Sikumema ukuba wazi esihlokweni esilandelayo ukuthi ziyini Imibhoshongo yaseMexico yasendulo okubaluleke kakhulu nokumele emlandweni nokuthi zingaki zalezi zindawo eseziphenduke izindawo zamasiko nezivakashi. Funda ngomlando wayo, umsuka kanye nencazelo ngezansi.
Imibhoshongo yaseMexico yasendulo
Ukukhuluma ngomlando waseMexico ngaphandle kokungabaza kubhekiselwa ezakhiweni zayo zasendulo, eziphawule ngaphambi nangemva kwendlela yokubuka isiko kulelo zwe. Esihlokweni sethu namuhla sizobe sifunda kafushane ngamaPiramidi aseMexico yasendulo kanye nengxenye yomlando wawo.
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi amaphiramidi aseMexico achazwa njengohlobo lokwakha olusihambisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, lapho imiphakathi eminingi yendabuko yangaleso sikhathi iqala ukuhlola amakhono abo mayelana nezakhiwo, idala lolu hlobo. zezakhiwo zomlando.
Izizwe eziningi zandisa ulwazi lwazo lwezakhiwo zaze zakwazi ukuthuthukisa zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo, okuhlanganisa imibhoshongo, amathempeli kanye namadolobha athile aqhubeka nokuheha ukunaka kwawo wonke umuntu nanamuhla. Lungela ukuthola umhlaba othokozisayo ozungeze imibhoshongo yaseMexico yasendulo.
Ngaphambi kokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imibhoshongo yaseMexico yaba izakhiwo ezimele kakhulu emiphakathini eminingi yendabuko kulelo zwe, ikakhulukazi kumaMayans kanye neqembu laseMexico. Kunezakhiwo eziningi ezaziwayo, isibonelo iMeya yeTemplo, iCalakmul kanye neTeotihuacán.
IMeya yaseTemplo
Sizoqala ukuvakasha kwethu kumaPiramidi aseMexico yasendulo kuMeya weTemplo, athathwa abaningi njengenye yezakhiwo ezinomlando omkhulu kakhulu ezweni. Ngokwezibalo ezikhona, leli thempeli latholwa okokuqala ngqa ekhulwini lama-XNUMX futhi kusukela lapho seliphenduke indawo engcwele emiphakathini eyayinesiko lokushumayela ivangeli.
Masikhumbule ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi sobukoloni, abantu ababephethe umsebenzi wobuvangeli babenomkhuba wokwakha amasonto emathempelini afanayo ngaphambi kweSpanishi - bewafihla. Eqinisweni, bafika basebenzisa amatshe ala mathempeli ukuze bakhe amasonto abo.
Kwezinye izikhathi babephethe ukucekela phansi ngokuphelele amathempeli abomdabu ukuze bakhe amasonto abo kusukela ekuqaleni. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi abavangeli bathatha amathempeli abomdabu njengembuka futhi kwaba ngesinye sezizathu ezabaholela ekutheni bacekele phansi lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo. Kwakuwumkhuba ongokomfanekiso lapho inkolo yamaKatolika yayinqoba izinkolelo zendawo.
Ngalesi sizathu, kukholakala ukuthi ukutholakala kwalokhu okwaziwa ngele-Templo Mayor akukudala njengakwamanye amacala. Ngokwezinye izifundo ezenziwayo, kuye kwavezwa ukuthi leli thempeli lakhiwa phezu kwendawo ekhonjiswe uHuitzilopochtli ukuze abaseMexico basungula i-Aztlán.
Ekuqaleni, ukwakhiwa kwendawo kwakwenziwa kuphela ngodaka nezinkuni, kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka lesi sakhiwo sashintshwa ukuze sibe nezinguquko ezintsha ngoba ababusi baseTenoctitlán babenomkhuba wokwenza iminikelo yabo ukuze bakwazi ukulungisa kabusha indawo, kuze kube yilapho beqala ukwakhiwa. yaba igugu lezakhiwo emlandweni waseMexico.
Kufike ngesikhathi futhi ukuthi u-Huitzilopochtli uthathwa njengonkulunkulu wokuqala owamukela ukukhonzwa noma ukukhonzwa eThempelini Elikhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ukuze kuvinjwe izinguquko ebhalansi yendawo yonke, amaMexico aqala ukukhulekela abanye onkulunkulu, kuhlanganise neTlaloc.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umbhoshongo owawuzinikezele kunkulunkulu u-Huitzilopochtli waba kabili, ngoba izithixo eziphakeme kakhulu zaseMexica zazihlala lapho, njengeTlaloc noHuitzilopochtli.
Teotihuacan
I-Teotihuacán Archaeological Zone itholakala eSifundazweni SaseMexico, indawo lapho ungathola khona amaphiramidi amabili adume kakhulu futhi adumile aseMexico yasendulo yazo zonke izikhathi, njengePyramid of the Sun kanye nePyramid of the Moon. Womabili amaphiramidi avakashelwa kakhulu futhi anomlando omude nothakazelisayo okufanele ufundwe ngawo.
Njengedatha yokuqala singasho ukuthi i-Archaeological Zone yaseTeotihuacán ibonakala ngokunwetshwa kwayo okuhlaba umxhwele nokuba yinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuqinisekile kuze kube manje akuzange kwenzeke ukuqiniseka ukuthi lesi sakhiwo esingokomlando savela kangakanani, kodwa abavubukuli abaningi kanye nezazi ze-anthropologists baye bazinikela ekuzameni ukuveza zonke izimfihlo ezifihliwe ngemuva kwale ndawo ebizwa ngokuthi iTeotihuacán.
Eziningi zalezi zazi zivumelene ngedatha ethile ebalulekile, isibonelo usuku okwasungulwa ngalo idolobha. Abaningi baqinisekisa lolo kholo ngonyaka ka-500 ngaphambi kukaKristu lapho kusungulwa umuzi. Baphinde bagcizelele ukuthi leli dolobha lashiywa izakhamuzi zalo cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, nakuba kungekho noyedwa okwazile ukuthola izizathu noma izisusa eziholele ekutheni lezi zakhamuzi zilishiye leli dolobha.
Iqiniso liwukuthi iTeotihuacán yahlala isikhathi eside, yaguqulwa yaba idolobha elingenalo idolobhana, elingenazo izakhamuzi, lapho kuphela isizungu nesizungu esasingaphefumula. Kwahlala kunjalo okungenani kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika i-Mexica, ebhekwa njengomphakathi wokuqala wendabuko ophethe ukubuyisela idolobha ekuphileni. Abantu baseMexico bashaqeka ngobuhle bezakhiwo futhi bayiqamba igama elithi Teotihuacán.
Uyazi ukuthi iTeotihuacan isho ukuthini? Ngokomlando, leli gama lisho “Idolobha Lonkulunkulu”, nokho muva nje kuye kwavela izinguqulo ezintsha mayelana nencazelo yangempela yalelo gama. Abanye ochwepheshe abavela ku-National Institute of Anthropology and History baveza ukuthi leli dolobha empeleni alibizwa ngokuthi i-Teotihuacán kodwa ngokuthi i-Teo Huacan, ngakho incazelo yalo yangempela izoba "iDolobha Lelanga".
Ngaphandle kwalezi zingxabano nokudideka, okungenakungabaza ukuthi i-Archaeological Zone yaseTeotihuacán ingenye evakashelwe kakhulu futhi ebalulekile eMexico. Le ndawo yenziwe ngamaphiramidi ahlaba umxhwele kanye namanye amaqoqo ezakhiwo atshalwe eduze kwendlela ehamba phambili (La Calzada de los Muertos) enobukhulu obulinganiselwa amakhilomitha amane.
Chichen Itza, Temple of Kukulkan
Siyaqhubeka nokwazi imibhoshongo ebaluleke kakhulu yaseMexico yasendulo. Manje sekuyithuba leThempeli laseKukulkan, elibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezinomlando kakhulu ezweni lama-Aztec. Le phiramidi eyizifanekiselo itholakala endaweni ye-Archaeological Zone yaseChichen Itza, eNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan.
Ngenhla kushiwo ukuthi i-Archaeological Zone yaseTeotihuacán yayigcwele kakhulu futhi ivakashelwe eMexico, nokho i-Chichén Itzá ayikude kakhulu. Ngokwezibalo, kukholakala ukuthi le ndawo iphinde ibe phakathi kwezivakashelwa kakhulu ezweni futhi ingenye yezifanekiselo nezibalulekile, yingakho ifihla umlando othakazelisayo.
Idolobha lasungulwa, ngokusho kwabacwaningi abaningi, phakathi kuka-325 no-550 AD. Ababephethe ukusungulwa kwedolobha laseChichen Itza kwakungamaMeya, azinza kule ndawo isikhathi esithile. Ngemva kweminyaka, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka wama-800, amaToltec afika endaweni, ayephethe ukuhlasela isifunda.
Lokho kuhlasela kwabangela ingxubevange yesiko phakathi kwamaMayans namaToltec, ingxubevange eyaholela ekwamukelweni kwamasiko namahlelo amasha. Izakhamuzi zaqala ukukhulekela iQuetzalcóatl nakuba zazibizwa ngokuthi iKukulkan. Kungalesi sizathu imiphakathi yabomdabu yakulesi sifunda yaqala ukwakha ithempeli noma umbhoshongo waseKukulkan, ukuhlonipha lowo nkulunkulu.
Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2077, iChichen Itza yayithathwa njengenye Yezimangaliso Ezintsha Eziyisikhombisa Zomhlaba ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlaba umxhwele kanye nomlando ogcinwa le ndawo eyifanekiselo yesiko laseMexico.
I-Palenque
Kunamadolobha amaningi anomlando eMexico kodwa elinye elibaluleke kakhulu ngokungangabazeki idolobha lasePalenque, elisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda saseChiapas. Idolobha elikhangayo lamaMaya elingatholakala phakathi kwehlathi elishisayo, elizungezwe izindawo zemvelo ezihlaba umxhwele, izimpophoma nemifula.
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi abahamba phambili nezifundiswa, idolobha lasePalenque lasungulwa ngonyaka we-100 BC. Wawuhlalwa isikhathi eside, cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane, nokho ngendlela eyayingalindelekile nesangaqondakali, umuzi washiywa wodwa izakhamuzi zawo, ezaphunyuka kuwo phakathi kweminyaka engama-600 no-800 ngemva kukaKristu.
Izizathu eziholele ekutheni izakhamizi zedolobha iPalenque zihambe kule ndawo bezingakadalulwa. Into eyaziwayo ukuthi umuzi wasala wodwa. Idolobha lakhiwe yizinsalela ezinjengalezi: ithuna leNdlovukazi ebomvu, iSigodlo, futhi-ke, iphiramidi noma iThempeli lemibhalo eqoshiwe, ngaphakathi lapho kugcinwa khona izinsalela zeNkosi uPakal.
I-Kalakmul
Ngaphambi kokuthi kukhulunywe ngomlando wayo, kunikezwa ithuba lokuthi ime kafushane incazelo yaleli gama. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, igama elithi "Calakmul" lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "amapiramidi amabili angomakhelwane" noma "Idolobha lezindunduma eziseduze". Iqiniso liwukuthi lena enye yalezo zindawo ezikhangayo nezomlando isiko lamaMaya elisinika lona.
ICalakmul itholakala eCampeche futhi umlando wayo uthakazelisa ngempela. Ngenxa yalokho okutholwe okuningi, kungase kutholakale ukuthi le ndawo yayinabantu abaningi okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni engu-200 ngemva kukaKristu, usuku okwafika ngalo izakhamuzi zakhona zokuqala.
Ngokwemininingwane ehlinzekwe yiNational Institute for Federalism and Municipal Development, leli dolobha lalinabantu abangaphezu kuka-50 phakathi neminyaka engama-322 BC. C. kanye no-925 d. C. Njengoba kwenzeka kuMeya weTemplo, iCalakmul nayo yatholakala ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ngesikhathi seKoloni, abasanda kufika abazange bathole izinsimbi eziyigugu endaweni, ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuthi ukuze bangene kule ndawo, kwakudingeka kuthathwe ingozi enkulu, ngoba ukufinyelela kwakunzima ngempela, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu. weHlathi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, idolobha laseCalakmul lahlala licwile ekukhohlweni futhi lifihliwe iminyaka engaphezu kuka-600, laze latholwa kabusha ngawo-30. Njengamanje ithathwa njengenye yamaphiramidi abaluleke kakhulu futhi ayizifanekiselo aseMexico yasendulo emlandweni, enolwazi oluningi ongalunikeza yona kanye nezivakashi.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: