Emhlabeni wezilwane kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo, kuhlanganise nezinyoni, nokho, akuzona zonke ezingakwazi ukundiza esibhakabhakeni futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuvamile kakhulu ukuthola ezinye izinyoni ezingandizi. Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi Izinyoni ezaziwa kakhulu ezingandizi, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda lesi sihloko.
Izinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza ezaziwa kakhulu
Phakathi nakho konke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinyoni eziningi ziye zanquma ukuyeka ukundiza futhi zihlale endaweni eqinile. Ngeshwa, umphumela walezi zinhlobo eziningi wawunyamalala, njengoba zaba isisulu esilula kubantu nezilwane. Labo abasinda bakwenza lokho ngoba babezinkulu kakhulu (izintshe) noma indawo yabo yokuhlala yayikude kakhulu (penguin). Ngakho kusenezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingandizi.
Kungani kunezinyoni ezingandizi?
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi izinyoni zindiza zifuna ukudla, zifinyelela ibanga elihlukile lezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, zibalekela izilwane ezidla ezinye, zifinyelela ezindaweni eziphephile zokuzalela, zivikele indawo yazo futhi zihlabe umxhwele abangane bazo, pho kungani izinhlobo zezinyoni zingalahlekelwa amandla okundiza? Ezindaweni lapho izinyoni zingenazo izilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo, zithembele emithonjeni yokudla efana nezithelo noma izinhlanzi, asikho isidingo sokufuduka, futhi zisebenzisa ezinye izimo zokuvikela nokuqomisana, ukundiza akubalulekile kakhulu kuzo.
izici zezinyoni ezingandizi
Izinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza zisenamaphiko, kodwa ngokuvamile zincane noma zincane kakhulu kunezinamandla okundiza. Ukwakheka kwezimpaphe kungahluka, njengokubukeka oku-fluffy njengoboya noma ukuba mancane futhi kuhlangene ukuze kuvikelwe ngenkathi ubhukuda. Izinyoni ezingenazindiza ngokuvamile zinamathambo amaphiko ambalwa noma zingase zihlanganiswe ndawonye, okwenze amaphiko asuke kancane kunalokho okudingekayo ekundizeni. Izinyoni eziningi ezingakwazi ukundiza zishodelwa yi-sternum, okungukuthi, ingxenye yethambo enamathela emisipheni endizayo.
Ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukuntuleka kwamaphiko, lezi zinyoni zivame ukukwazi ukufihla izimpaphe ezingcono, imilenze enamandla yokugijima, kanye nemilenze ekhethekile yokubhukuda noma ezinye izimo ezizisiza ukuba ziphile endaweni yazo. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwazo ukuthi zisebenza njengama-fins, zisiza ukunikeza ibhalansi noma zisebenze njengamabhuleki namaphini okuqondisa abagijimi abasheshayo. Ezinye izinyoni ezingandizi, njenge-kakapo ne-kiwi, sezize zakha amakha aqinile angavimbela izilwane ezidla ezinye noma ukusiza ukuheha abangane bomshado.
Izinyoni ezingenazindiza zitholakala emhlabeni wonke, nakuba inani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinhlobo ezingenakundiza litholakala eNew Zealand. Kuze kube sekufikeni kwabantu eziqhingini cishe eminyakeni eyi-1.000 edlule, zazingekho izilwane ezidla ezinye zasemhlabeni ezinkulu endaweni. Lokho kuntuleka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, ngaphezu kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene zendawo yokuhlala kanye nemvelo ecebile, kwakufanelekile ekuthuthukisweni kweqembu elihluke kakhulu lezinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza.
Izinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza zibhekana nezinsongo eziningi ezingaba yingozi kakhulu kuzo kunezinyoni ezindizayo. Izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlaselayo njengamakati namagundane zingacupha izinyoni ezingandizi ngokuphumelelayo, kuhlanganise nezidleke. Ukwengeza, izinyoni ezingandizi zisengozini yokuzingela ngokungemthetho, ukubanjwa, nezinye izinsongo ezenziwe umuntu ezifana nodoti, ukungcola, izintambo zokudoba, nokunye. Ngenxa yokuthi azikwazi ukundizela endaweni entsha, ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala kuyingozi enkulu ezinyonini ezingakwazi ukundiza.
izinyoni ezingandizi
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani elikhulu lezinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza selaziwa emhlabeni kodwa iningi ligcine ngokushabalala ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene ezingahlobene nazo. Esinye sezibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kube inyoni i-dodo, okwakuyinyoni eyaba khona isikhathi eside, kusukela ku-10.000 BC kuya ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Okulandelayo, sizokhuluma ngezinyoni ezinkulu ezingandizi ezisahlala nanamuhla.
Intshe
Izintshe ziyizinyoni ezinkulu futhi ezishesha kakhulu eMhlabeni. Ziyizinyoni ezingandizi ezingaphansi kohlobo lweStruthio, ezitholakala e-Afrika, lapho ezihlala khona endle futhi zibuye zifuywe ukuze zithole okuphuma kuzo. Izinyoni zingagijima ngesivinini esicishe sibe amakhilomitha angama-70 ngehora futhi zivame ukusebenzisa ukugijima njengendlela yokuzivikela. Izintshe zasendle ziyimizulane ngokwemvelo futhi zihlala ngamaqembu abantu abangu-5 kuya ku-50. Ukwengeza, futhi zizalela amaqanda amakhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwazo zonke izinyoni emhlabeni.
URhea
I-rhea bird ifana kakhulu nentshe kanye ne-emu, futhi ibonakala ixakile uma iqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezivamile esizibona nsuku zonke. Naphezu kwalokhu, kuyathakazelisa futhi kungavamile. Kuleli qembu lezinyoni ezingandizi kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezaziwayo namuhla, i-rhea yaseMelika kanye nalolo oluqanjwe ngokuhlonipha umcwaningi oyiNgisi uDarwin. Ama-rheas ayingxenye yezinyoni ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-ratites noma izinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza.
Njengamanje ama-Rheas asohlwini oluseduzane nokusongelwa yi-IUCN, iqembu lokulondoloza imvelo eliqapha ukufakwa engozini kwezilwane nezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukuvikela i-rhea kubaluleke kakhulu. Zingakhula zibe ngaphezu kwamafidi amahlanu ubude futhi zibe nesisindo esicishe sibe ngamaphawundi angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Akumangalisi ukuthi ama-rheas ayizinyoni ezinkulu eNingizimu Melika. Ama-Rheas anombala ompunga okumnyama futhi imizimba yawo imbozwe izimpaphe. Zinezintamo nemilenze emide kakhulu. Kunezinzwani ezintathu kuphela ezinyaweni ze-rhea.
Njengentshe ne-emu, i-rhea ayinazo izicubu zesifuba ezidingekayo ukuze isuse umzimba wayo osindayo iwususe phansi ukuze indize. Ngokunjalo, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indawo yemvelo yenyoni ye-rhea itholakala eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinotshani, okuyizindawo ezinkulu ezivulekile ezilungele izilwane eziklabayo. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, i-rhea ivame ukuhlala eduze nemithombo yamanzi njengamachibi nemifula.
ikiwi
Ikiwi inyoni edume ngokungandizi. Ihlala ikhuthaza ukuthatha okukabili ngenxa yomzimba wayo omncane oyindilinga, izimpaphe ezinjengoboya, kanye nobuso obunentshebe obungazibekeli. I-kiwi ithandwa kakhulu kangangokuthi iwuphawu lwezwe laseNew Zealand. Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-kiwi, zonke ezizalelwa esiqhingini. Ezimbili zalezi zinhlobo zisengozini, enye isengozini, kanti enye isengozini enkulu. Nakuba izindawo ezinkulu ezihlala emahlathini manje sezivikelekile, basabhekene nengozi yokudliwa izilwane ezidla inyama ezifakiwe njengamakati.
AmaKiwi ngenxa yokungandizi amaphiko awo angaphandle awabonakali kahle phakathi kwezimpaphe zawo ezithambile. Ziphinde zizalela amaqanda amakhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bemizimba yazo kanye nezinye izinyoni zomhlaba. Ama-kiwi amadala ahlala eyedwa futhi ashade impilo yakhe yonke, achitha iminyaka engama-20 njengombhangqwana othembekile. Lezi zinyoni ezinamahloni zihamba ebusuku futhi zisebenzisa inzwa yazo yokuhogela ukuze zibone inyamazane ebusuku. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, amakhala azo atholakala ekugcineni koqhwaku lwazo, okwenza kube lula ngazo ukuhogela izibungu, izibungu nembewu ezidla ngayo.
I-Cassowary
Lesi silwane singase sibukeke njengesithombe se-dinosaur yangaphambi komlando esiphenduka inyoni, kodwa empeleni siwuhlobo lwesimanje: i-cassowary. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-cassowary, i- southern cassowary, i-northern cassowary, ne-dwarf cassowary, zonke ezidabuka eNew Guinea nase-Australia. I-cassowary inyoni yesibili esinda kakhulu emhlabeni (ngemuva kwentshe kuphela). Inezinzipho ezinzwaneni zayo ezingakhula zibe amayintshi amane ubude futhi ingagijima ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-50 ngehora.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyaphawuleka nokuthi, ngenxa yokuthi le nyoni ayikwazi ukundiza, inemilenze eqinile futhi ekhule kahle, okwenza ukukhahlela kwayo kube namandla amangalisayo. Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba i-cassowary ingakwazi ukundiza, isenzima ngokwanele ukulwa nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukwengeza, kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi yilabo kuphela abaye bathintana nabantu abajwayele ukuhlaselwa.
Penguin
Amapenguin ngokungangabazeki ayizinyoni ezidume kakhulu ezingandizi ngaphandle komndeni wama-ratite. Kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nesikhombisa emhlabeni wonke, eziningi zazo ezibukeka zifana ngaphandle kokuhluka okumbalwa ngosayizi kanye nezimpawu ekhanda nasentanyeni. Ipenguin eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iwuhlobo oluncane kakhulu, ifinyelela kufidi elingu-1 ubude kanti i-emperor penguin inkulu kakhulu, ingaphezudlwana kwamafidi amathathu ubude. Openguin bahamba benganakile emhlabathini, kodwa bayakwazi ukubhukuda, besebenzisa amaphiko awo njengamaphiko kanye nezinyawo zabo njengamaphini okuqondisa. Abaningi bahlala eduze kwezigxobo nasezifundeni ezingaphansi kwe-subarctic, kanti abanye bahlala e-Australia naseNew Zealand.
Emu
Njengezintshe, ama-emus ayingxenye yeqembu lezinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza. I-Emus iyinyoni yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, futhi inamaphiko, kodwa ahlala phansi. Lezi zinyoni ezingandizi nazo zinemilenze enamandla futhi zingagijima ngesivinini esingamamayela angu-30 ngehora. Bathatha izinyathelo ngazinye ezifika kumafidi angu-9. Izimpaphe zazo zifana noboya obuluhlaza futhi amaphiko azo anobude obungama-intshi angu-7 kuphela. Ama-Emus awomdabu wase-Australia, lapho avikelwe khona, kodwa abhekwa njengezinambuzane ngenxa yokuthambekela kwawo ukwehla ezitshalweni zezolimo ngobuningi futhi azidle.
idada laseningizimu
Kunezinhlobo ezine zedada elishisayo, ezintathu zazo azikwazi ukundiza. Enye yazo, iFuegian Steamer Duck, ingatholakala eNingizimu Melika ngasogwini olunamadwala ukusuka eningizimu yeChile kuya eTierra del Fuego. Izinhlobo zamadada ashisayo zithola igama lazo endleleni ezibhukuda ngayo, lapho zihamba ngokushesha ngempela, zibhakuzisa amaphiko azo ngenkathi zigwedla imilenze yazo, futhi zigcina sezibukeka kancane njengesikebhe esigwedlayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, igama lohlobo lohlobo, i-Tachyeres, lisho "ukuba nezigwedlo ezisheshayo" noma "umgwedli osheshayo."
I-Fuegian iyidada elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi inzima kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, cishe ngesisindo esifanayo nohlobo olukhulu lwehansi. Ubukhulu bawo obukhulu buzuzisa bona njengoba kusiza ukugcina izilwane ezidla ezinye zikude nezidleke ezinamaqanda noma amatshwele. Ama-Fuegian Steamers Abadala anezilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo ezimbalwa, uma zikhona, ngenxa yenhlanganisela yobukhulu bazo kanye nesimo sengqondo esinolaka. Amaphiko azo angase abe mafushane kakhulu ukuba angandiza, kodwa awasebenzisa ngempela ukulwa.
I-Teal kaCampbell
I-Campbell teal ingenye yezinhlobo ezimbili ze-teal engenakundiza. Lamadada amancane ahlwithayo ahamba ebusuku, aphuma ebusuku ezodla izinambuzane nama-amphipods. Zake zatholakala esiQhingini saseCampbell, okuyigama lazo, kodwa zaqhutshwa zashabalala lapho ngemva kokuba amagundane aseNorway ethole indlela yawo emhlabeni. Ngemva kokuba kutholwe inani labantu kwesinye isiqhingi, lezi zilwane zabalwa njengezisengozini enkulu, futhi abalondolozi bemvelo basebenza amashumi eminyaka ukuze benze uhlelo lokuzalanisa abathunjwa oluphumelelayo.
Ngo-2003, kwenziwa umzamo omkhulu wokuhlanza amagundane nezinye izinambuzane eCampbell Island, kwathi ngo-2004, kwakhululwa amaCampbell Teals angu-50 lapho, okwakuphawula ukubuya kwalezi zilwane ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu zingekho. . Kusukela lapho, i-teal yaseCampbell ihlezi endaweni. Nakuba ihlala ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini, ukubuyela esiqhingini sakubo kunikeza ithemba elikhulu ngalezi zinhlobo.
Titicaca Grebe
AmaGrebe ayizinyoni ezithandekayo, kodwa lolu hlobo oluthile luyathakaselwa kakhulu. I-Titicaca flightless grebe (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-grebe enamaphiko amafushane) itholakala ePeru naseBolivia. Ihlala ngokuyinhloko egameni layo, iLake Titicaca, kodwa ingatholakala nasemachibini ahlukahlukene azungezile. Nakuba ingakwazi ukundiza, i- Titicaca grebe iyakwazi ukubhukuda ngobunyoninco. Ikakhulukazi ithatha amaphuphu amancane njengezisulu.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezingandizi eziye zasongelwa izilwane ezidla ezinye ezethulwe ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, i-Titicaca grebe isongelwa ukusetshenziswa kwama-gillnet ngabadobi. Ngenxa yalokho, manje isifakwe ohlwini njengesengozini. Nakuba kwezinye izindawo zivikelekile, kunobufakazi bokuthi awekho umzamo owenziwayo wokulondoloza lolu hlobo lwezilwane.
I-cormorant ehlome eyodwa
Iziqhingi zaseGalapagos ziyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi eziye zavela izici ezingavamile, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezihlukile. Enye yazo iwukuphela kwenyoka emhlabeni engakwazi ukundiza, ebizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi i-airless cormorant. Amaphiko amancane aminyene e-cormorant engenakundiza awubufakazi bokuthi yayeka isikhathi eside kangakanani injabulo yokundiza. Eqinisweni, amaphiko acishe abe ingxenye yesithathu yobukhulu abengawudinga ukuze akwazi ukundiza.
Esikhundleni sokundiza phezu kwamagagasi, i-cormorant engandizeli isebenzisa imilenze yayo enamandla ukuze ibhukude ibanga elingamamitha angu-300 ukusuka ogwini, ifuna izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Kwenziwe ucwaningo ukuze kuchazwe ukuthi i-cormorant yalahlekelwa kanjani amandla ayo okundiza. Ngo-2017, u-Leonid Kruglyak wase-University of California, e-Los Angeles wathola ukuthi le nyoni engandizeli inohlu olude lwezakhi zofuzo eziguquliwe, okuhlanganisa nezakhi zofuzo ezingaphazamisa ukukhula kwezitho.
Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi yile nhlanganisela ethile yezakhi zofuzo eziguqukile ezakha amaphiko amafushane namathambo amabele amancane, ngaleyo ndlela kuphuca inyoni ikhono layo lokundiza. I-flightless cormorant ingenye yezinyoni ezingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni, ngokwengxenye ngoba itholakala eziqhingini ezimbili kuphela ze-Galapagos. Kodwa-ke, iphinde ibe lula ekulimaleni kwesiphepho futhi yethulwe ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ngaleyo ndlela lezi zilwane zibalwa njengezisengozini. Imizamo yokulondoloza imvelo ibalulekile ukuze ziqhubeke ziphila.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko mayelana nezinyoni ezi-Flightless ezaziwa kakhulu futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabuyekeza izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: