Lapho befika abeLungu, abantu ababehlala enkabeni yezwe manje elaziwa ngokuthi iMexico baba nesiko lenkolo elahlehlela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka lapho ubuhlobo nonkulunkulu babuyisisekelo. Lapha sizokwazi ukuthi babengobani onkulunkulu baseMexico.
onkulunkulu baseMexico
AbaseMexico bazinza eSigodini saseMexico, cishe ngemva kokufuduka besuka esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-United States yamanje nasenyakatho yeMexico baya endaweni emaphakathi yendawo yamanje yaseMexico, lapho abaseMexico babehlala khona esiqhingini esasisechibini. . Izinganekwane zama-Aztec zathi laba bantu bazinza lapho ngemva kokubona isangoma esivela kunkulunkulu u-Huitzilopochtli esibonisa lapho kufanele bahlale khona. Ngokwalezi zinganekwane, leso sibikezelo sasiyoba umfanekiso wokhozi, luhlezi phezu kwe-cactus, lubambe inyoka.
Ngakho, iTenochtitlán yasungulwa ngo-1325, futhi yaba idolobha elichuma kakhulu nenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso Wama-Aztec. Ukukhula kwaleli dolobha kwakuhlobene nokuqiniswa kwabantu baseMexico kanye nokunqotshwa kwamadolobha angomakhelwane. Izazi-mlando zibonisa ukuthi, njengoba idolobha laseTenochtitlán laliceba, iMexico yazihlanganisa namanye amadolobha angomakhelwane, yakha i-Triple Alliance eyanqoba abantu bakuleyo ndawo. Ngale ndlela, ama-Aztec akha umbuso owawunezakhamuzi ezingaba yizigidi eziyishumi nanye.
Umbono wezwe
Ukuze siqonde indima yonkulunkulu baseMexico enkolweni yabo, kumelwe siqale ngokuzijwayeza indlela iMexica eyayibona ngayo indawo yonke. Uma sikhuluma kabanzi, i-Mexica yayicabanga ngomhlaba njengendawo eyisicaba, engunxande noma eyindilinga, ezungezwe ulwandle olwalusuka phezulu luze lufike emazulwini. Lezi zazisekelwa onkulunkulu abane (i-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, i-Xiuhtecuhtli, i-Quetzalcoatl ne-Mictlantecuhtli) ngayinye ehlotshaniswa nephuzu eliyinhloko: IMpumalanga, iNyakatho, iNtshonalanga kanye neNingizimu.
Esigabeni esime mpo se-cosmos, i-Mexica yayikholelwa ebukhoneni bamazinga ayishumi nantathu "wezwe eliphezulu" kanye nesishiyagalolunye lomhlaba ongaphansi. Ngalinye lalawa mazinga lalihlalwa onkulunkulu baseMexica, izinkanyezi, nezinye izidalwa zezinganekwane. : iNyanga yayihlala kweyokuqala, iCitlalicue (enesiketi sezinkanyezi) kweyesibili, iTonatiuh, iLanga, kweyesithathu, njalo njalo kuze kufike kweleshumi nantathu nangaphezulu, i-Omeyocan, (Indawo Yokubili), ikhaya lesiqalo umbhangqwana, u-Ometecuhtli no-Omecíhuatl.
Okunye okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyizindlela i-Mexica eyayisibona ngazo isikhathi. Kwakunamakhalenda amabili: ikhalenda lezinsuku ezingama-365 elakhiwe izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili nezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili kanye nezinsuku ezinhlanu “ezineshwa”; kanye nesinye isiko lezinsuku ezingama-260 elakhiwe ngokuhlangana kwezimpawu zezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili ezinezinombolo eziyishumi nantathu. Inyanga ngayinye yezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili yayihambisana nemikhosi ebalulekile emadolobheni amakhulu ombuso waseMexico. Ikhalenda eliyisiko lalisetshenziselwa ukubala izinsuku ezifanele zemisebenzi ethile (ukutshala, ukuvuna, ukuzingela, ukukhetha inkosi, njll.)
Abalobi bomlando bokuqala baseSpain bamangazwa inqwaba yonkulunkulu baseMexico abayithola (abangekho ngaphansi kwezi-2.000 XNUMX ngokukaLópez de Gómara). Izakhi ezinjengamanzi, umoya, umhlaba nomlilo; izindawo ezibonakalayo njengamagquma noma imifula; izinto zemvelo ezinjengombani noma imvula; izilwane, izitshalo, ngisho nezinto ezithile ezifana nezinsimbi zomculo kungaba onkulunkulu noma izikhali zamandla kaNkulunkulu.
Ngisho nabanye abantu, izigqila noma izithunjwa zempi, kodwa futhi abapristi noma abaholi “abaphethwe” unkulunkulu othile, babengaba ixiptla (isithombe noma ummeleli ngesiNahuatl) wonkulunkulu okukhulunywa ngabo, kungaba ngaleso sikhathi kuphela noma ngabo bonke abanye. izimpilo. Ngokufanayo, unkulunkulu onjengoQuetzalcoatl angase athathe isimo sesici semvelo esinjengomoya, njengeplanethi (iVenus), avele esesimweni sesilwane (inkawu, i-opossum), isigqila esithunjiwe, noma umholi wezombangazwe.
Ngokungangabazeki, imicikilisho, kokubili yomphakathi neyangasese, yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuphileni kweMexico yasendulo, kangangokuthi isigaba ngasinye somjikelezo wokuphila (ukuzalwa, umshado, ukufa, njll.) sasihilela ukwenziwa kwemikhuba ethile. Ngendlela efanayo, amaqembu ezenhlalo ahlukene, imiphakathi noma izifundazwe zazinemikhuba yazo eklanyelwe ukuhlonipha onkulunkulu bazo abangabasekeli noma ukukhuthaza ithonya labo emphakathini.
Yebo, kwakuyisiko lomhlatshelo eliye ladonsa ukunaka okukhulu phakathi kwalabo abaye bachaza inkolo yabantu baseMexico yasendulo. Njengakwezinye izinkolo eziningi zomhlaba, umhlatshelo wezilwane nabantu wawuyingxenye eyinhloko ekubukeni kwezwe laseMexico. Inhloso yawo kwakuwukondla iLanga noMhlaba. Enganekwaneni yemvelaphi yeLanga neNyanga, indaba ixoxwa ngendlela onkulunkulu ababili abazidela ngayo emlilweni omkhulu ukuze babe yizindikimba ezimbili zasemkhathini futhi zaqala ukuhamba esibhakabhakeni.
Eqinisweni, umbono wokuthi ukuphila kuzalwa ekufeni wawuyisisekelo emcabangweni waseMesoamerican, njengasenganekwaneni yemvelaphi yomuntu emathanjeni. Siyazi ukuthi izingane, izinsizwa nezintombi, asebekhulile, bonke bangaba “izithombe” zonkulunkulu ngezikhathi ezithile, ekugcineni ababezonikelwa ngazo.
Onkulunkulu baseMexico nomphakathi
Iningi lonkulunkulu baseMexica laliboshelwe kabanzi emadolobheni athile, amadolobhana, noma izindawo ezingomakhelwane. Inani elandayo lonkulunkulu enkathini ye-postclassical lalihambisana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo komphakathi, futhi ukwakheka 'komndeni' wonkulunkulu kubonisa isakhiwo senhlalo yomphakathi; Uma sibheka izinhlangano zangaleso sikhathi (amaqembu abantu abakhethekile ekuhwebeni okufanayo) sibona ngokushesha onkulunkulu abahlobene nabo: I-Coyotl Inahual yabasebenza ngophaphe, i-Xipe Tótec yezisebenzi zensimbi eziyigugu, njll.
