Ezikhathini zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, ikakhulukazi esifundeni esimaphakathi neMexico yanamuhla, kwakukhona isiko elinamandla nelinamandla kuyo yonke indawo yaseMesoamerican, leli kwakuyisiko. Impucuko yama-Aztec. Ngalesi sihloko, sizochaza kabanzi ngomlando wayo, ukuthuthuka kwayo ezindaweni ezahlukene, izici zayo nokunye.
Impucuko Yama-Aztec
Impucuko yama-Aztec noma yaseMexico yayiwuhlanga lwaseMesoamerica okhokho babo bahlobene namaNahuas, laba ngemva kwesikhathi eside sohambo olungcwele bakwazi ukuthola indawo eyayithenjiswe onkulunkulu, futhi yilapho babeka khona izisekelo zabadumile nabanobukhosi. idolobha laseTenochtitlán (indawo namuhla eyiDolobha laseMexico) cishe ngonyaka we-1325, ngemva kokuzimisa bakha umbuso wabo omkhulu nonamandla owagcinwa kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika amakoloni aseSpain kulawa mazwe.
Okuthile okugqama kakhulu kwempucuko yaseMesoamerica njengama-Aztec, i-Olmec, iToltec neTeotihuacan ukuthi zazithuthuke kangakanani ngesikhathi sazo. Bonke, futhi ikakhulukazi ama-Aztec okwathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-200 (1325 - 1521 AD), bashiya uphawu lwabo mayelana nentuthuko, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokwandiswa kwendawo. Ukubaluleka kwalesi siko kwakukhulu kangangokuthi nanamuhla ingxenye yalo ikhona futhi igcinwa ngokwesiko nangokolimi kwezinye izizwe zaseMexico.
Le mpucuko yabeka ukubusa kwayo kuso sonke isifunda samasiko saseMesoamerica iminyaka eminingi, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqala impi nabanqobi baseSpain. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi leli dolobha lakhungatheka futhi laqedwa cishe ngabaseSpain, basusa cishe yonke into kulo, ukuze kamuva baphoqelele igunya labo; Intshisekelo yempucuko yama-Aztec ayizange ilahleke, isaphila, futhi lokhu kungabonwa ngezifundo ezihlukahlukene ezisaqhutshwa ngaleli siko elithuthukile kanye neminikelo yalo mayelana nezinkanyezi, izakhiwo, ukuphatha izinto ezibonakalayo nokunye.
Okushiwo igama elithi Aztec
Impucuko yama-Aztec yayizibiza ngokuthi amaMexico. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuphela kwalo mphakathi omkhulu, igama elithi Azteca laqanjwa kulo, okuyigama lomsuka wesiNahuatl elichaza "abantu abafika bevela e-Aztlán", lena indawo yemvelaphi yale mpucuko eyayiyisiqhingi esingaqondakali. ukuthi nanamuhla indawo ekuyo akwaziwa, nakuba abanye abacwaningi nezazi basikisela ukuthi le ndawo iyiTenochtitlán efanayo..
Origen
Ama-Aztec ashiya idolobha lase-Aztlán athutha iminyaka eminingi eyohlala eCoatepec (Inyoka ngesiNahuatl) eduze kwaseTula. Lapho ama-Aztec akha idolobha futhi ahlala iminyaka embalwa. Nokho, lapho ama-Aztec ekulendawo, kwaqubuka ingxoxo enezizathu ezingokwenkolo lapho ayexoxa khona ngokuthi yimuphi kunkulunkulu bawo okwakumelwe athandeke, ngakho abathembekile eHuitzilopochtli babefuna ukuya kwamanye amazwe futhi abanye ababelandela uCoyolxuahqui bafuna ukuhlala eCoatepec.
Phakathi necala, iqembu elizinikele ku-Huitzilopochtli lathola ukuqashelwa kwabalandeli abaningi; Kulapho anquma khona ukushintsha igama lakhe libe yiMexica futhi aqale uhambo lwakhe. Ngakho-ke, iMexico iziqhelelanisa nabanye ababehlala eCoatepec.
Manje, abaseMexico beholwa uHuitzilopochtli baya endaweni eyayithenjiswe unkulunkulu eyayibheke endaweni eseningizimu, kulezo zikhala yilapho babeka khona izisekelo zedolobha laseTenochtitlan (indawo yomdolofiya olumayo). Idolobha lakhiwa maphakathi neLake Texcoco noma iSigodi saseMexico.
Indawo yendawo
Insimu ehlanganiswe impucuko yama-Aztec ihambisana namanje kuso sonke isifunda esimaphakathi neningizimu yeMexico, ikakhulukazi leyo ehambisana neSigodi saseMexico, esisezintabeni ezimaphakathi, esinesimo sezulu esifudumele, esibandayo nesifudumele. .umswakama. Izindawo zamanje ebezibuswa yile mpucuko yilezi:
- Isigodi saseMexico - iMexico City
- Veracruz
- Puebla
- Oaxaca
- Guerrero
- ingxenye ye-guatemala
Inhlangano yezepolitiki
Impucuko yama-Aztec yakwazi ukwakha umbuso onamandla ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano zezombangazwe namaqhawe ezazidlula ezinye izimpucuko ezingomakhelwane. Indlela yokuphatha yayisekelwe embusweni wobukhosi nowokuzikhethela, ngakho-ke kwakungekho nkokhelo eyayidluliselwa ngefa.
Ngakho-ke, lapho umbusi efa, kwabizwa uMkhandlu Ophakeme owawubizwa ngokuthi i-Tlatocan, lapho kwakhethwa khona isikhulu, ngokuvamile abantu ababehlanganyela kulo mkhandlu kwakungabezikhulu zama-Aztec, ngakho kwakuvamile ukuthi amanye amalungu alowo mkhandlu angenele ukhetho. isihlalo sobukhosi.
Ngemva kokukhethwa kombusi owayebizwa ngokuthi uTlatoani, waba nombono wokuthi umsuka wakhe wawungowaphezulu futhi, ngakho-ke, kufanele abe namandla angenamkhawulo kanye nezimpawu emphakathini wama-Aztec; ngaphansi komyalo wakhe, uqondise yonke inethiwekhi ye-bureaucratic eyakhiwe:
- UCihuacóatl – uMpristi Ophakeme
- Tlacochcálcatl - Induna yamaqhawe
- U-Huitzncahuatlailotlac no-Tizociahuácarl - AbaHluleli
- I-Tecutli – Abaqoqi Bentela
- ababusi bendawo
- Calpullec - Induna ye-calpulli
Nakuba ama-Aztec amisa umbuso wobushiqela, wona nawo wamiswa izifunda zamadolobha ezinababusi bendawo, nabo ababekhethwa umkhandlu ofanayo ophakeme owawuphethe ukukhetha inkosi ephakeme, umsebenzi wayo wawuwukugcina ukulawula lamadolobha amancane. .amadolobha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngempumelelo ukuklinywa kombuso.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Umphakathi wama-Aztec wayala futhi wahlukaniswa waba izinhlaka zomphakathi ezihlukene ngendlela enesiyalo, ngezansi zinemininingwane:
- Izicukuthwane, ezakha umndeni ofanayo wasebukhosini, izinduna zamaqhawe nezinduna zezifunda ezihlukahlukene zamadolobha.
- Tlatoque nabapristi.
- Abahwebi nabathengisi.
- Izingcweti nabalimi.
- Isigaba sezenhlalakahle esiphansi kunazo zonke esakhiwe yi-tlacotin, eyayiyizigqila, izithunjwa, abadingiswa neziboshwa.
imfundo
Ama-Aztec ayenemodeli yemfundo eyayisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili, eyokuqala yayisekelwe emfundweni eyimpoqo kubo bonke futhi eyesibili yayisebenza njengesikole esinezindlela ezimbili zokufundisa ezisemthethweni, ezichazwe ngezansi:
- Okokuqala: Abazali kwakudingeka bafundise ngesibopho izingane ezincane ezifika eminyakeni engu-14 isaga sabadala uHuëhuetlátolli, ngokuyisisekelo esasiqukethe imibono nenkolelo yama-Aztec; kulo msebenzi iziphathimandla zaseCalpulli zazikhona ukuze ziqinisekise ukuhambisana kwayo.
- Okwesibili: Kwakunezindlela ezimbili zokufunda ngokuya ezikoleni ezazifundisa izifundo ezihlukahlukene nezihlukene, phakathi kwazo: I-Telpochcalli, lapho kwakufundiswa khona izifundo ezingokoqobo nezempi; kanye ne-Quietecác yokufundisa ngokubhala, inkolo, isayensi yezinkanyezi, nobuholi.
Umnotho
Umnotho wempucuko yama-Aztec wawunemisebenzi eyahlukene eyasekela lombuso omkhulu, ushukunyiswa yiqiniso lokuthi okuphuma kuwo kanye nemikhiqizo yokugcina akugcinanga nje ngokuba okokuziphilisa kodwa futhi kwakudayiswa nempucuko engomakhelwane. Phakathi kwemisebenzi egqama kakhulu yile elandelayo:
- Ezolimo, lena bekuyinsika enkulu yomnotho wayo wonke. Ama-Aztec athuthukile kulo msebenzi ngokuyinhloko ukutshala ummbila, upelepele nobhontshisi.
- Ukuzingela nokudoba.
- Ukumba izimayini ukuthola amatshe ayigugu nayigugu, i-basalt namanye amaminerali.
- Ukuqoqwa kwezintela, kokubili ezigqileni, abalimi bomsebenzi wezwe kanye nasemadolobheni ayizitha abuswayo.
inkoloion
Ukukholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi kwakuphawuleka enkolweni yawo, ngakho inkolelo nokukhulekela kwabo onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene kwakuvamile. Ngokufanayo, babevame ukuphendukela emikhubeni yemihlatshelo yezilwane neyabantu ngoba babenombono wokuthi igazi liyisici esibalulekile konkulunkulu ngoba liwukudla kwabo; ngakho ngenkathi besondla onkulunkulu, onkulunkulu babembuyisela ngokubasiza baphile. Phakathi kwemihlatshelo kugqama:
- I-Cordectomy – manducation: okuhlanganisa ukubeka umnikelo etsheni, ukukhipha inhliziyo ngommese ukuze uwudle kamuva.
Ukuze kufezwe le mihlatshelo, kwakwenziwa lokho okwakuthiwa izimpi zezimbali, lapho iziboshwa zazikhishwa khona futhi kwenziwe imihlatshelo nazo.
Iningi lonkulunkulu abakha iqoqo lama-Aztec lalihlotshaniswa nendikimba yasezulwini yendawo yonke kanye nesici esithile semvelo. Phakathi konkulunkulu ababaluleke kakhulu kuvezwa:
- Unkulunkulu welanga nempi, unkulunkulu wakhe omkhulu u-Huitzilopochtli
- Unkulunkulu wemvula, uTlaloc
- Inyoka enezimpaphe, uQuetzalcoatl
- Unkulunkulukazi ongumama, u-Coatlicue
Isayensi yezinkanyezi
Ama-Aztec ayebabaza kakhulu umkhathi nezindikimba zasemkhathini ezitholakala kulesi sikhala, ikakhulukazi iLanga, iNyanga kanye neVenus; Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zihlobene nezinganekwane zabo. Ngenxa yokubuka isibhakabhaka njalo, bakwazi ukubona nokuhlukanisa imilaza ehlukahlukene njenge-Pleiades ne-Great Bear, futhi basebenzisa lezi ukuze bathole ukubalwa kwemijikelezo yabo yesikhathi. Ngokuphathelene nezinkanyezi, zahlukaniswa zaba amaqembu amabili aphikisanayo, yilawa:
- Izinyoka ezingamafu ezingu-400 zasenyakatho, i-Centzon Mimixcoa.
- Ama-400 azungezwe ameva eningizimu, i-Centzon Huitznáhuac.
Ulimi
IsiNahuatl siyingxenye yomndeni wama-Uto-Aztec, elinye lamagatsha amakhulu olimi lwaboMdabu baseMelika. Lolu futhi kwakuwulimi olwalusetshenziswa abantu boMbuso Wama-Aztec. Nakuba indlela yalolu limi ekhulunywayo nebhalwe ngayo iye yashintsha kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kweSpanishi, isiNahuatl sahlala ingxenye yenkulungwane yeminyaka futhi sisagcinwa phakathi kwezizwe ezithile zaseMexico.
Izakhiwo
I-Architecture yayiyingxenye eyisisekelo ye-erudition yama-Aztec, ngoba ngayo ayebonisa kokubili izinkolelo zawo nezindinganiso zawo. Ngakho le mpucuko ngesisekelo sezakhiwo yafuna ukukhombisa ubukhazikhazi bazo, amandla kanye nokuxhumana nonkulunkulu bazo; ngakho izakhiwo zabo zazihambisana ngokuphelele futhi zihlelekile.
Ukwengeza, ekwakhiweni kwabo basungule lo msebenzi besebenzisa izinto ezintsha nezitayela; indlela yabo yokwakha yayibonakala ngobuhlakani nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ababenezindawo zobuciko ngokuphelele, ezinethezekile nezibanzi ezazinencazelo ebalulekile yesiko nenkolo yabo.
Ngokwezifiso
Njenganoma yiliphi isiko, ama-Aztec akwazi ukuba nokuphila kwawo kwansuku zonke komuntu ngamunye kanye neqembu inhlanganisela yamasiko namasiko abaluleke kakhulu kuwo. Amanye amasiko abo ami kanje:
- Isikole, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kwakuyimpoqo ukuthi izingane zithole imfundo kusukela zisencane kakhulu.
- Ukulwela impi, ekubeni abantu abalwayo, kwakuvamile ukuba yonke impucuko ithole ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi kusukela ebuntwaneni.
- Abesifazane kanye nekhaya, lo mphakathi wawuyizinzalamizi, ngakho-ke abesifazane kwakudingeka bahlale ekhaya benza imisebenzi yasekhaya, kuyilapho amadoda ephethe umsebenzi wangaphandle nowokuhweba.
- Ukubaluleka kwenkolo: ama-Aztec ayenokuxhumana okukhulu nenkolo yawo, ngakho phakathi kwamasiko awo umkhuba wemikhuba ehlukahlukene nemithandazo yokusondela konkulunkulu bawo uvamile; kangangokuthi ezindlini banikela indawo ekhethekile enikezelwe enkolweni yabo.
- Ukuzila ukudla, ukuzila ukudla kwakubalulekile kulo mphakathi ngakho kwakwenziwa yiyo yonke impucuko, kuhlanganise nababusi.
- Imihlatshelo, ama-Aztec enza imihlatshelo lapho ayehlanganisa khona abantu ababenikelwa konkulunkulu.
Uma uthole le ndatshana imayelana Nezimo Zempucuko Yama-Aztec inentshisekelo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye izixhumanisi ezizokuthakasela ngempela: