Amathempeli aseRoma ayizakhiwo ezimangalisayo nezibabazekayo zezakhiwo ezibonisa isiko elicebile nokuzinikela kwenkolo kweRoma lasendulo. Kusukela ku-Podium ebabazekayo kuya endaweni ethosiwe yokuhlobisa kanye ne-altare leminikelo, ingxenye ngayinye yethempeli laseRoma yayinenjongo ethile nencazelo ejulile engokomfanekiso.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izingxenye zethempeli laseRoma futhi sihlole indlela isici ngasinye esibe nomthelela ngayo ebuhleni nasekusebenzeni kwalesi sakhiwo eRoma lasendulo. Uma ufuna ukwazi izimfihlo zokwakhiwa kwamathempeli aseRoma futhi ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando namasiko alesi sikhathi somlando othakazelisayo, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda.
Ayenjani amathempeli amaRoma?
Ngaphambi kokuba sibhale izingxenye ezihlukene zethempeli laseRoma, ake siqale sibone ukuthi zazinjani nokuthi wawuyini umsebenzi wazo. Lezi zakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele zaziyizakhiwo ezibalulekile zenkolo eRoma lasendulo futhi ayebukeka ngendlela ehlukile ebonisa izakhiwo namasiko aseRoma.
Ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli aseRoma kwakusekelwe kumamodeli wamaGreki, kodwa amaRoma anezela izici zawo siqu kanye nezici eziyingqayizivele. Ngokuvamile zazakhiwe ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi zizungezwe izinsika. Umnyango wethempeli wawudlula ezitebhisini eziholela kuvulandi onezinsika. Amathempeli ngokuvamile ayewunxande futhi yayine-pediment engunxantathu phezulu.
Ngokuvamile, ithempeli lamaRoma elivamile lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezintathu: umnyango noma i-pronaos, igumbi eliphakathi nendawo noma i-cella kanye nendawo engcwele engemuva noma i-adyton. I-cella kwakuyindawo lapho kwakugcinwa khona isithombe sikankulunkulu noma unkulunkulukazi okwakunikezelwe kuye lesi sakhiwo esihle kakhulu. Ngemuva kwethempeli, i-adyton yayiyindawo engcwele kunazo zonke esakhiweni sonke. Abapristi kuphela ababengangena lapho.
Amathempeli amaRoma nawo zazihlotshiswe ngazo izithombe ezibaziwe nezithombe eziqoshiwe ezibonisa izigcawu zezinganekwane nezenkolo, futhi zazivame ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezivelele, njengaphakathi kwedolobha noma esiqongweni segquma. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi kwakuyizakhiwo zenkolo ezihlaba umxhwele nezinkulu ezihlanganisa izici izakhiwo kanye nesiko lamaGreki ngobunjiniyela nobuchwepheshe bamaRoma, futhi okwadlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yezenkolo namasiko eRoma lasendulo.
Ithempeli laseRoma linamuphi umsebenzi?
ERoma lasendulo, amathempeli ayenomsebenzi ongokwenkolo nemikhosi. Ngokuyisisekelo ayeyizindawo ezingcwele lapho kwakukhulekelwa khona onkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi bokuphila. Izinganekwane zamaRoma. AmaRoma ayekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu balawula izenzakalo zemvelo nezenzakalo zokuphila komuntu, ngakho-ke kwakubalulekile ukuqiniseka ukuthi bayajabula futhi bathola iminikelo efanele.
Amathempeli amaRoma nawo ayeyizindawo zokukhulekela obala, lapho kwakwenzelwa khona imikhosi nemihlatshelo yokudumisa onkulunkulu. La masiko ayenziwa abapristi nabefundisikazi futhi afakazelwa abantu bendawo. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wawo ongokwenkolo, amathempeli nawo aba nendima ebalulekile empilweni yezombangazwe nezenhlalo yeRoma lasendulo. Lezi zakhiwo ezinhle nezinhle kakhulu zazivame ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezivelele edolobheni futhi zisetshenziselwa imibuthano yezombangazwe neyokuzijabulisa. Kwakuyizindawo futhi lapho izakhamuzi zazihlangana khona ukuze zidingide izindaba ezibalulekile futhi zidingide izinqumo zezombusazwe.
Ukufingqa, singasho ukuthi amathempeli aseRoma zaziyizindawo ezingcwele nezemikhosi lapho kwakukhulekelwa khona onkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi bezinganekwane zamaRoma futhi kwenziwa amasiko nemikhosi ukuze babahloniphe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathempeli nawo ayeyizindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlangana kwezenhlalo nezombangazwe eRoma lasendulo.
Izingxenye zethempeli laseRoma kanye nezici zalo
Amathempeli aseRoma alandela umklamo ojwayelekile wezakhiwo ohlanganisa izingxenye eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye inezici zayo nemisebenzi yayo. Okulandelayo sizophawula ngezingxenye ezivame kakhulu zethempeli laseRoma kanye nezici zazo:
- Indawo yesikhulumi: Yisisekelo esiphakeme sethempeli esilihlukanisa nomhlabathi. Isiteji sakhiwe ngamatshe futhi sasima phezu kwesisekelo esinesisekelo esingunxande noma esiyisikwele.
- Izitebhisi: Ukuze ufinyelele endaweni yesikhulumi, kwakhiwa izitebhisi ezingaqondile noma ezigobile. Izitebhisi ngokuvamile zazinenani elingavamile lezinyathelo futhi zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yobuhle bethempeli.
- I-Prodoms: Umnyango omkhulu wethempeli wawubizwa ngokuthi i-prodomus. Kwakuyikamelo elinezinsika elalisendaweni engaphambili yethempeli, ngaphambi nje kwegumbi. I-prodomus ingasebenza njengendawo yokugcina izinto zemikhosi.
- I-Cella: Iyingxenye eyinhloko yethempeli lapho kwakuhlala khona umfanekiso kankulunkulu noma unkulunkulukazi owawukhulekelwa kulo. I-cella yayiyikamelo elivaliwe okwakungangenwa kulo abapristi noma abefundisikazi kuphela. Ngezinye izikhathi i-cella yayihlukaniswa ngamakamelo amabili ahlukene: elinye elomfanekiso kankulunkulu nelinye lezinto zemikhosi.
- I-Adyton: Kwakuyingxenye engcwele kakhulu yethempeli, okwakungena kuyo abapristi kuphela. I-adyton yayingemuva kwe-cella, futhi ngezinye izikhathi yayitholakala ekamelweni elihlukile.
- I-altare: Kwakuyindawo lapho kwakwenzelwa khona imihlatshelo neminikelo konkulunkulu. I-altare laliphambi kwethempeli endaweni evulekile phambi kwesiteji.
- Amakholomu: Amathempeli amaRoma ayehlotshiswe ngezinsika ezazinikeza umuzwa wokulinganisela nokuzinza esakhiweni. Amakholomu ayehlelwe ngemigqa futhi angaba nezimo ezihlukene, njenge-Doric, i-Ionic noma i-Corinthian.
- I-Peristalsis: Kumayelana nesikhala esasiphakathi kwezinsika ezazingaphandle kanye ne-cella.
- UFriso: Kwakuyibhande lokuhlobisa elalibekwe phezu kwezinsika zethempeli. Ngokuvamile i-frieze yayinezithombe eziqoshiwe ezibonisa izigcawu zezinganekwane.
- Fronton: Yingxenye engenhla yethempeli ephumela ngaphezu kwe-cella. I-pediment yayinomumo ongunxantathu futhi yayingahlotshiswa ngezithombe eziqoshiwe nemidwebo.
Lezi izingxenye zethempeli elivamile lamaRoma. Nakuba imininingwane yethempeli ngalinye yayingase ihluke, lezi zakhi zazivamile kuzo zonke izakhiwo. Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi mayelana namathempeli aseRoma lube nentshisekelo kuwe!