Ngisho nalabo ababenenhlanhla encane, labo abavame ukubizwa ngephutha ngokuthi izigqila (tlatlacotin), babevikelwa unkulunkulu onamandla njengoTezcatlipoca. Ngokusobala, izigaba ezibusayo zaba nelungelo lokuba nonkulunkulu bazo ababagadile, njengoTlaloc (abapristi abavikelayo), uXochipilli (izikhulu), noTezcatlipoca noHuitzilopochtli (wenkosi ngokwayo).
I-Mexica pantheon of gods yayiyinkimbinkimbi futhi idida, onkulunkulu babelwa izincazelo nemisebenzi ehlukene, ngenxa yokuthi abanye babo banamagama amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhalwa kweSpanishi kolimi lwesiNahuatl kwaphumela ekupelweni okuhlukahlukene. Onkulunkulu baseMexica babemelelwe ngesimo sesilwane, ngesimo sesilwane-somuntu, noma njengezinto ezingokwesiko. Unkulunkulu ngamunye wayengowomunye wezindawo ezintathu zomhlaba wonkulunkulu:
- onkulunkulu abadali emhlabeni weTopan (izulu)
- onkulunkulu benzalo emhlabeni ophakathi Cemanahuatl (umhlaba)
- onkulunkulu baseMictlan underworld
I-Quetzalcoatl
I-Quetzalcóatl (Inyoka Ye-Quetzal noma Inyoka Enomsila Okhanyayo; I-Itzá Kukulcán, Quiché Q'uq'umatz) unkulunkulu ovumelanisiwe wamasiko ahlukahlukene aseMesoamerica, okuhlanganisa amaToltec, ama-Aztec, namaMaya. Unkulunkulu u-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli cishe uzoba uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-Quetzalcoatl. Ezethulweni zokuqala, i-Quetzalcóatl iba i-zoomorphic, emelelwa njengenyoka enkulu embozwe izimpaphe zenyoni ye-quetzal engcwele.
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, uQuetzalcoatl ungunkulunkulu womoya, isibhakabhaka, umhlaba, nonkulunkulu ongumdali. Ifanekisela ulwandle. Abantu bomdabu baseMesoamerica babekholelwa ezikhathini ezinhlanu (ilanga ezinhlanu) futhi kuthiwa uhlanga lwesintu lwesikhathi samanje, ilanga lesihlanu, lwadalwa nguQuetzalcoatl kusukela emathanjeni ezinhlanga zabantu zangaphambili ngosizo lukaCihuacoatl. Kunezindaba ezimbalwa mayelana nemvelaphi kaQuetzalcóatl: kuthiwa wazalwa yintombi u-Chimalman, u-Coatlicue noma u-Xochiquetzal noma enye yamadodana amane ka-Ometecuhtli no-Omecihuatl.
E-Teotihuacán wayekhulekelwa njengonkulunkulu wemvelo kusukela ekuqaleni. Indawo yakhe engcwele yayiseCholula. Wayebhekwa njengombusi wenkathi yezwe yesibili. Ngokwesiko uQuetzalcóatl, lapho egibela futhi ehamba eya eTlapallan engaqondakali, wamemezela ukuthi ngolunye usuku wayezowela i-Atlantic nethimba lakhe ukuze athathe umbuso wakhe futhi.
Lokhu kunikezwa njengesinye sezizathu ezenza umbusi uMoctezuma II aphikisane kuphela nabanqobi baseSpain ngaphansi kukaHernán Cortés ngekhulu le-XNUMX: wayengakwazi ukuhoxisa ukuzibandakanya nezithunywa zikankulunkulu. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, le ncazelo yaziwa njengenganekwane ehunyushwayo yomlando, okwakungenxa yezinhloso zokulungisiswa kweSpanishi.
UHernán Cortés wayengenayo imvume yokunqoba lokho manje osekuyiMexico, umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuhlola kuphela. Ngakho-ke njengoba uMnqobi wayemangalelwe yinkantolo yaseSpain, wabhala incwadi eya kumbusi, lapho azisa khona ukuthi ama-Aztec asedlulisele umbuso wawo kuye ngaphambi kokuba eze ukuzolwa ngoba ayenesibikezelo lapho uCortés engumbusi. . Ngakho, ukunqotshwa kweMexico kungahunyushwa njengokucindezelwa kokuvukela kwama-Aztec kanye noCortés ebalekela isigwebo esithile sokufa ngenxa yokunqoba okungagunyaziwe.
I-Huitzilopochtli
I-Huitzilopochtli (I-hummingbird yaseningizimu noma i-hummingbird ngakwesobunxele, ngokomcabango waseMexica, eningizimu yayingakwesobunxele, ilandela indlela yelanga ukusuka empumalanga kuya entshonalanga) Ibaluleke kakhulu konkulunkulu baseMexica, unkulunkulu wabo ongumqaphi wezizwe. . Ngomyalo wakhe, ama-Aztec asuka ezweni lenganekwane lase-Aztlán, wabe esephila impilo yokuzulazula isikhathi eside, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wayala ukuba ahlale futhi athole idolobha laseTenochtitlán. Endleleni, bayithatha ngendlela yenqwaba engcwele: tlaquimilolli.
Ngokwezinkolelo zama-Aztec, wayengunkulunkulu wempi nelanga emvuthwandaba walo, umfuziselo wesibhakabhaka emini, ehlobo nasemini. Izinganekwane mayelana nokudalwa kwezwe zivela njengendodana yesine yeNkosi kanye neNkosazana ye-duality Ometecuhtli (Tonacatecuhtli) no-Omecihuatl (Tonacacihuatl), owazalwa engenawo umzimba, futhi kuleli fomu ukhona iminyaka engu-600. Wayebhekwa njengembangi ekhaliphile yeTezcatlipoca emnyama (Yayauhqui Tezcatlipoca).
Ngokwezinye izinganekwane, wazalelwa unkulunkulukazi uCoatlicue. Ukukhulelwa kwakubangelwa ibhola elinezimpaphe zenyoni, unkulunkulukazi alifihla ngaphansi kwesiketi sakhe. Abafowabo bakaHuitzilopochtli ababesazozalwa babefuna ukubulala unina (babezibona bengahlonishiwe ngokukhulelwa kwakhe), kodwa u-Huitzilopochtli wazalwa ehlomile futhi wanqoba bonke ababemelene naye, kuhlanganise nodadewabo uCoyolxauhqui (izinsimbi zegolide), ikhanda lakhe elinqunyiwe waliphonsa emgodini. isibhakabhaka sidala iNyanga.
Enkolweni engokomthetho yama-Aztec, uHuitzilopochtli wayefana nonkulunkulu onamandla uTezcatlipoca futhi wathatha ezinye zezimfanelo zikankulunkulu welanga uTonatiuh noQuetzalcoatl. Ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa, ababusi baseMexico baba umzimba ophilayo we-Huitzilopochtli.
Ngokwezinkolelo zama-Aztec, uHuitzilopochtli wayezalwa kabusha nsuku zonke futhi wafa lapho kushona ilanga. Wayedinga amandla njengonkulunkulu welanga ukuze enze uhambo lwakhe esibhakabhakeni futhi anqobe onkulunkulu benkanyezi beCentzon Huitznaun nsuku zonke. Kwakufanele "kudliwe" ngegazi labantu futhi izinhliziyo zabantu zisathuthumela. Iziboshwa zempi zanikelwa. Ukuze aqinisekise inani elanele lezisulu, ama-Aztec aqhuba lokho okuthiwa izimpi zezimbali ngenjongo eyinhloko yokuthumba iziboshwa, hhayi ukunqoba noma ukuphanga.
U-Huitzilopochtli wayemelwe enomzimba oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nemithende ephuzi ebusweni bakhe, ehlome kahle futhi egqoke izimpaphe ze-hummingbird. Ekuhlonipheni kwakhe, ekupheleni konyaka kwakugujwa umkhosi wePanquetzaliztli (ukuphakamisa ifulege), lapho kuliwa khona izimpi futhi labo abahluliwe banikelwa kuye.
I-Tezcatlipoca
I-Tezcatlipoca (futhi i-Metzli, iNkosi yesibuko esibhemayo) - Ku-pantheon yama-Aztec, unkulunkulu wobubi, ubumnyama, nokuziphindiselela, ozalo lwakhe olungacacile ngokuphelele. Ngokusho kwama-akhawunti asenganekwaneni, wayengunkulunkulu ongumdali kanye neLanga Lomhlaba (Nahui Ocelotl) ngenkathi yezwe lokuqala futhi omunye wamadodana amane onkulunkulu ongumdali u-Ometeotl (Onkulunkulu ababili), umdali ombaxambili wezwe ohlanganisa owokuqala wesilisa u-Ometecuhtli (Lord of Duality) kanye no-Omecihuatl wesifazane (Lady Duality).
Wayengunkulunkulu wokunakekela, wokudalelwa, ubumnyama, kanye nesono. Wadala umlilo, wahola izangoma namaqhawe. Uvezwe enobuso obupendwe ngemigqa emnyama, nemibese ye-obsidian noma insengetsha, nesibuko se-obsidian (isibuko esibhemayo). Wabusa ubusuku nasenyakatho yezwe, uphawu lwakhe ku-cosmology yama-Aztec kwakuyiqoqo lezinkanyezi ze-Great Bear. Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zaseMexica, umkakhe wayengunkulunkulukazi u-Xilonen. Wathumba unkulunkulukazi uXochiquetzal, isilwane esimelela i-Tezcatlipoca i-jaguar.
Isibuko sokubhema simvumela ukuba abone yonke into esemhlabeni, ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nesibhakabhaka, kanye nokubona nokubikezela ikusasa. Wayengunkulunkulu oyinhloko owayekhulekelwa eTexcoco. U-Tezcatlipoca kanye newele lakhe uQuetzalcoatl baba izinyoka futhi banqoba i-monster Tlalteuctli, futhi kusukela ezingxenyeni ezimbili zomzimba wakhe badala izulu nomhlaba. Baqinisa umsebenzi wabo ngokudala iSihlahla Sokuphila, esixhumanisa wonke amazinga ezulu, izwe elingaphansi komhlaba kanye nomhlaba. Phakathi nempi, walahlekelwa unyawo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwathathelwa indawo umzimba wenyoka noma isibuko esibhemayo.
Uvame ukuvezwa njengomphikisi kankulunkulu waseMesoamerica uQuetzalcoatl (okwathi, ngokwezinganekwane, alwa naye impi enzima eyamphoqa ukuba aye empumalanga) kanye noHuitzilopochtli (unkulunkulu omkhulu wempi, ilanga, naseningizimu). I-Tezcatlipoca ne-Quetzalcóatl zishintshana emjikelezweni wokudala nokubhujiswa, emzabalazweni waphakade. Iziphetho zabo bobabili onkulunkulu njengamandla aphikisanayo zihlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa. I-Quetzalcóatl iqala ubukhona obusha bomhlaba futhi i-Tezcatlipoca iletha ukubhujiswa futhi ivala imijikelezo ye-cosmic.
acolmiztli
U-Acolmiztli (Yena wezwe eligwegwile), owaziwa nangokuthi u-Acolnahuacatl kanye no-Colnahuacatl ungomunye wonkulunkulu baseMexica be-underworld yaseMictlan. I-Acolmiztli ngesiNahuatl isho ukuthi "Isilwane Esinamandla" noma "I-Puma Arm". Uvame ukuvezwa njenge-cougar emnyama, enomsindo ogcwele igazi. Wasinda ngokungena endaweni yabafileyo.
I-Acuecucyoticihuati
U-Acuecucyoticihuati (Yena wesiketi se-jade) ungunkulunkulukazi wolwandle, amanzi agelezayo nemifula. Ehlangene nenkolo ye-Chalchiuhtlicue, yi-hypostasis yakhe. Xhasa abesifazane abasebenza. Unkosikazi kaTlaloc nomama weTecciztecatl. Uphinde abe usanta wokuzalwa futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekubhapathizweni kwama-Aztec. Yayibizwa nangokuthi iMatlalcueitl ngabakwaTlaxcalans, izitha zaseMexico.
Ayauhteotl
Kuwukubonakaliswa kukankulunkulukazi wamanzi u-Chalchiuhtlicue emhlabeni wonkulunkulu baseMexico. U-Ayauhtéotl unkulunkulukazi wenkungu nenkungu yobusuku nekuseni, futhi ngenxa yesimilo sakhe esingcolile, unkulunkulukazi weze nodumo. Ibonakala kuphela ebusuku noma ekuseni kakhulu. Uyindodakazi kaTeteoinnan kanye nodadewabo kaTlazolteotl no-Izpapalotl.
Itzpapalotl
"I-Obsidian Butterfly", unkulunkulukazi wekusasa elihlobene nokukhulekelwa kwezitshalo. Unkulunkulukazi womlilo nezinkanyezi ezisesimweni sohlaka lwamathambo. Indlovukazi yaseTamoanchan kanye nenye yeCihuateteo (amademoni asebusuku) kanye ne-tzitzimime (amademoni ezinkanyezi). Empeleni, kwakungomunye wonkulunkulu abazingeli baseMexica Chichimeca. Uvezwe njengovemvane olunamaphiko olugcwele izindwani ze-obsidian emaphethelweni, noma ngezidladla ze-jaguar ezingalweni nasemilenzeni. UMiccoatl wambulala.
camaxtli
I-Camaxtli, i-cuckold, nayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-Xocotl. Wayengunkulunkulu wezizwe zamaTlaxcalans kanye (phakathi kwamanye amagama) wama-Otomi namaChichimecas. Ungowonkulunkulu abane baseMexica abadale umhlaba futhi unguyise kaQuetzalcoatl. Futhi ungunkulunkulu wesizwe samaChichimecas. UCamaxtli wayengomunye wonkulunkulu abane bendalo nonkulunkulu wokuzingela, impi, ithemba nomlilo okuthiwa wasungulwa.
I-Camaxtli inokufana okuqinile ne-Aztec Mixcoatl, futhi cishe yayimane nje inguqulo ye-Tlaxcalan ye-Mixcoatl, nakuba kwakukhona izindawo eMexico yasendulo lapho i-Mixcoatl yayikhulekelwa khona njengo-Camaxtli njengonkulunkulu ababili abahlukene.
Chalchiuhtlicue
Ebizwa nangokuthi i-Chalchiuhtlicue noma i-Chalchihuitlicue, wayengunkulunkulukazi wamanzi amile kanye nemifula phakathi konkulunkulu baseMexica. I-Chalchiuhtlicue isho ngesiNahuatl lowo onesiketi se-jade. Unkosikazi ka-Xiuhtecuhtli no-Tlaloc. Imelwe isiketi esenziwe ngamatshe aluhlaza. U-Patron usanta wosuku lwesihlanu lwenyanga (i-Coatl) ekhalendeni lama-Aztec. Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec, wayeyiLanga Lamanzi (Nahui Atl) eminyakeni yesine yomhlaba. Wanakekela amanzi, imifula, imifudlana nezilwandle kanye neziphepho.
I-Chalchiuhtotolin
"I-Turkey ngamatshe ayigugu". Ezinkolelweni zama-Aztec kwakuyinagual kankulunkulu uTezcatlipoca kanye nophawu lwamandla obuthakathi. I-Tezcatlipoca yayikholelwa ukuthi inamandla okuzibhubhisa, kodwa ngokucasha kwe-turkey i-Chalchiuhtotolin, ingakwazi ukusula icala layo, ihlanze futhi ihlehlise isiphetho. Kwakungumgcini wekhalenda ngosuku lweshumi nesishiyagalombili lwenyanga (Tecpatl).
chantico
Owahlala endlini. (Cuaxolotl noma Chiantli). Phakathi konkulunkulu baseMexica, ungunkulunkulukazi womlilo, izinhliziyo ezivuthayo, izinto eziyigugu zomuntu siqu, ikhaya, nezintaba-mlilo. UChantico wayevezwe egqoke umqhele wameva womdolofiya noma osesimweni senyoka ebomvu. IChantico yayikhulekelwa ngokuyinhloko abakhandi begolide, abakha ubucwebe, namalungu omkhaya ayekholelwa ukuthi ivikela zonke izinto eziyigugu ezishiywe ekhaya.
I-Chicomecoatl
izinyoka eziyisikhombisa. Unkulunkulukazi wommbila ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec. Kwesinye isikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi "uNkulunkulukazi Wokudla", unkulunkulukazi wenala kanye nesici sommbila sowesifazane. Owesifazane olingana nonkulunkulu u-Centéotl. Kwesinye isikhathi ifaniswa ne-Coatlicue. Njalo ngo-September owesifazane osemusha omelela uChicomecóatl kwakwenziwa umhlatshelo. Abapristi banquma ikhanda lentombazane, baqoqa igazi layo, base belichitha phezu komfanekiso kankulunkulukazi. Ngemva kwalokho, isidumbu sasikhishwa, ngemva kwalokho umpristi agqokise isikhumba sowesifazane obusisiwe.
Unkulunkulukazi uvela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: intombazane enezimbali, owesifazane okwanga kwakhe kusho ukufa okuqinisekile, futhi njengomama othwala ilanga naye njengesihlangu. Ubuye abonakale njengowesifazane olingana nonkulunkulu wommbila u-Centéotl, uphawu lwakhe luyikhwebu lommbila. Ngezinye izikhathi waziwa ngokuthi u-Xilonen (owoyela), owawubhekisela ezinweleni ze-corn cob engahlutshiwe, wayeshade noTezcatlipoca.
Wayevame ukubonakala enezimpawu ze-Chalchiuhtlicue, njengesigqoko esinemigqa emifushane egudla imihlathi yakhe. UChicomecóatl wayenesithombe esinobuso obupendwe obubomvu, ngokuvamile ephethe izikhwebu zommbila nento enjenge-knocker okungenzeka isetshenziselwa izinjongo zenkolo.
I-Cihuacoatl
UCihuacoatl wayengunkulunkulukazi wenzalo wama-Aztec. UCihuacóatl usho Owesifazane Inyoka ngesiNahuatl. Kanye noQuetzalcoatl, kuthiwa wadala isintu sanamuhla ngokuhlanganisa amathambo abantu basendulo negazi. UCihuacóatl wayehlotshaniswa nokubeletha futhi wayevame ukuvezwa ngemikhonto nesihlangu. Ama-Aztec afanisa ukuba ngumama nempi, futhi abesifazane abafa bebeletha baya ezulwini elifanayo namaqhawe afela empini.
UCihuacóatl wayengumholi we-cihuateteo, izipoki zabesifazane abafa lapho bebeletha. UCihuacóatl wayevame ukuvezwa njengowesifazane osemusha ogone ingane, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi wayevezwa njengowesifazane oyiqhawe ophethe izikhali nemicibisholo esandleni sakhe.
UCihuacóatl wayebhekwa njengonina kaMiscóatl, amshiya ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo. Wabuyela khona njalo ezokhalela indodana yakhe, kodwa wathola ummese womhlatshelo kuphela. Lokhu kungase kube umsuka wezinganekwane ezizungeze i-La Llorona. Isiqu sikaCihuacóatl esifundazweni sama-Aztec naso sasiphethwe umpristi omkhulu, owayengowesibili ngemva kwenkosi ngokwezikhundla zabefundisi.
I-Centeotl
U-Centéotl (ophinde abizwe ngokuthi i-Centeocihuatl noma i-Cintéotl) wayengunkulunkulu wommbila ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec (ekuqaleni wayengunkulunkulukazi). Wayaziwa nangokuthi i-Xilonen (Onezinwele). U-Centéotl wayeyindodana kaTlazolteotl nomyeni ka-Xochiquetzal. Kwakuyinguqulo yesilisa ye-Chicomecoatl (Izinyoka Eziyisikhombisa). Ngokwe-Florentine Codex, u-Centéotl wayeyindodana kankulunkulukazi wemvelo u-Toci nonkulunkulu u-Tlazolteotl. Ulwazi oluningi olutholakala ngokubhekisela ku-Centéotl lubona ukuthi ngokuvamile wayemelelwe njengensizwa enomzimba ophuzi.
Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi u-Centéotl wayekade engunkulunkulukazi wommbila u-Xilonen. U-Centéotl wayengomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu benkathi yama-Aztec. Kunokufana okuningi ezithombeni ze-Centéotl. Isibonelo, ummbila uvame ukuvezwa ekhanda lakhe. Esinye isici umugqa omnyama osuka eshiya uye esihlathini futhi uphele ekugcineni komugqa womhlathi. Lezi zimpawu zobuso ziyafana futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ezithombeni ze-Postclassic ze-Maya Maize God.
Ku-tonalpohualli (ikhalenda lezinsuku ezingu-260 elisetshenziswa amasiko aseMesoamerican) u-Centéotl wayeyi "Nkosi yosuku" izinsuku ezibalwe "eziyisikhombisa" (chicome ngesiNahuatl) futhi "iNkosi yobusuku" yesine. Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, ummbila (uCintli ngesiNahuatl) wethulwa emhlabeni yiQuetzalcoatl futhi uhlotshaniswa neqembu lezinkanyezi elaziwa namuhla ngokuthi iPleiades.
I-Coatlicue
U-Coatlicue ungunkulunkulukazi womhlaba, ukuphila nokufa. Umelelwe njengowesifazane onesiketi esenziwe ngezinyoka nomgexo wezandla namakhanda omuntu, izinyawo zakhe zigcine ngezinzipho ze-jaguar. Ezinkolelweni zama-Aztec, lalifanekisela uMhlaba, umnikezeli wokuphila noMhlaba, ushwabadela konke okungcwatshwe kuwo. Wayengunina kaQuetzalcóatl noXólotl, kanye nonkulunkulu welanga uHuitzilopochtli (lowo, ngokusho kwenganekwane, owazala intombi emsulwa ngemva kokuthola ibhola lezimpaphe elawa ezulwini), iNyanga Nezinkanyezi.
Ama-Aztec ayekhulekela uCoatlicue ngonya, emenzela imihlatshelo yabantu, ekholelwa ukuthi igazi lakhe lalinika izwe ukuvunda. Ngokwezinganekwane, unyaka ngamunye lo nkulunkulukazi wayejoyinwa indodana yakhe siqu, u-Xipe Totek, eyayifaka izinhlamvu zommbila ngaphakathi kuye phakathi nesenzo. Ukuze imbewu ihlume, unkulunkulukazi wayedinga ukusekelwa abantu abafayo, ngakho abapristi bakhe banikela ngezinhliziyo ezidatshulwe ezisuluni eziphilayo, banisela umhlaba ngegazi labo, futhi batshala emhlabathini amakhanda, izandla, nezinhliziyo ezinqunyiwe, lokho unkulunkulukazi akunamathisela. kumgexo wakhe.
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