Izici zesiko le-Mixtec, umlando nokuningi

IsiGodi saseMexico sasiyindawo enkulu enkabeni yezwe eyayiyikhaya lempucuko yabantu bomdabu abaningi ababelwela ukubusa phakathi kwawo amakhulu eminyaka. Cishe ngo-1100 kwakukhona elinye iqembu elahlala endaweni futhi labusa i-Oaxaca. Funda konke mayelana isiko mixtec!

AMASIKO E-MIXTEC

Isiko leMixtec

Leli qembu lamasiko lakhiwe inqwaba yezizwe ezazikhuluma izilimi ezahlukene ze-Otomanguean, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isizwe, igama laso. i-mixtec Bekusho ukuthi: Bantu bemvula.

AbakwaMixtec, abazibiza ngamaNuu Savi, bangelinye lamaqembu amakhulu abomdabu baseMexico elinabantu abalinganiselwa ku-500.000. Umuzi wabo, owaziwa ngokuthi i-Mixteca, ungamakhilomitha-skwele angaba ngu-40.000 futhi uhlanganisa ingxenye esentshonalanga yesifunda saseMexico i-Oaxaca, udlulele nasezifundazweni zaseGuerrero nasePuebla.

Ngokwendawo, izindawo zokuhlala zeMixtec zahlukaniswa zaba izingxenye ezintathu: i-Mixteca Baja, i-Mixteca Alta, ne-Mixteca de la Costa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani labantu bakwa-Mixtec ngokusemandleni abo lingafinyelela izakhamuzi eziyisigidi, okulenza libe impucuko yokuhlobana okudlulele emlandweni wendabuko.

Njengemiphakathi eminingi yendabuko, ama-Mixtec ayehlonipha izici zemvelo ezikhona emasikweni awo ahlukahlukene kanye nemikhosi futhi agcina ukuhlukana okuphawulekayo komphakathi ngokwezigaba noma izigaba. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zesiko le-Mixtec ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokubhala lwe-logographic, oluvumela ukucaciswa kwamakhodidi ahlukene njenge Codex Bodley futhi i I-Codex Vindobonensis noma i-Yuta Tnoho.

Indawo yendawo yesiko le-Mixtec

Abantu bakwaMixtec bazinza engxenyeni eseningizimu yendawo manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-United Mexican States, endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-La Mixteca. Lesi sifunda sitholakala phakathi kwesifunda esiseningizimu yePuebla, empumalanga yeGuerrero nasentshonalanga ye-Oaxaca. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-Mixteca ithatha amakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane, kule ndawo wonke amadolobha e-Mixtec atholakala, ayehlukaniswe izindawo ezintathu ezinkulu zendawo:

  • I-Mixtec Baja (Ñuu I'ni)
  • I-High Mixtec (Ñuu Savi Sukun)
  • I-Coastal Mixtec (Ñuu Andivi)

AMASIKO E-MIXTEC

I-Mixtec Culture: Ulimi nokubhala

Ulimi lweMixtec lwalufana nolimi lwaseZapotec, kodwa uhlelo lokubhala lweMixtec lwalungahlobene nanoma yimaphi amanye amasiko. Le miphakathi esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umbhalo noma izinhlamvu, yasebenzisa ama-glyphs anezimpawu nezithombe ukuze ibonise ulimi. Basebenzisa nezithombe ezifanekisela izenzakalo ezibalulekile njengezimpi, ukufa kwabantu ababalulekile nokuthweswa iziqu kwabaholi babo abasha.

Okugqama kakhulu ngesiko le-Mixtec uhlelo lwayo lokubhala lwesitayela se-logographic-picory, bachaza kabanzi amakhodi adumile, imidwebo nemifanekiso exoxa izindaba, izinganekwane, izinganekwane namaqiniso ahlukene. Ngemiklamo emincane, balandisa ngemvelaphi yasenganekwaneni yalo mphakathi, kanye nezinkolelo zabo zaphezulu kanye nezikhathi ezibalulekile.

Isibonelo, i-Codex Zouche-Nuttall isitshela izindaba zamaqhawe aphikisana namandla phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nambili neshumi nantathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus, enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu isitshela izindaba zezinganekwane zabantu bakwaMixtec.

Inhlangano yezepolitiki

Ama-Mixtec ayengebona abantu abahlelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni oyedwa oyinhloko, ngokuphambene nalokho, babewuchungechunge lwezizwe ezivame ukuba nezingxabano zangaphakathi. Okokuqala nje, babebusa izigodi eziningi I-Yucuñudahui,ethi gidi I-Yucuita njengeqembu elivelele, nokho, kamuva isibalo se Hewu.

Umshado wawusetshenziswa njengendlela noma insiza yokusungula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene inkonkoni, okubavumela ukuba babonise amandla namandla engeziwe ekulweni nabanye abantu abangomakhelwane, ngisho nokuba ama-Mixtec.

Impucuko nezizwe zabomdabu zaziziningi futhi zinezingxabano eziqinile izikhathi eziningi. Amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian ahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu yilawo agcina ibutho eliqinile nelihlanganisiwe, elikwazi ukulwa nokubamba isikhathi eside.

AMASIKO E-MIXTEC

Endabeni yama-Mixtec, athuthukise izindlela eziningi zempi, njengokuhlasela kwezikhali kude noma ukuhlasela kwe-melee okwakujwayelekile kulezi zizwe. Elinye lamaqhawe akhe avelele ngokusho kwe I-Codex I-Nuttall, yaziwa ngokuthi INkosi Eyisishagalombili Inyamazane. ogama lakhe lalingu Uzipho lweJaguar. 

Umnotho wesiko le-Mixtec

Njengawo wonke amasiko omdabu waseMesoamerica, ezolimo kwakuyimisebenzi yezomnotho eyinhloko eyenziwa abantu bakwaMixtec.

Isivuno esasifaneleka kakhulu endaweni kwakungumbila, owawumelela ukudla okuyisisekelo kwabantu bomdabu bakulezi zindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavunwa izinhlobonhlobo zikabhontshisi, upelepele kanye nethanga. I-Mixteca ine-geography engafaneleki kwezolimo, ngakho le miphakathi yakha izinhlelo zokunisela ezikhethekile futhi yakhetha ukuthela insimu ukuze itshale izitshalo.

Inhlangano yomphakathi

Wonke amaqembu ezinhlanga kanye nempucuko yendabuko yangaleso sikhathi yayihlelwe ngohlelo lwezikhundla, olwakhiwe izinhlaka noma izigaba, futhi ama-Mixtec ayefana. Njengoba bayeka ukuba abantu abayimizulane, bazinza emiphakathini enezigaba ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.

Isigodi ngasinye sakwaMixtec sasiholwa yisikhondlakhondla esasinendlela nesitayela saso sokwenza lokho, nokho-ke, into cishe yonke imiphakathi eyayifana ngayo ukuthi umholi wawo wayehlale ephelezelwa ithimba lezicukuthwane, isigaba senhlalo esenza imisebenzi ethile futhi imisebenzi emincane kahulumeni. Isigaba sabasebenzi, ngokuvamile abalimi, yisona esasibaningi kakhulu futhi singabahlinzeki abakhulu bezinsiza, kuhlanganisa nezingcweti ezizinikele ekwenzeni izinto zobumba, obhasikidi nezindwangu.

Isisekelo sephiramidi yezenhlalakahle sasihlala izinceku nezigqila, ngokuvamile iziboshwa zempi. Imindeni yakwaMixtec ivamise ukuba yizinzalamizi futhi umsebenzi uhlukaniswa ngokobulili, isibonelo, amadoda alima isiza somndeni futhi namuhla ngokuvamile athatha imisebenzi ekhokhelwayo ngaphandle kwedolobhana ukuze ahlinzekele izidingo zomndeni.

AMASIKO E-MIXTEC

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane besiko lakwaMixtec basebenza ngokuyinhloko emakhaya nasemasimini lapho amadoda omndeni engekho ukuze enze eminye imisebenzi.

Izindlu zabo ziyizakhiwo eziwunxande ezinamafasitela amancane kanye nomnyango owodwa, esikhundleni sokuvula emgwaqweni, okuholela evulandi. Njengoba amalungu omndeni ekhula, ngokuvamile ahlala nomndeni wengane, ongahlalisa izelamani eziyizintandane noma abashana, odinga indlu enkulu ezosebenza njengendawo yomndeni ezimweni ezinjalo.

Imikhuba kanye nomuzwa wokuzibophezela emphakathini kubaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wakwaMixtec, kubalulekile ukubingelela ngesizotha othile lapho udlula noma ushintshisane ngamazwi ambalwa obubele nomngane phakathi nokuhlangana nje okungajwayelekile, ngaphandle kwalokho uthathwa njengomuntu odelela kakhulu .

AbakwaMixtec baphinde balandele isiko lasendulo lokusebenzela umphakathi elibizwa ngeTequio, elihlanganisa umsebenzi lapho amalungu edolobhana kufanele anikele ngezinto zokwakha noma umsebenzi ukuze enze umnikelo othile kuwo, isibonelo, umgwaqo, isikole, umthombo. , njll. Ukukhokha lesi sikweleti kubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi amalungu omndeni ahlala ngaphandle kwemiphakathi abuyele emakhaya ayosikhokhela.

Ukudla

AbakwaMixtec ngokuyinhloko bangabalimi, ngakho batshala ukudla kwabo okuyisisekelo, ikakhulukazi ummbila, ubhontshisi, ukolweni, ugalikhi, u-anyanisi, notamatisi, lapho lo mhlaba ongavundile ubavumela khona. Kwezinye izindawo zingase futhi zitshale izinhlobonhlobo zezithelo, ezihlanganisa ama-apula, amapheya, amapentshisi nokwatapheya. Abanye bafuya izimvu nezimbuzi, kodwa amadlelo amakhulu alukhuni. Baphinde baphile ngokuqoqa imifino yasendle namakhowe, ukuzingela nokudoba ama-crustaceans, amaxoxo, izinhlanzi, onogwaja nezinyamazane.

Baphinde basebenzise izinambuzane, ezibhekwa njengento edliwayo kanye nenye indlela yokudla okunomsoco, ikakhulukazi izintethe eziqoqwe ekuseni ngo-October, November no-December, lapho izinambuzane zibuthana zibe yizinqwaba ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile ukupheka kwalezi zinambuzane kulula kakhulu, izintethe ziyaqoqwa futhi ziyekwe ukuba ziphumule usuku lonke ukuze zikwazi ukugaya ukudla futhi zikhiphe isisu sazo. Bese ziwashwa kahle kakhulu futhi zikhishwe.

Lapho zomile, zimbozwa ngojusi kalamula osanda kukhanywa bese zifafazwa ngosawoti, ziwashiye ukuze zivuthwe kule ngxube. Epanini elinebhotela, gazinga izintethe kuze kube nsundu yegolide bese uziphelezela ngama-corn tortillas kanye nesoso.

inkolo ye-mixtec

Namuhla inzalo yesiko lasendulo lama-Mixtec inkolo yamaKatolika, kodwa ezikhathini zangaphambi kokunqotshwa nokuba amakoloni babenenkolo yabo. Njengamanye amaqembu amaningi omdabu waseMesoamerica, ama-Mixtec ayenonkulunkulu abaningi abahlukene ababethembele enyameni nasegazini lemihlatshelo yabantu neyezilwane ukuze bahlale benelisekile.

Ama-Mixtec ayekhulekela ilanga namanye amandla emvelo omhlaba, ukuphila nokufa, umhlaba ngemva kokufa, njll. Babenabanye onkulunkulu ababemelela impi, inzalo, imvula nezinye izakhi zemvelo. Benza imihlatshelo yegazi ukuze babonise ukwethembeka konkulunkulu babo, kodwa bagxila ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengezindlebe, ulimi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi inhliziyo.

Babeyizingcweti ezinhle kakhulu futhi eziningi zezingcezu zabo ezinhle zobumba zazisetshenziselwa imikhosi yenkolo, isibonelo, izibuko nezimbiza zokuqoqa igazi ezindlebeni nasezindimini njengeminikelo konkulunkulu babo. Ngokulandela ikhalenda labo, babe namasiko omlilo okugubha ukuhamba kwesikhathi nokuqala kwezinkathi ezintsha zenkolo. Njengamanje inzalo yakwaMixtec ihlanganisa inkolo yokhokho bayo eqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinto emvelweni zinomoya, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi i-animism nobuKatolika.

Empilweni yomndeni ngamunye, kugujwa imishado, ukubhapathizwa kanye nenhlanganyelo yokuqala. Emiphakathini, umgubho omkhulukazi ubandakanya umgubho wezinsuku eziningi womvikeli wedolobha, amaphathi ajabulisayo ahlanganisa iziqhumane, amadili nemidlalo, kanye nezixuku zezenkolo.

Baphinde bagubhe njengalo lonke izwe uSuku Lwabafileyo, lapho imindeni ihlonipha abashonile ngama-altare asekhaya, idla ukudla okwakuthandwa ngumufi, futhi ihlobisa amathuna abo ngamakhandlela nezimbali.

Imvelaphi yenganekwane yesiko le-Mixtec

Ama-Mixtec ayenomsuka wenganekwane ofanayo nabanye abantu baseMesoamerica, ababethi baphila enkathini yeLanga Lesihlanu nokuthi ngaphambi kwale Nkathi, onkulunkulu babedale futhi babhubhisa umhlaba izikhathi eziningi.

Indalo ilandiswa ku-Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I, lapho futhi ikhuluma ngokufika konkulunkulu babo nezinye izindaba zezinganekwane. Indaba kaMixtec yokudalwa komhlaba ibaluleke kakhulu futhi isinika umbono wombono wabo wayo yonke into ebazungezile. Onkulunkulu ababili babengabokuqala, obaba abadali beplanethi kanye nonkulunkulu abane abadali:

“Ngonyaka nangosuku lobumnyama nobumnyama, kungakabi bikho izinsuku, noma iminyaka, izwe lisebumnyameni obukhulu, ukuthi yonke into yaba isiphithiphithi nesiphithiphithi, umhlaba wambozwa amanzi, kwaba khona ibhilidi nodaka kuphela phezu komhlaba. ugongolo lomhlaba

Ngaleso sikhathi, amaNdiya athi kwavela unkulunkulu ngokusobala ogama lakhe lalingu-'inyamazane', nangesidlaliso 'inyoka ye-jaguar' kanye nonkulunkulukazi omuhle kakhulu nomuhle, ogama lakhe laliyi 'inyamazane' kanye nesiteketiso 'inyoka ye-jaguar'. Cougar'. Laba nkulunkulu ababili bathi babeyisiqalo sabanye onkulunkulu amaNdiya ayenabo.

Lapho bobabili onkulunkulu sebelungele umhlaba futhi izingane zabo ezine zizalwa, omunye wabo owaziwa ngokuthi I-Nine Winds wakhulelwa ama-Mixtecs okuqala emhlabeni ngesihlahla se-Apoala. phakathi kwabo uDzahuindanda, umcibisholo welanga.

Izinkulumo zobuciko

Amasiko omdabu waseMesoamerica ashiye ifa elihle lobuciko, elivumele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ucwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi ngawo, nesiko le-Mixtec nalo lihlukile. AbakwaMixtec bakha izinkulumo ezihlukahlukene zobuciko, ezigcizelela ngokukhethekile izitsha zobumba nezindwangu, bebonisa kuzo izinkolelo zabo eziningi ezingokwenkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithola izithombe eziqoshiwe ezihlukahlukene zale mpucuko, lapho besebenzisa khona amatshe anjenge-jade ne-turquoise.

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, imisebenzi yobuciko eminingi ye-Mixtec namuhla ihilela ukukhiqizwa kwendwangu, okuhlanganisa ukwelukwa kwezindwangu zoboya nokotini, kodwa futhi ihamba phambili ekwelukeni amaqabunga esundu abe obhasikidi nezigqoko.

Isiqephu esidume kakhulu nesiwuphawu lwalesi siko i-Mixtec huipil, ibhulawuzi elifekethisiwe elinemibala eminingi eligqokwa abesifazane bakwa-Mixtec. Kulezi zinsuku ukukhiqizwa kwezitsha zobumba akusavamile kangako, nokho, okhokho bakwaMixtec benza izitsha zobumba ezinhle, ezihlotshiswe ngokucebile ezazivame ukusetshenziswa emikhubeni yenkolo.

Umsebenzi owenziwe ngezinsimbi uthuthukiswe sekwephuzile, kodwa wawungewona umkhawulo ekuchazeni izithombe eziqoshiwe ezimangalisayo nezethulo ngegolide, nokuba nekhono kakhulu ekwenzeni ubucwebe, okuholela kuma-metallurgists amahle kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kusukela eSigodini saseMexico, izingcezu ezinhle zegolide ne-turquoise zatholakala ukuthi i-Mixtec yayisetshenziswa njengemigexo namapende. Ithusi lalisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwenza izitsha zansuku zonke.

i-mixtec decadence

Phakathi kwempucuko yasesigodini saseMexico, ukubusa endaweni ngokuvamile kwakungokwesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, ngenxa yalesi sizathu iqembu elithile elibusayo lahluthukela elinye izikhathi eziningi. Kwakuyizimpucuko ezithanda impi kakhulu ezihlala zihlasela futhi zibusa zodwa.

Nakuba ama-Mixtec ayephethe isifunda sase-Oaxaca, isikhathi sabo njengomholi jikelele sasifushane uma siqhathaniswa neminye imibuso. Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yesiko labo lahlala endaweni njengoba ngandlela thize yamukelwa yilabo abanqobayo.

Cishe ngonyaka we-1400 ama-Aztec aqala ukunqoba kanye nokubusa kwalesi sigodi futhi kancane kancane impucuko ekhona yawa. Ama-Aztec ayefuna ukuba yonke imibuso ayeyinqobile ibanike imali, ukudla, nabantu ngabanye njengemihlatshelo.

Kodwa-ke, ama-Mixtec awazange ayeke kalula futhi ukuzivikela kwawo okunamandla kwaqhubeka iminyaka embalwa, kwaze kwaba ngu-1458. Lapho ama-Aztec esewanqobe ngokuphelele futhi ewanqobile ama-Mixtec namaZapotec, akha uthango olukhulu egqumeni elingenhla kwe-Oaxaca, ukuze bheka amaqembu womabili.

Ngo-1521, ama-Aztec anqotshwa amabutho angaphandle, ngokubukeka nezikhali ezazingaziwa izakhamuzi zendawo. KwakungabaseSpain, abafika ngokushesha emazweni aseMixtec, behlola isigodi futhi befuna igolide elifiswayo.

Imishini yase iqalile ukwenza ama-Mixtec namanye amaqembu esifundeni sase-Oaxaca, cishe ngo-1528. Nokho, ukufika kwabaseYurophu akuzange nje kulethe ukholo olusha, ukuphathwa kabi kanye nezifo ezintsha zaseSpain kwaqeda iningi labantu bomdabu, kuhlanganise neMixtec yasendulo. isiko. Njengamanje asekhona amaMixtec eSigodini sase-Oaxaca nasezindaweni zaseGuerrero nasePuebla, eyaziwa ngokuthi iLa Mixteca.

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