Izici zesiko namasiko e-Otomí

Amasiko omdabu aseMelika ashiyele izizukulwane ezilandelayo amasiko namasiko amahle, okufanele akhunjulwe futhi agcinwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Injalo indaba yeminyaka eyinkulungwane Isiko le-Otomi, evela emazweni aseMexico nokuthi kulesi sihloko sizokuchaza ngokuningiliziwe. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!

ISIKO LE-OTOMI

Isiko le-Otomi

Lesi siko lasendulo lezindawo ezimaphakathi zaseMexico ligcina amasiko nemikhuba yalo ephila ngazo zonke izindleko, lifuna izindlela zokuwagcina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Baziwa nge-gastronomy yabo kanye nonodoli babo abahle abenziwe ngezandla phakathi kwezinye izinto, bafanelwe isithakazelo somhlaba wonke.

Kodwa obani ama-Otomi? Sazi njengo-Otomí umphakathi wendabuko wasendulo ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ñähñu noma "labo abakhuluma otomi” futhi asebeneminyaka eminingi behlala emazweni amaphakathi neMexico.

Nokho, umsuka wegama layo uhlotshaniswa negama lesiNahuatl i-otocac, okuhumushela olimini lwethu ngokuthi ohambayo kanye ne-mitl, umcibisholo. Ikakhulukazi ikhono amalungu ala madolobha ayenalo lokuzingela futhi ikakhulukazi ngoba kwakuhilela ukuhamba amabanga amade neminsalo nemicibisholo ukuze athole inyamazane.

Nokho, kwatholakala ukuthi igama elithi otomitl nalo lalisetshenziswa ama-Aztec ngendlela ecasulayo nedelelayo, ngenxa yalokho okubonakala kungcolile, kudidekile futhi kuvilapha. Leli gama livela olimini lwesiNahuatl, ekuqaleni elalibhalwe ngokuthi otomitl (ubunye) nelithi otomí (ubuningi), ngolimi lwethu ahlukaniswa ngokuthi otomí (ubunye) kanye nama-otomíes (ubuningi).

umlando walesi siko

Lesi siko, umsuka walo osukela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, sahlala endaweni yaseMesoamerican lapho umsebenzi wezolimo usuthuthukile, wanda kuyo yonke indawo yezwe kwase kuqala ukuvela izilimi zesigodi nokuhlukahluka kolimi.

Baba nomthelela ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezibalo zabantu endaweni yezigodi ezimaphakathi neTeotihuacán, lapho bahlala khona kwaze kwaba ukuwa kwayo, beya endaweni yaseTlaxcala naseSierra Madre Oriental. Kuze kube sekufike abahloli bamazwe baseSpain, lesi siko lahlelwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

  • Enyakatho: eSigodini saseMezquital naseQuerétaro, lapho ithonya lamasiko aseMesoamerican kanye nesifunda esisenyakatho kwavela khona.
  • INingizimu: etholakala eSifundazweni SaseMexico, lapho bamukela khona amasiko aseMesoamerican.

ISIKO LE-OTOMI

Abaningi bathi i-Otomi ne-Olmec kwakuwumphakathi ofanayo, owahlukana kamuva waba amaqembu ahlukene anezilimi ezahlukene, isibonelo, Otoponics, Mixtecs, Popolocas, Amuzga, Zapotecs, Chinantecs and Chiapaneca-Mangue.

Leli siko lazala kamuva, njengamaMazahua, amaTlatilca, amaToltec, amaTeotihuacan, amaCuicuilca, amaChichimeca, amaPame, amaMatlatzinca, amaTriqui namaTlahuica. Enqubweni yokunqoba kanye namakoloni, njengezinye izizwe, babelawulwa amaSpanishi, ikakhulukazi ngesisekelo semishini kanye nokuguqulwa kwabo enkolweni yobuKristu, eyenziwa yizindela zezithunywa zevangeli.

Imiphakathi eminingi ebhekene nokuhlaselwa kwabantu baseSpain kanye nomthelela obe nayo endleleni yabo yokuphila, yazama ukuthuthela kwezinye izindawo zensimu, njengeGuanajuato neQuerétaro.

Indawo yendawo

Kwakuyimiphakathi ehlakazeke kakhulu endaweni yaseMexico nokuthi ngesikhathi sokufika kwabahlaseli baseYurophu bathatha lezi zindawo okungenzeka ukuthi:

  1. Isigodi saseNzuhni (Toluca)
  2. I-Madenxi Province (Xilotepec)
  3. I-Mamehni (Tula)
  4. I-Sierra de las Cruces (Kuauhtlalpan)
  5. I-Texcoco, Tlacopan (Tacuba)
  6. I-Atlakuuiuayan (Tacubaya)
  7. Koyoakan, Axochko (Ajusco)
  8. I-Teocalhueyakan (Tlalnepantla)
  9. I-Teotlalpan
  10. 'Batha' Bot'ähi (Valley of the Mesquital)
  11. I-Metztitlán
  12. The Huaxteka
  13. I-Sierra yasePuebla
  14. akolhuacan
  15. bheka
  16. Batha Puebla
  17. imichoakan
  18. kouixko
  19. Guanajuato
  20. I-Kolyma
  21. Kuliakan.

Njengamanje, iqembu lesizwe sama-Otomí, elingaphansi kakhulu ngenani kunangaphambili, lihlala kwezinye izindawo zezifunda ezilandelayo zesizwe saseMexico: Isifunda saseMexico, iQuerétaro, iHidalgo, iPuebla, iVeracruz neTlaxcala. Esifundeni saseGuanajuato kunemiphakathi ethile engamalungu eqembu lohlanga, kodwa awabelani ngolimi olufanayo.

ISIKO LE-OTOMI

Eminye imiphakathi ekhuluma isi-Otomi yazinza endaweni ye-Federal District, kodwa lokhu kwakungenxa yesimo sokufuduka. Ngokufanayo, kwezinye izingxenye zezwe babelana ngendawo namaqembu ezizwe namaqembu afana namaMatlatzinca, amaMazahuas, amaNahuas nama-Ocuiltecos, anezinto ezithile ezifanayo emasikweni abo ngenxa yalokhu kuhlalisana.

Njengamanje isibalo sabantu besizwe sama-Otomi nabakhuluma ulimi lwabo sehle kakhulu, nokho-ke, ngisho nangesimanje kanye nezinguquko ezibe nomthelela emasikweni, emiphakathini nasezinkolweni zabo, basaxhumene kakhulu nesiko labo, bezama ukulenza. nqoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kangangoba imiphakathi eminingi kulezi zindawo, noma ingalukhulumi lolu limi, izibiza ngama-Otomi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunomasipala ezifundazweni ezithile ezinemiphakathi yama-Otomi, ngenxa yesimo sokufuduka. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi okwamanje kukhona abakhuluma ulimi lwesi-Otomi abangaphezu kancane kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu.

Ulimi lwesiko lama-Otomí

Ulimi lwale miphakathi isi-Otomí, olwakhiwe okungenani izilimi zesigodi eziyishumi ezihlukene, ngoba ngenxa yesimo sokufuduka, ulimi lwesi-Otomanguean lwaluhlukahluka phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene. Izilimi zesigodi ezaziwa kakhulu ulimi lwesigodi lwe-Texcatepec, Huehuetla kanye neTenango.

Njengamanje kunezikhulumi ze-Otomí ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalombili zaseMexico; Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Michoacán, Tlaxcala and Mexico. Nokho, izithola isengcupheni yokunyamalala, ziningi izinhlelo ezizama ukuyihlenga nokugqugquzela ukufunda nokutadisha kwayo.

Izici zesiko le-Otomi

Amasiko omdabu ngokuvamile anezici ezithile kakhulu kanye nentelezi ethile ewenza ehluke futhi athakazelise emehlweni omhlaba. Izici ezihlukile, ezizihlukanisa komunye nomunye, ngisho nalapho zihlanganyela endaweni efanayo yendawo, lokhu kuyindaba yesiko lama-Otomí.

Njenganoma yiliphi isiko labomdabu, amasiko abo azungeza umbono wabo wezwe, izinkolelo zabo zenkolo kanye nesikhundla somuntu maqondana nabo. Konke okuhlobene nemikhosi yayo, izingubo, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho, ihlobene eduze nezwe elingokomoya futhi isibonise ukuthi ihluke kangakanani.

Ukuchaza isiko lama-Otomí lilonke kunzima impela, nokho sethula isifinyezo esifushane sezici ezivelele nezibalulekile zalesi siko lasendulo:

Amakhaya

Indlu lapho umndeni wakwa-Otomi uhlala khona ngezikhathi zakudala yakhiwa ngamaqabunga ama-maguey, athobekile kakhulu futhi amancane, anezindonga eziphansi ezingenawo amafasitela, kodwa umnyango wokungena.

Zinonxande futhi zinendawo encane kakhulu, zaziqhelelene futhi zifihlekile phakathi kwemvelo. Njengamanje basengamakhaya athobekile, kodwa anezinguquko eziningi, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezinto zokwakha, amasu okwakha, ukuma, indawo nokusabalalisa.

Ukwandiswa kwamadolobha kanye nesimanje, ngandlela-thile, kuye kwathonya futhi kwaphoqelela imiphakathi yase-Otomi ukuba yenze izinguquko eziningi endleleni yabo yokuphila, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwezindlu ezincane, ezikhululekile futhi ezihlala njalo, nakuba zithobekile ngokulinganayo.

Uma kunento eyodwa engazange iguqule impilo emiphakathini yase-Otomi, wukukhula kobubha osekunesikhathi eside kubahaqile futhi okusobala ukuthi akekho onamandla okuxazulula lesi simo onentshisekelo yokujika abone. Imiphakathi yase-Otomi iba mincane, njengoba isidingo, sihambisana nokukhanga kwamadolobha anjengePuebla, Toluca, Mexico City kanye neSantiago de Querétaro, kugqugquzele ukufuduka kwezakhamizi eziningi zemvelaphi yase-Otomi zibheke kubo, zifuna ikhwalithi engcono. ukuphila konke.

isembatho esijwayelekile

Izingubo zabo ziyabahlukanisa kunoma yisiphi esinye isizwe, lokhu kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwamasiko endabuko ahlukene ezwekazi lethu. Izembatho zabantu base-Otomí zihlobene eduze nendlela yabo yokubona nokuqonda yonke into ebazungezile kanye nendawo yonke ngokwayo, nokho, namuhla kuyaphawulwa ukuthi kuye kwathonywa ngendlela ethile ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nobuchwepheshe.

Noma kunjalo, imiphakathi eminingi yama-Otomi isasebenzisa izingubo zayo zendabuko ngokuziqhenya futhi njalo, ize ikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwayo phakathi kwabanye abantu abaningi, abangeyona ingxenye yale miphakathi.

Izintokazi zesiko lama-Otomí zivame ukugqoka isiketi, okuyinto phakathi kwazo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-chincuete, yinde, ibanzi futhi imnyama. Ivamise ukwenziwa ngoboya obumnyama, obunsomi noma obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lokhu kuya ngendawo abahlala kuyo, futhi ayintuli ebumnyameni boboya, eminye imigqa enemibala egqamile njengowolintshi nophuzi.

Ihembe elimhlophe elinemikhono emifushane kanye ne-embroidery ejabulisayo, kanye ne-quechquémitl noma i-poncho iqedela le ngubo. Izingubo zingaba nezimo zemvelo, kungaba izimbali noma izilwane, izibalo zejometri nezinhlanganisela zakho zombili.

Zonke lezi zicucu ngokuvamile zenziwe ngesandla, ngezinto ezijwayelekile zesifunda ezifana nekotini noboya. Lezi zinsuku, ngaphezu kwalezi zindwangu, kungenzeka ukuthola izingcezu ezenziwe nge-artisela noma intambo ye-rayon. Abanye besifazane abavela emaqenjini e-Otomi ahlukene bagcwalisa izingubo zabo ngezesekeli, izigqoko zotshani, izimbali noma amaribhoni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadoda agqoka amahembe afekethisiwe, ngokuvamile ngaphambili nasemikhono, futhi ahlanganisa nejazi elimibalabala. Kuvamile phakathi kwabo ukugqoka isigqoko sotshani noma i-pochtli encane futhi engasetshenziswa kancane, ehlanganisa ukusika zonke izinwele ngaphandle kokukhiya okude endaweni ye-nape yentamo.

i-millenary gastronomy 

EMexico, i-Otomí gastronomy yaziwa kakhulu, ngoba ayijwayelekile. Badume ngokusizakala ngezitshalo nezilwane ezifundeni zabo, ngokuvamile izindawo ezomile enkabeni yezwe. Ukuba umphakathi othobekile, inhloso eyinhloko yokudla kwe-Otomi ukugcina impilo nokuphulukisa izifo, ngaphezu kokuqinisa izibopho phakathi kwamalungu omndeni nomphakathi.

Izithako ezinelukuluku, okungaba yinqaba emhlabeni wonke jikelele, zakha izakhi ezibalulekile nezibalulekile ekuphekeni kwazo okusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kanye nezindlela zokuzilungiselela. Isiko lama-Otomí libe nommbila njengesithako esiyinhloko ekudleni kwawo kusukela kudala, njengoba kwenzeka ngeminye imiphakathi eminingi yendabuko emazweni aseMexico.

Laba boMdabu bazijwayeza ukuzingela futhi baqoqe izibungu namaqanda ezinambuzane ezinwabuzelayo ezihlala ezitshalweni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izithelo, izimbali, amaqabunga, imidumba nemifino. Ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ezifana ne-quelite, i-garambullo, i-mezcal flower noma i-golumbo kuvame kakhulu, okuvame ukuba yingxenye yesitshulu, izitshulu kanye nokudla okuthosiwe.

Ikhishi esikweni le-Otomi liyisiko, liwubunikazi kanye nenyunyana, indawo kanye nesici esivumela ukuqinisa izimpande zayo nothando lwesikhathi esidlule, samanje nekusasa.

Ezinye zezitsha ezidume kakhulu ze-Otomi yilezi: i-phaxy, i-ndho, i-ximbo, i-tamales, imvukuzane enembewu yethanga nezinye ezingavamile njenge-chicharras emaqabunga kakotapheya nokhilimu we-walnut, ikhekhe le-nopal, imbali yenhlaba. nezimfanzi, i-coyote eyosiwe noma i-skunk efakwe izinambuzane. Yiqiniso, ukudla okumnandi kufanele kuhambisane nesiphuzo esihle, kubo i-mead ne-pulque yayingaphezu kokungcwele.

amasiko nemikhosi

Amasiko namasiko esikweni lama-Otomí anendima eholayo futhi axhumene kakhulu nezinkolelo zabo zenkolo, umbono wabo wendawo yonke nomhlaba, imvelo kanye nemvelo, kanye nendawo yendawo lapho behlala khona.

Yonke imikhosi nemikhosi ihlobene nezenzakalo zemvelo kanye nezinzuzo abazinikela ngokukhululekile kumuntu, ngaphezu kokuhlonipha izithixo zabo kanye nokuhlonipha okhokho babo nokhokho babo, bahlale bethandazela izizukulwane zamanje kanye nethuba lokuqhubeka. ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Unyaka wonke kunemikhosi ehlukahlukene, imikhosi kanye nemikhuba, eminingi ehlotshaniswa namanzi, emele enye yengcebo enkulu kakhulu yalesi siko. Ezinye zigxile ekuhlonipheni umufi kanye nobuqhawe namandla e-Otomi.

Imikhosi yenkolo ivame ukuqhutshelwa ezindlini zesonto noma ezindaweni ezibekelwe lo mkhuba okwesikhashana. Yonke lemikhosi namasiko anomgomo wawo oyinhloko wokugubha, ukukhulekela nokuhlonipha, lokhu kuyingxenye yengqikithi ye-Otomi, indlela yokuphila nokuba khona, yalabo abakha leli siko lasendulo.

Ukubungaza i-Otomi kuyindlela yokubonga izwe kanye nonkulunkulu ngezenzo zabo futhi kuyindlela yokubonisa ukuziqhenya ngemvelaphi yabo, umlando wabo namandla abo.

Eminye yemikhosi enemibala eminingi neyaziwa kakhulu yesiko lama-Otomí yilezi: Usuku Lwabafileyo, I-Carnival nemidanso nemidanso emidala kakhulu efana ne-Negritos, i-Acatlaxquis, i-Moros ne-Matachines, njll.

Ngisho noma isikhathi sihamba nezinguquko ezenzeka ngokusobala, le miphakathi isawaqakathekisa kakhulu amasiko namasiko ayo, ngoba ingxenye enkulu yamalungu omphakathi ayipheli amandla lapho ibhekene nomsebenzi onzima wokugcina izinkolelo zayo. , inkolo, amasiko namasiko ephila.

Zizwe ukhululekile ukuhlola ezinye izihloko ezinhle kubhulogi yethu:


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