Izinyoni zasemanzini eziphuma endaweni yasolwandle ziyikilasi lezinyoni ezikwazile ukujwayela ukuphila kulolo hlobo lwendawo enosawoti. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi bahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, ngokuphathelene nohlobo lwempilo abayiphilayo, kanye nesimilo sabo, ukuziphatha kwabo kanye ne-physiology, kuvamile ukuqaphela ukuthi izimo zokuguquguquka kwemvelo zenzeka. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe nge-Waterfowl, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda.
izinyoni zamanzi
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ezigabeni ezehlukene zezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala endaweni yasolwandle, kuye kwatholakala izenzakalo zokuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo, okusho ukuthi sezifinyelele ekuthuthukiseni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okufanayo lapho zibhekene nezinkinga zemvelo efanayo, ubudlelwano nemvelo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezindawo zabo zokudla.
Ukuphila kwasemanzini kokuqala endaweni yasolwandle kwakwazi ukuguquka ngesikhathi seCretaceous, ngokusho kwezifundo ze-paleontological, kodwa imindeni yanamuhla iye yafakazelwa ukuthi inemvelaphi yayo esikhathini se-Paleogene.
Ngokuvamile, izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, okusho ukuthi zinesikhathi eside sokuphila, ziphinde zifinyelele ukuvuthwa ngokobulili ukuze zizalane sekwephuzile kakhulu futhi abantu abasha abambalwa bazotholakala emiphakathini yabo, lapho izibonelo zabantu abadala ziba khona. ukunikela isikhathi esiningi, ukuze baphumelele ekukhulisweni kwabo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zasemanzini zinomkhuba wokuzalela emakoloni, okuthi, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, zingahluka ngenani labantu kusukela ezinyonini eziyishumi nambili kuya ezigidini zazo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zaziwa ngokufuduka okude kwaminyaka yonke, okuziholela ekubeni ziwele inkabazwe futhi, ezimweni eziningi, zijikeleze umhlaba.
Lesi sigaba sezinyoni ziyakwazi ukudla phezu kolwandle noma zinamandla okutshuza futhi zithole ukudla ekujuleni, noma zingakwenza ngazo zombili izindlela. Ezinye izinhlobo zibhekwa njenge-pelagic, okusho ukuthi zingasogwini, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zichitha isikhathi esikhulu sonyaka zikude ngokuphelele nolwandle.
I-morphology yezinyoni zasemanzini endaweni yasolwandle izohlelwa yizinto eziningi. Isibonelo salokhu ukulinganisa kwemizimba yezinyoni, okuwumphumela wohlobo nomsebenzi wokundiza kwazo, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba zokuzingela, ukunyakaza ezindlini zokuzalela noma zokuzalanisa, kanye nokufuduka.
Inyoni yasemanzini, ngokwesilinganiso, inesisindo somzimba esingama-700 g, amaphiko afinyelela ku-1,09 m kanye nendawo ephelele yamaphiko angu-0,103 m². Kodwa-ke, lezi zilinganiso zizoncika endleleni yendiza kanye nemvelaphi yezinhlobo zezilwane.
Izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle ziye zagcina umlando omude wokuhlalisana nomuntu, kusukela kudala beziyingxenye yokudla kwabazingeli, abadobi baye bazisebenzisa ukuze bathole amabhange okudoba futhi baye bakwazi ukuphatha ukuqondisa izilwane ezifuywayo. amatilosi abheke ogwini. Ngenxa yokuthi eziningana zalezi zinhlobo zisongelwa imisebenzi yabantu, ukunyakaza okuvuna ukongiwa kwemvelo zifunda kakhulu futhi zizazi ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Izinhlobo zezinyoni zasemanzini
Kufanele sikutshele ukuthi ayikho incazelo eyodwa ongasungula ngayo ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu, imindeni kanye nezinhlobo zezinyoni zamanzi olwandle futhi eziningi zazo, ngandlela-thile, zingabhekwa njengezigaba ezingenangqondo. Igama elithi izinyoni zamanzi noma inyoni yasolwandle alinayo i-taxonomic value; imane iyiqoqo, elingase libhekwe njengokwenziwa kancane, elingasetshenziswa emikhakheni yesayensi yokuhlukanisa.
Umuntu angase akucabange ukuthi iwuhlobo oludumile lwe-taxonomic classification, njengoba ihlanganisa amaqembu amaningi e-taxonomic, nakuba ingafaki ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwento engavamile lezi zinyoni ezifanayo ngazo ukuthi zidla ezindaweni ezinkulu zamanzi olwandle, kodwa, njengoba kunjalo ngezitatimende eziningi ezisetshenziswa kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ezinye azikwenzi lokho.
Ngendlela evamile, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa njengezinyoni zamanzi zemvelo yasolwandle zonke i-sphenisciforms kanye ne-procellariiforms, kanye nazo zonke i-pelecaniformes, ngaphandle kwe-aningids kanye namanye ama-caradriforms, phakathi kwawo ama-stercorariids, ama-lárids, ama-sterids, ama-alcids. .namakhona. Kuvamile ukuthi ama-phalaropes nawo afakwe, ngoba, naphezu kokuthi ziyizinyoni ezinwabuzelayo, izinhlobo zazo ezimbili kwezintathu zihlala olwandle izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ngonyaka, isikhathi lapho ziwela inkabazwe futhi zidla olwandle.
Okunye okufakiwe ama-gaviformes nama-podicipediforms, enza izidleke zawo emachibini, kodwa achithe ubusika olwandle, ngakho ahlukaniswa njengezinyoni zasemanzini. Nakuba kukhona ama-mergino afakwe emndenini wakwa-Anatidae, angasolwandle ngempela ebusika, akhishwe ngomhlangano kulokhu kuhlukaniswa. Ama-wader amaningi nezindwandwe zingabhekwa njengasolwandle, ngoba indawo yazo isogwini, kodwa azihlukaniswa ngale ndlela.
Ukuvela Kwezinyoni Zasemanzini kanye Nerekhodi Lemivubukulo
Izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle, ngenxa yokuthi zichitha ukuphila kwazo endaweni ewugwadule, okungukuthi, ezindaweni okuhlala kuzo cishe unomphela wezinto ezibonakalayo, zivezwe kahle kakhulu emlandweni wezinsalela. imvelaphi yabo ngesikhathi seCretaceous.
Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi ama-hesperornithiformes angalesi sikhathi, okuyiqembu lezinyoni ezingandizanga, ezazifana nama-loon, ezazinekhono lokutshuza ngendlela efanayo nalezi nama-loon, zisebenzisa imilenze yazo ukuze zikwazi ukutshuza emanzini. hamba ngaphansi kwamanzi, nakuba lo mndeni wakwaCretaceous wawunoqhwaku olunamazinyo abukhali.
Nakuba i-hesperornis ibonakala ingashiyi noma iyiphi inzalo, izinyoni zamanzi zasolwandle zokuqala zanamuhla nazo zavela esikhathini se-Cretaceous, nezinhlobo eziye zaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Tytthostonyx glauconiticus, okubonakala sengathi ihlobene ne-procellariiforms noma i-pelecaniformes.
Esikhathini se-Paleogene, ulwandle luphethwe ama-procellariid okuqala, amaphengwini amakhulu kanye nemindeni emibili engasekho, okwakuyi-Pelagornithidae kanye ne-Plotopteridae, okwakuyiqembu lezinyoni ezinkulu ezifana nama-penguin. Isizukulwane samanje saqala ukwanda ngesikhathi se-Miocene, nakuba i-puffinus, ehlanganisa i-Maned shearwater eyaziwa manje kanye ne-Sooty shearwater, isuka ku-Oligocene epoch.
Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle ngokusobala zaba nomsuka wazo ngasekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Miocene ne-Pliocene. Ekupheleni kokugcina, uchungechunge lokudla kolwandle lwashintshwa, ngenxa yokuthi kwakukhona ukushabalala okukhulu kwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane, kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwenani lezilwane ezincelisayo olwandle, izici ezivimbela izinyoni zasemanzini. ekubuyiseni ukuhlukahluka kwayo kwangaphambili.
Izimpawu Zezinyoni Zasemanzini
Izici zezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle zihlukahlukene, ngakho-ke sizozama ukuchaza ngayinye yazo:
Ukujwayela impilo yasolwandle
Ama-cormorants, njenge-cormorant enamadlebe amade, aveza ungqimba lwezimpaphe oluhlukile, ngoba avumela umoya omncane ukuba udlule, kodwa asakwazi ukumunca amanzi. Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo kuvumela ukuba thermoregulate futhi balwe buoyancy yemvelo.
Izinyoni zasemanzini zasolwandle zinezinguquko eziningi eziguquguqukayo ukuze zikwazi ukuphila nokudla olwandle. Ukuma kwamaphiko azo kuye kwavela endaweni ezavela kuyo, ngendlela yokuthi lapho usosayensi ezibuka, zizokwazi ukubona ukwaziswa okuhlobene nokuziphatha kwazo nokondla kwazo.
Eqinisweni, amaphiko amade kanye nokulayishwa kwamaphiko aphansi ikakhulukazi ezinhlobonhlobo ze-pelagic, kanti izinyoni ezitshuzayo zizobonisa amaphiko amafushane. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, njenge-albatross ehambayo, ethola ukudla kwayo phezu kolwandle, zinamandla amancane okundiza ezishayelayo futhi zincike ohlotsheni lokuntweza olubizwa ngokuthi i-dynamic, lapho umoya opheshulwa amagagasi ubangela le nyoni. ukukhuphuka, kanye nokushelela phezulu noma phansi.
Icala lama-alcid amaningana, amaphengwini kanye nama-petrels abonisa amaphiko angakwazi ukubhukuda ngawo ngaphansi kolwandle futhi kwezinye izimo, njengamaphengwini, awanawo amandla okundiza. Lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukutshuza amamitha angama-250 futhi zingagcina umoya-mpilo, kungaba kumasaka omoya noma nge-myoglobin emisipheni yazo.
Amaphengwini anegazi elikhudlwana, okwenza kube lula kuwo ukugcina umoya-mpilo owengeziwe. Ngesikhathi sokutshuza, ziyakwazi nokwehlisa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo yazo futhi zilethe igazi ezithweni zazo ezibalulekile kuphela.Cishe zonke izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle zinezinyawo ezinezintambo, ezivumela ukuthi zihambe kalula phezulu futhi, endabeni yezinhlobo eziningana, ukutshuza.
Ama-Procellariiform anomuzwa wokuhogela onamandla ngendlela engavamile enyoni, futhi ayisebenzisela ukuthola ukudla endaweni ewudedangendlale yolwandle, futhi mhlawumbe aphinde ayisebenzisele ukuthola amakoloni awo.
Izindlala ze-supraorbital eziphethwe izinyoni zasolwandle zasemanzini zivumela ukuthi zikwazi uku-osmoregulate futhi ziqede usawoti eziwudlayo lapho ziphuza futhi zidla kulawa manzi, ikakhulukazi uma zingama-crustaceans. I-excretions yalezi zindlala, ezitholakala endaweni yekhanda lenyoni, iphuma emgodini wayo wekhala futhi cishe i-sodium chloride ngokuphelele, nakuba izingxenye ezincane ze-potassium ne-bicarbonate zingatholakala, kanye nengxenye encane ye-urea. ...
Lezi zindlala zingaphansi kokulawulwa kwenzwa ye-parasympathetic futhi umsebenzi wabo ungamiswa nge-anesthesia nezidakamizwa ezifana ne-carbon dioxide inhibitors. Lokhu ukuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo obekubalulekile, ngoba izinso zalezi zinyoni azinawo amandla okucubungula nokuqeda lokhu kugcwala okuphezulu kukasawoti.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi zonke izinyoni zinendlala yamakhala, ayithuthukile njengaleyo yama-cormorants noma amaphengwini.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni zasemanzini zinezindlala ze-supraorbital ezinkulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kuya kwekhulu kunezinyoni ezihlala emhlabeni, ngoba lokhu kuzoncika ku inani likasawoti abachayeka kulo ohambweni lwabo nasekudliseni.
I-Hyposmotic regulation, okungukuthi, indlela izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuzo ezimweni ezinosawoti owedlulele ezikwazi ukuzilondoloza, kungenzeka futhi ngokunciphisa ukugeleza kwe-trigger, njengoba kwenzeka kumchamo, oncishisiwe, ukugwema ukulahlekelwa amanzi. umzimba ngokungadingekile.
Ngaphandle kwama-cormorants nama-tern amaningana, futhi afana nezinyoni eziningi, zonke izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle zinezimpaphe ezimelana namanzi. Nokho, uma ziqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezihlala emhlabeni, zinezimpaphe eziningi, ukuze zivikele umzimba wazo. Lezi zimpaphe eziminyene yikho okwenza inyoni ingabi manzi; Ngokufanayo, lolu ngqimba oluphansi luvimbela inyoni ukuba ibanda.
Ama-Cormorants aveza ijazi eliyingqayizivele lezimpaphe, ngoba avumela umoya omncane ukuthi udlule futhi ngenxa yalokho amunca amanzi, okwenza kube lula ngawo ukubhukuda ngaphandle kokulwa nokushuba okubangelwa ukugcinwa komoya phakathi kwezimpaphe, nakuba Ziyakwazi futhi ukugcina ngokwanele. umoya ukuze zivikeleke ekulahlekelweni ukushisa okukhulu lapho zihlangana namanzi.
Izimpaphe zezinyoni eziningi zasemanzini zasolwandle, okuthi ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziye zanamathela emibaleni enjengomnyama, omhlophe noma ompunga, ngokuqinisekile azinemibala kunezimpaphe zezinyoni ezihlala emhlabathini.” Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zibonisa izimpaphe ezimibalabala, ezinjalo njengezinyoni zasemanzini ezishisayo noma amaphengwini athile, kodwa lokho kushintsha kombala kuzotholakala emilonyeni nasemilenzeni.
Izimpaphe zezinyoni zasemanzini ezinendawo yazo olwandle zisebenza njengokucasha, ngokuzivikela, njengoba kunjalo ngombala wezimpaphe ze-Antarctic duck-petrel, owakopishwa ukupenda imikhumbi yempi ye-United States Navy , iyakwazi ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwayo olwandle; kuyilapho ingase ibe nomsebenzi ohlaselayo esimweni sengxenye emhlophe ephansi enezinhlobo eziningi, okuzisiza ukuba zifihle inyamazane yazo ngezansi Isizathu esenza amaphiko amaphiko aleli qembu lezinyoni abe mnyama, ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwe-melanin, ukukwazi ukuvimbela izimpaphe ukuthi zingaboli, ikakhulukazi ngokungqubuzana.
Ukudla kanye nokudla
Izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle zakwazi ukuguquguquka ukuze zikwazi ukuthola ukudla kwazo olwandle nolwandle; ngaphezu kwalokho, i-physiology nokuziphatha kwabo kuye kwadingeka kuhambisane nokudla kwabo.
Lezi zimo zokuphila ziye zabangela ukuthi izilwane ezivela emindenini ehlukene, futhi ngisho neziyalo ezihlukene, zikwazile ukuthuthukisa amasu afanayo lapho kubhekene nezinkinga zemvelo ezifanayo, okuyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuguquguquka kwemvelo, njengoba kungabonakala phakathi kwamaphengwini nama-alcid. .
Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe, kuye kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi amasu amane ayisisekelo angaqashelwa izinyoni ezizisebenzisayo ukuze zidle olwandle, ezidla phezulu, zijahe ukudla ngokutshuza, ukutshuza, kanye nokudla izilwane ezinomgogodla ezinkulu. Nakuba, kunjalo, phakathi kwalawa masu amane ukuhlukahluka okuningi kungafinyelelwa.
ukuphakela phezulu
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala ezindaweni zasolwandle zithola ukudla kwazo olwandle, ngenxa yokuthi imisinga inamandla okuthola ukudla okufana ne-krill, i-foage fish, i-squid nezinye izilwane ezingase zifinyelele uqhwaku lwazo ngokuziphonsa emanzini. ikhanda layo emanzini.
Le ndlela yokusebenza ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukudla phezu kwamanzi ngokundiza okuphelele, into ekwazi ukuyenza ama-petrels, ama-frigatebird kanye nama-hydrobatids, nokudla ngenkathi ibhukuda, okuyindlela ekuthola ngayo ukudla kwayo. shearwater kanye petrels.
Ake sithi esigabeni sokuqala sizohlangana nezinyoni zasemanzini olwandle ezikwazi ukucula. Abanye bayakwazi ukuthatha ukudla okulula emanzini, njengoba kwenzeka ngama-frigatebird namanye ama-tern, kanti abanye benza uhlobo oluthile lokuhamba futhi bakwazi ngisho nokugijima nokuzungeza phezu kwamanzi, njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye ama-hydrobatids. .
Eziningi zazo azidingi ngisho nokuhlala emanzini ukuze zidle, futhi ezinye, njengezinyoni ezifuywayo, zizoba nobunzima bokuphinde ziqale ukundiza uma zihlala emanzini. Omunye umndeni okungadingeki ukuthi uhlale emanzini ukuze uzondle i-Rynchopidae, enekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuzingela, njengoba indizela eduze kakhulu emanzini ivule imihlathi, ezivaleka ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho uqhwaku lwayo luthinta okuthile. Yingakho uqhwaku lwayo lubonisa lolu hlobo lwendlela yokuzingela ekhethekile nokuthi umhlathi waso ongezansi mude kunowongenhla.
Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu, izinyoni eziningi ezibhukudayo nazo ziveza imilomo engavamile, eklanyelwe ukuba ihlale ikilasi elithile lezilwane ezizingelayo. Izinyoni zohlobo lwe-Pachyptila ne-Halobaena zinemilomo enezihlungi, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-lamellae, ezingasefa ngazo i-plankton emanzini eziwaphuzayo.
Ama-albatross amaningi nama-petrel anezikweletu ezimise okwehhuku angakwazi ukubamba ngawo inyamazane esheshayo. Ama-gull anoqhwaku olungakhethekile, okubonisa indlela yawo yokuphila, engosomathuba.Esifundazweni sase-Buenos Aires, ama-gull azuza kakhulu emisebenzini yokudoba futhi adla amasampula amancane e-anchovy kanye ne-croaker ephuzi. I-kelp gull, phakathi kweqembu lama-larids, yileyo ene-trophic spectrum ebanzi kakhulu; kuyilapho i-Olrog's Gull ikhethekile.
phishekela ukutshuza
I-chinstrap penguin ingenye yezinhlobo zezinyoni zasemanzini olwandle eziphishekela ukudla kwazo ngokutshuza. Ukutshuza yikhona okudinga ukucindezelwa kakhulu yizinyoni zasolwandle maqondana nesayensi yemvelo yazo kanye nezindlela zazo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa zithola umvuzo owukwazi ukuba nendawo yokudla enkulu kunaleyo yezinyoni ezihlala phezu kolwandle kuphela. phezulu.
Ziyakwazi ukuziqhubela ngaphansi kwamanzi ngosizo lwamaphiko azo, njengoba kwenzeka ngamaphengwini, ama-alcid, ama-pelecanoid nezinye izinhlobo ze-petrels, noma aziqhube ngezinyawo zawo, njengoba kwenzeka ngama-cormorants, ama-loon, ama-loon nezinye izinhlobo. lamadada adla izinhlanzi.
Ngokuvamile, izinyoni ezinamaphiko zivame ukushesha kunezinyoni ezihamba ngemilenze.Kodwa kuzo zombili izimo, ikhono lokusebenzisa amaphiko noma imilenze ukutshuza liye laba nomphumela wokunciphisa ukusebenza kwazo kwezinye izimo, njengoba kwenzeka ngamaloon namaloon; abahamba ngobunzima obukhulu, ophengwini abangakwazi ukundiza nama-alcid alahlekelwe ukusebenza kahle kwendiza yabo ukuze bakwazi ukutshuza kangcono.
Isibonelo salokhu i-razorbill evamile, edinga amandla angaphezu kuka-64% ukuze indize kune-petrel enobukhulu obulinganayo.Izinhlobo eziningi zama-shearwater zisendaweni ethile phakathi kwalezi zinsiza ezimbili, njengoba zinamaphiko amade. babe nokulayishwa kwamaphiko aphezulu kunamanye ama-procellariid okuphakela phezulu; lokhu kuzinikeza ikhono lokutshuza ekujuleni okukhulu, kuyilapho futhi kuzivumela ukuthi zihambe amabanga amade kahle.
Kulo mndeni, inyoni yokutshuza engcono kunazo zonke i- Tasmanian shearwater, okuye kwabikwa ukuthi ibhukuda ngamamitha angu-70 ngaphansi kogu lolwandle. .
Kuzo zonke izinyoni ezitshuzayo ezizimisele ngokujaha inyamazane yazo, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu emoyeni ama-albatross, futhi akubanga khona ukuqondana nje ukuthi zingababhukudi ababi kakhulu. Endabeni ye-polar kanye ne-subpolar zones, lena yindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu izinyoni zasemanzini olwandle ukuze zithole ukudla kwazo, ngoba akwenzeki ngamandla ukwenza kanjalo emanzini afudumele. Ngenxa yokuthi azinawo amandla okundiza, izinyoni eziningi zokuntywila zilinganiselwe kakhulu ekudleni kwazo kunezinye, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lapho ama-nestling edinga ukuphakelwa njalo ngabazali bawo.
ukuwohloka
Ama-Gannets, ama-boobies, ama-fetontiform, amanye ama-ternids kanye ne-pelican ensundu ayakwazi ukutshuza emoyeni. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthi basebenzise amandla aleyo thrust ukuze baphule umugqa wemvelo wokuzulazula, okubangelwa umoya ovaleleke ezimpahleni, futhi basebenzise amandla amancane kunabanye abatshuzi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa izinsiza zokudla ezisakazwa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi olwandle olusezindaweni ezishisayo ezixhashazwe ngokweqile. Ngokuvamile, kuyindlela ekhethekile yokuzingela phakathi kwezinyoni zasolwandle; abanye abanemikhuba evamile, njengama-gull nama-skuas, bayayisebenzisa, kodwa ngekhono elincane futhi kusukela ezindaweni eziphansi.
Ama-pelicans ansundu athatha iminyaka ukuthuthukisa ngokugcwele ikhono elidingekayo ukuze enze ukutshuza, uma esekuzuzile, ayakwazi ukutshuza emanzini ukusuka kumamitha angu-20 ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi futhi ajwayelane nemizimba yawo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umthelela, ngaleyo ndlela agweme ukulimala. Isici esiye sasikiselwa ukuthi leli qembu lezinyoni likwazi ukuzingela emanzini acwebile kuphela, ngoba zingaba nombono ongcono wenyamazane yazo phezulu.
Nakuba le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuhlotshaniswa kwale nqubo nokucaca kwamanzi akukaboniswa ngokugcwele. eziyisa izikole phezulu, ukuze zikwazi ukondla.
I-Kleptoparasitism, i-carrion kanye ne-predation
Lesi sigaba sibanzi kakhulu futhi sibhekisela kwamanye amasu asetshenziswa izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala endaweni yasolwandle, eziyingxenye yezinga elilandelayo le-trophic. I-Kleptoparasites yizinyoni zasolwandle ezivame ukudla ukudla kwezinye izinyoni. Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu kuma-frigatebird nama-skuas, asebenzisa le ndlela yokudla, nakuba ama-gull, ama-tern nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nazo zikwazi ukweba ukudla ngokuzenzekelayo.
Umkhuba ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinawo wokuzalela ebusuku uye wahunyushwa njengendlela yokugwema ingcindezi ezilethwa yilokhu kugcweleza kwezindiza. Ngokujwayelekile, lolu hlobo lokuziphatha luba yinsakavukela ngesikhathi sokuzalela, lapho abazali beletha ukudla ezidlekeni futhi babanjwa abasha, abashesha futhi abanolaka kakhulu kunezinyoni ezindala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ama-kleptoparasites angakwazi ukukhetha izisulu zawo kahle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-kleptoparasitism ayidlali indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenyoni, okuphathelene nayo yisithasiselo sokudla okunomsoco esitholakala ngokuzingela. Ucwaningo olwenziwa mayelana nendlela i-frigatebird evamile ezinikele ngayo ekuntshontsheni ukudla ku-gannet efihle ubuso, luphethe ngokuthi eyokuqala yayikwazi ukuthola okungcono kakhulu okungu-40% kokudla ekudingayo, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso yathola kuphela ama-5%.
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-gull zidla inyama efile yezinyoni noma izilwane zasolwandle noma nini lapho ithuba livela, njengoba kwenza ama-giant petrels. Izinhlobo eziningana zama-albatross nazo ziyizinyoni ezidla inyama efile, ukuhlaziya imilomo ye-albatross kwembule ukuthi ingwane eziningi ezizidlayo zinkulu kakhulu ukuthi zingabanjwa ziphila futhi ezihlanganisa nezilwane ezisuka maphakathi namanzi, okungenakufinyeleleka kuzo. lalezi zinyoni.
Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nazo zidla ezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, njengama-gull, ama-skuas kanye nama-pelicans, ezidla amaqanda, amatshwele kanye namaphuphu amadala avela ezindaweni ezizalela lapho kunikezwa ithuba. Ngokufanayo, ama-petrel ama-giant angathatha inyamazane elingana namaphengwini amancane kanye nemidlwane ye-seal.
I-Waterfowl Life Cycle
Impilo yezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle yehlukile nempilo yezinyoni ezihlala emhlabeni. Ngokuvamile, ziyizidalwa ezinamasu, futhi ziyakwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside, esibalwe phakathi kweminyaka engamashumi amabili namashumi ayisithupha, kodwa futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuhlangana kwazo kokuqala akwenzeki kuze kube yilapho sezineminyaka eyishumi ubudala futhi nazo. tshala isikhathi esiningi kubantwana abambalwa.
Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ziba nembewu eyodwa kuphela ngonyaka, ngaphandle uma ngengozi ethile ziye zalahlekelwa yimbewu yokuqala, ngaphandle nje kwe-sooty mongrel kanye nezinhlobo eziningi, njenge-procellariiforms noma i-sulids, zikwazi kuphela ukubeka iqanda ngonyaka. .
Izinyoni zasemanzini ezinendawo yasolwandle zinakekela izingane isikhathi eside kakhulu, ezingahlala izinyanga eziyisithupha, okuyisikhathi eside kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni. Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi, uma amatshwele e-guillemot esebalekile, asazohlala nabazali bawo olwandle izinyanga eziningi.
I-Frigatebirds yizinyoni ezibonisa ukunakekelwa kwabazali kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezinyoni ezimbalwa ezidla inyama kanye ne-southern ground hornbill, okuwuhlobo lapho amatshwele ethola khona izimpaphe ngemva kwezinyanga ezine noma eziyisithupha abese ehlala enakekelwe yizilwane zawo. abazali abasha izinyanga eziyishumi nane.
Ngenxa yesikhathi esiningi sokunakekela kwabazali abancane bazo, ukuzala kwalezi zinyoni kwenzeka kuphela ngemva kweminyaka emibili, esikhundleni sokuba kube minyaka yonke. Le ndlela yokuphila kungenzeka yavela ngenxa yobunzima bezilwane zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi lokho okuhlobene nokuzingela inyamazane ehlakazekile, kanye nenani lokwehluleka ekuzalaneni ngenxa yokuthi kukhona olwandle olungalungile. izimo kanye nokuntuleka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezihlala ezweni.
Ngenxa yokuthi zichitha umzamo omkhulu ukuze zikwazi ukukhulisa izingane nangenxa yokuthi ukuthola ukudla ngokuvamile kuziphoqa ukuba zihambe ziqhelelene nesidleke sazo, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zasolwandle, ngaphandle kwama-phalaropes, bobabili abazali okufanele babambe iqhaza kuzo. ukunakekelwa kwamatshwele nemibhangqwana iba ngumfazi oyedwa, okungenani isizini ethile.
Izinhlobo eziningi, njengama-gull, ama-alcid kanye namaphengwini, ziyakwazi ukugcina umlingani ofanayo izinkathi eziningi zonyaka, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezifuywayo zingabalingani impilo yonke. Ama-Albatross kanye nama-procellarids, ashada ukuphila kwakhe konke, adinga iminyaka eminingana yokuqomisana ukuze akwazi ukusungula isibopho sababili ngaphambi kokuba abe nenzalo, endabeni yama-albatross, kunomdanso oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu wokuqomisana oyingxenye yokwakhiwa kwalesi sixhumanisi.
I-Nesting kanye neColony Formation
I-95% yezinyoni zasolwandle zakha amakoloni, aphakathi kwezindawo ezinkulu zokuhlala izinyoni emhlabeni. Amakholoni ezinyoni ezingaphezu kwesigidi abhalwe phansi, ezindaweni ezishisayo, njengoba kwenzeka eKiritimati ePacific, nasezindaweni ezipholile, njengoba kwenzeka e-Antarctica. Lawa maqembu amakhulu asebenza kuphela ngokuzalela kuphela.Uma zingekho ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, izinyoni ezingazaleli zihlala ezindaweni lapho kunezilwane eziningi ezizingelayo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl-0UF-CLVU
Indlela amakoloni abekwe ngayo iyashintsha kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuzuza izidleke ezingazodwana ezisatshalaliswa ngesikhala esanele phakathi kwazo, njengoba kwenzeka ku-albatross colony, noma kugxilwe, njengoba kwenzeka nge-guillemot colony. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zezilwane zingazalela, nakuba zihlukaniswa ngokusobala uhlobo oluthile lokuhlukaniswa kwe-niche.
Izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle zingahlala ezihlahleni, uma zitholakala lapho, kodwa nasezitshalweni, ngezinye izikhathi zakha izidleke zazo phezu kwazo, amawa, imigodi engaphansi komhlaba kanye nemifantu enamatshe. Kulesi sici, kube nokwenzeka ukubona ukuziphatha okuqinile kwendawo kwezinyoni zasolwandle zohlobo olufanayo noma oluhlukile. Eqinisweni kunezinyoni ezinolaka njenge-sooty tern ezixosha izinhlobo ezingalawuleki kakhulu ezindaweni ezifiseleka kakhulu zokuzalela.
Ngesikhathi sasebusika, i-petrel igwema ukuncintisana ne-Pacific shearwater enolaka ngokuzalela izidleke. Uma kwenzeka izikhathi zokukhwelana zidlulela, ama-shearwater asePacific angase abulale ama-petrel amancane ukuze asebenzise imigodi yawo.
Bathembekile endaweni abazalelwa kuyo, ngendlela efanayo basebenzisa indawo eyodwa yokucasha noma indawo yokuhlala iminyaka eminingi, baqhubeke nokuvikela ngobudlova lokho abakubona kuyindawo yabo kulabo abababheka njengezimbangi zabo. .impumelelo yokuzala, ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yamapheya okuhlangana kanye nokunciphisa umzamo wokucinga indawo entsha yesidleke.
Kodwa-ke, ukuthola indawo yokuzalela kungase kube nemiphumela emihle endabeni yokukhwelana, uma umhlabathi omusha ubonakala ukhiqiza.Intsha ekhula ikhwelana okokuqala ngqa ngokuvamile ibuyela endaweni yayo yokuzala kanye nesidleke eduze nalapho izalelwe khona. Leli siko, elaziwa ngokuthi i-philopatry, linamandla kangangokuthi ucwaningo lwe-Laysan albatross lwathola ukuthi isilinganiso sebanga phakathi kwendawo yokuchanyuselwa inyoni nendawo eyakhela kuyo inyoni Lalingamamitha angu-22.
Olunye ucwaningo, kodwa olwenziwa nge-Cory’s shearwaters esidlekeni esiseduze nesiqhingi saseCorsica, lwembula ukuthi amaduna angu-61 kwangu-XNUMX aphindela ukuyogana lapho azalela khona futhi ahlala endaweni yokucasha akhulela kuyo, amabili angakwazi ngisho nokukhwelana. umama wabo. I-Philopatry ibonakala ikhuthaza impumelelo yokukhwelana futhi ibe nomthelela ekukhethweni komlingani endabeni ye-Cape gannet kanye ne-gannet yase-Australia.
Amakoloni alezi zinyoni ngokuvamile atholakala eziqhingini, emaweni noma ezindaweni eziphakeme, ezindaweni lapho izilwane ezincelisayo zifinyelela khona kanzima.Lokhu mhlawumbe kunikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kulezi zinyoni, ezivame ukutholakala zingavikelekile emhlabeni. Ukwakheka kwamakoloni kubonakala emindenini yezinyoni ezingazivikeli izindawo zazo zokudla, njengoba kunjalo ne-swiftlet, enomthombo wokudla oshintshashintsha kakhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho ivele kaningi ezinyoni zasemanzini. ezihlala olwandle.
Enye inzuzo engaba khona ngokuhlala ezindaweni ezihlala emakoloni ukuthi zingasebenza njengezikhungo zokwaziswa, lapho izinyoni zasolwandle, ezindizayo ukuze ziyodla olwandle, zikwazi ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwenyamazane olutholakalayo. , ngokubuka nje ezinye izinyoni ezihlala olwandle. koloni lapho bebuya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona futhi okungalungile, njengoba ukuhlala ku-colon kusho ukuthi izifo zingasakazeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Okunye ukuthi amakoloni avame ukudonsa ukunaka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, ikakhulukazi ezinye izinyoni. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zamakoloni ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba zibuyele ezidlekeni zazo ebusuku ukuze zigweme ukudlalwa.
Ukufuduka
Isibonelo sezinyoni zasemanzini ezinendawo yazo olwandle futhi ezifudukayo amavuba afika minyaka yonke eCuba evela eNyakatho Melika phakathi nenkathi yasebusika enyakatho nenkabazwe. Ngendlela efanayo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, izinyoni zasolwandle zinomkhuba wokufuduka lapho isikhathi sokukhwelana sesiphelile.
Kuzo zonke izinyoni ezifudukayo, uhambo oluthathwa i-arctic tern lude kakhulu, njengoba le nyoni inqamula inkabazwe yasemhlabeni iyochitha ihlobo lase-austral e-Antarctica. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nazo zithatha uhambo olunqamula inkabazwe, kokubili ukusuka enkosini kuya enyakatho nakwelinye icala. Inani lama-tern amahle anezidleke zalo e-Baja California lihlukana ngemva kwesikhathi sokukhwelana libe amaqembu ahambela enyakatho ogwini olumaphakathi lwaseCalifornia, kuyilapho amanye aya eningizimu ePeru naseChile ukuze azinze endaweni yamanje.
I-Sooty Shearwaters futhi yenza umjikelezo waminyaka yonke wokufuduka ophikisana nalowo we-Arctic Terns. Lezi yizinyoni ezakha izidleke zazo eNew Zealand naseChile futhi ngesikhathi sehlobo le-boreal zifudukela ogwini lwaseNyakatho yePacific, ezindaweni ezifana ne-Japan, i-Alaska ne-California, zenza uhambo lwaminyaka yonke lwamakhilomitha angu-64.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zasemanzini zifuduka amabanga amafushane ukusuka ezindaweni ezizalela kuzo futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwazo olwandle oluphakeme kunqunywa ukutholakala kokudla. Esimeni lapho izimo zasolwandle zinganele, izinyoni zasolwandle zifuduka ziye ezindaweni lapho kunezimo ezingcono khona, zibe indawo ehlala njalo uma kuyinyoni encane kakhulu.
Ngemva kokundiza, izinyoni ezincane zivame ukuhlakazeka kakhulu kunabantu abadala nasezindaweni ezahlukene, ngakho-ke kuvamile ukuthi zibonwe ngaphandle kokusatshalaliswa kwendawo okujwayelekile kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Amanye awo, njengama-alcid, awanakho ukufuduka okuhleliwe, kodwa iqembu liyakwazi ukuya eningizimu lapho kufika inkathi yasebusika. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni azihlakazeki, njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye ama-hydrobatids, pelecanoids nama-phalacrocoracids, kodwa zihlala eduze nendawo yamakoloni azo okuzalela kuwo unyaka wonke.
olwandle
Nakuba incazelo yaleli qembu lezinyoni inikeza umbono wokuthi zichitha ukuphila kwazo olwandle, izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zasolwandle kukho konke ukuphila kwazo zihlala kancane noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezwe Izinhlobo eziningi zizalela amashumi, amakhulu noma izinkulungwane amakhilomitha ukusuka ogwini. Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zibuyela olwandle ukuze zizodla; njengesibonelo salokhu, izidleke ze-snow petrels zitholwe zitholakala ku-480 km ngaphakathi kwezwekazi lase-Antarctic, nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuthi kuyindawo lapho bengathola khona okuthile okudliwayo eduze kwalezo zindawo.
I-marbled murrelet izidleke emahlathini ayisisekelo futhi ibheka izihlahla ezinkulu namagatsha amaningi ukuze akhe isidleke sawo lapho.Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-Californian gull, zakha izidleke zazo futhi zidla emachibini, nakuba kamuva ziya ogwini.. ebusika. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-phalacrocoracids, i-pelicans, ama-gull nama-tern azihambi olwandle, kodwa zihlala emachibini, emifuleni nasemaxhaphozini; amanye ama-gull ahlala emadolobheni nasemapulazini. Kulezi zimo kuthiwa yizinyoni zasemhlabeni noma zasemanzini angenawo amadlozi asolwandle.
Ezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala e-tundra, njenge-stercorids kanye ne-phalaropes, nazo zifuduka phezu komhlaba. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezifana nama-petrels, ama-razorbill nama-gannet, anemikhuba elinganiselwe, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ziyaduka olwandle njengezihambi. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ezinyonini ezincane ezingenalwazi, kodwa kwenzeka nakubantu abaningi abadala abakhathele bedlula ezivunguvungwini ezinkulu, ezaziwa ngokuthi ukuphahlazeka, okusho ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi, okuthi ababuka izinyoni babone kuzo izikhathi eziningi.
Ubudlelwano nomuntu
Kusukela kudala, lolu hlobo lwezinyoni luye lwagcina ubuhlobo nabantu, ngakho-ke sizohlaziya izici ezimbalwa zazo:
izinyoni zasolwandle nokudoba
Izinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle zinebudlelwane obude nabadobi namatilosi, okuye kwatholakala kuzo izinzuzo nezithiyo. Ngokwesiko, abadobi baye basebenzisa izinyoni zasolwandle njengezimpawu zokuba khona kwezikole eziningi zezinhlanzi, kanye nogu lolwandle olunezinsiza zokudoba ezingase zibe nezindawo ezingase zihlale phansi.
Eqinisweni, ukuhlotshaniswa kwezinyoni zasolwandle nezwe okwakubalulekile ukuze abantu basePolynesia bakwazi ukuthola iziqhingi ezincane ePacific kubonakala kahle. Ngokufanayo, lezi zinyoni ziye zanikeza abadobi abakade bekude nezwe ukudla ukudla, kanye nokudoba. Ngisho nama-cormorants aboshwe aye asetshenziswa ukuze kubanjwe izinhlanzi. Ngokungaqondile, indawo yokudoba iye yazuza ku-guano ekhiqizwa amakoloni ezinyoni, njengoba iwumanyolo ongcono kakhulu wamabhishi azungezile.
Ngokuqondene nemiphumela engemihle ekhiqizwa izinyoni zasemanzini olwandle ezimbonini zokudoba, ilinganiselwe kakhulu ekuphangweni okwenzeka ezitshalweni ze-aquaculture. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekudobeni ngentambo emide, lezi zinyoni zintshontsha ukudlalwa kwazo. Eqinisweni, kukhona nemibiko yokuncipha kwezilwane ezizingelayo ngenxa yezinyoni zasolwandle, kodwa, nakuba kunobunye ubufakazi balokhu, imiphumela yako ibhekwa njengengaphansi kwaleyo ekhiqizwa izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle nezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye, njenge-tuna.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni zasolwandle ziye zazuza ekudobeni, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezilahliwe kanye ne-offal. Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi lezi zinyoni zingamaphesenti angama-30 okudla kwalezi zinyoni eNorth Sea futhi kufika ku-70% wokudla kwezinye izinyoni zasolwandle. ukwanda kwe-boreal fulmar ngaphakathi kwendawo yaseBrithani, okuye kwabalelwa ngokwengxenye ukutholakala kwaleli klasi lokulahlwa.
Ama-Discards ngokuvamile azuzisa izinyoni ezidla phezu kolwandle, njengama-gannet nama-petrels, kodwa hhayi izinyoni eziphishekela ukudla ngokutshuza, njengama-penguin. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimboni zokudoba nazo zikhiqiza imiphumela engemihle ezinyoni zasemanzini zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi. ku-albatross, ephila isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi ethatha isikhathi eside ukufinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokobulili futhi ikwazi ukushada; lokhu kuwukukhathazeka okufanele kwabalondolozi bemvelo.
Indaba yokubanjwa ngephutha kwezinyoni ezibanjwa emanetha noma ezidotshwe ezintanjeni zokudoba kube nomthelela omubi kakhulu enanini labantu ezixukwini zabo; Njengesibonelo salokhu, izazi zilinganisela ukuthi ama-albatross angu-100 000 ayabanjwa futhi aminze unyaka ngamunye ezintanjeni ze-tuna ezifakwa ukudoba ngezindobo ezinde.
Kodwa, ngokwejwayelekile, minyaka yonke kuye kwabanjwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinyoni futhi zife, into ekhathaza kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ezinye zezinhlobo ezingavamile, njenge-albatross-tailed albatross, ukuthi inani lazo liye lehla laba kuphela. 2000 abantu ngabanye. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yiNational Programme of On-Board Observers of the Uruguayan Tuna Fleet, izinhlobo ezithinteka kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwesigameko ngokudoba ngodobo olude i-albatross enombala omnyama, i-albatross ekhokhiswa kahle kanye nezinhlanzi. i-shearwater enomphimbo omhlophe. Izinyoni zasolwandle kukholakala ukuthi zihlushwa yimiphumela yokudoba ngokweqile.
Ukuxhashazwa
Esinye isici esibe nomthelela ekwehleni ngendlela eshaqisayo kwezinyoni zasemanzini ukuzingela ebeziyizinto nokuqoqwa kwamaqanda azo ukuze zidliwe abantu, ngisho lokhu sekudale ukushabalala kwezinhlobo ezithile, phakathi kwazo kukhona i-auk enkulu kanye ne-cormorant ekhazimulayo. Lezi zinhlobo zezinyoni zazizingelwa inyama yazo izakhamuzi zasogwini isikhathi eside kakhulu; Ngaphezu kwalokho, eningizimu yeChile, okunye ukuvubukula okwenziwa phakathi nendawo kwabonisa ukuthi ukuzingela ama-albatross, ama-cormorants kanye nama-shearwater kwakuwumsebenzi ovamile kusukela eminyakeni engaba ngu-5000 edlule.
Yingakho izinhlobo eziningana zezinto eziphilayo zashabalala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 kwezingu-29 ezazivame ukwenza kanjalo azibe zisazalana e-Easter Island. Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, ukuzingela kwalezi zinyoni ukuze kutholakale amafutha nezimpaphe zazo ukuze kudayiswe izigqoko emakethe kwafinyelela emazingeni ezimboni.
I-Muttonbirding, okwakuyiqoqo lamatshwele e-shearwater, yenzeka njengemboni ethuthukisiwe ebaluleke kakhulu eNew Zealand naseTasmania, kanti indaba ye-Solander's petrel, eyaziwa kulezo zindawo ngokuthi i-Providence petrel, yayidume kakhulu ngokufika kwayo. ekubukeni okuyisimangaliso esiqhingini saseNorfolk, lapho kwaba khona umoya ovunguzayo kwabafike baseYurophu abalambile.
Eziqhingini zaseFalkland, kuyaziwa ukuthi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaphengwini abanjwa minyaka yonke ukuze athole amafutha awo.Sekuyisikhathi eside, amaqanda ezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle abe umthombo obalulekile wokudla amatilosi athatha uhambo olude, futhi kuye kwaphawulwa nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuye kwanda nangezikhathi lapho izindawo zokuhlala zasemadolobheni sezikhulile ezindaweni eziseduze nesizinda sezinyoni.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, abaqoqi bamaqanda baseSan Francisco babekwazi ukuqoqa amaqanda angaba ingxenye yesigidi ngonyaka eziQhingini zaseFarallon, inkathi emlandweni waseFarallon Island lapho izinyoni zisazama khona ukululama. Ngeshwa, kokubili ukuzingela kanye nokuqoqwa kwamaqanda kusaqhutshwa nanamuhla, nakuba kungenjalo ngokushuba okufanayo nakudala, futhi ngokuvamile, kungashiwo lokho ngokulawula okukhulu.
Indaba ethile ngesamaMaori ahlala eStewart Island, aqhubeka eqoqa amatshwele e-sooty shearwater, ngendlela eye yenziwa ngayo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ngezindlela zawo zendabuko, eziye zathola igama elithi kaitiakitanga. , ukuze azinakekele. yeqoqo, nakuba manje sebekwenza ngokubambisana neNyuvesi yase-Otago, ukuze bakwazi ukutadisha inani lezinyoni. Nokho, eGreenland, ukuzingela okungalawuleki kusaqhubeka, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ekwehleni kwabantu isikhathi eside.
Ezinye izinsongo
Kukhona ezinye izinsongo zomuntu ezibe nomthelela ekwehleni noma ekuqothulweni okuqondile kwabantu, amakoloni kanye nezinhlobo zezinyoni zasemanzini zasolwandle. Kulezi, okubi kakhulu cishe kube ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo zangaphandle. Izinyoni zasolwandle, ezihlala ikakhulukazi eziqhingini ezincane ezingazodwa, sezikhohliwe izindlela eziningi zokuzivikela ebezizisebenzisa ngokumelene nezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Yilokhu okuye kwenzeka ngamakati asendle, anekhono lokubamba izinyoni ezinobukhulu obufana nama-albatross, namagundane amaningi afika, njengegundane lasePolynesia, elikwazi ukweba amaqanda afihlwe emigodini. Enye inselele imelelwa izimbuzi, izinkomo, onogwaja kanye nezinye izilwane ezidla uhlaza eziye zakwazi ukudala izinkinga, ikakhulukazi lapho lezi zinhlobo zidinga uhlaza ukuze zizivikele noma zifihle amatshwele azo.
Kodwa inkinga enkulu emakoloni idalwe ngabantu, abaphazamisa ukuphila kwabo okuvamile. Labo abazivakashelayo, ngisho nabavakashi abanezinhloso ezinhle, bayakwazi ukuthusa abantu abadala ezidlekeni, okubangela ukuba amaqanda namatshwele alahlwe futhi ashiywe engozini yezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Kwezinye izimo, kungenzeka ukuthi izidleke zibhujiswe yizivakashi. Ucwaningo oluningana oluye lwenziwa mayelana namaphengwini e-Argentina Patagonia kanye ne-New Zealand lubonise ukuthi ezokuvakasha zithonya izimo zokuphila zalezi zinyoni. Uphenyo ngomthelela wokuvakasha kwemvelo emakoloni e-Ojigualdo penguin lufakazele ukuthi ukuba khona kwabantu emabhishi kuye kwavimbela abantu abadala ekutholeni inani lokudla elidingekayo kumatshwele abo, okunomthelela omkhulu emzimbeni kanye namathuba abo okuphila. ukusinda.
Kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo luye lwaphakamisa ukuthi icala lepenguin yeMagellan, ehlala ePatagonia, ihluke kakhulu ngoba ayishiyi isidleke sayo phambi kwabantu, okuye kwaholela esiphethweni sokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane. lolu hlobo lwenziwa ukuze luhambisane nokuvakasha kwemvelo okulawulwayo.
Kodwa inkinga enkulu iwukungcola, okuye kwabangela ukuncipha okukhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Izinga imvelo ethinteka ngalo obunye ubuthi nokungcola nakho kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka okukhulu.Izinyoni zasolwandle zaziyizisulu ze-DDT kwaze kwaba, ngenhlanhla, ukusetshenziswa kwalelo khemikhali kwenqatshelwe ngenxa yomonakalo eliwudalayo endaweni ezungezile; Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yayo ku-western gull ibe nomthelela wokuthi iningi labasanda kuzalwa kwakungabesifazane, kodwa futhi yabangela ukukhubazeka ekukhuleni kombungu kanye nobunzima bokuzala.
Ngawo-90, le nto yathinta i-Magellan penguin kanye ne-Kelp Gull olwandle lwase-Argentina. Izinyoni zasemanzini zasolwandle nazo ziye zaphazanyiswa ukuchitheka kukawoyela, ngoba le nto ibhubhisa ukungakwazi ukubola kwezimpaphe zazo. , okubangela ukuthi lezi zinyoni ziminze noma zife kuya ku-hypothermia.Olunye uhlobo lokungcola oluzithintayo ukukhanya, okunomthelela omubi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi izinyoni zasemanzini zasolwandle.ezinemikhuba yasebusuku, njengoba kwenzeka kuma-petrels.
Ukulondolozwa
Ukuvikela izinyoni zasolwandle kuwumkhuba ongabhekwa njengomdala, ngoba ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, uCuthbert waseLindisfarne wayesephumelele kakade ukumisa lokho manje okubhekwa njengomthetho wokuqala wokongiwa kwezinyoni eziQhingini zaseFarne. ngekhulu le-XNUMX, njenge-auk enkulu, i-Pallas's cormorant noma idada laseLabrador.
Ekupheleni kwalelo khulu leminyaka, imithetho yokuqala eyayihloselwe ukuvikela izinyoni yaqala ukusebenza, kanye nemithetho yokuzingela eyayikwenqabela ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa komthofu, ngenxa yokufaka ushevu ezinyonini eziningi.
Ubuthi bomthofu ezinyonini zasemanzini buyimbangela ye-anemia eyingozi kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kokujikeleza kwegazi, amasosha omzimba, nesimiso sezinzwa, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwesibindi, izinso, nokuzala. Lolu hlobo lobuthi lungaholela ekufeni kwenyoni ezinsukwini ezimbalwa noma amasonto, kodwa okunye ukuphazamiseka abakwenzayo ukuthi bakhiqiza imiphumela emibi ekhonweni lezinyoni lokufuduka.
E-United States, izingozi ezisongela ukuba khona kwezinyoni zasemanzini azaziwa ososayensi abayingxenye yenhlangano yokongiwa kwemvelo. Ngo-1903, uMongameli uTheodore Roosevelt wamemezela ukuthi iPelican Island, eFlorida, kufanele ibhekwe njengesiphephelo sezilwane zasendle, ngenjongo yokuvikela amakoloni ezinyoni, ikakhulukazi ivuba elinsundu elihlala kuso.
Ngo-1909 yena lo mongameli wakhipha isimemezelo esasivikela iziQhingi zaseFarallón. Kuze kube namuhla, amakoloni amaningi ajabulela izindlela zokuzivikela, njengalezo ezibuthana e-Heron Island e-Australia noma e-Triangle Island e-British Columbia. ziye zavumela ukususwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane zangaphandle ezihlaselayo kulezi ziqhingi, eziya ziba zikhudlwana.
Eqinisweni, amakati ase-Feral axoshiwe e-Ascension Island, njengoba kwenza izimpungushe zase-Aleutian Islands kanye namagundane avela e-Campbell Island Ukususwa kwalezi zinhlobo ezethulwe kuye kwavumela isibalo sazo ukwanda. izilwane ezizingelayo, ngisho nokubuya kwezilwane ezazifuduselwe kwamanye amazwe sezibuyile. Ngemva kokuba amakati exoshiwe e-Ascension Island, izinyoni zasolwandle zabuyela ezidlekeni lapho ngokokuqala ngqá eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu.
Uphenyo lwamaqoqo ezinyoni zasemanzini zasolwandle luzovumela amathuba azo okulondoloza ukuba athuthukiswe futhi kuvikelwe izindawo ezizisebenzisayo ekuzaleni kwazo. Endabeni ye-shag yaseYurophu, ehlala eNtshonalanga Palearctic, ukufuduka kwayo kunqunywa ukwethembeka kwayo endaweni. Ucwaningo olwenziwa endaweni yaseCíes Islands eSpain luye lwaphetha ngokuthi, njengoba ukuzala kuye kwaphumelela kakhulu lapho lezi zinyoni zinqoba izindawo ezintsha, khona-ke indlela yokuzivikela akufanele isekelwe nje kuphela enanini noma ngobukhulu bemiphakathi. kucatshangelwa i-etiology yezinhlobo zezilwane.
Endabeni ye-Kelp Gull, ehlala ogwini lwase-Argentina kanye nePatagonia, kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukwenza izinhlelo zokulondoloza imvelo ezicabangela imikhuba yazo yokukhwelana. ukuthi, isimo sabo sezempilo nokongiwa sisebenza njengenkomba yazo zonke ezinye izinyoni. Lokhu kunjalo ngevuba elinsundu eziqhingini zaseGulf of California, eMexico.
Isimo sangempela sokongiwa kwezinyoni zasolwandle eSpain asizange sifundwe futhi sashaywa indiva kwaze kwaba ngawo-80, lapho idatha iqala ukuqoqwa futhi yenziwe itholakale. Ngokufanayo, kusukela ngo-1954, lapho kwakhiwa i-Spanish Ornithological Society, kubhekwa ukuthi isimo sezinyoni ezweni siye saba ngcono.Ngo-2016, i-O Grove Ornithological Reserve yasungulwa ePontevedra, eGalicia, okwakungowokuqala kuleso sifunda futhi. enezindawo zasolwandle, futhi kuyo ungabona izinhlobo ezinjenge-Balearic shearwater kanye ne-European cormorant.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eLatin America, kukhona nezinhlelo ezihlose ukuvikela izilwane zasolwandle nezinyoni zasemanzini, njengocwaningo olwenziwa endaweni yokulondoloza imvelo yaseGorgona Island eColombia, noma ezindaweni eziningi ezivikelwe esifundazweni saseBuenos Aires. , e-Argentina. Kodwa namuhla kugcizelelwa ukuthi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondolozwa kwezinyoni zasemanzini olwandle kudingekile ukucabangela i-ethology yazo kanye nemijikelezo yazo yokukhwelana.
Enye yezinhlelo okufanele zigqugquzelwe yileyo ehlose ukunciphisa ukufa kwezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle ngenxa yokudoba ngodobo olude olusebenzisa amasu afana nokusebenzisa izintambo zokudoba ebusuku, noma ukudaya izingwegwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma eziyibeka ngaphansi kwamanzi, njengokwandisa isisindo semigqa yayo noma ukusebenzisa izethuso. Namuhla, imikhumbi eminingi yokudoba yamazwe ngamazwe iye yaphoqeleka ukuba isebenzise lezo zindlela.
Ukuvinjelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ukudoba ngama-gillnet kunciphise isibalo sezinyoni nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Nakuba, kunoma yikuphi, amanetha asala entanta, okuvame ukuba ngumphumela wengozi ewumphumela walolu hlobo lokudoba ngokungemthetho, asaqhubeka eyinkinga enkulu ezilwaneni zasolwandle.
Omunye wamaphrojekthi weMillennium, okuvele ukuthi uyigxathu lokuqala ekufezeni iMillennium Development Goals, owenziwe e-United Kingdom yiScottish Seabird Centre, eseduze nezindawo ezinkulu ezigcina izinyoni eBass Rock, eFidra nase iziqhingi ezizungezile. Le ndawo iyindawo yokuhlala yamakoloni amakhulu ama-gannet, ama-auks, ama-stercorariids nezinye izinhlobo.
Lesi sikhungo senza ukuthi izivakashi zikwazi ukubuka ividiyo ebukhoma evela eziqhingini futhi zifunde mayelana nezinsongo lezi zinyoni ezingaphansi kwazo nokuthi zingazivikela kanjani kangcono; Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithombe lelizwe elinalo ngokuphathelene nokongiwa kwezinyoni siye sathuthukiswa. Ezokuvakasha ezigxile ekubhekweni kwe izinyoni acuatic zasolwandle zingenisa imali emiphakathini yasogwini futhi zinikeza umfutho kanye nolwazi ngokunakekela kwazo. Kunjalo nge-northern royal albatross colony eTaiaroa Head eNew Zealand, eheha izivakashi ezingu-XNUMX ngonyaka.
Mayelana nezinyathelo zokuvikela lezi zinyoni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, lokhu kuye kwahambisana nokuvikelwa kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokugcinwa noma ukuphathwa kabusha kwamachweba, amachweba, amaxhaphozi, ubusika noma ukuphumula, kanye ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yazo yokudla, ngokulawula isimo sezilwane ezizingelayo futhi okungeyona into yocwaningo lwesayensi.
Phakathi kwezivumelwano nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe okufinyelelwe kuzo, yiSivumelwano Sokugcinwa kwe-Albatrosses and Petrels, esigunyazwe yi-Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Spain, France, Norway, New Zealand, Peru, United States. I-Kingdom Kingdom, iNingizimu Afrika kanye ne-Uruguay, i-Berne Convention kanye ne-AEWA.
Ngokwesiko elidumile
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zasolwandle azihlolisiswanga kangako nokuthi zimbalwa izinto ezaziwa ngazo. Kodwa-ke, amanye, njengama-albatross nama-seagull, awazange nje ahlolwe kabanzi, kodwa abe seduze nenani labantu, yingakho befinyelele ekuqapheleni okudumile. Ama-albatross achazwe njengezinyoni ezidume kakhulu futhi ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo zezinganekwane nezinsumansumane.
Okokuqala, igama lesayensi lomndeni lapho ama-albatross angakubo, i-Diomedeidae, litholakala enganekwaneni yokunqotshwa kweqhawe le-Argive Diomedes kanye nokushintshashintsha kwakhe ekubeni yinyoni. Esinye isibonelo inkolelo-ze yamatilosi, njengoba ebheka njengebhadi ukuwalimaza. Kuyinganekwane enomsuka wayo enkondlweni kaSamuel Taylor Coleridge, ethi, Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lapho itilosi ligwetshwa ukuthwala isidumbu se-albatross elambulala entanyeni.
Inkondlo yesibili ethi The Flowers of Evil kaCharles Baudelaire ibizwa ngokuqondile ngokuthi i-Albatross (L'albatros), okuqanjwe ngama-quatrains amathathu nasevesini lase-Alexandria; kuleyo nkondlo, umuntu oculayo uchaza umkhuba wamatilosi wokuzingela lezi zinyoni kanye nomthelela lokhu okunawo kuzo, okokuqala ngokubabazekayo bese kuba yizicucu. Imbongi iziqhathanisa ne-albatross, ngoba izimpiko zayo ezinkulu ziyivimbela ukuba ihambe.
Emculweni odumile le nyoni yayinokubaluleka kwayo. Iculo le-electro house lango-2014 elithi I'm an Albatraoz, elaqashelwa kakhulu kwezohwebo nodumo, likhuluma ngendaba yowesifazane ohlotshaniswa ne-albatross, ngokungafani nomunye, ogama lakhe linguLaurie, ohlotshaniswa negundane le-albatross.
Ama-Gull aphakathi kwezinyoni zasemanzini ezaziwa kakhulu zasolwandle, ngenxa yekhono lazo lokusebenzisa izindawo zokuhlala ezenziwe abantu, njengamadolobha nezindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu, kanye nesimilo sazo esivame ukungesabi. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinyoni zinendawo yazo ekuqapheleni okudumile. Ngokwenganekwane yomdabu waseLilloet, inkonyane yilona eliqapha ukukhanya kwemini, lize lintshontshe igwababa; okuhambisana kakhulu nezimpawu ezijwayelekile zezinyoni, ezimelela umfutho wokuphakama nengokomoya.
Singazithola futhi ezincwadini ngendlela yesingathekiso, njengoba kwenzeka encwadini ethi Juan Salvador Gaviota kaRichard Bach, noma ukukhombisa ukusondela kolwandle, njengokusetshenziswa kwayo encwadini ethi The Lord of the Rings kaJRR Tolkien, zombili. ku-insignia ye-Gondor futhi, ngenxa yalokho, i-Númenor, eyasetshenziswa ekuhlobiseni okumangalisayo kokushintshwa kwefilimu, njengasengomeni u-Legolas ayicula ehlathini lase-Ithilien, lapho eveza khona ukulangazelela kwakhe izwe azosuka kulo. , indawo yokugcina yama-elves
Esinye isibonelo singatholakala ku-seagull ka-Anton Chekhov, mayelana nomlingisikazi owahluleka, uNina, obheka i-seagull egqunywe futhi ebheka njengophawu angaluqondi ngokugcwele; le nto iwumphumela wokuzibulala kwesithandwa sakhe, umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi uTreplev.
I-seagull kulo msebenzi ingamela ubuhlanya nenkululeko. Ezinye izinhlobo nazo ziye zasebenza njengogqozi kubantu, njengoba amavuba sekuyisikhathi eside ehlotshaniswa nesihe nokuthanda abanye, ngenxa yenganekwane yobuKristu yaseNtshonalanga ebonisa ukuthi lezi zinyoni zavula izifuba ukuze zondle amaphuphu azo. Eqinisweni, isithombe esingumfanekiso kaKristu.
Izinyoni zasemanzini ezisengozini yokushabalala
Kuwo wonke umhlaba kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngamakhulu amathathu zezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala olwandle, ezakha izigidi ezingamakhulu ayisithupha namashumi amathathu sezizonke, okuyizinhlobo eziyikhulu neshumi zazo ezisengozini, futhi cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha, asebehlehle ngamaphesenti angama-70 kusukela ngo-1950. Izinsongo ezibaluleke kakhulu kube ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukungcola, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokudobela inzuzo.
Kunezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zezinyoni zasolwandle:
- I-Fetontiformes, enezinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-tropicbirds;
- I-Pelecaniformes, enezinhlobo ezintathu ze-pelicans, ngaphandle kwezinsongo;
- I-Podicipediformes, enezinhlobo ezine zama-grebe nama-grebe, ezinosongo olulodwa olusongelwa, i-grebe enentamo ebomvu;
- Ama-Gaviform, anezinhlobo ezinhlanu zamaloon, abatshuzi, angenazo izinsongo;
- Ama-Sphenisciformes, anezinhlobo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili zamaphengwini, izinhlobo eziyishumi ezisengozini;
- Ama-Anseriformes, anezinhlobo eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili emindenini emithathu, kodwa izinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili nanye kuphela zezinyoni zasolwandle, okuhlanganisa amadada, ama-serreta nama-eider, ezine kuzo ezisengozini;
- Ama-Suliform, anezinhlobo ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu zezinyoni zasolwandle, kuhlanganise nama-frigatebird nama-cormorants, okuyishumi nanhlanu kuwo asengozini;
- Ama-Caradriiformes, anezinhlobo eziyikhulu namashumi amabili nanye, okuhlanganisa nama-seagull, ama-tern nama-puffin, ayishumi nesithupha kuwo asengozini; futhi
- Ama-procellariform anezinhlobo eziyikhulu namashumi amane, okuhlanganisa ama-albatross, ama-shearwaters, ama-petrels, angamashumi ayisithupha nane asongelwa.
izinyoni zasemanzini ezinamanzi
Kulesi sigaba sendatshana sizokutshela ngezinyoni zasemanzini ezihlala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi, esivame ukuzithola lapho sithatha uhambo lokuya eholidini noma ngezimpelasonto, nalapho sinqamula khona ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni lapho amanzi enqwabelana khona. . , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amachibi, izindawo ezinosawoti, amaxhaphozi, noma ezinye, okuyinto evamile ngathi ukuthola indawo yokuhlola eyenziwe ngokhuni abantu abeza kuyo bezoyibuka.
Uma sebengaphakathi abantu bayancika babheke indawo ukuze babuke izinyoni eziningi bese bebuyela emakhaya kodwa akudingekile ukuthi ungene ezindlini zamapulangwe ukuze ubuke lezi zinyoni, ngoba izindawo ezinomswakama izindawo lapho ungathola khona izinyoni. inombolo enkulu yezinhlobo zezinyoni.
Emaxhaphozini, into ejwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi ungathola inqwaba yezinhlobo zezinyoni zasemanzini, kodwa kukhona ezinye okuthi, ngenxa yokujwayelekile kwazo, uzozithola njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile zivame kakhulu kangangokuthi lapho usunesikhashana ufuna futhi ubheka izinyoni, ubuchopho bakho buzokuziba ngokuphelele. Yilokhu okuvamise ukwenzeka kuma-Anatidae (amadada), ajwayeleke kakhulu njenge-mallard, itiye elivamile, ifosholo elivamile kanye ne-European pochard, futhi sithatha leli thuba ukukwazisa ukuthi lawo aziwa kakhulu ngokuthi amadada kusilulumagama esisetshenziswa i-ornithology abizwa ngokuthi ama-Anatidae, ngoba angamalungu omndeni wakwa-Anatidae.
Izinhlobo ezine ezivamile zamadada esizishilo ngaphambili njengezivame kakhulu, zinezindawo zokuzalanisa nobusika eSpain, ngakho-ke uzokwazi ukuzibona kuzo zonke izinkathi ezine zonyaka, nakuba kuvela ukuthi i-teal nesipuni kancane entwasahlobo nasehlobo futhi cishe ngeke uzibone ngalezo zikhathi. Okunye okugqamayo ngalezi zinyoni ukuthi zine-dimorphism enkulu yobulili, ngoba amaduna, njengezinyoni eziningi, yiwo anemibala egqamile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo lokho kusikisela ukuthi kukuwo ukushela.
Eyaziwa kakhulu kuzo zonke cishe i-mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), ebizwa nangokuthi i-mallard. Yidada elivamile elinentamo eluhlaza futhi elingatholakala kuzo zonke izingadi ezinechibi, zingabhukuda nasechibini lakho uma zifuna, kodwa futhi uzokwazi ukuzigcina ensimini.
I-teal evamile (Anas crecca), ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibukeka njengedada elincane eduze kwayo, ngoba mancane futhi ahlangene. Ifosholo elivamile (Anas clypeata) nalo linekhanda eliluhlaza kodwa linoqhwaku olukhulu kakhulu, olumise okwesipuni futhi lusetshenziselwa ukuhlunga ukudla emanzini.
I-European Pochard (i-Aythya ferina) inzima ukuyidida ngenxa yekhanda layo elicijile kanye nezihlathi noma imihlathi ensundu, okuzohluka nombala omnyama wesifuba nomzimba okhanyayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinsikazi nezincane ziyizibonelo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, ngenxa yemibala yazo ensundu enamabala, ewuhlobo oluthile lokucasha, njengoba ziphethe ukuvikela inzalo yazo futhi kufanele zinganakwa.
Ngakho kanjani ukuhlukanisa kubo?
Indlela izinyoni zasemanzini ezibukeka ngayo ihlukile, kodwa uma kungokokuqala ukuthi umuntu azibhekisise, kuyenzeka acabange ukuthi ziyafana, kodwa njengoba asifuni uwele kulelo phutha. , asambe ngizokukhombisa amaqhinga ambalwa ukuze ukwazi ukuhlonza elinye kwelinye:
- Izibonelo zesifazane zedada i-mallard zine-espejuelo, okuyindawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engxenyeni yezimpaphe zephiko lesibili.
- I-Teals Yesifazane ifana ne-Teals, kodwa inechashaza eliluhlaza futhi ihlangene noma incane kakhulu.
- Amafosholo wesifazane anoqhwaku oluluhlaza noqhwaku okungavamile kangangokuthi uma udideka lapho uwakhomba, kungenxa yokuthi awukunaki.
- Izinsikazi ze-pochard ezivamile ziyi-bland kakhulu emhlabeni ngokwemibala. Uma unenketho yokufunda izincazelo kumhlahlandlela wezinyoni, uzobona ukuthi zifushane kakhulu, ngoba zigcwele izichasiso zohlobo olumpunga, oluphaphathekile, olufiphele, olumpunga. Ziyizinyoni ezimise okwe pochard kodwa ziguqukile.
Izinyoni ezitshuzayo: i-Little Grebe ne-Great Crested Grebe
Nakuba zibukeka njengamadada, azinjalo ngempela, uma sikhuluma ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe. Bangamalungu omunye umndeni Podicipedidae. Eqinisweni, uqhwaku kanye nesimo somzimba we-hydrodynamic abanaso futhi esishintshiwe ukuze bakwazi ukutshuza yizinto ezingavamile ezibahlukanisayo. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungabadida:
I-grebe encane (i-Tachybaptus ruficollis) idada lerabha lezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi. Ihlekisa kakhulu, inomzimba omncane futhi izolokhu itshuza emanzini ukuze itshuze. IGreat Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) inkulu kakhulu, kodwa lokho akuyivimbi ukuthi iphinde ibe ngumtshuzi ohamba phambili. Ebusika, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakala olwandle. Ehlobo inezimpaphe ezigqamayo nokuqomisana kuzo zonke izinyoni futhi zinyakazisa amakhanda azo abhekane aze athole umngane womshado.
Bonke abantu, lapho bebona inyoni enemilenze emide endaweni emanzi, ngokuvamile bayibiza ngokuthi i-heron. Kodwa kunezindwandwe eziningi, nokho akuzona zonke izinyoni ezinemilenze emide. Kuyiphutha elivamile ukubiza unogolantethe ngendlovukazi, kanti empeleni akunjalo.
Phakathi kwe-egret yezinkomo (i-Bulbucus ibis) kanye ne-egret encane (i-Egretta garzetta), umehluko omkhulu ongabonwa, nakuba kunezinye eziningi, kumbala woqhwaku, ngoba ekuqaleni kunombala osawolintshi futhi oqinile, kuyilapho. okumnyama futhi emincane okwesibili, futhi ubukhulu buncane endabeni ye- bueyera.
Izinkomo ezithola lelo gama ngoba zinomkhuba wokugibela phezu kwezinkabi emathafeni, ukuze zidle izilokazane zazo, uzokwazi ukuzithola zidla phansi, ngisho nasemaceleni omhlambi. amasimu epulazi. Ngokuphambene, ama-egret amancane adla ikakhulukazi lokho akubamba ogwini ngokuhamba kwawo okusheshayo.
Ingwevu empunga (i-Ardea cinerea) inkulu kunalezi esike sazisho ngaphambili futhi inemibala empunga kanye ne-stricted esifubeni ngakho-ke ayinaphutha. I-stilt enamaphiko amnyama (i-Himantopus himantopus) iyodwa kuphela kwezintathu ezingeyona i-ardeida (heron) ethola igama layo ngokufana kwayo nonogolantethe omhlophe, kodwa iqiniso ukuthi ayihlobene nayo. Yinyoni enesimilo esibi kakhulu uma ivikela isidleke sayo.
Ezinye izinsiza ezengeziwe
I-Rails: I-Coot (Fulica atra) kanye ne-Common Moorhen (i-Gallinula chloropus) yizinyoni ezinezinsiba ezimnyama futhi zivame kakhulu, kodwa zihlukaniswa ngoqhwaku, olumhlophe ku-coot kanye nobomvu ku-moorhen, ngaphezu kwalokho. eqinisweni lokuthi i-moorhen iyinyoni ebukeka njengenkukhu, kanti i-coot iyinyoni ebukeka njengedada. Ngaphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinhlobo, ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ungathola ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, kodwa kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizame ukugxila ezinyonini eziwuhlobo lwamaxhaphozi futhi oyothola nakanjani kunoma iyiphi yazo.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, cishe ufuna futhi ukufunda: