Namuhla sizokukhombisa ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo izici ezivelele kakhulu isithombe samaRoma eyayineqophelo eliphezulu edolobheni laseRoma phakathi kwekhulu le-VI ngaphambi kukaKristu kanye no-V ngemva kukaKristu nokunye okuningi kulokhu okuthunyelwe. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Iyini i-Roman Sculpture?
Okokuqala nje kufanele wazi ukuthi i-Roman Sculpture iwuhlobo lokubonakaliswa kobuciko okwenzeka eMbusweni WaseRoma okwakuyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuboniswa emifanekisweni ehlukahlukene eyenziwe ngaphezu kokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo.
Njengoba beyisibonelo soMfanekiso WamaRoma amakhothamo amakhulu okunqoba, abaningi bathi iyikhophi yesiko lamaGreki kodwa lokho akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele.
Njengoba yathuthukiswa futhi yaguqulwa ngokuvumelana nengqikithi yomlando wababusi, inika udumo nokwehlukanisa kuwo wonke umhlaba waseNtshonalanga.
Umsuka Wezithombe Eziqoshiwe ZaseRoma
Ngaphambi kokuba idolobha laseRoma lakhiwe laba umbuso omkhulu, lalingelinye lamadolobha achuma kakhulu emhlabeni waseYurophu, zombili izikwele nezakhiwo zalo kwakuhlotshiswe ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe.
Kodwa kuncane esikwaziyo ngale ngxenye yomlando, encike kakhulu ezincwadini zomlando ezikhuluma ngobuciko be-Antiquity, njengoba singenazo izikhumbuzo ezivela kulesi sigaba seRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma.
Lezo ezigqamayo Emfanekisweni WamaRoma zingezasenkathini yombuso engasekho lapho imisebenzi yazo iqoshwa ekhombisa ukuba ngokoqobo okukhulu.
Ngenxa yezincwadi, kusibonisa ukuthi ithonya lokuqala elatholwa isiko lamaRoma laliwubuciko base-Etruscan, yingakho abaningi abadwebi bezithombe bamenywa edolobheni laseRoma ukuze bahlobise izakhiwo zomphakathi.
Phakathi kwazo kunethempeli elinikezelwe kuJupiter Capitolinus elakhiwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu kwase kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu lapho ithonya lamaGreki libusa khona.
Abaningi balawa maciko bathola umsebenzi ozinzile owanelisa izimfuno zezikhulu eziphezulu zaseRoma. Isuka ekhulwini lesithupha ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi ivela eGreece yasendulo namasiko ase-Etruria.
Njengoba ingesinye sezibonakaliso ezinkulu zobuciko zokuvelela okukhulu komphakathi waseRoma, esizoqhathaniswa nesithombe esiqoshiwe samaGreki.
Ngokubhekana nempi yoMbuso WaseRoma ngenjongo yokuthatha izindawo ezintsha, bathola amasiko amasha, kuhlanganise namaGreki.
Ngakho-ke bafunda ikhono ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Roman Sculpture phakathi kwabo ikakhulukazi ohlotsheni lwezithombe, ukuba isiyalo esabangela ulaka olukhulu kubantu abaphezulu bomphakathi waseRoma.
Sibonga kakhulu ngezicelo zale mifanekiso eqoshiwe ngoba ngomfanekiso kwathathwa izinkulumo zomuntu ngamunye owayecela lo Mfanekiso WamaRoma.
Ingemuva Lomfanekiso WaseRoma
Okokuqala nje, kufanele wazi ukuthi Umfanekiso Oqoshiwe WaseRoma wathuthukiswa engxenyeni esempumalanga yesizwe saseRoma, isizinda sawo kuyidolobha laseRoma phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. kanye ne-Vd. C., ngenxa yefa lama-Etruscan elavela esikweni lamaGreki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbuso WaseRoma omkhulu wawuthintana ngokuqondile nempucuko yamaGreki ngesikhathi sobuGreki, ngakho-ke lesi siko lalihlale liyiphuzu lokubhekisela kulo lonke ulwazi lwe-Roman Sculpture.
Bakwazile ukuthuthukisa amasu angakaze abonwe ayingxenye yegalelo lalo mphakathi, njengoba kunjalo ngohlobo lwesithombe esivelele kakhulu kule mpucuko.
Edala imisebenzi emihle kakhulu yalobu buciko obuyingqayizivele ngenxa yesu lakhe elithuthukisiwe nokugqama emininingwaneni yezibalo ze-Roman Sculpture, wayeyingxenye yokuhlobisa izikhumbuzo ezinkulu zokuhleleka komphakathi ezakha esakhe isitayela sokulandisa.
Njengoba uMbuso WamaRoma wawukhula ngamandla, banezela amathonya avela kwezinye izizwe esikweni lawo, njengempucuko yaseMpumalanga.
Okwabenza baqhela ezimfanelweni zamaGreki ngenjongo yokuthola uMfanekiso WamaRoma olula kodwa ongaqondakali, okwabangela ubuciko baseByzantium, basePaleo-Christian.
Ngisho nangenkathi ephakathi kwahlanganiswa ngenxa yenkathi ye-classicism evumela ukuqiniswa nesikhathi esedlule ukuze kugcinwe ukuxhumana kwamasiko, ezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalakahle ku-Roman Sculpture.
Nokho, nakuba ubuKristu baqala, abukwazanga ukubekela eceleni Umfanekiso Oqoshiwe WamaRoma kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-XNUMX lapho inyunyana yezombangazwe isiqedwa.
Kodwa amamodeli asendulo aqhubeka ejwayelana nohlelo olusha lwezenhlalo, lwezombangazwe namasiko olwalusungulwa esizweni saseRoma.
Kubacwaningi, ukufunda i-Roman Sculpture kube yinselele ngoba ukuziphendukela kwayo akuzange kuhambisane nomugqa, kuzanywe ukukucacisa njengoba kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa ye-eclecticism.
Okwethulwa enkathini yamaGreki ngaphezu kwezinye izitayela ezenziwe kuMfanekiso WamaRoma ngokuya ngezigaba zomphakathi.
Ngisho nangaphakathi kwesigaba senhlalo esifanayo, ukuhluka okuthile kubonakala ngokwesidingo sendikimba ngayinye noma isimo esaqhutshwa, okubonisa ubunkimbinkimbi baso Emfanekisweni WamaRoma.
Ngakho-ke, i-Roman Sculpture yayibaluleke kakhulu ku-Renaissance kanye ne-Neoclassicism, kanye ne-Greek, ihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwesiko laseNtshonalanga elisajabulisa umphakathi womhlaba namuhla.
Izinhlobo zezithombe ezakhiwe
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-Roman Sculpture ezagqama kakhulu embusweni waseRoma yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ukhululiwe Umfanekiso Oqoshiwe WamaRoma
- Funerary Roman Sculpture
- Honorary Roman Sculpture
- I-Imperial Late Roman Sculpture
Izimfanelo ezifanele kakhulu ze-Roman Sculpture
Ngokuqondene nezimfanelo ezibalulekile zalobu buciko obuyingqayizivele, sizochaza kulesi sihloko izici ezifanele kakhulu ze-Roman Sculpture, okuyilezi ezilandelayo:
Isuka ngenxa yamasiko namasiko empucuko yamaGreki njengoba isikhathi sihamba, impucuko yamaRoma yaguqula izihloko ezizosetshenziswa, ihlukanisa insimu yokulandisa ezenzakalweni zomlando woMbuso WaseRoma.
Nokho, ngoMfanekiso Oqoshiwe WamaRoma, kwachazwa ukungqubuzana kwezempi, kanye nokubulawa kokuhlonipha ababusi nojenene ngezimpi ezaziliwa.
Ukuphakama kwe-Roman Sculpture kufakazelwa ukuklanywa kwezithombe, ezazivame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa ithusi noma imabula.
Ngokusekelwe ku-naturalism yezici zezifundo okufanele ziqoshwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwenza ihaba ngezimfanelo zabo, ngoba babefuna ukugcina ubuntu nobuntu babo nge-Roman Sculpture.
Esinye isici se-Roman Sculpture ukuthi abadali bale misebenzi abaziwa ngoba basebenza ngokungaziwa.
Iningi lemisebenzi yakhe yayisetshenziselwa izikhumbuzo zomphakathi kanye namahlelo, ithatha isinyathelo esikhulu lapho i-Roman Sculpture iveza izakhiwo zezakhiwo.
Ngakho-ke, abadwebi be-Roman Sculpture benza umzamo wokufeza imininingwane namuhla efundwa kakhulu ngabacwaningi abaye bakwazi ukuthola izenzo ezintsha ezihlobene noMbuso WaseRoma nsuku zonke ezikhazimula ngamandla abo amakhulu ezombusazwe, ezempi kanye nezenhlalakahle kanye ne-Fine. ubuciko.
Umphakathi kanye Nezithombe Eziqoshiwe ZaseRoma
Enye yezimfanelo ezibalulekile zalo mphakathi ukuthi wawubonakala nje, njengoba iningi lezakhamuzi zawo lalingakwazi ukufunda nokubhala.
Ukwengeza, ukungakwazi ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ngolimi lwesiLatini olwalujwayelekile lwabantu abaphezulu bomphakathi woMbuso WaseRoma, ngenxa yalesi sizathu I-Visual Fine Arts yayiyingxenye yenkulumo njengomthombo wezincwadi.
Kwabanye abantu ababeyingxenye yabantu, beqinisa imibono kanye nokusakazwa kokukhangisa kwesithombe sobuntu obubaluleke kakhulu boMbuso sibonga i-Roman Sculpture.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Roman Sculpture yayiyingxenye yesikhundla esithandwayo kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi, ngisho nasezimbonini ezizimele, ijwayele ukubabona ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zedolobha ngamakhono abo amakhulu namasu ohlangothini lwabaqophi.
Nokho, uMfanekiso WamaRoma wawusetshenziselwa izingqikithi zenkolo, njengoba nje izithombe zazifana nezingcwele, njengakwezinye izimpucuko zasendulo, kanjalo nedolobha laseRoma alizange liwubaleke.
Njengoba kujwayelekile ukukhombisa izithombe eziqoshiwe ezindaweni ezahlukene zomphakathi njengasezindlini ezithobeke kakhulu, kwakuvamile futhi ukubuka uMfanekiso WamaRoma kukho kokubili ithusi nemabula eMbusweni WaseRoma, ngisho nasezindlini zomngcwabo.
Njengasemifanekisweni ehlobene nezakhiwo ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ama-cameo ayeklanywe ngamatshe ahlanzekile ahlanganisa izithombe ze-terracotta kanye nama-plaque alula omngcwabo kanye namamaski omngcwabo enziwe nge-wax.
Lezi zamuva zazifinyeleleka ngezindleko zemindeni ephansi kakhulu yomphakathi, ngisho nasezinhlamvu zemali kwakukhona ubufakazi bokukhululeka okuncane kwe-Roman Sculpture, okuyindlela yokudlulisa ubuciko phakathi koquqaba ngemali.
Ngakho-ke, i-Roman Sculpture yayivame kakhulu kangangokuthi izikhonzi zoMbusi zazivela emikhakheni yezenkolo, yezombangazwe, yezenhlalakahle ngisho nezomnotho njengophawu lwempucuko yamaRoma.
Zibonisa izinga lazo eliphakeme lokubusa ngesikhathi sokufa komunye wababusi, izindlalifa zazikwazi ukwenza umfanekiso wazo oqoshiwe kube sengathi unkulunkulu.
Ngaphezu kokumemezela ukulandelana kanye nokwakha izindawo ezingcwele ngokumhlonipha, kodwa uma egumbuqelwa, izithombe zakhe ziyanyamalala emphakathini wamaRoma.
Ngakho-ke, abantu babazi ngokubona izinguquko ezazenzeka ezingeni lezombangazwe ngokubuka nje uMfanekiso WamaRoma.
Ngokuphathelene nenkolo yonkulunkulu abaningi, yayibekezelela futhi ikhuthaza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqaphela imfundiso yenkolo emhlabeni wangaleso sikhathi.
Yisikhathi lapho inkolo yobuKristu yaba imfundiso esemthethweni, iguqula indima yobuciko, ngoba lo nkulunkulu waziwa ngemibhalo nabaprofethi bakhe.
Kodwa ngokusebenzisa i-Roman Sculpture iBandla lamukela izethulo zemvelo zalezi zithombe kanye nemihlobiso emkhakheni womphakathi.
Ngaphezu kokubonga okuyimfihlo okhethweni lwezwe njengengxenye yomlando wobuciko, ikakhulukazi ngesithombe ekupheleni koMbuso WaseRoma.
Ukuphenya Umongo Wezomlando
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, idolobha laseRoma kungenzeka ukuthi lasungulwa phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. Ngokuhlangana kwabantu abahlukahlukene abavela ezindaweni ezahlukene zase-Italy kusukela edolobheni laseLazio ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC. kwe C
Abacwaningi abaningi baphawula ukuthi leli dolobha ladalwa ngenxa yama-Etruscans asenyakatho, enye inganekwane iphawula ngemvelaphi kaRomulus noRemus, inzalo ka-Aeneas, owayeyiqhawe likaTroy futhi ondliwa yizimpisi.
Olunye uphenyo luphawula ngokuba khona kwamanye amaqembu abokufika njengamaCelt kanye namaJalimane futhi kufakazelwa ku-physiognomy yabanye abameleli bemindeni esezingeni eliphakeme.
Izibonelo zalokhu umndeni wakwaFlavios, ohunyushwa kusukela kusiLatini ngokuthi blond, kanye namagama afana ne-Rufo redhead ngesiLatini noma i-Rutilio, ebhekisela ezinwele ezibomvu kulolo limi olufanayo empucukweni lapho izinwele ezimnyama zazigcwele khona.
Isiko lama-Etruscan ku-Roman Society
Ihambisana nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC. kaKristu lapho abase-Etruria bethatha indawo emaphakathi enyakatho yenhlonhlo yase-Italy ukusuka lapho ukuthi abanye ababusi baye baphuma kulempucuko. Ngenxa yalokho eyathonya uMfanekiso Oqoshiwe WamaRoma kanye nempucuko yamaGreki ezimpini ezinjengokulwa, impucuko ayizange ibhekane nabase-Etruria nje kuphela kodwa futhi yasebenzisa ubuciko babo.
Ngale misebenzi yobuciko bahlobisa idolobha laseRoma njengoba izithombe eziqoshiwe zokuqala zibuyela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC. kaKristu lapho isitayela sama-Etruscan sasigcwele khona. Omunye wabacwaningi ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo okuthiwa u-Apollo waseVeii uphawula okulandelayo ngama-Etruscans:
“… Ama-Etruscans ayengochwepheshe emifanekisweni ehlukahlukene, kusukela ezithombeni zomngcwabo kanye ne-sarcophagi kuya emaqenjini amakhulu…”
"...Bebengompetha ezigcawini zohlobo ezimele impilo evamile, abalingisi basedolobheni emisebenzini eyisici..."
“…kuma-portrait artificers we-oda lokuqala babonisiwe… Benza indlela yokubhala emingcwabeni…”
“…Kwakunesithombe esigcwele somufi ehlezi ngesinye isikhathi nomkakhe, kamuva esathathwa yi-Roman Sculpture…”
Ngisho nangesikhathi sika-Augustus, isiko lama-Etruscan lisengagcinwa ukuze libonise ithonya lale mpucuko esikweni lamaRoma naphezu kokuba landulela inkathi yobuGreki kulesi siko.
Izikhathi ze-Hellenistic ne-Neoclassical
UMbuso WaseRoma wawunwebeka ubheke eningizimu yezwekazi laseYurophu kuyilapho isiko lamaGreki lalithuthuka libheke ekuhambeni kwe-classicism.
Ukuba yi-apogee ephezulu kakhulu ngekhulu le-IV a. kaKristu okwaqala ukuxhumana namakoloni aseMagna Graecia, okwamangaza amaRoma ngenxa yesiko lawo.
AmaRoma ayingxenye yezikhulu eziphakeme zempucuko yamaRoma ayefuna ukuthola imisebenzi yobuciko yempucuko yamaGreki.
Ngakho-ke, abaculi abavela kule mpucuko baqashwa ukuhlobisa izigodlo zaseRoma bakhokha amanani aphezulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngesikhathi u-Alexander Omkhulu ethatha iGrisi, wadlulisela imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko eNdiya, kuhlanganise nePheresiya neGibhithe, eshintsha isiko lawo.
Ubuciko ababebazi kuze kube yileso sikhathi bahlanganiswa nezici zesiko lamaGreki futhi leli siko lizohlanganisa izici zempucuko yaseMpumalanga, liguqule imisebenzi yabo yobuciko.
Lapho lo mnqobi omkhulu u-Alexander Omkhulu efa, kwasungulwa imibuso ehlukahlukene enezimpande zendawo ezifanayo, okuyiGalathiya, iPhontu, iBhithiniya, iPaphlagonia neKaphadosiya engaphansi kohlanga lukaPtolemaic.
Okwakhuthaza amasiko amasha esikweni lamaGreki okwathathwa igama lamaHellenistic lathathwa kulo kuhlanganiswa kwamasiko kwaba nentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi kwenzekeni esikhathini esidlule ngenxa yalokhu banquma ukuthola iminyuziyamu nemitapo yolwazi.
Eyaziwa kakhulu iPergamon ne-Aleksandriya, lapho kwenziwa khona ama-biographies amaciko ahlonishwa kakhulu emphakathini, okwathuthukiswa ukugxekwa kobuciko ngokudluliswa kwabahambi bedabula izifunda ezahlukahlukene ababezazi.
Kwavumela izitayela ezahlukene emlandweni ezathathwa umbono we-eclectic, ziguqulela esimweni sengqondo sezwe, zincamela imisebenzi yengqikithi yaseshashalazini lapho zihlobana khona ngokunyakaza futhi seziqhathaniswe nokunyakaza kweBaroque.
Phakathi kwezihloko ezathintwa kwakukhona ubuntwana, ukuguga nokufa, kanye namahlaya, okungathintwa impucuko yamaGreki futhi yaba yingxenye yawo kanye nezikhulu eziphakeme zomphakathi waseRoma zathola ukunambitheka kokuqoqa imisebenzi yobuciko.
Ngokwesizinda somlando wonyaka wama-212 a. Ngemva kukaKristu, uMbuso WamaRoma wathatha umuzi waseSirakhuse, owawungaphansi kombuso wamaGreki, owawuseSisili.
Lapho kwakusakazeke khona ubuciko bamaGreki ngakho bathatha konke ababekufuna bakuyisa edolobheni laseRoma esikhundleni semisebenzi yase-Etruscan.
Ngalokhu, ukulungiswa kwesiko lamaGreki edolobheni laseRoma kwenziwa, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu kwakukhona izimo zokuphikiswa kwalesi sitayela.
Omunye wabo kwakunguCato owayephethe ukugxeka lokhu kuphanga njengoba ekubona kuyithonya eliyingozi empucukweni yamaRoma.
Akazange avume ukuthi ama-elite aphezulu aseRoma ajabulela izithombe zaseKorinte nase-Athene ngoba wayedelela izithombe ezenziwe nge-terracotta.
Kodwa ubuciko bamaGreki banqoba futhi baba umklomelo omuhle kakhulu ngemva kwezingxabano zezempi ezazibukiswa ojenene abangosomaqhinga.
Ngonyaka ka-168 ngaphambi kukaKristu omunye wababusi baseRoma uLucio Emilio Paulo Macedónico ngemva kokunqoba indawo eyaziwa ngokuthi iMakedoniya.
Cishe izintanta ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu zazithwala izithombe nezithombe eziyisa edolobheni laseRoma. Eminye imisebenzi yesiko lamaGreki eyafika edolobheni laseRoma i-altare elikhulu lasePhergamoni kanye ne-Suicide Galata.
Ngisho nomsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu kithi uLaocoön kanye namadodana akhe beza edolobheni laseRoma ukuze bathathwe yizikhulu eziphezulu zomphakathi waseRoma ngenxa yokunqoba ekuthatheni amandla kwezinye izizwe.
Ngenkathi iGreece inqotshwa umbuso wamaRoma, abadwebi bayo bayiswa edolobheni laseRoma ukuze benze izithombe ezazifunwa kakhulu phakathi kwalaba abaqophi bezithombe, uPasiteles wagcizelela ukuthi wayedabuka eMagna Graecia kodwa wathatha ubuzwe baseRoma.
Iqoqo lakhe lezithombe eziqoshiwe lalihlaba umxhwele emhlabeni wonke, phakathi kwezincwadi okuthiwa iJupiter, eyayenziwe ngegolide nezinyo lendlovu.
Ngaphezu kwezinye eziqoshiwe zethusi. Ukudala isikole se-Neoaticism kulo mnyakazo esikwaziwa ngegama elithi Neoclassicism.
Umlando woMbuso WamaRoma
Uguquko lwenziwa ku-Roman Sculpture ngenxa yethonya lesithombe esiqoshiwe samaGreki kanye nokudalwa kwesikole sokufunda indlela yokuthuthukisa lesi sitayela esadala isiyaluyalu esizweni saseRoma ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili BC.
Isibonelo salesi sitayela i-altare lika-Abisarbus, eliyisandulela sobuciko bombuso obathuthukiswa ngesikhathi sika-Augustus futhi laliwumnikelo ku-Gnaeus Domitius Enobarbus ngenxa yesiphetho sokungqubuzana kwezempi edolobheni laseBrindisi.
Yayakhiwe phambi kwendlu engcwele yaseNeptune, yomibili yayakhiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa maqondana ne-altare, yahlotshiswe ngezasembozo ezimbalwa zefrieze, phakathi kwazo izigcawu ezihlobene nenganekwane yamaGreki zigqama, kanye nezithombe zehlelo.
Lapho omunye wabapristi enza khona umhlatshelo ezinhlangothini zalesi sidalwa, amasosha abhekwa ngaphezu kwabanye abantu abasizungezile ukuze achaze ukulandisa kwamaRoma.
Ngezithombe ezenziwe ku-Roman Sculpture njengoba iningi labantu lingazange lifunde futhi lixhumane ngokuxhumana okubonakalayo, okwaba yimpumelelo enkulu kumodeli yezepolitiki yempucuko yamaRoma.
Izithombe zika-Augustus
UMbusi u-Augustus wavumela idolobha laseRoma ukuba libe elibaluleke kakhulu kulo mbuso omkhulu ngokuba isikhungo samasiko ngendlela yamaGreki.
Njengoba nje kwakunjalo ngaphambili e-Aleksandriya nasePhergamoni, okwakukhona inqwaba yezingcweti zamaGreki enhloko-dolobha, kanjalo nedolobha laseRoma laba negalelo elikhulu kuMfanekiso Oqoshiwe wamaRoma ngenxa yoMbusi uAwugustu.
Phakathi kwazo ukwakhiwa kwezinhlamvu zemali lapho ungabona khona ama-bas-reliefs amancane. NguJulius Caesar ngokwakhe ogunyaza umkhuba wesitayela samaGreki edolobheni laseRoma.
Ngaphezu kwamasu asempumalanga, ukuvumela ubuso bababusi ukuba bunyatheliswe ezinhlamvu zemali, njengoba ngaphambili kwabekwa kuphela izithombe ezibhekisela konkulunkulu noma abalingiswa ababaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wamaRoma asebafa kakade.
Ngakho umbusi u-Augustus wasebenzisa leli thuba lokumenyezelwa emkhakheni wezombangazwe ukuze aphoqelele ukuba khona kwakhe kubantu ngomfanekiso wakhe obonakalayo ezinhlamvu zemali.
I-Roman Sculpture yayiyingxenye yesistimu yokulawula yezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zaseRoma ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu zemali.
Ara Pacis ngesikhathi soMbusi u-Augustus
Omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala ehlobene ne-Roman Sculpture i-Ara Pacis kanye nesinye isithombe esinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi u-Pax esasigubha ukubuya koMbusi u-Augustus ngemva kokunqoba kwakhe ezingxabanweni zaseGaul nase-Hispania.
Lesi Sifanekiso SaseRoma sihlotshiswe ngamafrieze ahlukahlukene kanye nemidwebo emelela udwendwe olunezigcawu ezingokomfanekiso ezibhekisela ezinganekwaneni.
Izigcawu zemihlatshelo zaze zaqoshwa, okufakazelwa kwenye yalezi zindaba ezixoxwayo yisigcawu esibhekise kuTellus, onguMama Womhlaba ku-Roman Mythology, ephikisana kakhulu nesiko lamaGreki elibizwa ngokuthi iGea.
Emfanekisweni WamaRoma ibonakala ngamandla anobudlova nangenangqondo amele Imvelo njengoba ibonwa emikhunjini yamaGreki, kodwa kulesi siko lamaRoma ingumama ngokuphelele, ivikela futhi ikhulise izakhamuzi zoMbuso WaseRoma.
Ngokuphathelene nokuvuthwa kwesitayela soMfanekiso WamaRoma, kwakudingeka isikhathi esithile kuwo, nakuba umbusi uAwugustu ayengumbusi omkhulu.
Wabuye wasekelwa abantu bakhe ngoba kusukela kuNxusa Lokuqala wagcwala izindondo ezazimvumela ukuba abe yinkosi yiSigele.
Kodwa abantu bamnika isiqu sika-Awugustu futhi phakathi nohulumeni wakhe uMbuso WaseRoma wawusezingeni eliphezulu lokuchuma nokuthula, futhi wahlela isizwe ngokwepolitiki.
Ngaphezu kwesiyalo sobuciko, ukukhuthaza isithombe sakhe somuntu siqu njengokungathi ukukhangisa okujwayelekile kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Lokhu kufakazelwa inani lezithombe ezingabonwa eminyuziyamu namuhla.
Lapho izinhlobonhlobo zezimfanelo zalo mbusi omkhulu zibonwa kwezempi, emkhakheni womphakathi ngisho nanjengonkulunkulu phakathi Kwezithombe Eziqoshiwe ZaseRoma ezigqamayo uma ziqhathaniswa no-Augustus.
U-Augustus wase-Prima Porta utholakala, okuwumklamo ofanayo ku-Doryphorus yasePolykleitos futhi ubonisa indlela isiko lamaGreki alisasetshenziswa ngayo emisebenzini yakhe yobuciko, ebonisa umbusi njengeqhawe elikhulu kunawo wonke labaxhasi.
Izithombe zikaJulio - Claudia
Enye yezizukulwane ezingabalulwa lapho kwakuthuthukiswe khona i-Roman Sculpture ihambelana nekaJulio - Claudia lapho kwakukhona khona ubukhulu eMbusweni WaseRoma.
Kusukela kuhulumeni wababusi uJulius - uClaudius kuya kuNero, imbalwa kakhulu iminonjana ye-Roman Sculpture ebonwayo, kuphela imichilo emincane yomngcwabo eyenziwe ngemabula lapho babebeka khona umlotha wabathandekayo babo kanye nama-altare ayebekwe phezu kwethuna njengomhlobiso. .
Ngakho-ke, umhlobiso obonakala kule nkathi yesikhathi uhambisana nezimbali zezimbali ezifana kakhulu nalezo ze-Ara Pacis, eziqoshwe ngokwethembeka okukhulu esicini semvelo lapho kubonwa khona izinyoni nezinye izilwane.
Imidwebo yodonga yenziwa nge-terracotta ngenhloso yokukwazi ukuhlobisa izindlu nezakhiwo zamaRoma lapho besebenzisa amasu obuhlakani bamaGreki ekuhlobiseni ama-facade.
Maqondana nezithombe ezikule nkathi, ubuqiniso obukhulu buyabonakala lapho umoya wamaRoma wenziwa samuntu Ngesithombe Esiqoshiwe SaseRoma.
Enye yezithombe ezinhle kakhulu zale nkathi ihambisana ne-altare elikhulu elatholakala edolobheni laseRoma ngaphansi kwalokho okwakuyi-Papa Chancellery ngaleso sikhathi.
Lapho kubhekwa khona udwendwe oluhambisana nezikhonzi eziphethe ngesandla izithombe eziqoshiwe eziyingxenye yokunikelwa kwemihlatshelo kanye nabanye abasizi bomculo nezilwane.
Lokhu kukhululeka kukhombisa uthando Lwezithombe Eziqoshiwe ZaseRoma zokulandisa iziqephu ezisebenzayo futhi ezihambisana nabalingiswa bangemuva sibonisa imininingwane yalaba baculi baseRoma.
Emkhakheni wobuciko, imiphumela yokukhanyisa yayifunwa ngaphezu kokwelashwa okungaphezulu, okuhlanganisa izindlela ezintsha zokuveza ukulandisa ngalesi sitayela.
Ngokutadisha imvelo ngokuthola okungaziwa mayelana nombono, ukudala isikole sangempela ku-Roman Sculpture.
Ngokuphathelene nezimpumelelo zakhe mayelana nohlobo lwezithombe ezenziwe kusukela eRiphabhulikhi, nakuba amamodeli aqanjiwe enziwa ngokufana ngenxa yethonya esikoleni samaGreki nese-Attic.
Izithombe ezikhuluma ngenkathi kaFlavian
Kulokho okufanelana nohulumeni bababusi bakaFlavia abanjengoVespasian, uTitus, kanye noDomitian, kugqama izikhumbuzo ezinkulu ZoMfanekiso WamaRoma.
Phakathi kwazo esingabala ngazo izithombe eziqoshiwe ezenziwe eKhothameni likaTitus ngalobu buciko obulandisayo, kwakufunwa ukugubha ukunqoba impi yamaJuda ngonyaka wama-71 wenkathi yobuKristu, kodwa ukumelwa kobuciko kwenziwa cishe ngonyaka wama-81. .
Kuboniswa imifanekiso emikhulu, eyodwa ohlangothini ngalunye lwephaseji, ehlaba umxhwele enkabeni lapho kubonwa khona ukunqoba, kwenye yazo kubonwa umbusi enqoleni yakhe lapho ezungezwe abangane nezinye izakhamuzi zaseRoma.
Njengoba kumelwe ukuba kwakunjalo ngesikhathi engena emzini, ngaphezu kwezinye izithombe ezingokomfanekiso, njengalowo ophethe ukuthwesa umbusi, futhi ophethe ukushayela amahhashi unkulunkulukazi wamaRom.
Ebonisa izenzakalo ezilandisayo ezingokomlando ngemifanekiso Eqoshiwe Yomfanekiso WamaRoma ngokuphathelene nempumuzo yesibili, amasosha afakazelwa ukuthi aphethe impango akwazile ukuyithola endaweni engcwele yaseJerusalema.
Okufanayo kungabonakala emfanekisweni wabaculi abanamacilongo abo amade avusa umzuzu womthandazo kanye nezinye izici ezingenziwanga ezindizeni ezintathu njengasendabeni yokukhululeka kuka-Ara Pacis enza umdlalo phakathi kokudala ukukhanya nomoya. inkohliso yokuthi izibalo zikhiqiza ukunyakaza.
Naphezu kokungayazi imithetho yombono eyatholwa ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa, nakuba le mininingwane ibonakala, inkathi kaFlavian yavumela ukwengeza izici ezintsha Emfanekisweni WamaRoma.
Amasu ahlobene ne-Portrait
Ngenxa yalesi sithombe, i-Roman Sculpture yenza umnikelo omkhulu kakhulu kuleli siko, elasungulwa yimpucuko yamaGreki kodwa isiko lamaRoma lashintsha, ngakho lahlukaniswa laba yizici ezimbili, ngayinye inamaphethini ayo okuguqulwa.
Hhayi-ke, kusukela ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi isithombe besesivele saziswa kakhulu njengoba iminyaka idlula saba yisitayela se-classicist enengqondo.
Ngenkathi esinye isici sihambisana namaqiniso lapho kusetshenziswa khona uqobo inkulumo yesiko lamaGreki lamaGreki maqondana nezithombe, ukugqama nekhanda bekuvame kakhulu Emfanekisweni WaseRoma.
Nokho, izithombe ezibude obugcwele bezidingeka kancane kakhulu ngenkathi izithombe zekhanda nezamabele bezithandwa kakhulu kusiko lamaRoma.
Ukuqala imakethe yezomnotho kule misebenzi yobuciko ye-Roman Sculpture mayelana neMedithera Basin, njengoba kwakufinyeleleka kakhulu ukwenza lolu hlobo lwezithombe eziqoshiwe kusukela, ekubeni yinhloko noma i-bust, yayishibhile kakhulu kunomzimba ophelele.
Futhi ngenxa yokuthi bagxila ekuqashelweni komuntu ngamunye okwakudlangile kule mpucuko, njengoba ubuso obabubonwa ekhanda babungewamaRoma isici esibaluleke kakhulu ngokuqondene nomfanekiso.
Izinto ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu ekudwetshweni kwezithombe zazihambisana nezethusi ne-marble.Ekuqaleni, amehlo ayenemibala yombala, aqala ukuqoshwa abakhandi begolide.
Nokho, kwaba nokuqashelwa komphakathi kwabantu ngabanye ngenxa ye-Roman Sculpture, njengoba kushiwo umcwaningi uRobert Brilliant esicaphuni esilandelayo:
"... ubunikazi obuqondile besihloko, obusungulwe izici ezithile zekhanda, buthathwe njengesithasiselo esingokomfanekiso esinganaki ubuqotho bomzimba..."
"...Kubonakala sengathi abaqophi bakha amakhanda abo njengesihluthulelo esiyinhloko sokuhlonza futhi bafakwe ekufaneni okuhlelwe kahle emcabangweni..."
"... uma kungenjalo ngenhloso yayo, emibhalweni elungisiwe, enembobo yobuso, evamile phakathi kwabathwebuli bezithombe zekhulu lama-XNUMX..."
"... izithombe ezingenakubalwa ezingenakhanda ezasinda kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo zifana nezigaba ezingenabalingisi..."
"...ikakhulukazi lapho umzimba wenziwa abasizi kusenesikhathi, ulinde ukuthi ikhanda liqoshwe ngumqophi omkhulu..."
Ngokuphakama koMbusi uVespasian, owasungula ubukhosi bukaFlavian, isitayela esixubile sadalwa phakathi kwalezi zici ezimbili: umbono ophelele kanye namaqiniso, okuyinto abaculi bobukhosi bukaJulio-Claudia base bevele benza.
Ukuguqulwa Kwesithombe
Uguquko lwalandela ngezindlela zobuGreki ngokuhambisana nencazelo engokoqobo yendaba uMfanekiso WamaRoma owenziwe kuye.
Lokhu futhi kwakudlanga uma kukhulunywa ngombusi woMbuso WaseRoma ngisho nendlela yanwetshwa ngokusungulwa kokumba.
Okwavumela izinwele zezinwele eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuba zibekwe ebusweni besifazane ngalesi sikhathi ngenxa ye-Roman Sculpture, eyayiyi-boom enkulu ku-elite ephezulu yomphakathi waseRoma.
Ngesikhathi uTrajan ethatha isikhundla sombusi, kwenziwa uguquko olwanqoba umbono, olwaqala ukwanda kakhulu ngesikhathi sikaHadrian, njengoba ukuthanda kwakhe ubuGreki kwakuphawulwe kahle Emdwebeni WamaRoma.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emifanekisweni kaMarcus Aurelius, ikhwalithi engokoqobo iphinde ibonwe, ikhombisa ukubaluleka kokuchazwa kobuso, okubonisa ukuvezwa okukhulu, yingakho benomthelela omkhulu kuyo yonke indawo yaseRoma.
Ngenxa yethonya lasempumalanga, ngaphezu kwesithakazelo sezakhi zomumo wejometri, ukuzuza ku-Roman Sculpture izithombe ezibonisa isitayela ngisho nezimfanelo ezingabonakali.
Embusweni kaConstantine yafinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo ngenxa yesikhumbuzo sayo, esikhumbuza i-classicism evamile yesikhathi sika-Augustus omkhulu.
Lesi sitayela se-Roman Sculpture sasiyoba isandulela salokho esizokwazi kamuva njengobuciko baseByzantium, obumelela ukuphela kwenkathi yegolide yalobu buciko empucukweni yamaRoma.
Ababusi baseRoma basebenzisa isithombe njengokubonakaliswa kwamandla okuba yingxenye yohlelo lwabo emkhakheni wezombangazwe futhi endaweni yangasese yomphakathi waseRoma uhlobo lwezithombe lwalusetshenziselwa izinkonzo zomngcwabo.
Ngisho namaBusts lapho kwakunezelwa khona imibhalo lapho abangani nezihlobo babenakekela khona ukuhlotshiswa kwe-altare ngaphezu komgqomo wokulothisa.
Leli siko lalixhunywe kumaski omngcwabo enziwe nge-wax noma i-terracotta yokhokho abavelele kakhulu emigwaqweni yomngcwabo yabantu abaphezulu bomphakathi waseRoma, bebonisa uhlu lwabo olukhulu lwe-patrician.
Ngakho-ke lezi zimaski zokufa zazigcinwa endaweni engcwele yomndeni ebizwa ngokuthi i-lararium kanye namabhasi enziwe nge-terracotta, ithusi ngisho nemabula.
Kungesinye sezizathu esenza amaRoma acele ukuba ngokoqobo kwezithombe ukuze avikele izici zobuso zabathandekayo bawo ngenxa ye-Roman Sculpture.
Izinhlobo zezithombe ku-Roman Sculpture
Ngokophenyo olwenziwe mayelana ne-Roman Sculpture, izindlela ezintathu zokwenza izithombe zingabonakala, yilezi ezilandelayo:
Izithombe ze-Toga lapho isithombe sombusi siqoshwa ngendwangu yendwangu ekhanda nesigqoko ukuze simfanekisele phambi komphakathi wamaRoma njengopapa ophakeme kunawo wonke.
Izithombe ze-Thoracatos Kulolu hlobo lwe-Sculpture yamaRoma, umbusi uboniswa njenge-consul noma njengesithombe senhlonipho enkulu ngokumelela amabutho ezempi, ngenxa yokuthi isivikelo sesifuba sibekwe kuye.
Isithombe se-Apotheosis Kulolu hlobo loMfanekiso WamaRoma, umbusi uthathwa njengonkulunkulu noma iqhawe, ingxenye engaphezulu yomzimba wakhe inqunu ekhombisa umzimba wakhe oqoshiwe omuhle kakhulu.
Ugqoke umqhele we-laurel owenziwe unkulunkulu ethempelini lakhe njengonkulunkulu omkhulu, ongomunye wemifanekiso ecebe kakhulu yoMfanekiso WaseRoma kodwa hhayi ovame ukuboniswa.
Ukubona ukuthi uhlobo lomfanekiso lwaluguqulwa kanjani lube uMfanekiso WamaRoma ngemininingwane eyakhiwa ngobuchule obukhulu.
Ngokuphathelene nokuma kwamehlo, intshebe egqokwa ngabanumzane kanye nezinwele ezigqokwa abesifazane, imfashini ingafakazelwa ngezitayela zezinwele ezahlukene zesikhathi eziboniswa ezithombeni ezenziwe.
Ukuvela kwesithombe embusweni waseRoma
Mayelana nesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi, ubuqiniso obukhulu buyabonakala esithombeni, esibonwa ngezici zezici zezifundo okufanele ziqoshwe, ezazigcizelelwe kakhulu.
Lezi zithombe ze-Roman Sculpture zazihlukaniswa ngokuba isifuba esifushane lapho ikhanda laligcwele khona, ngaphezu kwentamo, emadodeni kwakuyisici sokugqoka izinwele ezimfushane.
Isithombe ngesikhathi soMbusi u-Augustus
Kule nkathi yesikhathi, isithombe siba yinhle, ngakho izici ziyafihlwa njengoba siwumfanekiso wepolitiki okhuphukela esimweni sokuphelela.
Mayelana nezinwele kule nkathi yesikhathi, zisagqokwe zibe mfushane kodwa zibukeka zinde kunenkathi edlule, izingidi ezithambile kanye nama-curls angama-wavy avela ku-Sculpture yamaRoma elingana nengxenye yekhanda.
Izinwele eziwela esiphongweni zifana nomsila wenyoni eyaziwa ngegama lenkonjane.Phakathi kwezithombe zesifazane, umfanekiso we-Empress Livia ufaka izinwele zakhe zikanywe emuva, zihlangene, futhi ebunzini lakhe ugqoke i-toupee noma ifindo.
Isithombe ngeNkathi yeFlavian
Lokhu kwenzeka kusukela ngekhulu lokuqala futhi kunobukhazikhazi embusweni waseRoma obuncamela isitayela samaqiniso ukwenza samuntu izithombe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzibeka icala.
Ngokuqondene ne-bust, lesi yisikhathi eside, sifinyelela ukubuka amadoda kanye ne-pectorals yabantu ababeyicelile kwabaphezulu bomphakathi waseRoma.
Ngokuphathelene nezinwele, ama-bulges kanye nama-curls abanzi ayabonakala, agcizelela i-chiaroscuro, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyakaza kusetshenziswa ngenxa yokuthi intamo iqala ukuphenduka.
UJulia indodakazi kaTito ubeka ukubonga kwemfashini ezithombeni zokusetshenziswa kwezinwele eziphakeme ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kubantu abaphakeme bomphakathi waseRoma.
I-Portraiture phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX
Ngokuphathelene nalesi sikhathi, i-Roman Sculpture ibonisa ukunambitheka kobuciko be-baroque ngokuphathelene nezinwele ezisezithombeni, eziqoshwe isikhathi eside futhi zihlukaniswe nekhanda ngama-curls amaningi kanye nentshebe kumadoda abonisa ukunyakaza.
Kukuhulumeni kaHadrian lapho isimo samehlo ezithombeni siqala ukuqoshwa phakathi kwezibonelo zalezi zithombe yileso sika-Antinous lapho kubonwa khona umbono ofana kakhulu nesiko lamaGreki lamaGreki.
Kwakuyintandokazi yombusi uHadrian, isithombe sasifaneleka kakhulu futhi sahlanganiswa nomfanekiso kankulunkulu u-Apollo.
Izinwele zakhe zazizinde futhi izimo zamehlo zakhe zaziqoshwe, futhi lesi sithombe sasinobude obugcwele nomzimba omuhle kakhulu.
Mayelana nezithombe zesifazane, ungabona ekaFaustina lapho ebonakala khona enezinwele ezihlukene phakathi ekhanda bese izinwele zakhe ziwela amagagasi athambile futhi ziqoqwe emqaleni wentamo noma ekhanda le ntokazi eyakha. a bhun..
Ngokuphathelene nesithombe sikaHadrian esenziwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, amehlo aqoshiwe, unentshebe esilevini sakhe futhi izinwele zakhe zimakwe futhi zihlukaniswe nekhanda kusukela zide.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0_eNQt7EY0
Yasetshenzwa kusetshenziswa i-trepan enobumnandi obukhulu ngokuningiliziwe, futhi ekuqhumeni kwakhe une-jellyfish. Ngokuphathelene nekhulu lesithathu, esinye sezithombe ezimele kakhulu ze-Roman Sculpture yileso sombusi uCaracalla.
Owayenohlamvu olunobudlova, oluzidlayo futhi oluqinile, lezi zimfanelo zagcizelelwa emfanekisweni abawenza kuye lapho ikhanda liphenduka ngokuphelele.
Isithombe sekhulu lesine loMbuso WaseRoma
Kule nkathi yesikhathi kuyabonakala ukuthi izithombe azinabuntu futhi umbusi uyasuka emphakathini, ngakho-ke i-anti-classicism iyabonwa.
Ngalesi sikhathi izici azilingani futhi ukubaza kunzima, njengoba kufakazelwa ezifanekisweni ezenziwe kuConstantine.
Njengoba imvamisa yalesi sikhathi emlandweni we-Roman Sculpture, lesi sithombe senkathi yombuso ongasekho silindele ukubaza kweByzantium.
Izifanekiso ezenziwe Ngomfanekiso WamaRoma
Ngokuphathelene nokuklanywa kwezithombe, zenziwe ngesici sesiGreki kunkulunkulu, okwenza kube ngcono isimo somuntu sombusi.
Emzimbeni ohlale umusha futhi ugcwele amandla njengophawu lwamandla ombusi ngokungafani nesithombe lapho kunikezwa khona ubuqiniso.
Ngakho-ke, kwakunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezithombe nezithombe, njengoba ezikhumbuzo zomphakathi lapho kwakudingeka khona isithombe esiphelele, kwakusetshenziswa isidumbu sikankulunkulu othile futhi kwabekwa ikhanda lombusi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.
Baze bafaka elinye esikhundleni sekhanda elinye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, njengoba kuboniswe ezincwadini zesikhathi somlando, ngaleyo ndlela beqinisekisa ukuzimela.
Mayelana nomcabango wezakhamuzi zoMbuso WaseRoma mayelana nekhanda nezincazelo zokuqala zesitayela esingokoqobo kanye nomzimba owenziwe kahle.
Lezi zithombe zadalwa njalo kuze kube sekhulwini lesi-XNUMX ngemva kukaKristu, nakuba ngesikhathi sikaConstantine I ithonya laseMpumalanga lalibonisa ukungabikho okuqhubekayo kwezithombe eziqoshiwe futhi zazizinikele kuphela ekwenzeni izithombe.
Nakuba izithombe zenziwa ngezinombolo ezincane ikakhulukazi zezikhumbuzo zomphakathi lapho isitayela sokwenziwa kanye nesokungabonakali sibusa, okuwukuxhumana nobuciko baseByzantium.
Amabhokisi ngesiko lamaRoma
Ukusetshenziswa kwala mabhokisi kwakuvamile empucukweni yase-Etruria ngaphandle kwesiGreki, kodwa edolobheni laseRoma lesi sici sasisetshenziswa kakhulu uMbuso WamaRoma kusukela ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka kuqhubeke, njengoba isiko lamaRoma laliwukushisa izidumbu futhi esikhundleni salo kwafakwa ukungcwatshwa. . .
Ukukhiqiza izikhungo ezintathu ezibalulekile lapho kwenziwa khona amabhokisi, njengedolobha laseRoma, i-Afrika ne-Asia, kukhombisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zala mabhokisi agcina izidumbu.
Okuvame kakhulu kulawa mabhokisi kwakuyibhokisi elalihlotshiswe ngezithombe zosizo futhi linesembozo esibushelelezi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Bese kuba nelinye ibhokisi nalo elinesembozo esihlotshisiwe lapho kwakungezwa khona izithombe ze-Roman Sculpture, lezi kungaba umzimba ophelele kamufi.
Kwakubonakala sengathi abalingiswa babehlezi edilini futhi kwakuyisibonelo esivela kumasiko ase-Etruscan, okuvumela ukudalwa kwamafomu amasha ahlotshiswe ngokukhululeka kobunzima obukhulu emininingwaneni yabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, edolobheni laseRoma, kwasetshenziswa imodeli yebhokisi le-mortuary, eyayihlotshiswe ngezinto ezingabonakali, kuhlanganise nemiklamo yezimbali noma amakhanda ezilwane.
Phakathi kwalawo agqame kakhulu awebhubesi ekupheleni kwaleli bhokisi, kube namafomu amaningana agqamile futhi enziwe ngokwamandla ezomnotho omndeni owenze lo myalelo.
Mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamabhokisi e-Asia, amabhokisi amakhulu asetshenziswa futhi lawa anikezwa amafomu ezakhiwo azungeze ibhokisi, amakholomu abekwe ngaphezu kwezithombe ezakha umnyango onamapuleti okuhlobisa.
Ngisho nophahla olwalunesimo se-prism ne-acroteras kangangokuthi ekuqaleni lwalubonakala luyindawo engcwele futhi ngisho nangaphezulu kwakukhona isiteji.
Lolu hlobo lwebhokisi lasempumalanga lwaluhlotshiswe ezinhlangothini zozine, kuyisikhumbuzo esizimele esakhiwe endaweni yamahhala yamathuna, esikhundleni salezi zangaphambili ezazibekwe ezindaweni zamathuna, lalihlotshiswa kuphela lapho kuzobonakala khona ibhokisi.
Lo mkhuba esikweni lamaRoma lokungcwatshwa kwabathandekayo waqhubeka wenziwa enkathini yobuKristu, ungomunye wezithombe eziyinhloko zenkolo.
Imidwebo yezakhiwo ze-Roman Sculpture
Ukuze kwakhiwe ama-altare amakhulu njengezikhumbuzo kanye nezinsika zesikhumbuzo namakhothamo okunqoba kwakudingeka Emdwebeni WamaRoma.
Imidwebo yokuhlobisa ebiyingxenye yezakhiwo iyinkambu enhle yokuzala kobuciko besitayela sokulandisa soMbuso WaseRoma.
Sesikutshelile kakade mayelana ne-Altare ye-Abisarbus kanye ne-altare le-Praxis, okuyizibonelo ezinhle ezandulelayo zale nqubo, kukhona ngisho ne-Emilia Basilica eyenziwe phakathi kuka-54 -34 BC e-Roman Forum.
Iveza isitayela se-Hellenizing esivamile sesiko lamaGreki ngokuphathelene nobukhosi bukaJulio-Claudia, kwakungekho miningi iminsalela yalobu buciko esele, kodwa okuncane okwasinda kukhombisa isitayela, esifana nefrieze eyatholakala edolobheni laseRoma.
Lapho kubhekwa khona udwendwe lomantshi kanye nabapristi abaphethe imifanekiso eqoshiwe ezandleni zabo bephelezelwa abasizi, abaculi nezilwane lapho umbono ubonakala khona.
Ngokufaka imifanekiso engemuva ngenhla komugqa ohambisana nodwendwe, iwumthombo osetshenziswa kabanzi Emdwebeni Oqoshiwe WamaRoma.
Ngokuphathelene ne-Arch of Titus, eyadalwa phakathi kweminyaka engu-81 no-82, imelela iphuzu eliphezulu lesitayela kuhulumeni kaFlavio kusukela kumaphaneli ahlobisa lo mklamo.
Abonisa ukunqoba okuzuzwe uTito lapho kwethulwa khona ubuhle obuthuthuke kakhulu nekhono elikhulu endleleni yokulinganisa kusengaphambili.
Ihloselwe ukumela umbusi kanye nenqola ibhekene nezibukeli ezijika ngendlela efanele ngenxa yobuhlakani nekhono lomqophi.
Kwelinye ithimba, ukuphangwa eJerusalema kubonakala lapho kusetshenziswa khona umthombo ofanayo kodwa kwenye indawo lapho izakhi ziqiniswa khona ngenxa yokukhanya nethunzi.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa koMbusi uTrajan, Ikholomu yeTrajan yadalwa ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe, eyabonisa ukunqoba eDacia phakathi kweminyaka eyi-101 kuya ku-106.
Lo msebenzi wokwakha uyikholomu embozwe ngokuphelele yi-frieze eqhubekayo eyenza i-spiral kusukela phansi kuya phezulu kwe-pilaster.
Ukuba esinye sezici ezinhle zesitayela sokulandisa ngokuphathelene nezithombe eziqoshiwe ze-Roman Sculpture lapho iziqephu zomlando waseRoma zifakwe kuhlaka ngendlela elandelanayo.
Ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa lapho umbusi uboniswa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene ezizungeze izibalo ezingu-2500 eziqoshwe kukholamu enkulu.
Ukubonisa izinga lobuchwepheshe elihle kakhulu elibonwa kuwo wonke umsebenzi wobuciko, enye yezimfanelo zayo ukushiywa kombono.
Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezibalo ezingalingani maqondana nesizinda sezwe, libonisa ithonya lempucuko yaseMpumalanga emsebenzini wobuciko, okwamanje amafomu enziwe ngemabula kuphela angafakazelwa.
Kodwa umphumela wawo lapho usuqediwe kumelwe ukuba wawumangalisa ngoba izithombe zaziklanywe ngemininingwane yensimbi, ngokunokwenzeka umbhali wayo kumelwe ukuba kwakungu-Apollodorus waseDamaseku ngenxa yezimpawu zomsebenzi wokuhlobisa.
Ngemuva kwalokho, i-classicism ibuyela esiqongweni lapho kwenziwa khona elinye i-Arch of Trajan kodwa edolobheni laseBenevento, naphezu kwesikhathi esidlulile, lisesimweni esihle kakhulu mayelana nezithombe eziqoshiwe, zaqedwa kuhulumeni waseHadrian. njengamaphaneli ayishumi nanye esitayela esifanayo.
Lapho uMbusi u-Marcus Aurelius eboniswa khona ezigcawini ezihlukahlukene mayelana nalezi ziqephu, ezine zalezi zigcawu ziku-Capitoline Museums.
Ezinye zaphinde zasetshenziswa enkathini yombuso ehambisana neKhothamo likaConstantine, esinye isibonelo Somfanekiso Oqoshiwe WamaRoma Yikholomu eyenziwe kuhlonishwa uMarcus Aurelius lapho kubusa inkolelo-mbono, i-oda liboniswa kukholamu.
Okuhlotshiswe nge-spiral kanye nesigqi nesiyalo esingekho kukholamu edlule eyenziwe kuhlonishwa uTrajan.
Nakuba lesi sikhala esincane somlando lapho i-classicism ibhekwa khona ifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokuphakama koMbusi u-Septimius Severus oklanyelwe i-Arch.
Lapho ubuciko basempumalanga buyi-protagonist ngokuya ngezilinganiso kanye nokufinyezwa kwendlela izithombe ezixekethile ezazihlelwe ngayo.
Izigcawu ezine ziyabonakala kumaphaneli amakhulu akhuluma ngeMesophothamiya, lesi sitayela kuyisona esizoqhubeka kuMfanekiso WamaRoma phakathi nekhulu lesine leminyaka.
Njengoba kufakazelwa emakhazeni akhuphuka eKhothameni likaConstantine ekhombisa umehluko maqondana nenkathi kaMarcus Aurelius.
Ukuba yizibonelo ezimbi ze-Roman Sculpture i-Obelisk kaTheodosius I eseHippodrome yaseConstantinople efana kakhulu nobuciko baseByzantine kunesiko lamaRoma.
Mayelana namaCameos
Lolu hlobo lwaluvame kakhulu kuma-elite aphezulu emphakathini waseRoma, lwalusetshenziswa njengetshe eliyigugu, lwaluqoshwe ngamatshe ayigugu.
Phakathi kwazo kukhona iJasper, i-agathe, i-amethiste, i-onyx ne-chalcedony ethathwa njengoMfanekiso WamaRoma ekunciphiseni futhi baqopha kuyo.
Lolu hlobo lwafika edolobheni laseRoma ngenxa yethonya lempucuko yamaGreki yesitayela samaGreki, ekubeni ngowokuqala ukuqalisa lobu buciko.
Lapho amaphutha engeke abe khona, okudinga izinga eliphezulu lokugxilisa ingqondo nokuzwela ukuze kusebenze emthanjeni waleli tshe eliyigugu.
Ngaphezu kokusebenza ngezingqimba ezihlukahlukene zamatshe ukuze kuzuzwe ama-nuances acashile ombala ngenxa yemiphumela yokukhanya nobukhali ngokuphathelene nomzuzu ongokomlando lapho aqala khona ukwenziwa, kunzima kakhulu ukucacisa ngisho nokuhle kakhulu okwenziwe. ama-cameo ayengabaqoqi abakhulu.
Esinye sazo i-Gema Augustea, iwucezu lwetshe eliyigugu elibizwa ngokuthi i-bicolor onyx elaqoshwa ngezigcawu ezimbili ezihlanganisa izinhlamvu ezihlukahlukene.
Enkathini yombuso lawa ma-cameo ayehlonishwa kakhulu njengeMfanekiso WamaRoma, ngakho le mpucuko yayinobuhlakani bokusungula ingilazi ngayo, izuza ezinye izinzuzo ezinjengokukwazi ukulawula umbala nokucija.
Nakuba into enzima kakhulu kwakuwukusebenza ingilazi ngenxa yendlela ebucayi futhi ebiza ngayo ngaleso sikhathi somlando ngenxa yezinselele zobuchwepheshe zabaculi ukuthi ngisho nanamuhla ochwepheshe bezingilazi abakwazanga ukucacisa izimfihlo zobuciko babo.
Baze benza ngisho neziqukathi ze-cameo ezenziwe ngengilazi ezinomhlobiso oqoshiwe ovikelwe ngengilazi, esinye sezibonelo zayo ezinkulu ingilazi yasePortland kanye neGlass of the Seasons njengezithombe Zomfanekiso WaseRoma.
Mayelana namathoyizi ezingane
Okuthile okwakuvame kakhulu kuzo zonke izimpucuko kwakungamathoyizi futhi uMbuso WaseRoma wawungeke uhluke ngokocwaningo olwenziwa kusukela ngesikhathi sempucuko yamaGreki yamaGreki lubonisa ukuthi kwakunezinhlobonhlobo zamathoyizi ezihloselwe ukuzijabulisa nokuzijabulisa kwezinsana.
Kusukela onodoli bendabuko kuya ezinqoleni ezinamasondo, ngisho nefenisha encane kanye nezibalo zamaqhawe njengezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kukhona ngisho nezindlu ezincane ezenziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-terracotta, izinkuni noma insimbi.
Lawa mathoyizi ayindlela eyisisekelo yokwazi isimo senhlalo nezomnotho semindeni mayelana nokutholwa kwalezi zinto zokutotosa amakhosi omuzi ayeyizingane zawo.
Izithombe zokukhulekela kwangasese
Esicini senkolo, imikhaya yayinezithombe eziqoshiwe zonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ezindlini zamaRoma, ngaphezu konkulunkulu bomkhaya ngisho nasezingeni likazwelonke.
Lo mkhuba wokukhulekela onkulunkulu uvela ethonyeni lempucuko yase-Etruria naseGrisi lapho bafundiswa khona ukuhlonipha nokudumisa amandla emvelo.
Njengamanye amandla angabonakali, umphakathi wamaRoma wawaguqula aba izithombe eziqoshiwe ezine-physiognomy yomuntu, enendima enkulu enkolweni yangasese yemindeni.
Njengamanje ungabona izethulo zaleli gugu eliphathekayo kumamnyuziyamu lapho kugcwele khona izithombe eziqoshiwe zehlelo elizimele, yingakho ukwanda kwalo okukhulu kuwo wonke uMbuso WaseRoma kulinganiselwa futhi izinga lobuciko lincike ezindlekweni zalowo mzuzu womlando.
KumaRoma lezi zithombe eziqoshiwe zaziwuhlobo lokuxhumana nonkulunkulu ngalo mklamo owenziwa abantu abafayo ukuze bazi amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Ngendlela efanayo nezinye izithombe eziqoshiwe - iziphandla lapho zazivikela khona izakhamuzi emandleni angaphezu kwawemvelo, kokubili impucuko yase-Etruscan nesiGreki yayizisebenzisa.
Ngenxa yabo, umphakathi wamaRoma wawubazi phakathi kwababhali basendulo abafana noGalen noPliny abasitshela ngezinzuzo zabo ezinkulu.
Ngakho-ke, izakhamuzi zaseRoma zenza lo mkhuba umkhuba ojwayelekile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seLate Imperial, kodwa lezi zakhi zazingencane.
Ezimweni eziningi, izithombe eziqoshiwe ezenza umsebenzi we-amulet zitholwe ezindaweni zokuvubukula, njengoba zazifanekisela okhokho abavikelayo bekhaya, njengoba kwenzeka kumaLares.
Okwakuhlonishwa kakhulu ezindlini zomndeni, kunjalo, uPriapus ungunkulunkulu wesibeletho ngoba isithombe sakhe sasisihle kakhulu ukuvikela iso elibi kanye nobunyumba nokungabi namandla, sasibekwe ngaphandle kwezindlu.
Ukuhlotshiswa kwezinto
Izinto eziningi ze-utilitarian zazihlotshiswe, njengazo izitsha, amavase, izibambo zeminyango, kanye nezibani, eziseduze ne-Roman Sculpture, zibe yizicucu eziningi ezibonisa ikhono nezindlela zempucuko yamaRoma.
Ngokuphathelene nezibani, ngaphezu kwama-braziers, ayehlotshiswe ngezithombe eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ekusizeni lapho kuboniswa khona izigcawu zenkolo, ezivusa amadlingozi nezezinganekwane, kuye ngokuthi indawo yesithombe izosetshenziswa.
Le mihlobiso yayihlotshiswe ngaphezu kwamapuleti, izitsha, izingilazi kanye namabhodwe lapho kuklanywe khona okokuhlobisa okuhle kakhulu kanye nezintamo zamavazi anomumo omangalisayo.
Ngokuphathelene ne-ceramics, i-terra sigillata ivelele, iwuhlobo lwesitsha noma isitsha esihlotshiswe ngokusikeka kanye nemidwebo, okwakuvame kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo yoMbuso WaseRoma.
Enye yezinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezakha ingxenye ye-Roman Sculpture eyaziwa ngegama elithi antefixes zokuhlobisa ezazibekwe emaphethelweni ophahleni lwezindlu zaseRoma, zenziwe ngezimo ezingabonakali noma izibalo.
Isithombe SaseRoma Ngenkathi Yombuso
Mayelana namakhulu eminyaka okugcina oMbuso WaseRoma, cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, uguquko olusha lwamasiko olwaziwa ngokuthi i-classicism lwenziwa.
Ngakho-ke, uMbuso WaseRoma wawusuvele unomlando wawo kanye nobuwena futhi wawusuqala ukuthola amanye amasiko asendulo, njengeMpumalanga Eseduze.
Lapho ithonya lalezi zimpucuko laliqala khona, inkolo kanye nemibono ngaphakathi kwempucuko yamaRoma ngenxa yendawo yayo enkulu lapho behlangana khona nala masiko amasha kubo njengoba kwenzeka eGaul, Hispania, Britannia, Arabia, Persia, North of Africa. kanye naseCaucasus.
Ngalokhu, kwasungulwa amasu amasha ayeyingxenye ye-Roman Sculpture ngenxa yethonya lalezi zindawo ezintsha ezaziyingxenye yoMbuso WaseRoma.
Ukwakha ukukhuphuka kwesiko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zobuhle ezehlukene ezaguqulwa ngokwesifundazwe lapho ubuciko bathuthukiswa khona. Ngakho-ke, i-syncretism yayingenye yezimfanelo zobuciko bamaRoma futhi ekupheleni kwesikhathi sombuso esibaluleke kakhulu ngemva kobuKristu, izindinganiso zobuciko bobuqaba zamukelwa ababusi abangamaKristu ngokuphathelene nezihloko ezintsha.
Ngaleso sikhathi idolobha laseConstantinople laguqulwa laba inhloko-dolobha entsha ngakho lalihlotshiswe ngezakhiwo ezinhle zezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhekisela kobuciko kwedolobha laseRoma, okubonisa umuzwa wokulondoloza amasiko asendulo aguqulwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo kanye nezithakazelo zomongo.
Kodwa kufanele wazi ukuthi kwakungeyona into ehlala njalo ye-classicism kodwa kunalokho ukukhethwa kwezitayela zobuciko, ngakho-ke lesi sikhathi sasikhetha futhi ngokuzithandela. Njengoba kwaqinisekiswa yizincwadi zangaleso sikhathi, ezinye izitayela zagcinwa ngokusemthethweni kuyilapho ezinye zakhohlwa.
Ngisho nangalesi sikhathi izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalakahle, ezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho zafakazelwa ngokuvumelana nezakhi ukuze abantu abaphezulu bomphakathi waseRoma baqhubeke nokuthola imfundo ye-conservative and classical. Ngakho-ke, bafunda ababhali abadumile futhi babejwayelene namasiko okhokho, bethuthukisa ukunambitheka kwabo ngokwamadolobha.
Ngaphandle kwezindlu zezicukuthwane, kanye nezinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi, zazihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso eyayibhekwa njengamaqaba ngesikhathi uMbusi uConstantine eguqukela ebuKristwini ngonyaka ka-312.
Kwakuwukugqashuka kwesiko lamaRoma elaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kodwa kwenziwa kancane kancane ngokophenyo olwenziwa uRachel Kousser, eveza lokhu okulandelayo:
"... Izikhulu zekhulu lesine ngakho-ke kwadingeka zixoxisane ngendawo yazo kulo mhlaba ophikisanayo, ngaphandle kokudala ukungqubuzana obala..."
"... Izikhumbuzo ezenziwe zalondoloza iminonjana yaleyo ngxoxo: yendabuko ngesimo, i-oblique kokuqukethwe, ibhala ngokusungulwa kokuvumelana okusha..."
“…Kwabahlonishwa bekhulu lesine, lezi zithombe ezisekelwe kumamodeli ezithombe zakudala bekuyizimoto eziwusizo zokuzimela okunokulinganisela nokuphumelelayo…”
“...kube nenkulumo yesikhathi esedlule esabiwe yibo bonke kanye nesipho esihlukene. Ngale ndlela, basize ekuqinisekiseni ukusinda kwezinhlobo zakudala kwezobuciko benkathi ephakathi…”
Ngaleso sikhathi, kwenziwa imisebenzi yobuciko eyayinokubukeka okujwayelekile kodwa okwamanje kithi imele i-monotony evamile eyaziswa kakhulu enkathini ye-Late Imperial.
Ngakho-ke, le misebenzi yaphawula ingqopha-mlando kulolu hlelo olusha lobuKristu, yenza ukumelela okungokwemvelo komuntu ngomfanekiso oqoshiwe wamaRoma, kwaba impumelelo enkulu emisebenzini yobuciko.
Ngenxa yalokhu, amatshe esikhumbuzo e-classicist eNkathi Yakamuva enza uhlelo lungafi ngenxa yamagugu obuciko alethwe empucukweni yamaGreki.
Yase isakazeke kuyo yonke indawo yoMbuso WaseRoma, yaba ugqozi olukhulu ngeNkathi Yokuzalwa njengezinye izinkathi zobuciko ozofunda ngazo ngezihloko zethu ezithakazelisayo.
Lezi zithombe ezithakazelisayo ezaziqokomisa uMfanekiso WamaRoma owawukhula ngekhulu lesi-391, nakuba ubuKristu babudlondlobala, kanye nokuxoshwa kwehlelo lamaRoma lasendulo uMbusi uTheodosius I ngonyaka ka-XNUMX, kwabangela ukubhujiswa kwezithombe zenkolo ezazihlobisa. .
Umbusi uPrudentius wacela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX ukuba agcine izithombe zalezi zithombe zamaqaba njengezimpawu zekhono elikhulu lobuciko labadwebi bezandla, kanye nokuba yindlela enhle yokuhlobisa ukuhlelwa kwedolobha lamadolobha.
Ngisho nasezincwadini, ngoCassiodorus, imizamo eyenziwayo yokugcina izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaRoma ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX ingabonakala, okungaba ingxenye yobufakazi boMbuso WaseRoma ngekusasa.
Kodwa isimiso sobupapa noMbuso WamaRoma sashintshwa kangangokuthi amatshe esikhumbuzo amaningi aphucwa imifanekiso emelela Umfanekiso Oqoshiwe WamaRoma.
Ukusetshenziswa kombala njengesisetshenziswa esisemthethweni nesilingisa
Ngaphezu kokubaza itshe noma ithusi eliphucuziwe le-Roman Sculpture, umphumela ophelele womsebenzi wobuciko waguqulwa imibala esetshenziswe ebusweni besithombe.
Lo mkhuba wawuvame kakhulu ezimpucukweni zamaGreki, ezazivame kakhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa ukulandisa okungokomlando okunikezwe izithombe zethusi namatshe.
Isici esesabekayo njengoba sibonwa njengamanje kumamnyuziyamu, okuthakazelisa kakhulu i-pigment esetshenziswa njengomhlobiso, yingakho ku-Roman Sculpture yayivamile kokubili ezithombeni eziqoshiwe kanye nakumafrieze nasemininingwaneni yokusiza ngokusebenzisa umbala.
Kukholakala ukuthi umbala awusetshenziswanga ezifanekisweni, iphutha elaqhubeka kwezinye ukunyakaza kobuciko okufana neRenaissance, Baroque neNeoclassical.
Ukuthi bashiya izithombe esimweni semvelo sezinto abazisebenzisayo, ngokungafani ne-Roman Sculpture, ngisho nangaphezu kokusetshenziswa kombala, yayisetshenziselwa ukufaka izingcezu ngezinye izinto.
Njengoba kuyigolide, isiliva, i-enamel, ingilazi kanye ne-mother-of-pearl ukugqamisa izici ezithile noma izingxenye ze-anatomy ngalezi zinto, zingaba futhi imabula enombala noma amanye amatshe ayigugu afana ne-onyx.
Ngisho ne-alabaster enemithambo enemibala eminingi kanye nokucija okukhulu kwezingubo zezithombe ezidala umphumela ohehayo futhi omuhle.
Ngokophenyo lwakamuva olwenziwa ku-Roman Sculpture, kube nemibukiso ekhuluma ngemifanekiso yemisebenzi emihle kakhulu eseminyuziyamu njengamanje.
Ukusebenzisa ukubuyiselwa kwemibala yoqobo kulezi zithombe kuvumela ababukeli ukuthi bazi ukuthi Lo Mfanekiso WaseRoma wobuciko bakudala wawubukeka kanjani osukwini lwawo lokuduma.
Izifanekiso ezivelele zamaRoma
Esinye sezithombe ezivelele kakhulu ze-Roman Sculpture ngenxa yokuphelela kwezici zayo ezenziwe ezithombeni yi-bust ye-Antinous eyatholwa ngo-1998 e-Villa Adriana namuhla le villa yaziwa ngegama le-Tivoli.
Wayengumthandi wombusi waseRoma uHadrian, lapho lensizwa ifa, umbusi wacela ukuba benze isithombe ababemhlobise ngaso, esibonisa ubuhle obumangalisayo.
Kulandelwa isithombe soMbusi u-Awugustu, okuyisithombe esibaziwe samaRoma esivelele kakhulu kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC futhi okwamanje silondolozwe lapho imininingwane yomqophi ibonwa khona ezicini ezithambile ezifaka ukuphila emabula.
Singaphinde sikhulume ngePantheon of Agrippa okuwuMfanekiso WamaRoma obaluleke kakhulu futhi ogcinwe emlandweni.
Esinye salezi zichuse esibaluleke kakhulu ku-Roman Sculpture isithombe sikaCato noPortia abangabashadikazi esikhungweni somngcwabo lapho kubonakala khona ukuvalelisa.
Ngenxa yezimfanelo ezilandelayo ezichazwe ngokuningiliziwe emsebenzini oqoshiwe, njengoba le ntokazi incane kakhulu kunomnumzane, lo Mfanekiso WaseRoma ubonisa ukuzwela okukhulu okukhipha ubuhle nemizwa lapho bebuka izandla zabo eziphothene.
Singaphinde sikhulume ngesithombe sikaPatrick lapho egqoke khona imaskhi eyaziwa kangcono ngesihloko esithi Brutus Barberini maqondana nalesi sithombe sigcwele umzimba futhi ngokwezingubo zakhe kuyaqondakala ukuthi unguPatrician.
Uphethe esandleni ngasinye isifuba esihambisana nokhokho bakhe futhi simelela uthando nenhlonipho azizwayo mayelana nohlu lwemvelaphi yakhe kanye nokugcina amasiko omngcwabo woMbuso WaseRoma.
Singaphinde sazise isifanekiso sika-Augustus wasePrima Porta, lesi Sifanekiso SaseRoma satholakala eVilla de Livia esedolobheni laseRoma ngokukhethekile ngo-April 20, 1863, okwamanje lo msebenzi omuhle kangaka uvikelwe eBraccio Nuovo.
Okuyingxenye Yamamyuziyamu aseVatican, lesi Sifanekiso Sezithombe SamaRoma sifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angaphezu kwamabili futhi kulo mfanekiso kubhekwa ucwaningo oluyinkimbinkimbi lomzimba womuntu ukuze kuqiniswe nokuxegiswa kwemisipha.
Njengoba ukhanga kakhulu ababukeli ngokusho kophenyo, lo msebenzi wokuqopha wagunyazwa unkosikazi kaCésar Augusto ngemuva kokunyamalala kwakhe ngokomzimba njengenkumbulo yezizukulwane zezimfanelo zakhe ezimangalisayo.
Ngokuphathelene nalesi Sifanekiso SaseRoma, sisekelwe ku-Doryphorus of Polykleitos kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu, yingakho izici zesithombe esiqoshiwe sakudala zibonakala.
Kuyisithombe esiqoshwe ngemabula futhi enye yezimfanelo zaso ukuthi ukuma kwayo kuyindilinga futhi kuso kwakusetshenziswe imibala yemibala, njengoluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, igolide ngaphezu kokunsomi.
Ukuba yisithombe esigcwele soMbusi u-Awugustu egqoke izingubo zezempi kanye nesivikelo sakhe sesifuba lapho kufanekisela ukunqoba kwezimpi zakhe zokugcina.
I-Roman Sculpture mayelana nezifundazwe
Ngaphandle kwedolobha laseRoma ungathola intuthuko yemvelo lapho kugcinwa khona ezinye zezikhumbuzo ezifana nalezo ezenziwe edolobheni elikhulu.
Nakuba abaqophi abaningi bezithombe babengenalo ikhono elilingana nelabadwebi basedolobheni laseRoma, kodwa futhi kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ngenxa yezihloko ezithintwayo ngokwemibono yamaRoma eyaguqula izizwe ayezinqobile.
Lapho kunenani elikhulu lezithombe eziqoshiwe ezivamile zoMbuso WamaRoma, zigqama ezifundazweni ezisentshonalanga yesizwe kunasengxenyeni esempumalanga, lapho ziyindlala khona kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yoMbuso WamaRoma, Umfanekiso Oqoshiwe WamaRoma wanda kuwo wonke umbuso ezizweni ezazinqotshwe eNtshonalanga kwaze kwaba yilapho, lapho kungena emazweni asempumalanga, umbono wamaRoma washintsha ngokwesiko lawo.
Amasiko nemibono yesizwe samaPheresiya kanye ne-Near East kancane kancane yaguqula i-Roman Sculpture yaba ubuciko obusha ngenkathi yobuKristu bokuqala.
Ifa Lempucuko YaseRoma ngokuya nge-Sculpture
Esinye sezimo okufanele sicatshangelwe ukuziqhenya kwempucuko yamaRoma mayelana nomthelela wesiko lamaGreki namanye amasiko afana nelaseMpumalanga.
U-Virgil uphawule embhalweni wakhe we-Aeneid ukuthi iRoma yayisazozalwa ngokobuciko izoba ngaphansi kweGreece enkulu kodwa amaqhinga ayo ezempi.
Njengoba nje ukukhula kwawo ekuphathweni komphakathi kwawenza wachuma, ngakho wonke uMfanekiso WamaRoma ekuqaleni wawuyikhophi nje yesibonelo sesiGreki.
Amanani abaluleke kakhulu eMbusweni WaseRoma agqama ukuthi asetshenziswe Emfanekisweni WaseRoma kwakuyisibindi, amandla namandla kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yendima yesakhamuzi saseRoma.
Ngakho-ke, lawa magugu acatshangelwa ngesikhathi sokwenza isithombe lapho kwakungabonakali ubuhle bangaphandle kuphela, kodwa futhi namandla angaphakathi omuntu ukuba abe imodeli ye-Roman Sculpture.
Njengoba kufakazelwa obunye Ubuciko Obubuhle obufana nokudweba, izincwadi, izinkondlo, izingoma, umculo ngisho ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zakhona kuthuthukise ikhono nekhono layo njengoba kuqokonyiswe ohlotsheni lwezithombe olufana nomfanekiso oqoshiwe wamaRoma.
Umphakathi wamaRoma wawunesikhundla esikhulu emphakathini futhi wawungenandaba nokuzikhethela komuntu siqu kanye nokweqisa okwabangela ukushaqeka kwempucuko yamaGreki.
NgeRenaissance, I-Roman Sculpture yaba nethuba lokuqhakaza futhi, iba yingxenye ebalulekile ekukhuleni kobuhle obusha ngokusebenzisa izakhi zayo.
Ngisho nomdwebi omkhulu u-Raphael mayelana nemisebenzi elahlekile yasendulo elahlekile wagxeka ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemabula noma ithusi ukudala ezinye izinto.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucwaninga ezikhungweni zemivubukulo yempucuko yaseRoma kwenza okutholakele okusha nokutholakala kwe-Roman Sculpture ababengazi kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
Ukubangela ulaka olukhulu emphakathini ophakeme weRenaissance lapho abadwebi abakhulu benza khona izifanekiso nezincazelo ezintsha eziphefumulelwe i-Roman Sculpture.
Ngenxa yokumbiwa kwezikhungo zemivubukulo ngaphezu kwemidwebo emihle kakhulu, lapho ithonya layo lalimangalisa kulo mnyakazo wobuciko.
Ngokuphathelene ne-Baroque, isithakazelo ezithombeni eziqoshiwe ze-Roman Sculpture ayizange inciphe kodwa yagcina iphakeme.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa lapho abantu bevakashela eYurophu, idolobha laseRoma lalingenye yezindawo zokuqala ukuvakashelwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intshisekelo yokwamukela ulwazi namasu alo mnyakazo wobuciko olethe njengomkhiqizo ukubonakala kwemodeli entsha yobuciko eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Neoclassicism.
Ngokuphathelene nekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, amaqoqo amakhulu ayimfihlo enziwa emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise neNgilandi.
Lapho i-Roman Sculpture yayiyingxenye yokutholwa okwanikeza abanikazi bayo ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo emphakathini kanye nokukhushulwa okuhle kakhulu emahhovisi omphakathi.
Kungalesi sikhathi se-Neoclassicism lapho ukuhunyushwa kabusha kwesitayela sakudala esiphefumulelwe i-Roman Sculpture maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
IGreece ibuya ukuzovula ithuba emazweni aseNtshonalanga ngemuva kokuvela kombuso waseTurkey ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zemivubukulo imisebenzi emisha yamaGreki.
Kakade ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, uguquko lwesimanje lwanciphisa isithakazelo kwezobuciko boMbuso WaseRoma, kodwa iminyuziyamu namuhla isibonisa ingcebo Yezithombe Eziqoshiwe ZaseRoma lapho isiko laseNtshonalanga livela khona.
Isiphetho
Umfanekiso WamaRoma, ngokungafani nesiko lamaGreki, awugqami ngobuhle bawo noma imihlobiso yawo, kodwa kuyagqama ukuthi imifanekiso yawo eqoshiwe yaklanywa ukuze ihlabe umxhwele ezinye izizwe ngenxa yamandla ayo amakhulu ezempi, ezombangazwe nezokuphatha.
Ngezithombe nama-busts, umklamo olandisayo wababusi wadalwa, obonisa ngalo Mfanekiso WaseRoma umlingiswa ongathi sína, onesibopho futhi ozimisele wommeleli ophakeme kakhulu woMbuso WaseRoma.
Ngokuqondene nezithombe eziqoshiwe, zazisetshenziswa Emfanekisweni WamaRoma ukuze kulandiswe izenzakalo zomlando kanye nokubhekana kwamabutho aseRoma ezimpini lapho ayebusa izindawo ezintsha ukuze andise uMbuso WaseRoma.
Ngisho nezithombe zenziwa lapho kubhekwa khona amandla nobukhosi bamakhosi ezihlalweni, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunqunu kwabesifazane akubonwa emsebenzini woMfanekiso WamaRoma njengoba kwakuvamile kwamanye amasiko.
Ngakho-ke uMfanekiso WamaRoma wawunenjongo okwakuwukuthuthukisa amandla nobukhosi bedolobha elihle laseRoma kwezinye izizwe.
Kumele uqaphele ukuthi ochwepheshe bokuqala bezithombe abafika edolobheni laseRoma badabuka eGrisi, ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaphezulu bomphakathi waseRoma bathola ukusetshenziswa okuningi ku-Roman Sculpture mayelana nendawo yasekhaya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchuma kwenkathi yobuKristu kukhuthaza izimfuneko zokuklanywa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe ezihlobene nomkhakha wenkolo yobuKristu enkathini yayo yakudala ehambisana nonyaka we-150 wenkathi yobuKristu.
Ngisho ne-Roman Sculpture yayiyisibonelo senkulumo-ze yezombangazwe ngesikhathi sayo yokudumisa ababusi.Phakathi kwezithombe eziqoshwe kakhulu yilezo ezenziwe ngemabula, zilandelwa yilezo eziklanywe ngethusi kanye nenani elincane lendlovu ukuze azisebenzisele umuntu.
Imifanekiso eqoshiwe yayiyingxenye ye-Roman Sculpture, ikakhulukazi ezigcawini lapho izenzakalo zomlando zazilandiswa khona.
Ngaphandle kokuqopha ukunqoba okwatholwa amaRoma, njengoba kufakazelwa ikholomu edumile yeTrajan, imifanekiso eqoshiwe nayo yasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwalesi siko.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: