ukuthi wawusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinjongo nemikhuba, futhi lokho kuchaza inhloso yesakhiwo esikhulu kangaka, nobufakazi butholakele bokuthi lo mgede. yambiwa abantu.
Nakuba umhubhe uyisithombe esifana kakhulu namathuna angaphansi komhlaba atholakala eNtshonalanga futhi ukufinyelela kunebanga elingamamitha angu-6,5 futhi umgodi unwebeka uze ufinyelele cishe kumamitha angu-97, lapho uqondana nenkaba yesakhiwo, kukhona indawo enkulu. Igumbi elinezimbobo ezine ezilingana nalokho okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyithuna lasebukhosini.
Iphiramidi Yenyanga: Ngenye yezakhiwo ezindala kunazo zonke edolobheni kanye nomfanekiso wesiko laseTeotihuacan. Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, i-Pyramid of the Moon yaziwa ngokuthi i-Meztli Itzá Cual, igama eliqoqwa nguManuel Orozco y Berra emsebenzini wakhe, nakuba umumo walo ekugcineni yatholakala ngemva kwezigaba eziyisikhombisa zokwakha, kukhona okuthiwa i-hypothesis yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye yokuthi i-Teotihuacán kwakuyidolobha laseToltec.
Inohlelo lwesikwele olukala amamitha angama-45 ohlangothini ngalunye. Incane kunePyramid of the Sun, kodwa imibhoshongo emibili inobude obufanayo njengoba yakhiwe endaweni ephakeme, kodwa inobude obungamamitha angu-45 kuphela, eduze kwalo mbhoshongo kukhona unkulunkulukazi wezolimo abacwaningi abacacisayo ukuthi ivela enkathini ye-Toltec yakudala.
Iphiramidi yeNyanga iseduze kakhulu nephiramidi yeLanga futhi enyakatho idolobha laseTeotihuacán futhi kusukela ethafeni kuqala indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Vía noma umgwaqo wabafileyo.
Iphiramidi Yenyoka Enezimpiko: Yisakhiwo sesithathu esitholakala edolobheni lasendulo laseTeotihuacán kanye nophawu olukhulu lwesiko laseTeotihuacan, lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngemizimba eyisikhombisa noma itafula le-talud, futhi sihlotshiswe ngezithombe eziqoshiwe ezimbalwa ezimele iNyoka Enezimpi, enye yezindala neziningi kakhulu. onkulunkulu basendulo. ezibalulekile zesiko laseTeotihuacan.
Lesi sakhiwo satholwa ngo-1918, ngesikhathi sokuvubukula okwenziwa nguManuel Gamio, sasimbozwe endaweni yesikhulumi esinamathiselwe. Ngokwezifundo, yakhiwe phakathi kuka-700 no-750 AD esigabeni se-Metepec. Kodwa izithombe eziqoshiwe ezazisemaceleni ethempeli zalichitha ngamabomu futhi ingaphambili lalimbozwe ngesakhiwo esisha esasivumela ukulondolozwa kwesakhiwo.
Lapho kwakungenzeka ukungena ethempelini ukuze kwenziwe izifundo ezifanele, kwatholakala abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ababeyinikele futhi kukhona amathuna amabili aphangwa ngezikhathi zangaphambi kweSpanishi, okungukuthi, lapho kufika abaseSpain.
Ngemva kokwenza izifundo eziningana kulesi sakhiwo, ochwepheshe banquma ukuthi ipiramidi yenyoka enezimpaphe iwumfanekiso weTonacatepetl, intaba engcwele okukhulunywa ngayo ezinganekwaneni zaseMesoamerican lapho isikhungo sendawo yonke sakhiwa khona kanye nokugcinwa kwezilwane kwahlinzekwa. . .
Ngo-2010, ngoNovemba, abacwaningi abavela ku-National Institute of Anthropology and History babeka irobhothi elibizwa ngokuthi i-Tlaloque I futhi elaklanywa i-National Polytechnic Institute, ukuze lihlole imigudu engamamitha ayisishiyagalombili ukujula namamitha ayikhulu ukujula. bafika ngezansi nje kwethempeli.
Lapho besebenzisa i-georadar, ochwepheshe baphetha ngokuthi umhubhe uholela emakamelweni amathathu, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi izinsalela zezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesiko laseTeotihuacan ziyatholakala. Ngokusho komvubukuli uVerónica Ortega, waze washo lokhu okulandelayo:
Isigodlo saseQuetzalpapalotl: elihunyushwe ngeSpanishi lisho i-Butterfly-quetzal, butterfly feather, butterfly eliyigugu, yisakhiwo esakhelwe abantu abanezikhundla eziphezulu kusiko lwaseTeotihuacan, ngokusho kwezazi zemivubukulo kwakuyikhaya labapristi baseTeotihuacan, itholakala endaweni ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yedolobha, lapho i-Plaza de la Luna ikhona, ukuze ungene esigodlweni saseQuetzalpapálotl kufanele ukhuphuke izitebhisi ezigadwe izingwe.
Esiteji lapho isakhiwo sitholakala khona ungafinyelela kuvulandi ophakathi kwesigodlo, lapho uzungezwe ama-porticos amaningana afaka iminyango emakamelweni angaphakathi esigodlo, amakholomu esigodlo aqoshwe ngemifanekiso ehlukahlukene yezimvemvane futhi. quetzal, lesi sigodlo esibalulekile sakhiwa cishe ngonyaka wama-450 no-500 emva kukaKristu.
Ngesikhathi isigodlo saseQuetzalpapálotl sisebenza, amakholomu kanye nemidwebo yayiyi-polychrome, izindonga nezindonga zazihlotshiswe ngezithombe ezihlobene nesiko laseTeotihuacan futhi zazinobunkulunkulu ngamanzi, kunesakhiwo sesigodlo esihlotshiswe izigcawu ezihlukahlukene zezingwe ezigqoke izimpaphe nezimpaphe zequetzal.
Indlu: ezindaweni zokuhlala zedolobha lasendulo laseTeotihuacán, nakuba zingekho izifundo mayelana nokwakhiwa kwezindlu kusukela yonke into yayisekelwe edolobheni, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi idolobha lalinamaqembu ahlukahlukene abapristi, izingcweti, ababumbi kanye izisebenzi ezakha idolobha laseTeotihuacán.
Indlu eyakhiwe abantu baseTeotihuacán yayiyi-orthogonal, futhi izindlu eziningi zazakhiwe nge-patio ephakathi futhi zinamakamelo amaningana ngokwehlukana ngokwezinga maqondana nayo, njengoba yayinomsebenzi wokukhanyisa nokufaka umoya endlini futhi futhi. ukuqoqa umsele wokuwukhipha ngohlelo olukhona lwasemadolobheni lokudonsa amanzi.
Umdwebo wasemuva: esikweni laseTeotihuacan limelelwa njengelinye lamadolobha angaphambi kweSpanishi agcina umdwebo odongeni kakhulu, kunezibonelo eziningi ezingatholakala njengeTepantitla, Tetitla, Atetelco, La Ventilla noma eMnyuziyamu wemidwebo yangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Inganekwane: Inganekwane esikweni laseTeotihuacan ithatha inani elibaluleke kakhulu njengoba yayisekelwe kulezi zinganekwane ukudala izindaba zabo ekudalweni kwezulu nomhlaba, njengoba inamaphiramidi amabili abanikezela kuwo imibhoshongo emibili enayo njengophawu. futhi Enye yezinganekwane ezisabalele kakhulu zesiko laseTeotihuacan yile elandelayo:
“Ngaphambi kokuba kube nosuku, onkulunkulu bahlangana eTeotihuacán futhi bathi, Ubani ozokhanyisa umhlaba? Unkulunkulu ocebile (Tecuzitecatl), wathi ngiphethe ukukhanyisa umhlaba. Ubani oyoba omunye?, futhi njengoba kungekho muntu owaphendula, bayala komunye unkulunkulu owayempofu no-buboso (Nanahuatzin).
Ngemva kokuqokwa, laba ababili baqala ukwenza izono nokuthandaza. Unkulunkulu ocebile wanikela ngezimpaphe eziyigugu zenyoni ebizwa ngokuthi i- quetzal, amabhola egolide, amatshe ayigugu, amakhorali, nempepho yethusi.
I<em>buboso (eyayibizwa ngokuthi uNanauatzin), yayinikela ngezinduku eziluhlaza, amabhola otshani obomisiwe, imigogodla ye<em>maguey egcwele igazi layo, futhi esikhundleni se<em>copal, yanikela ngotwayi oluvela ezingomeni zayo. Kuthe phakathi kwamabili yaphela inhlawulo, zaqala izinkonzo.
Onkulunkulu banikeza unkulunkulu ocebile izimpaphe ezinhle nebhantshi lelineni, kanti unkulunkulu ompofu weba iphepha. Base bebasa umlilo bathi akangene unkulunkulu ocebile. Kodwa wesaba wahlehla. Waphinde wazama waphindela emuva, kanje kwaze kwaba izikhathi ezine.
Kwabe sekuyithuba likaNanauatzin owavala amehlo akhe wangena emlilweni washa. Lapho isicebi simbona, samlingisa. Kwabe sekungena ukhozi, nalo lwashiswa (yingakho ukhozi lunezimpaphe ezimnyama, ezinsundu kakhulu noma ezinegrestina, ezimnyama); kwabe sekungena ingwe yashiswa ibala imnyama nokumhlophe.
Onkulunkulu base behlala phansi ukuze balinde ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye uNanauatzin ezophuma kuyo; babheka ngasempumalanga babona ilanga liphuma libomvu kakhulu; abakwazanga ukumbheka wadubula imibani yonke indawo. Babheka emuva eMpumalanga babona iNyanga iphuma. Ekuqaleni labonkulunkulu ababili babekhanya ngokulinganayo, kodwa omunye walabo ababekhona wajikijela unogwaja ebusweni bukankulunkulu ocebile futhi kanjalo wanciphisa ukubenyezela.
Bema bonke emhlabathini; base benquma ukufa ukuze baphile iLanga neNyangayezulu. Kwaba nguMoya owababulala kwase kuqala ukuvunguza nokunyakaza, kwaqala iLanga kwalandela iNyangayezulu. Yingakho iLanga liphuma emini bese iNyanga iphuma kamuva, ebusuku.
Uma uthole le ndatshana mayelana nesiko laseTeotihuacan ibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: