Namuhla sizokufundisa ngalokhu okuthunyelwe okuthakazelisayo okufundisayo, konke okuhlobene tonathi, owayengunkulunkulu wama-Aztec ofanekisela iLanga.Ngaphezu kwezithakazelo ezithile zalonkulunkulu nokunye okuningi, ungayeki ukuyifunda! Uzomangala!
Wayengubani uTonatiuh?
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec, kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngoTonatiuh, engunkulunkulu owayefanekisela unkulunkulu weLanga futhi engumholi wamazulu ngokomcabango weqembu lesizwe saseMexico ngaphambi kweSpanishi. ilanga lesihlanu kwathiwa livela kuye.kube inkathi elaliyimele.
Ngokwalokho isiko lama-Aztec elalikulondoloze emsuka walo ukuthi iTonatiuh yayilawule lapho ilanga lesine lixoshwa emkhathizwe ngoba ezinkolelweni zawo ilanga ngalinye lalifanekisela unkulunkulu ohlukile futhi lalibusa enkathini ehlukile lapho kwakwakhiwa khona umlando wale nganekwane. .
Le nganekwane ihambisana nabantu baseMesoamerica futhi ihambisana nenkathi yokugcina yale mpucuko futhi njengoba inemininingwane yesiko, inkathi ngayinye iphetha ngokubhujiswa, ekubeni kule nkathi ummeleli wayo uTonatiuh.
Izinganekwane eziphathelene nokuzalwa komlando wayo
Ngenxa yokulandisa okuningi okwenziwa ngokuzalwa kukaTonatiuh, kulesi sihloko sizokuchazela zona ukuze wazi lesi sibalo sezinganekwane zama-Aztec.
Le mythology yaziwa nangegama elithi Mexica futhi babenonkulunkulu abambalwa futhi ngamunye wayemelela isikhathi emlandweni weqembu lama-Aztec. Ngokulandisa kwalenganekwane, uMhlaba nabakhileyo kuwo wawudalwe izikhathi ezinhlanu ngakho kwakukhona onkulunkulu belanga abahlanu.
Unkulunkulu ngamunye welanga wayemelela isikhathi esithile esikweni laseMexica futhi ekupheleni kwenkathi yakhe zonke izidalwa zabhujiswa futhi kwakudingeka kukhethwe unkulunkulu welanga omusha. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona onkulunkulu abane belanga ngaphambi kweTonatiuh, belandelayo:
Esokuqala sazo kwakuyiTezcatlipoca eyayibizwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu weTiger, ngakho ekupheleni kwenkathi izidalwa ezisemhlabeni zadliwa yilezi zilwane ezaziyimidondoshiya. Kwabe sekubonakala unkulunkulu welanga wesibili ogama lakhe linguQuetzalcóatl, osici sakhe siwumoya, ngakho wayephethe ukubhubhisa umhlaba lapho umsebenzi wakhe ufika.
Unkulunkulu welanga wesithathu kwakunguTlaloc, unkulunkulu wemvula, ngakho ekupheleni kwenkathi yakhe umhlaba wabhujiswa ngezimvula ezikhukhula futhi zaqeda zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwase kuba ukujika kwelanga lesine okuthiwa uChalchiuhtlicue, le nkathi nayo yaphela. emvuleni kodwa ngamabhola omlilo.
Ngokusho kophenyo olwenziwe, izinkathi ezimbili zokuqala zezinganekwane zama-Aztec zathatha cishe iminyaka engamakhulu ayisithupha namashumi ayisikhombisa nesithupha kanti ngesikhathi sesithathu noma ilanga lesithathu, lihambisana neminyaka engamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nane.
Eyesihlanu iqondiswe ngabakwaTonatiuh lapho bekubonakala khona ngommbila ababewusebenzisa njengokudla kanti emicabangweni yabo umhlaba wawuzophela ngokuzamazama komhlaba.
Phakathi kwezinganekwane okukhulunywa ngazo ngeTonatiuh mayelana nokufa kwelanga lesine, kwaklanywa icebo lokukhetha unkulunkulu owayezohlala kuleyo ndawo, okwakungonkulunkulu ababili kuphela ababefaneleka kakhulu ukwenza lo msebenzi otusekayo.
Ukuba uTecuciztécatl unkulunkulu oziqhenya kakhulu kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo eyigwala kakhulu kanti omunye kwakunguNanahuatzin owayengunkulunkulu ohloniphekile nakuba empofu kakhulu.
Zabekwa phambi komlilo lapho kwakwenziwa khona imihlatshelo eyaziwa ngegama elithi pyre futhi abanye onkulunkulu bama-Aztec baphawula ngalaba nkulunkulu ukuthi kufanele benze imihlatshelo yabo kulo mlilo ovuthayo obizwa ngokuthi i-pyre.
Ngakho unkulunkulu uTecuciztécatl waqala ukungena kwakhe emlilweni kodwa lapho ezwa ukusha esikhumbeni sakhe wasuka ngokushesha emlilweni, ngenxa yalokho isikhumba sakhe sasinamabala, okwanikeza ukuphila ekulandiseni okubhekisela kumabala ejaguar.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho omunye unkulunkulu wama-Aztec uNanahuatzin engena emlilweni, inhlansi ngokushesha yaphuma ibheke emkhathizwe futhi ikhanyisa ebusuku, kusukela lapho kwazalwa inganekwane yelanga lesihlanu, ngakho igama layo lisho ukuthi uTona ukwenza njengeLanga noTiuh. ihumusha ngokuthi hamba.
Ngokwezinganekwane zama-Aztec uTonatiuh wayebhekiselwa ekuletheni kunkulunkulu welanga. Leli gama lendabuko labizwa ngokuthi Toh-na-te-uh ngolimi lwalesi siko lase-Mexica futhi lihunyushelwa olimini lwesiSpanishi ngokuthi:
"... Lowo ohamba phambili ekhaliphile ..."
Ukuba nguTonatiuh ummeleli wawo wonke amaqhawe alesi sizwe esiyingqayizivele ngokusebenzisa inkampani yama-jaguar nezinkozi njengezilwane zasenganekwaneni. Unkulunkulu wamagwala ogama lakhe linguTecuciztécatl waba nomona emzimbeni nasengqondweni yakhe ngokubona ukuthi unkulunkulu ompofu uNanahuatzin noma uTonatiuh wayesebe ilanga lesihlanu, ngakho wabuyela entubeni futhi waguqukela kwelinye ilanga, kodwa onkulunkulu abancane banquma ukumbulala ngonogwaja. eyalihlaba ikhipha inyanga.
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec kwakudingeka benze imihlatshelo emibili ngosuku kunkulunkulu weLanga futhi uma lokhu kungenzeki kwakuzohamba emkhathizwe ukuze bacashe futhi bangaphinde baphume, ngakho-ke iqembu lesizwe saseMexico lavumelana nemihlatshelo emibili yabantu ngalokho. I-Tonatiuh idla ngenhliziyo ngemva kwezimpi zabo ebusuku.
I-Tonatiuh, ngokwezinganekwane zohlanga lwaseMexico, yayihlale ihambisana nonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uCihuateteo owashona ngemva kokubeletha futhi wayehlobene nesici samanzi ngisho noma kwakukhona isikhukhula noma isomiso.
Kukhona nokunye ukulandisa okwabhalwa isithunywa sevangeli sohlelo lwamaFrancisca uBernardino de Sahagún ophawula ukuthi ngemva kwemihlatshelo yonkulunkulu uNanahuatzin noTecuciztécatl emlilweni omkhulu uTonatiuh wavuka waya esibhakabhakeni ebuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ngenxa yosizo lukankulunkulu. umoya.
Eqanjwe ngokuthi u-Ehecatl, owaziwa kangcono ngegama elithi Quetzalcóatl, uyena owayisungula. Ingcaphuno elandelayo ikhishwe kule ndaba elandisiwe:
"... Futhi bathi, nakuba bonke onkulunkulu bafa, eqinisweni, abazange banyakaze... Kwakungenakwenzeka ... ukuba iLanga, i-Tonatiuh, iqhubeke nendlela yayo..."
“…Ngale ndlela, u-Ehecatl wenze umsebenzi wakhe. Ehecatl esukuma. Wakhula waba namandla ngokwedlulele. Wagijima waphephetha kancane. Khona manjalo, ilanga lanyakaza… Ngakho, liyaqhubeka nendlela yalo…”
Ubuye aphawule emibhalweni yakhe ukuthi u-Tonatiuh ilanga lesihlanu ungumuntu oguquliwe weNanahuatzin, yingakho loFrancisca enza amanye amazwi abhekisela kulo nkulunkulu emibhalweni yakhe, kube yilokhu okulandelayo:
“…Lapho bobabili sebeshisiwe yilomlilo omkhulu, onkulunkulu bahlala phansi ukuze balinde ukuvela kabusha kukaNanahuatzin; lapho bamangala ukuthi wayezovela khona, ukulinda kwabo kwakuyisikhathi eside. Ngokuphazima kweso isibhakabhaka sababomvu…”
“…Kuyo yonke indawo ukukhanya kokuntwela kokusa kwakubonakala. Kuthiwa onkulunkulu baguqa ukuze balindele ukuphuma kweNanahuatzin njengeLanga. Wonke umuntu owayemzungezile wayebuka, kodwa abakwazanga ukuqagela ukuthi wayezovelaphi…”
Kwakuwuthando olunjalo insumansumane yama-Aztec eyayinalo lapho kufundwa ilanga ukuthi ayedlulwa kuphela isizwe samaMaya. Lesi siko laseMexico lase lizenzele elalo ikhalenda ngenxa yezifundo zalo ezithokozisayo.
Namuhla izici zocwaningo lwakhe zisadumile, njengombese womhlatshelo owawumelwe njengolimi.
Ku-solar disc u-Tonatiuh wayefanekiselwa inkemba futhi umzimba wakhe wonke nobuso bakhe babubomvu ngenxa yokushiswa komlilo we-pyre, ngisho nalo nkulunkulu wama-Aztec kuthiwa uklanywe kwembali esetshenziswa emcimbini wezinsuku zokufa. Igama lembali leCempasúchil.
Nokho, enye yezinganekwane ithi izithandwa ezimbili ezisezincane okuthiwa u-Xóchitl noHuitzilin zaziphethe ukukhuphuka kwentaba ephakeme kakhulu ukuze zinikeze izimbali kuTonatiuh lonkulunkulu ababonga ngazo.
Ngaphezu kokumamatheka ngenjabulo njalo lapho lezi zithandwa zamvakashela, u-Huitzilin walahlekelwa ukuphila kwakhe empini futhi lokhu kwenza u-Xóchitl osemusha wadabuka kakhulu.
Ngakho u-Tonatiuh, ebona ukudabuka kwakhe okungapheli, wanquma ukumguqula abe yimbali kanye no-Huitzilin wakhe othandekayo abe yi-hummingbird enhle eyathinta imbali ye-Cempasúchil ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze ivuleke futhi ukubuyisana nothando phakathi kwalaba bathandi ababili kwenzeke ngenxa yama-Aztec. unkulunkulu wasenganekwaneni.
Ukumelwa kwalo nkulunkulu
Isiko laseMexica lalifanekisela unkulunkulu u-Tonatiuh ngenani elikhulu lemihlobiso ngoba ebusweni bakhe obomvu ungabona amacici asesimweni somjikelezo kanye nokubhoboza ekhaleni lakhe ngamatshe ayigugu futhi izinwele zalo nkulunkulu zazinombala wegolide ngenxa i-tonality ayithole ku-pyre.
Lalihlotshiswe ngetshe eliyigugu eliphuzi, laliqhathaniswa nokhozi futhi izinhliziyo ezazithathwa njengenhlonipho zazidwetshwa ezinzipho zalesi silwane esihle.
Ubuso be-Tonatiuh budwetshwe ku-solar disk. Phakathi kwetshe elidume kakhulu yitshe le-Axayácatl, elaziwa nangokuthi itshe leLanga kanti ilanga lesihlanu limelelwa enkabeni yetshe ngenxa yamandla alo nezinye izimpawu. Basukela ezigabeni ezine zokugcina zesiko laseMexico.
Ngenxa yokushiswa kwezincwadi zakhe yizithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKhatholika, zimbalwa izinsalela zokhokho bomlando wama-Aztec ezaziwa ngamagama ama-codex kuzo, u-Tonatiuh udwetshwe ngezilenge eziningi eziyindilinga kanye netshe eliyigugu ekhaleni lakhe futhi izinwele zakhe zazigolide.
Wayegqoke itshe eliyigugu eliphuzi elihlobene ne-jade njengezindandatho, futhi lalimelela i-Tonatiuh enezinkozi kulezi zincwadi ezithakazelisayo zesiko laseMexico futhi kulezi zincwadi wabonwa ethatha inhliziyo yeminikelo.
Enye yezincwadi lapho iqashelwa khona ngokuningiliziwe ikuyiBorgia Codex lapho ubuso bakhe bupendwe khona ngemigoqo eqondile yemibala emibili ebomvu.
Ngokuphathelene noTonatiuh, amandla okubili aqanjwa kuye ngokuba unkulunkulu ovumela ukuphila kanye nothando kuzo zonke izizukulwane zale nganekwane ebalulekile yama-Aztec.
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec zokhokho, kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina unkulunkulu wabo weLanga enkathini yakhe ye-cosmic, ngakho-ke kwakuyisikhathi sikaTonatiuh futhi ukuze aqhubekele emkhathizwe, wanikezwa njengomnikelo wemihlatshelo yabantu yansuku zonke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangaba ngu-20.000 babenikezwa lo nkulunkulu minyaka yonke.
Kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi leli nani lokufa liyinganekwane futhi balisebenzisa ukuze bafake ukwesaba phambi kwezitha zabo, phakathi kwabo abaseSpain ababenesithakazelo egolideni lalesi sizwe saseMexico, ngakho-ke kungangcolisa umlando wabo.
Ngakho-ke, ekhalendeni lelanga le-Aztec, i-Tonatiuh imelela unkulunkulu wezinsuku eziyishumi nantathu zelanga kusukela ekufeni kwakhe kuze kufike inombolo ye-flint eyishumi nantathu, kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi nantathu ezedlule zazibuswa omunye unkulunkulu ogama lakhe linguChalchiuhtlicue futhi phambi kwakhe kwakungekaTlaloc.
Phakathi kwezimpawu ezazihambisana noTonatiuh kwakukhona imicibisholo nesihlangu, njengoba wayeyiqhawe elinesibindi, uvame ukudonswa ngekholomu ye-maguey ukuze amele ukuthi wabamba iqhaza ekuchithweni kwegazi njengomnikelo womhlatshelo.
Ukudlondlobala kweminikelo yemihlatshelo kwakufanekiselwa futhi ngamabhola anezimpaphe zokhozi noma ngomdwebo wale nyoni ebabazekayo okwakungase kube izimpawu zemihlatshelo.
Ngisho ne-Tonatiuh ilanga lesihlanu lalimelwe nalolu khozi ukuze amandla okubamba amandla okuphila abantu ngokubamba isitho sabo senhliziyo esivumela ukuphila kwazo zonke izidalwa kufakazelwa kwamanye ama-codex.
Ugebhezi lwekhanda abaludwebile ekupheleni kwengubo yalo nkulunkulu noma emlenzeni wakhe owawumelela ukuvikelwa kwaleli qhawe elikhulu.
Ebhekisela komunye unkulunkulu wasezinganekwaneni zaseMexico onjengoXolotl owayemelela unkulunkulu wombani nokufa kanye nokuvikela uTonatiuh ohambweni alwenza endaweni engaphansi komhlaba.
Ngalokho okwakumelelwe njengohlaka lwamathambo enja nangokwesiko lalesi sizwe kwakukholelwa ukuthi zaziyizimcondvofana ngokuvumelana nokukhulekelwa kukaNanahuatzin noma iTonatiuh.
Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi iTonatiuh yadwetshwa izindlebe nolimi olucwiyiwe imelela iminikelo yabantu.
Inganekwane mayelana nalonkulunkulu wama-Aztec
Usuku nosuku u-Tonatiuh ilanga lesihlanu lalivela emkhathizwe futhi ekushoneni kwelanga lafa ukuze lidedele inyanga futhi ngakusasa lonkulunkulu omkhulu wazalwa kabusha.
Ngakho-ke lo msebenzi wawunzima impela futhi eqenjini lesizwe saseMexica igazi lalidingeka ngaphezu kwemihlatshelo yabantu ukuze uTonatiuh akwazi ukuqoqa amandla futhi aqhubekele phambili empini yakhe yansuku zonke okwakudingeka abhekane nayo.
Ezinye izinhlobo uTonatiuh ayezidinga ukuze azondle ngaphezu kweminikelo yomuntu kwakungokulunga kwabantu bakhe ekuphileni kokuziphatha okuhle okugcwele izimfanelo ezinhle ezihlonishwayo emsebenzini owenziwa.
Ngaphezu kokukhombisa isibindi ekubhekaneni nabo kwamanye amadolobha ukuze bawakhose kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke bekufanele futhi benenhlonipho.
Phakathi kokulandisa okuhlukahlukene okuthiwa kwabhalwa uTonatiuh, kuthiwa uNanahuatzin, lowonkulunkulu omkhulu ohloniphekile owazinikela ukuze abe ilanga lesihlanu, akazange avele, ngakho inyoka enezimpaphe okuthiwa uQuetzalcóatl.
Wanquma ukuthatha izinhliziyo zamakhulu onkulunkulu ngenhloso yokuthi ube ngumnikelo wokudla ilanga lesihlanu. Ngenxa yalesi sigigaba senyoka enezimpaphe uTonatiuh ubonakale emkhathizwe enobukhazikhazi obukhulu kodwa ibimile.
Phezulu esibhakabhakeni kwaze kwaba yilapho omunye unkulunkulu wama-Aztec okuthiwa u-Ehécatl, owayengunkulunkulu womoya, esezibophezele ekuphepheni ukuze akwazi ukuhamba.
Ngokuqondene nalolu hambo uTonatiuh okwakudingeka alwenze nsuku zonke, isiko laseMexico lalikholelwa ukuthi laphakama njengokhozi olumangalisayo ngosizo lwamaqhawe.
Lapho lishona ilanga, umoya wabesifazane abalahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo lapho bebeletha izingane zabo wawuphethe ukumsiza ukubhekana nezimpi ezilwa nenyanga nezinkanyezi ukuze aphinde aphumelele ngakusasa.
Izimfanelo zikaTonatiuh
I-Tonatiuh, ilanga lesihlanu, liveza izimfanelo njengonkulunkulu onomusa njengoba lanikeza isizwe nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ukushisa okwanele ukuphila futhi ngaleyo ndlela yenza kube lula ukuzala, kodwa ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kwakufanele kwenziwe iminikelo.
Nokho, ummeleli wamaqhawe futhi bafeza umsebenzi wabo Tonatiuh ethumba iziboshwa ukuze enze iminikelo efanele egameni lakhe ukuze andise umbuso wakhe omkhulu sibonga ukuvikelwa unkulunkulu welanga lesihlanu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, igama elithi Tlachinolli ATL ladalwa, elihunyushwa ngokuthi amaFields ashiswe emanzini noma empini yezimbali.Kulezi zingxabano, iziboshwa zezimpi zazimiselwe njengeminikelo yegazi yeTonatiuh.
Umcimbi noma isiko elaziwa ngokuthi u-Huey Teocalli senziwa lapho inhliziyo yeminikelo yabantu isuswa. La maqhawe ayengamalungu ehlelo elaziwa ngokuthi Abesilisa BaseLangeni ngolimi lwethu lweSpanishi futhi ngolimi lwawo iQuauhcalli yayibhalwe ngoba ayesenkonzweni yeTonatiuh.
Umfanekiso weTonatiuh kuCodex Borgia
I-Tonatiuh kwakuyilanga labo lesihlanu lezinganekwane zama-Aztec futhi imelela ukunyakaza futhi ngenxa yegama layo babeka igama elithi nahui olin ekhalendeni, elihumusha njengenombolo yokunyakaza yesine futhi ngenxa yalezi zincwadi ezithakazelisayo kubonakala kubuciko be-Early Postclassic yalesi pre- Impucuko yaseColombia. I-Mesoamerica.
Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi impi yabo yansuku zonke eyayihamba emkhathini ukuze inikeze ukukhanya nemfudumalo esizweni sama-Aztec yondliwe ngokuzidela ababekwenza nsuku zonke ukuze iTonatiuh ibavikele ngokulandelana.
Ngenxa yezifundo abazenzayo emkhathini, u-Tonatiuh wadideka nethi Quetzalcóatl ngokuphathelene nokubonakaliswa kwenkanyezi ekhanyayo ekuseni, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi iplanethi iVenus.
ISpanishi kanye nenganekwane yeTonatiuh
Ngesikhathi iSpain inqoba amazwe ase-Aztec ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lesi sizwe samangala lapho sibona omunye wabahloli bamazwe bomdabu waseSpain ogama lakhe linguPedro de Alvarado.
Nokho, wayenezinwele phakathi kwegolide nokubomvu futhi isimo sakhe sengqondo sasinolaka futhi sinobudlova futhi ngokokuziphatha kwakhe izakhamuzi zazikholelwa ukuthi unguTonatiuh mathupha.
Kusukela kulokho okungabonwa mayelana nophenyo nezincazelo ezenziwa ngaleso sikhathi emlandweni, umnqobi waseSpain ogama lakhe linguBernal Díaz del Castillo wabhekisela ku-Alvarado ovela eqenjini lesizwe saseMexico njengokungathi uyiLanga.
UCastillo ulandisa nangomhlangano owawuzoba ne-Moctezuma II lapho u-Alvarado no-Hernán Cortés babekhona, kanye namanye amadoda, belandelayo:
"... amanxusa ayehamba nawo alandisa ngemisebenzi yawo kuMoctezuma futhi wababuza ukuthi hlobo luni lobuso nokubukeka ... baphendula ngokuthi uPedro de Alvarado wayezimisele kakhulu ebusweni naphambi komuntu ..."
"... owayebukeka njengeLanga futhi owayenguKaputeni ... kusukela ngaleso sikhathi bamnika igama elithi Tonatiuh elihunyushwa ngokuthi iLanga noma iNdodana yeLanga futhi yilokho ababembiza ngakho kuze kube phakade ..."
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: