Funda konke okuhlobene nomhlaba othokozisayo we izinganekwane zama-aztec ngesihloko esilandelayo esifundisayo, lapho uyokwazi khona ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye zezinkolelo zabo eziyinhloko, amasiko nonkulunkulu babo ababaluleke kakhulu.
izinganekwane zama-aztec
Esihlokweni sethu sanamuhla sizobe sifunda okwengeziwe mayelana nenganekwane ethakazelisayo yama-Aztec, enye yezinganekwane ezidume kakhulu futhi ezifundwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma sikhuluma ngezinganekwane zama-Aztec, sibhekisela ikakhulukazi kuqoqo lezinkolelo nezinganekwane eziwuphawu lwempucuko yama-Aztec.
Impucuko yama-Aztec ibhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu futhi inethonya emlandweni waseMexico. Laba bantu bakwazile ukuletha umbuso omkhulu edolobheni laseTenochtitlán. Leli dolobha laliyinzalo yamaMexico futhi ngenxa yaleso sizathu izikhathi eziningi babebizwa ngaleyo ndlela.
Iqiniso liwukuthi impucuko yama-Aztec yaba esinye sezici kakhulu zesikhathi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yamasiko, isiko kanye namasiko, ahlanganiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinganekwane zama-Aztec zisikhumbuza ngemisebenzi eminingi evamile eyenziwa yilaba bantu, isimilo sabo sokuzulazula kanye nezici zabo zenkolo.
Ama-Aztec ayengabantu abagxile emasikweni abo enkolo. Kuwo wonke umlando babehlonipha futhi bakhulekele onkulunkulu abaningi ababalulekile. Inkolo yayifuna ukuba ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, benze imihlatshelo emikhulu isikhathi esiningi eyayiqondiswe elangeni, njengoba laliwunkulunkulu wabo oyinhloko noma elibusa kakhulu.
Ngesihloko esilandelayo uzoba nethuba lokufunda okwengeziwe ngakho konke okuhlobene nezinganekwane zama-Aztec, ngayinye yalezozinganekwane nezinkolelo ezaziyingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezizwe zama-Aztec. Ama-Aztec ayethandwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, ngenxa yokuthi anqoba abantu abaningi bomsuka ofanayo wesiNahuay.
Izinganekwane zama-Aztec zisivumela ukuba sazi ngokujulile izinga lenkolo abantu bakule mpucuko ebalulekile ababenalo. Idalula inkolelo yayo ngayinye ngezinganekwane nezinsumansumane, okwenza ifane nayo yonke impucuko yasendulo, ngoba akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi isici okhokho bethu ababehlanganyela kakhulu kuso kwakuyinkolo ngokuqondile.
Ngenkolo, ama-Aztec aba nethuba lokuthuthukisa indlela yawo yokubuka umhlaba, ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunaleyo esiyicabanga ngayo namuhla. Izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo zazibavumela ukuba babheke inqwaba yonkulunkulu nemifanekiso, ababebakhulekela futhi bayenze imihlatshelo yokubonga ngenxa yomusa ababewunikeziwe.
Mayelana ne-Aztec Mythology
Ngaphambi kokungena ngqo odabeni, kubalulekile ukusho kafushane ngombono womhlaba le mpucuko eyayinawo. Lokho kuyosivumela ukuba siqonde kangcono izisekelo zezinganekwane zama-Aztec. Into yokuqala esingakucacisa ukuthi ngempucuko yama-Aztec umhlaba wahlukaniswa waba amalanga amane noma iminyaka ngayinye eyaphetha ngesenzakalo esimangalisayo futhi ngasinye salezi zigaba sasinonkulunkulu okhethekile.
Njengoba kwakunengqondo kulolu hlelo lwenkolelo, imvelo nesici sayo ngasinye yayinendima ebalulekile, ngokuxakayo kwenzeka into efanayo ngendikimba yokufa. Ukufa kwakungesinye sezihloko okwaxoxwa ngazo kakhulu kule mpucuko, ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yemihlatshelo yegazi labantu konkulunkulu, futhi konke lokhu kufakazelwa ngokucacile ezinganekwaneni ezihlukene zama-Aztec.
Lesi sici sokugcina sasibalulekile kubo ngoba ngokwemithetho yabo lokhu kwakubalulekile ukuze balondoloze ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke nokuhleleka kwemvelo okwakungafinyelelwa kuphela ngokwenza onkulunkulu babo baneliseke. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, igazi lama-Aztec laba nendima ebalulekile ezinkolelweni nasemikhubeni yawo.
Inganekwane yama-Aztec isifundisa ukuthi igazi alizange libonwe njengoketshezi olubalulekile kuphela, kodwa futhi lalilingana nomnikelo osinda kakhulu phakathi kwesiko. Igazi laliwumnikelo ongcwele owawungalethwa konkulunkulu bama-Aztec futhi kwakuzungezile lapho imikhosi nemikhuba ehlukene efana nale mpucuko yasendulo yenziwa.
Lena yindlela imininingwane yesiko elitholakala kunkulunkulu wempi kanye nakunkulunkulu welanga izinhlangano eziphelele zaphezulu ezilawula ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke ezihlungwa ngayo ezindabeni zazo. Kuningi okushiwoyo ngomsuka wezinganekwane zama-Aztec. Iqiniso liwukuthi livela encazelweni abayinikeza ngendalo, hhayi nje yomuntu kuphela kodwa nendawo yonke kanjalo.
Bakwazile ukukhulelwa lokhu ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo ezihlukene, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-polytheism. Izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zama-Aztec zaziphawuleka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokukhulekelwa konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene, bonke behlobene nemvelo; abaza ngayo ukudala izinkolelo eziqinile, enye yazo exhumene nemvelaphi yabo.
Ama-Aztec aqala ukusho ukuthi izwe lawo lokuzalwa laliyizwe elibomvu elisenyakatho, elibizwa ngokuthi iChicomostoc, elaliwavumela ukuba aphume ekujuleni kwemigede noma emathunjini omhlaba, okuyigama aqanjwa ngalo ezinganekwaneni. Ingxenye enkulu yalezi zinganekwane yaqala ukusabalala eGuatemala naseMexico yanamuhla. Kusukela lapho baqala ukunwetshwa emhlabeni wonke, benza izinganekwane zabo zaziwe.
izinganekwane zama-aztec
Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi iningi, uma kungezona zonke izinganekwane zaseMelika Ephakathi, zinesisekelo sazo esicini esithile esinjengokufa. Kwenzeka okufanayo nasezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, lapho ukufa kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu. Inkolo yayifuna imihlatshelo yegazi futhi yazungeza inqwaba yonkulunkulu bokufa nezinye izinhlangano eziningi ezincane nezisabekayo.
Phezu kwazo zonke lezo zidalwa zenganekwane emnyama ye-infernal yabusa, kusukela kumbuthano wesishiyagalolunye, i-recondite kunazo zonke endaweni emnyama ye-Chicnaujmichtla, abashadile uMictlantecuhli noMictecacihualtl. Izinganekwane zama-Aztec zazibhekisela ekuhlanganeni okukhethekile kwendawo yonke.
Babekholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke yakhiwe uchungechunge lwezindiza ezihambisanayo, kusukela kwezingaphandle eziyisishiyagalolunye noma eziyishumi nantathu, lapho onkulunkulu babehlala khona, amaplanethi nezinkanyezi ezingabonakala emkhathini odabula emazulwini. .
Ngaphansi kwendiza yomhlaba wethu, ngaphansi kwalelo diski elisenkabeni yeNdawo Yonke, lizungezwe amanzi kuzo zonke izindawo ezizungezile, izindiza ezihambisanayo zazilandelana, lapha ezihlanganisa neziyisishiyagalolunye, ziphetha ngesihogo esifanayo lapho imiphefumulo. yezidalwa ezingaziwa.
Leyomiphefumulo eyayingazange ikhethwe uHuitzilopochtl, eyayichazwa njengonkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu noma unkulunkulu omkhulu ophakeme, yafika kuleyondawo ngemva kokuhamba uhambo olude lweminyaka emine phakathi nezilingo eziningi ezinzima. Lo nkulunkulu wayehambisana nalabo ababefile ngenxa yamanzi angaphandle ezulu nomhlaba, ngenxa yeziphepho nombani, nangenxa yezifo ezihlobene “namanzi” angaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu.
Ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec singathola izindaba ezimbalwa ezidlule ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane futhi kuze kube namuhla ziyaqhubeka nokusabalala emhlabeni jikelele. Phakathi kwezinganekwane ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-Aztec singathola izindaba ezilandelayo: Ukuzalwa kukaHuitzilopochtli kanye nenganekwane yommbila.
Inganekwane Yendalo Yama-Aztec
Ngenganekwane yokudalwa kwama-Aztec, kuhloswe ngayo ukuveza ngendlela ecace kakhudlwana isici ngasinye esathuthukisa umsuka wale mpucuko ebalulekile. Inganekwane yethula u-Ometecuhtli njengonkulunkulu nomdali ophelele. Kuthiwa ekuqaleni wayeyedwa, yilapho-ke anquma khona ukunikeza ukuphila kowesilisa nowesifazane okuthiwa uTonacatecuhtli noTonacacihuatl.
Izingane ezine zazalelwa kulowo mbhangqwana wokuqala. Kwakuyilabo bazalwane abane abathi, bezenza onkulunkulu, badala owesilisa nowesifazane ukuze bagcwalise umhlaba ngenzalo yabo futhi kanjalo bakhulekele onkulunkulu abadali. Insumansumane iphinde ithi laba nkulunkulu babephethe ukudala izinto zemvelo njengolwandle futhi banikeza izilwane ukuphila.
imibono yenkolo
Enye yezinto ezazibonakala kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec kwakuyinkolo ngokuqondile. Laba bantu babenemibono eminingi yenkolo lapho ukuba khona konkulunkulu noma onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene kugqama, iningi labo lihlobene ngokuqondile nemvelo. Ngezansi sikubonisa eminye yemibono yenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu yama-Aztec:
- ILanga lokuqala lalibizwa ngokuthi i-Nahui-Ocelotl (i-Four-Ocelot noma i-Jaguar). Yayibizwa kanjalo ngoba izwe, elalihlalwa imidondoshiya, lase libhujiswe, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu ephindwe kathathu namashumi amahlanu nambili, ama-jaguar, ama-Aztec ayeyibheka njenge-nahualli noma imaski ye-zoomorphic kankulunkulu uTezcatlipoca.
- Ilanga lesibili lalibizwa ngokuthi iNahui-Ehécatl (Umoya One). Ukunyamalala kwakhe kwenzeka ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa ephindwe kasikhombisa namashumi amahlanu nambili ngenxa yokuba khona kwesiphepho esinamandla, ukubonakaliswa kweQuetzalcoatl, okwaguqula abasindile baba izinkawu.
- ILanga lesithathu lalibizwa ngokuthi iNahui-Quiahuitl (Izimvula Ezine Zomlilo). Indaba isitshela ukuthi ngemva kokudlula izikhathi eziyisithupha iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nambili, imvula yomlilo yaqala ukuna, ukubonakaliswa kukaTlaloc, unkulunkulu wemvula nenkosi yombani, enamazinyo amade namehlo amakhulu, bonke babeyizingane kanye nalabo abakwazile sinda Aphendulwa izinyoni.
- ILanga lesine lalibizwa ngokuthi iNahui-Atl (Amanzi Amane). Ukubhujiswa kwayo kwenzeka ngenxa yesikhukhula esibhubhisayo, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu ephindwe kathathu namashumi amahlanu nambili futhi lapho kwasinda owesilisa nowesifazane kuphela, abaphephela ngaphansi komsayiphuresi omkhulu (empeleni, i-ahuehuete). I-Tezcatlipoca, ejezisa ngokungalaleli kwabo, yabenza izinja, izinquma amakhanda futhi yawabeka ezinqeni zabo.
Njengoba kungase kubonakale, kwakunengqikithi yamalanga amane ayeyingxenye yezinganekwane zama-Aztec. Ngayinye yazo yayimelela iphuzu eliyinhloko elihlukile ngendlela ethile: eNyakatho, eNtshonalanga, eNingizimu naseMpumalanga, ngokulandelana.
Njengamanje kuneLanga lesihlanu elithola igama likaNahui-Ollin (Four-Movement). Lithola lelo hlelo njengoba lalimiselwe ukushabalala ngenxa yamandla okunyakaza komhlaba noma ukuzamazama. Ngemva kwalokho kundindizela kwakuzovela izilo zaseNtshonalanga, i-tzitzimime, ezazingase zifane namathambo, futhi zazizobulala bonke abantu.
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, kukhulunywa kakhulu ngonkulunkulu okhethekile okuthiwa uQuetzalcóatl, lowo, ekanye noXolotl, owayeyoba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokudala isintu sanamuhla, ephilisa amathambo asebekhulile ngegazi labo. Ilanga lamanje liphakathi nendawo, indawo yesihlanu yekhadinali futhi kuthiwa u-Huehuetéotl, unkulunkulu womlilo, ngoba umlilo wasekhaya uphakathi nendawo yendlu.
Onkulunkulu bama-Aztec
Onkulunkulu abayingxenye yeqembu lama-Aztec elaziwayo bahlukahlukene futhi bahlukahlukene, okusivumela ukuba sinqume ukuthi le mpucuko ebalulekile yasendulo yayikholelwa kunkulunkulu oyedwa, okungukuthi, babengakholelwa kunkulunkulu oyedwa, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho, bakhokha intela futhi bakhulekela onkulunkulu abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, bonke behlobene nemvelo.
Uma sikhuluma ngobunkulunkulu babo, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi akubona bonke abaqondwa njengento ephelele futhi enamandla onke, njengoba bebuswa yiqiniso lokuthi bayingxenye yamandla emvelo anezici eziningi zobuntu. Onkulunkulu bama-Aztec bahlukaniswa ngamaqembu:
Kwakukhona onkulunkulu abadali bama-Aztec, okwathi ngokusho kwemininingwane yezinganekwane, babephethe iqhaza ekusungulweni kwesintu. Labo okuthiwa onkulunkulu abangabasekeli nabo bayagqama, ababebelwa izizwe ezinqobayo. Ngaphandle kwabo kwakukhona okuthiwa onkulunkulu abancane bama-Aztec, ababehlobene nobungcweti nezici ezimbalwa zomkhaya.
Kuyafaneleka futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi ngamunye walaba nkulunkulu noma izibalo zazihlale zihambisana nezinganekwane ngezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo, ngaphezu kwamaqhawe ambalwa ngezinye izikhathi ayehlanganyela ezindabeni. Cishe njalo okuvamile ukuthola onkulunkulu abahlukene kwasezulwini nasemhlabeni. Phakathi konkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- Ometecuhtli
- I-Tezcatlipoca
- I-Tlaloc
- Chalchiuhtlicue
- I-Tonacatecuhtli ne-Tonacacihuatl
Uma inganekwane yama-Aztec isifundisa okuthile, imayelana nezinkolelo zenkolo ezaziyingxenye yalesi sici sabantu basendulo. Labo ababeyingxenye yaleli siko babevame ukugqama ezinkolelweni zabo. Ama-Aztec, njengoba sishilo ngenhla, ayekholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi, okusho ukuthi ayekholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi.
Onkulunkulu bezinganekwane zama-Aztec bahlukaniswa baba amaqembu amabili amakhulu: Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakunonkulunkulu bezulu kanti kolunye kwakugqame onkulunkulu bomhlaba. Ngezansi sibala ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu, umlando wazo, umsuka kanye nezimfanelo.
Ometecuhtli
Omunye wezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wama-Aztec u-Ometecuhtli ngokuqondile, ochazwa njengomuntu ophakeme kakhulu. Lo nkulunkulu unezici eziningi ezimenza ahluke kubo bonke abanye onkulunkulu. Ungunkulunkulu ombaxambili, lokhu kusho ukuthi ulingana nowesilisa nowesifazane ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Igama lalo nkulunkulu wama-Aztec lisho ngolimi lwesiNahuatl inkosi ekabili, ngaphezu kwabanye onkulunkulu kanye nokuguquguquka kwezwe. Lo nkulunkulu wayehlala e-Omeyocán, indawo yesibhakabhaka esiphindwe kabili. Njengonkulunkulu wezinto ezimbili, ubhekisela enkolelweni ekhona kwamanye amasiko kumuntu we-androgynous, omele ukuqondana kwezinto eziphikisanayo: owesilisa nowesifazane, ukunyakaza nokuthula, ukukhanya nobumnyama, ukuhleleka kanye nezinxushunxushu.
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi lokhu okungavamile okuphindwe kabili kukankulunkulu u-Ometecuhtli kwakungeyona into ejwayelekile kuye yedwa, kodwa ukuthi lokhu kungaqondakali kungabonakala nakwezinye izibalo ezivelele zezinganekwane. Kwezinye izikhathi i-Ometecuhtli yayimelwe ngezimpawu zokuzala.
Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi lonkulunkulu wakhulula imiphefumulo yezingane e-Omeyocán njengesenzo sokuhlawulela ukuzalwa kwabantu emhlabeni. Uma sihlaziya ubukhosi bonkulunkulu bama-Aztec, u-Ometecuhtli wayengomunye wabadume kabi futhi odume kakhulu. Walandelwa uTezcatlipoca, umoya omkhulu wezwe, nembangi yakhe uQuetzalcóatl.
I-Tezcatlipoca
Phakathi konkulunkulu bama-Aztec ababaluleke kakhulu kukhona uTezcatlipoca, ochazwa njengenkosi yomlilo nokufa. Kule mpucuko kwakunenkolelo yokuthi lo nkulunkulu nguye owayephethe lokho okuthiwa isibhakabhaka sasebusuku, ngakho wayehlobene ngokuqondile nezindikimba zobubi nokubhubhisa.
Uma kwakukhona unkulunkulu okwakumelwe ukwesabe phakathi kweqembu lama-Aztec, lokho kwakuyi-Tezcatlipoca ngokuqondile. Unkulunkulu omubi nophindiselayo. Uphinde wathola igama elithi Yáotl, okusho ukuthi "isitha". Lesi sibalo sasihlobene ngokuqondile namandla okubhubhisa nobubi. Naphezu kohlangothi lwakhe olubi, wayengomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX lalethwa ezindaweni ezimaphakathi zaseMexico ngamaToltec. Umlando ubuphethe ukumkhombisa njengonkulunkulu omubi, kangangoba abaningi bebemchaza ngokuthi ungumthakathi nompetha bomlingo. Cishe njalo wayevame ukuvela nge-mask emnyama nesibuko se-obsidian esifubeni sakhe, lapho ebona khona zonke izenzo nemicabango yesintu.
Kwakungenxa yethonya elikhulu likankulunkulu uTezcatlipoca lapho umkhuba wokwenza imihlatshelo ngabantu waqala ukuduma ezindaweni eziningi zasendulo. Isiko lalihlanganisa ukukhetha isiboshwa esisencane esifanayo ukuze siphile inkanuko nenjabulo unyaka wonke, ngaphambi kokuba silethwe njengomhlatshelo ngenyanga yesiko lesithupha, uTóxcatl, isisulu, esigqoke njengeTezcatlipoca, wagibela esiqongweni sethempeli, lapho isifuba sakhe savuleka khona futhi inhliziyo yakhe yaphuma.
I-Tlaloc
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec kwakukhona isiko lokuthi bonke onkulunkulu babo babehlobene nezindikimba zemvelo. Endabeni kaTlaloc, wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu wombani, ukuduma kwezulu nemvula. Ngokwezici ezilandiswa ezinganekwaneni eziningi, wayengunkulunkulu ophanayo futhi omuhle, abantu ababevame ukuya kuye beyocela ukuvundiswa kwamasimu.
Kungashiwo ukuthi wayengomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwempucuko yama-Aztec, ebaluleke kakhulu njengoHuitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu weLanga.” Bobabili bafeza indima ebalulekile ezindabeni ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa nokuvundiswa kwamasimu. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi nguye lo nkulunkulu onamandla okwenza iziphethu zezintaba zigeleze.
Nakuba ayengunkulunkulu ophanayo, uTlaloc wayesatshwa abaningi, njengoba wayenamandla okubangela ukufa ngombani noma ukuminza, nokho wayehlonishwa nangokupha kwakhe (imvula). Uvame ukuvezwa njengendoda enamehlo amakhulu ayindilinga, okuphuma izinyoka emlonyeni ngezinye izikhathi. Ngokuvamile ugqoka isigqoko esimise okwefeni futhi insimbi yezolimo ihlala ivela eduze kwakhe.
I-Mictlantecuhli
Lapho ufunda izinganekwane zama-Aztec, kuvamile ukuthola onkulunkulu abaningi ababeyingxenye yezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zalezi zizwe. Omunye unkulunkulu onjalo uMictlantecuhli, ochazwa njengonkulunkulu wokufa, inkosi yaseMictlan, indawo ethule nemnyama yabafileyo.
Kungashiwo ukuthi lo nkulunkulu ufana ncamashi nonkulunkulu wamaMaya u-Ah puch. Ngokusho kwamanye ama-akhawunti, i-Mictlantecuhli ivame ukuvezwa njengohlaka lwamathambo, noma okungenani ikhanda lakhe liwugebhezi. Ngokwezinkolelo ama-Aztec ayenazo, kwakunamazulu amane axhumene, ayekhuthazwa kuwo ngokufaneleka, isikhathi ngasinye ezuza ulwazi olugcwele nolwengeziwe olungokomoya kuze kube yilapho efinyelela injabulo yaphakade.
Nokho, izinkolelo zama-Aztec zazithi labo bantu ababengaziphathanga kahle noma ababekade bephila ukuphila okugcwele isono bayiswe eMictlan, indawo emaphakathi nezwe lapho isijeziso sasingesona esokuhlushwa kodwa sasiyisicefe futhi sinzima. inertia.
Ama-Aztec, ukuze agcine unkulunkulu uMictlantecuhli ejabule futhi ezolile, ayevame ukumthumelela izipho zikanokusho, kuhlanganise nezikhumba zamadoda anesikhumba esimhlophe ukuze amboze amathambo akhe ayesezacile.
I-Coatlicue
Manje okwethu ukukhuluma kancane ngalo nkulunkulu obalulekile wezinganekwane zama-Aztec. Kungabhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulukazi abayizifanekiselo kakhulu. Ubhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi wenyoka womhlaba, unina kaHuitzilopochtli, owakhulelwa kuye ngaphandle kwesono, ngomlingo, ngebhola lezimpaphe elawela kuye futhi lahlala linamathele ezingutsheni zakhe.
Lapho ezwa ngokukhulelwa kwakhe okungaqondakali nokusolisayo, le ndaba ithi amadodana namadodakazi akhe angaphezu kuka-400 azama ukumbulala, nokho u-Huitzilopochtl ngokwakhe wayebaphethe, abaphuma behlomile esibelethweni sikanina. Imele umama okhulelwe ngencazelo yayo emibili: ukuzalwa nokufa, ukuzala kanye nokuvuvukala.
I-Quetzalcoatl
Lo nkulunkulu umelela uphawu lokufa nokuvuka, kanye nokuba ngusanta ongumvikeli wabapristi. Angachazwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu baseMesoamerica yasendulo. Ngokuvamile wayaziwa ngokuthi iNyoka Eyenziwe Ngensimbi, njengoba ngokwencazelo yakhe, uyinhlanganisela yenyoni nenyoka eyisinqamu.
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, uQuetzalcóatl wayengumfowabo kaTezcatlipoca, uHuizilopochtli, noXipe Totec. Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi uhlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu wemvula u-Tlaloc. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kubhekwe njengonkulunkulu oyinhloko we-pantheon yaseMexico. UNkulunkulu wokuphila, ukukhanya, inzalo, impucuko nolwazi.
UTlazolteotl
Omunye wonkulunkulukazi abadume kakhulu bezinganekwane zama-Aztec kwakunguTlazolteotl, ochazwa njengonkulunkulukazi wokungcola nodoti, ngokwencazelo yegama lakhe. Isikhathi esiningi lo nkulunkulu wawuhlobene nobuthakathi kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamaphutha. Wayengumxhumanisi wabaphendukayo phambi kukankulunkulu uTezcatlipoca, ogama lakhe lisho "isibuko sokubhema".
otontecuhtli
Unkulunkulu u-Otontecuhtli unesikhundla esikhethekile phakathi konkulunkulu abakhulu bezinganekwane zama-Aztec. Kule mpucuko, u-Otontecuhtli wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu womlilo. Iwubunkulunkulu obuxhumene nezwe labafileyo, ikakhulukazi esikweni elibizwa ngokuthi i-Xocotl Uetzi, ngoba lalimelela umphefumulo wamaqhawe ahlatshiwe nafile, ehlela emhlabeni ngemva kokuhambisana nelanga.
Abaningi bayalokotha ukuchaza u-Otontecuhtli njengonkulunkulu wama-Aztec womhlatshelo. Ngokwencazelo yalo nkulunkulu, ingabonakala ngeminye imigqa emnyama ebonakala engxenyeni yobuso bayo, ezingeni lamehlo nomlomo, izinwele zayo zenziwe ngephepha futhi uvemvane lwe-obsidian luhlezi phezu kwalo. Wayephethe nomcibisholo we-cactus ngesandla sakhe.
Ama-Otomies kwakungelinye lamadolobha lapho ukukhulekelwa nokukhonzwa okukhulu kunakho konke kulo nkulunkulu obalulekile. Babenomkhuba wokwenza njalo ngoMashi 19 isiko lomlilo ukuze bahloniphe. Lo mkhuba wawuphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yokutshala ummbila, owawubhekwa njengembewu ekhiqizwa kakhulu emphakathini.
Ngokuvamile, lo mkhuba wenziwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ezindala kakhulu edolobheni. Lapho, bahlanza imililo, base bewuhlobisa besebenzisa isitshalo okuthiwa i-jarilla, esakhanga ngombala waso ophuzi. Ngaleso sitshalo benza isiphambano kamuva abasifaka eziko.
I-Tonacacihuatl
Phakathi konkulunkulu besifazane abayizifanekiselo kakhulu zezinganekwane zama-Aztec, i-Tonacacihuatl idonsela ukunaka ikakhulukazi. Kukholakala ukuthi yena, kanye noTonacatecuhtli, babephethe inqubo yokudala indalo. Amagama abo ahunyushwa ngokuthi "ukudla kwethu", batuswa ngokudala impucuko yama-Aztec.
Njengoba ebhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi wendalo, lo nkulunkulu wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuzalanisa, ukukhulelwa, ukuzalwa nokubeletha. Ngaleso sizathu, ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec, ubonakala ngokuthi "umama omdala." Lo nkulunkulukazi wayenamandla okuzala, yingakho abantu abaningi esifundeni sama-Aztec babevame ukuya kuye ngenjongo yokubasekela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Lo nkulunkulukazi wabuye waziwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi Xochiquetzal, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "imbali enhle". Ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec, iTonacacihuatl yayibhekwa njengonkulunkulu abakhangayo nabahle kakhulu. Eqinisweni, phakathi kwezimfanelo zakhe eziyinhloko kwakuwukuthi unothando.
U-Tonacacihuatl wayehlala nenkampani yomyeni wakhe u-Tonacatecuhtli ezulwini eliphezulu. Baphinde banezingane ezine sezizonke, phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- i-tezcatlipoca ebomvu
- I-Tezcatlipoca emnyama
- Quetzalcoatl
- Nkosi Yamathambo
Chalchiuhtlicue
Manje sizokhuluma nge-Chalchiuhtlicue, ebhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulukazi ababaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wama-Aztec. Waziwa kabanzi ngokuthi "lowo onesiketi sakhe samatshe ayigugu", ungunkulunkulu wemisinga yamanzi aphilayo, imifula, amachibi nezilwandle, nokho, abanye bathi ungunkulunkulukazi wothando. Waziwa nangokuthi ungumvikeli wokuzalwa nokubhapathizwa.
Lo nkulunkulu, phakathi kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec, uchazwa njengonkulunkulukazi wothando. Ithola lesi siphawulo ngoba kulelo siko kunendaba elandisa ukuthi uChalchiuhtlicue waba unkulunkulukazi obusayo ngesikhathi umhlaba umbozwe ngamanzi, emva kukazamcolo onamandla, lapho abantu baguqulwa baba izinhlanzi, ukuze kuvinjwe ukuthi ingashabalali ngokuphelele.
I-Chalchiuhtlicue ivame ukumelwa nesithombe sowesifazane wendabuko, enezici ezinhle, izingubo ezishayayo nezinhle, ezijwayelekile kakhulu zesiko lakhe. Izimpahla azigqokile zaziwa nge-huipil, ehlanganisa isiketi esinombala we-emerald, esimele amanzi asabalaliswa olwandle, olwandle, emifuleni nasemachibini.
Ngokwalokho okushiwo yinganekwane, lo nkulunkulukazi wayeshade noTlaloc. Kuleyo nyunyana kwazalwa uTecciztécatl, unkulunkulu wama-Aztec owaba inyanga. Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinganekwane lapho lo nkulunkulukazi engabonakali njengomfazi weTlaloc, kodwa wayengudadewabo, ngakho-ke, lo wayengumfazi ka-Xiuhtechuhtli, unkulunkulu womlilo nokushisa.
I-Ometeotl
I-Ometeotl nayo iyingxenye yohlu lwezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-Aztec. Kuleyo nganekwane, lo nkulunkulu wayemelela izinto ezimbili. Lo nkulunkulu wayefanekisela izigxobo eziphambene, imini nobusuku, okuhle nokubi, indalo nokubhujiswa, owesilisa nowesifazane, umlilo namanzi, omnyama nomhlophe, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngaphakathi kobubili bakhe, lonkulunkulu wayenohlangothi wesilisa nowesifazane. Engxenyeni yakhe yobudoda waziwa ngokuthi "Ometecuhtli" "inkosi yezinto ezimbili", kanti uhlangothi lwakhe wesifazane kwakungu-Omecihuatl "inkosikazi yobumbano". Bobabili babemelela umbhangqwana wokudala, okungukuthi, onkulunkulu bama-Aztec bendalo nokuphila.
Lo nkulunkulu wayehlala e-Omeyocán, indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke esibhakabhakeni. Okumele kukhulunywe ngaye ngalo nkulunkulu ukuthi wazidala ngaphandle kweze. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wabizwa ngoMotocoyani, nakuba abaningi babevame ukumbiza ngokuthi unkulunkulu weqiniso, njengoba ezakhe, yingakho u-Ometeotl eyisenzo sendalo.
I-Ometeotl yachazwa njengonkulunkulu ophakeme, umsuka wayo yonke into eyayikhona. Ezikhathini eziningi kwathiwa lonkulunkulu unomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza ukuhleleka kwazo zonke izinto. Lo nkulunkulu wesiko lama-Aztec akazange angenele ngokuqondile ezindabeni zesintu, kuphela lapho owesifazane esemihelo enakekela ukuzalwa kwesidalwa esisha.
tonathi
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, uTonatiuh wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu welanga. Kwaphela isikhathi eside echazwa njengomholi wesibhakabhaka ngabantu baseMexica, kangangokuthi waziwa ngokuthi yilanga lesihlanu. Masikhumbule ukuthi ngaphakathi kwesiko lama-Aztec kwakukhona inkolelo yokuthi wathatha amandla lapho ilanga lesine selixoshiwe esibhakabhakeni. Babekholelwa nokuthi ilanga ngalinye lingunkulunkulu ohlukile.
Inganekwane ithi lapho ilanga lesine selifile, baqala ukufuna ilanga lesihlanu nelisha. Bathola onkulunkulu ababili ababefana nabazokhethwa. Kolunye uhlangothi bathola uTecusiztécatl, owayeyigwala kodwa eziqhenya kakhulu ngaye. Baphinde bathola uTonatiuh, owayechazwa njengonkulunkulu ompofu kodwa enenhliziyo enhle kakhulu.
Lapho uTonatiuh ehlezi phambi komlilo womhlatshelo obizwa ngokuthi i-pyre, indaba ithi ngokushesha inhlansi yaya ngqo esibhakabhakeni futhi yakhanya, ngaleyo ndlela izala ilanga lesihlanu nelisha.
abanye onkulunkulu
- I-Atlacoya: Unkulunkulukazi wesomiso.
- Chiconahui: Unkulunkulukazi wenzalo yasekhaya.
- I-Citlalicue: Umdali wezinkanyezi
- Cipactonal: UNkulunkulu wokufunda izinkanyezi, ubuthakathi (ubuthakathi)
- I-Oxomoco: Unkulunkulukazi wezinkanyezi
- Xochiquezal: Unkulunkulukazi wobulili besifazane, wezifebe, wenjabulo.
- I-Patecatl: UNkulunkulu wokuphulukisa nomdali we-peyote (i-hallucinogen)
- UTezcatlipoca: Wayengunkulunkulu wobumnyama, inkohliso, nemilingo. Eziningi zezinkolelo nezinkolo zama-Aztec zazigxile ohlangothini olubi. Imikhuba yabo yobuqaba yabaholela kulokho okuyimikhuba namasiko kaSathane ngempela.
Akungabazeki ukuthi phakathi kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec kunonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi abaningi abafeza indima ebalulekile. Kwakukhona unkulunkulu cishe wazo zonke izinjongo nezici zokuphila esikweni lama-Aztec. Inkolo yayiyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yempucuko futhi yayihlangene ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke, izinkolelo, imikhosi kanye nokugqoka.
Ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene, bekungaba ngaphezu kwekhulu noma onkulunkulukazi abahlukene, kuyilapho eminye imithombo ibala inqwaba eyengeziwe.
Izidalwa zasezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec
Ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zama-Aztec singathola izidalwa eziningi zezinganekwane eziyingxenye yezinkolelo zalaba bantu. Yimpucuko enezinhlobonhlobo zezinganekwane, izinganekwane kanye nezindaba zabantu ababezithatha njengabakhethwe yilanga.
Eziningi zalezi zindaba nezinganekwane zezinganekwane zama-Aztec zihlanganisa ukungenelela kwezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo, ezimangalisayo ngisho nezipholile. Lezi zihlukile ezidalwa zezinganekwane zama-Aztec ngokuba nokubukeka komuntu, noma ukuba yingxenye yesintu. Phakathi kwezidalwa eziyinhloko zezinganekwane zama-Aztec sithola:
- Cihuateo
- I-Gigantes
- ukudweba
- i-chaneque
Izidalwa zasezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec sithola inqwaba yezindaba, izinganekwane nezinsumansumane eziyingxenye yesiko lalaba bantu. Inani elikhulu lonkulunkulu, izidalwa ezihlaba umxhwele nezidalwa ziphuma kulezi zindaba. Uma sikhuluma ngezidalwa zezinganekwane zama-Aztec sibhekisela ezinkampanini ezingamangaza, ngoba zingaba ezimbi, zibe zinhle, zikhulu noma zonke ezishiwo ngenhla.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi kunezidalwa eziningi zezinganekwane zama-Aztec, lezo ezingenza umqondo omkhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
- i-cipactli
- I-Xicalcoatl
- i-mesoamerican centaur
- Ahuizotl
- I-Xochitonal
Ulwazi, ukubhala kanye nekhalenda
Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezinganekwane zama-Aztec, kubalulekile ukusho izici ezithile ezihlobene nokubhala kwayo, umsebenzi wegolide, izitsha zobumba, izincwadi, nomculo. Ngokuqondene nomfanekiso oqoshiwe, kungase kuthiwe wawuyisikhumbuzo ngokuyisisekelo. Kule mpucuko kwakuyisiko ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu zezakhiwo.
Kuwo wonke umlando ungathola izingcezu ezinkulu ezinobukhulu obubalulekile obumelela onkulunkulu bama-Aztec, izinganekwane namakhosi. Eminingi yale mifanekiso eqoshiwe iye yakwazi ukuphila iminyaka futhi, ingxenye enkulu yayo, iseNational Museum of Anthropology of Mexico.
Ekwenziweni kwegolide, ama-Aztec nawo akwazi ukugqama. Ngokuvamile babevame ukuhlanganisa igolide nesiliva. Izinsimbi zazisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwenza ubucwebe, amacici, ama-pectorals, imihlobiso namasongo. Ngezinye izikhathi kwakwenziwa izibalo neziqukathi. Ama-Aztec aqala ukubhekwa njengabangcweti babalingisi, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokukhiqiza izibalo ezishiwo ngenhla.
Ezitshalweni zobumba nazo zagqama, kangangokuthi zaze zathathwa njengendlela yokukhuluma ethandwa kakhulu kule mpucuko, ikakhulukazi kulokho okuhlobene nemifanekiso yabantu nonkulunkulu. Ama-Aztec ayekhethekile ekwenzeni imifanekiso eminingi yobumba, ikakhulukazi imifanekiso yabesifazane yokuzala kanye nezithombe zonkulunkulu.
Izinganekwane zama-Aztec ikakhulukazi zicabangela izici ezifana nezincwadi nomculo. Lapho kufika abanqobi baseSpain, imibhalo eminingi yama-codex angaphambi kweSpanishi yahlanganiswa ezincwadini ezibhalwe ngolimi lwesiNahuatl ezinezinhlamvu zesiLatini. Kuthiwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakunezinsimbi zomculo eziningi ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza imicikilisho emikhulu nemigubho ibe nempilo.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: