Ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo uzokwazi ukwazi isiko le Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle Yama-Aztec. Ungayeki ukuyifunda Uzobona nemininingwane yengxenye ngayinye eyakha lo mphakathi womdabu owaphawula ingqophamlando emlandweni.
Inhlangano yezenhlalo yama-Aztec
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yama-Aztec ibhekisela endleleni impucuko yaseMexico yasendulo eyayisakaza ngayo futhi yahlela izakhamuzi zayo. Ngokuvamile, izikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu zaziphethwe abapristi nabaholi bezempi; Kwabe sekufika izifiki ezivamile (izisebenzi zezandla, abathengisi) futhi ekugcineni kwaba nezigqila.
Zazitholakala ikakhulukazi eMesoamerica futhi uMbuso wazo wakhiwa izindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko: iTlacopan, Texcoco neTenochtitlán (Mexico), nakuba isikhungo samandla sahlanganiswa eTenochtitlán; okusho ukuthi, kuleli dolobha kwaqondiswa ezinye izindawo.
Ngokufanayo, izwe laseMexico lalibuswa i-huey-tlatoani, ethathwa njengombusi ophakeme futhi ekhethwe iqembu lezicukuthwane ezakha umkhandlu. Futhi, uhulumeni ubizwa ngokuthi umbuso wofuzo, ngoba yilabo kuphela ababehlobene nenkosi yangaphambili ababengangena esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lo mphakathi wawuhlukene kakhulu, okungukuthi, izigaba zawo zomphakathi zazibekwe imingcele futhi azizange zibe nezinguquko ezinkulu phakathi nentuthuko yawo yamasiko nezombusazwe. Izazi-mlando ziye zahlukanisa uMbuso WaseMexico waba amaqembu amathathu amakhulu omphakathi: izicukuthwane, abantu abavamile, nezigqila.
Yayinjani inhlangano yezenhlalo yama-Aztec?
Izicukuthwane: NgesiNahuatl, izicukuthwane zaziwa ngokuthi ama-pīpiltin futhi ziyiqembu lomphakathi ocebile owawubusa izenzakalo zezombangazwe nezingokwenkolo. I-pīpiltin yayinezindawo zokulima futhi ibeka abalimi nezigqila ukuba zilisebenze. Ngokufanayo, lezi zicukuthwane zakha umkhandlu futhi zahola i-huey-tlatoani.
Phakathi kwezicukuthwane, izikhundla ezilandelayo zingatholakala:
- I-Tecuhtli: Ayengamele ukukhokhwa kwezintela.
- Izibalo: babengababusi bezifundazwe namadolobhana amancane.
- I-Tizoc Ahuacatl: Babengamajaji aphethe ezobulungiswa.
- I-Tlacatecatl: Babeyizikhulu zamabutho. Ngamanye amazwi, bayala futhi bahlela amasosha aseMexico.
- I-Cihuacoatl: babengabantu abanegunya kakhulu ngemva kweHuey-Tlatoani. Babenomsebenzi wokwengamela izindaba zokwahlulela nezenkolo.
Amehlo aluhlaza
NgesiNahuatl, elithi huey lisho "okukhulu," kanti elithi tlatoani lihumusha "isikhulumi." Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi ama-tlatoani bekuyizicukuthwane ezibonakala ngokuba yizikhulumi ezinobuholi namakhono okuxhumana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba baholi baqondisa inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yabantu baseMexico futhi babhekwa njengabakhona okuyimfihlakalo emhlabeni. Ngamanye amazwi, ama-Aztec ayekholelwa ukuthi i-Huey Tlatoani ikhethwe ngomyalo wonkulunkulu ukumela uMbuso emisebenzini yawo yezombangazwe, yezempi nezenhlalakahle.
Abantu abavamile (abantu abavamile)
NgesiNahuatl, lolu hlaka lwezenhlalo lwalubizwa ngokuthi i-Mācēhualtin. Wawubunjwe abalimi ababesebenza umhlaba wabanumzane; Izingcweti nabathengisi abancane nabo bawela kulesi sigaba. AmaMācēhualtin ayebaluleke kakhulu empucukweni yama-Aztec, njengoba ayeyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komnotho woMbuso.
Ngokufanayo, izazi-mlando zithole imibhalo ebonisa ukuthi iMācēhualtin yakha amathafa namadamu amancane athuthukisa isivuno sezolimo.
Uzalo lwezenhlalo lwe-Mācēhualtin: kwatholakala nobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi abanye bakaMācēhualtin babefinyelele izikhundla eziphezulu ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yezombangazwe, kodwa lokhu kwakungavamile kulo mphakathi.
Isibonelo, kuyaziwa ukuthi kwakukhona izingcweti eziphumelelayo ezikwazi ukuthenga umhlaba, okwabavumela ukuba babe yizicukuthwane.
I-Mācēhualtin nayo ingakhuphula izinga lomphakathi uma iphumelele empini. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho iqhawe elivamile likwazi ukuthumba izitha ezine ngesikhathi sokulwa; Kamuva, izithunjwa zanikelwa embusweni waseMexico ukuze izicukuthwane zinqume ukuthi zaziyoba izigqila noma zikhethelwe imihlatshelo.
Kodwa-ke, lesi senzakalo sasingavamile ukwenzeka, njengoba izicukuthwane zaziqeqeshwe kangcono empini kunamasosha avamile futhi yizo ezazibamba izitha zazo. Okusho ukuthi, ngenxa yamakhono abo, izicukuthwane zazivame ukuthatha izithombe ngesikhathi sokulwa.
Izigqila
Laba bantu babebizwa ngokuthi ngama-Tlātlācohtin futhi iqembu labo lezenhlalo lalihlanganisa iziboshwa zezombangazwe (okungukuthi impi), izigebengu, nabantu abanezikweletu abazinikela ngokuzithandela ebugqilini ukuze bakhokhe lokho ababekukweleta.
Njengoba ungase ubone, izakhamuzi zoMbuso Wama-Aztec azizalwanga ziyizigqila; KwabaseMexico, ubugqila kwakuyindlela yokuphila engena ngenxa yezinkinga zezimali noma njengesijeziso sokwephula imithetho. Endabeni yeziboshwa zempi, zangena ebugqilini njengendlela yokuthunjwa.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezigqila namakhosi azo: Kwezinye izazi-mlando, ubugqila baba umsebenzi okhiqiza kakhulu kuma-Aztec ngokwezomnotho. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba abahwebi bezigqila bathola ukuphathwa okukhethekile futhi benengcebo eningi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhosi ayenenkululeko enkulu yokuzikhethela mayelana nezigqila zawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngezinye izikhathi kwakwenzeka ukuba owesifazane ongumfelokazi ashade nesinye sezigqila zakhe noma asenze isikhonzi sakhe. Nokho, uma isigqila singabalaleli abanikazi baso, sasigwetshelwa ukufa.
Nakuba ubugqila kwakungelona ifa kulo mphakathi, abantu babengase babe izigqila unomphela. Eqinisweni, i-tlatoani Moctezuma II yaziwa ngokuthi iye yalahla amambuka ukuba abe yizigqila ukuphila kwawo konke; Kungokufanayo kumashaman nababhula ngezinkanyezi abahluleka ukubikezela izenzakalo ezithile ezibalulekile.
Ezinye Izimpawu Zobugqila Bama-Aztec
Ngezinye izikhathi abanye abantu ababenezinkinga zezimali bathengisa izingane zabo ebugqilini. Kulezi zimo, isigqila sasihlala siboshelwe ensimini yomnikazi waso kwaze kwaba yilapho isikweleti sesiphelile.
Ngokufanayo, kuyaziwa ukuthi uma inkosi ifa, izigqila ezinokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu namakhono akhethekile zazikhululwa. Kunalokho, izigqila ezilinganiselwe zazizuzwa enzalweni yamakhosi.
Nakuba izigqila zisesigabeni esiphansi somphakathi wama-Aztec, zisengashada futhi zenze izinqumo ezithile ezivuna amakhosi azo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bantu kwakulindeleke ukuba babambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni koMbuso WaseMexico, ngaleyo ndlela babevame ukufaka isandla ezingxabanweni zezempi noma ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu.
Amabutho ezempi
Ibutho laseMexica Empire lakhiwe amaYaoquizqueh, abantu abavamile abanolwazi oluyisisekelo lwezempi, kanye nezicukuthwane zasePipiltzin.
Okuncane mayelana nale Nhlangano
Lo mphakathi osekelwe ezicini zezinkolelo namandla ezempi, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yama-Aztec yakhiwa amaqembu afanayo noma ama-calpulli, amalungu awo anezibopho zegazi ezisobala ayekhulekela unkulunkulu othile endaweni efanayo.
Ngakho-ke, kulelo nalelo qembu kwakukhona amakilasi omphakathi ahlelekile, lapho kwakungenzeka khona ukuhamba komphakathi.
Ngokwesakhiwo senhlalo sama-Aztec, izicukuthwane zaziyisigaba senhlalakahle esinamalungelo aphakeme kakhulu, ngale ndlela zazilawula uhulumeni.
Babebusa izisebenzi emazweni abo, belawula amaqhawe empini, bephethe izinto ezihlukahlukene njengezwe, izigqila, noma izinceku, futhi bangakhetha imfundo ukuze babe izikhulu zombuso zangomuso.
Ngaphezu kokuhlonishwa abantu, babejabulela izinzuzo eziningi, njengokudla i-xocoatl noma ushokoledi. Ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezigaba luhlelwe ngamaleveli amathathu alandelayo:
- Umbusi noma i-Tlatoani, wayenegunya eliphakeme kakhulu le-calpullis, ngokuvamile elikhethwa ngokusondelana kwabo nokhokho.
- I-Tetecuhtin, ekubeni isigaba esiphakathi kwezicukuthwane, igcina izikhundla zokuphatha, phakathi kwazo abapristi ababaluleke kakhulu, abaholi bezempi noma izikhulu eziphakeme.
- I-Pipiltin, eyakha isigaba esiphansi kunazo zonke sezicukuthwane, esakhiwe ngamaqhawe aphethe ukuvikela umbuso nokunqoba amanye amazwe, futhi, inzalo ethile yamaToltec namaPochutec noma abathengisi abadumile babeyingxenye yawo.
Kulo mphakathi, ngaphansi kwezicukuthwane kwakungabantu abavamile noma i-macehualtina, ngokusho kwalokhu, ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi kwakumi kanje:
https://youtu.be/398BqFETlgE
- Abathengisi, izingcweti kanye nabalimi, nakuba babengaphansi kwesigaba esiphansi, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi babejabulela inkululeko yokusebenza futhi bathola imindeni, bephila ukuphila okulula phakathi kwama-calpullis ahlukahlukene, abanye bangafinyelela izicukuthwane. ngenkonzo yezempi noma ngomshado.
- Iziboshwa zempi noma i-Tlacotin, enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yama-Aztec, zaziyizigqila, kodwa zinethuba lokukhululeka ngokuvumelana nokuziphatha kwazo.
- Izigqila nezinceku, ezakha izisebenzi zombuso ngokuvamile ezazisebenzela izicukuthwane, kuyilapho izigqila zaziwukuphela kwempahla yabanikazi bazo kuze kube sekufeni, ama-serf ayenenkululeko ethile yokushada.
Ekugcineni, kulolu hlelo lwabaphathi, i-calpullis yakha isisekelo esiyisisekelo senhlangano yezenhlalakahle yama-Aztec, lapho isihloko sayo sasihlala njalo yilabo ababehlobene eduze nokhokho owasungula.
Sikumema ukuthi uthintane nezinye izindatshana kubhulogi yethu, ezingajabulisa kakhulu: