Izakhiwo zaseRoma kanye nezici zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu

Egqugquzelwe imodeli yezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala, amaRoma enza isitayela esisha sezakhiwo esingabonakala ngensalela emikhulu nenhle esekhona kulezi zikhathi. Maqondana nalokhu, lesi sihloko sikulethela ulwazi oluthakazelisayo nolubalulekile mayelana ne Izakhiwo zaseRoma nokuningi

izakhiwo zaseRoma

Kusukela ekusungulweni kweRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma ngo-509 BC kuze kube cishe ngekhulu lesine AD, ukukhulelwa kwezakhiwo kule mpucuko kwakukhona kakhulu, kubonakaliswa ngokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu. Lokhu kokugcina kuwumfanekiso walokho okungaba yizakhiwo zasendulo noma zakamuva zaseByzantium. Kodwa-ke, akukho modeli ye-transcendental eyagcinwa kwaze kwaba unyaka wama-653 BC, nakuba kakade cishe ngonyaka we-100 AD lapho uMbuso Wokugcina wawubusa khona, amamodeli abalulekile wezakhiwo zaseRoma agcinwa ngokuphelele.

Ngakho-ke naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uMbuso WaseRoma wawela ekuwohlokeni, umthelela womklamo wawo wezakhiwo wagcinwa iminyaka eminingi, lokhu kungenye yezinto ezimele kakhulu kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu kusukela ngonyaka we-1000 AD, okuyilokhu kwandiswa nokubuyekezwa kwe imodeli yezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zaseRoma ezibizwa nge-Romanesque architecture.

Izakhiwo zaseRoma ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izingcweti zaseRoma, zabonisa ukusebenza, ubuhlakani obushukumisayo kanye nomcabango wokuhlela wababhali bawo. Ngakho lapho uMbuso WaseRoma ukwazi ukusabalala kulo lonke elaseMedithera nasezifundeni ezinkulu zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, abadwebi bezakhiwo baseRoma baphathiswa umsebenzi wokumela ngemisebenzi emikhulu yezakhiwo ubukhulu namandla eRoma, ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yezakhamuzi zakhona.

Ukuze abonise ubuhle balo Mbuso, amaRoma agqama ngokusebenzisa isethi yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwakha ezifana nalezi:

• I-arc.
• I-vault.
• Idomu.
• Ukusetshenziswa kokhonkolo.

Kwaba ngokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinqubo lapho abadwebi bezakhiwo baseRoma bachaza futhi babeka izisekelo zemisebenzi yomphakathi eminingana edlula zonke emlandweni wezokwakha, okuhlanganisa amathempeli, amatshe esikhumbuzo, okugeza omphakathi, ama-basilica, amakhothamo okunqoba, nama-amphitheatre.

Njengendlela yokuqhubeka nokuqinisa izimiso zesikhathi sokuqina nokuthula lapho uMbuso owawubizwa ngokuthi Ukuthula KwaseRoma wawugcinwa, abaklami bezakhiwo bahlela ukubulawa nokuhlanganisa imisele yamanzi engenakubalwa, kanye nesethi yamapayipi amanzi, amabhuloho kanye nochungechunge oluthuthukisiwe lwe imigwaqo, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho abahleli basemadolobheni bahlela ngamapulani ukwakhiwa okusekelwe emakamu ezempi ngenhloso yokusungula ama-metropolises amasha kusukela ekuqaleni.

Iningi lobuciko kanye nomklamo wezakhiwo owawusebenza njengogqozi lwabakhi bezakhiwo baseRoma, lwathathwa kuma-Etruscans namaGreki, okungukuthi, bathatha izakhi zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-architecture yakudala. Ngokufanayo, bafunda ngezakhiwo zamaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye nokwakhiwa kwamatshe. Ngakho-ke i-architecture ingumnikelo oyingqayizivele weRoma lasendulo emlandweni wezobuciko namasiko waseYurophu. Ngakho-ke lokhu kugqame kakhulu kunezinhlobo eziningi zezithombe eziqoshiwe zamaRoma, cishe zonke ezivela kumaGreki.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwabo kwakhiwe izindonga eziqinile eziphambana nama-arches kanye ne-domes. Lokhu empeleni bekuwushintsho oluphawulekayo kusukela kumakholomu namakholamu avame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zakudala. Kodwa-ke, njengentuthuko yobuciko noma yobuhle, ama-oda okuhlobisa akudala angeziwe, njenge-Tuscan (okuhlukile okwenziwe lula kwe-Doric order) nezinhlanganisela (ukuhleleka okunyusiwe ngokuhlobisa kwezimbali kwaseKorinte kanye nemiqulu ye-Ionic).

Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kwezakhiwo zoMbuso kwenzeka cishe phakathi konyaka wama-40 BC no-230 AD, kudala ngaphambi kobunzima bekhulu lesi-XNUMX kanye nezithiyo ezilandelayo ezanciphisa ingcebo namandla okuhlela oMbuso. Phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu nesisekelo semisebenzi yamaRoma, kukhona:

• Ithempeli laseMaison Carrée kanye nomsele webhuloho wasePont Du Gard otholakala eNimes - eFrance, womabili aqala ngo-19 BC.
• I-Colosseum eRoma - e-Italy isikhathi sayo sokubulawa siphakathi kuka-72-80 BC
• I-Arch of Titus eRoma - Italy yakhiwa ngo-81 AD
• Umsele wamanzi wamaRoma eSegovia - eSpain ngo-100 AD
• Amabhavu (104-109 AD) kanye neTrajan's Bridge (105 AD) e-Alcántara – Spain.
• Celsus roman library e-Efesu - Turkey ngo-120 AD
• Hadrian's Wall eNyakatho yeNgilandi ngo-121 AD
• I-Pantheon eRoma - Italy ngo-128 AD
• I-Diocletian's Palace eSplit - eCroatia ngo-300 AD
• I-Baths of Diocletian eRoma - e-Italy ngo-306 AD
• I-Arch of Constantine eRoma - Italy ngo-312 AD
• Ipayipi lendle eRoma - Italy phakathi kuka-600-200 BC Lesi kwakungenye yezinhlelo zendle ezindala kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba, ngokwazo zazifuna ukukhipha amanzi endawo futhi zithuthe imfucuza isuka edolobheni iye eMfuleni iTiber.

Zonke izici zokuklama kwezakhiwo zaseRoma zahlolwa umakhi uMarcus Vitruvius, owayebambe iqhaza kakhulu kulo mkhakha kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala BC kuze kube yincwadi yakhe yezakhiwo cishe ngo-27 BC, nakuba lokhu kwafakazelwa ngaphambi kwesiteji sokudala kakhulu sezakhiwo zaseRoma. .

historia 

Manje ukwazi kancane ngokuthi imodeli yezakhiwo zaseRoma yathuthukiswa kanjani, kuyadingeka ukwazi ngomlando wayo ngemvelaphi yayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamasu amasha, ukuvuselelwa okwenziwa abakhi bamaRoma, i-boom yezakhiwo kanye nokwehla kwayo okwalandela. Olandelayo:

Iziqalo

Ukuqagela kwezakhiwo zamaRoma kwaqala ikakhulukazi ngama-Etruscans, lapho ezikhathini zamuva kwathathwa izici zesiGreki, ngokwazo izici zala mathonya ziboniswa emisebenzini yamaRoma ngesikhathi esibangelwa ama-Punic belligerences. Njengamanje, iziqalo zezakhiwo zaseRoma zibuyela emuva lapho kwenziwa khona imisebenzi yokuqala, njengomgwaqo wokuqala kanye nomsele wokuqala.

Ezikhathini lapho uMbuso WaseRoma wawukhazimulisa ukunqoba kwawo nokubusa kwawo phezu kwezindawo zaseSisili naseGrisi ngokwawo, kwakuyinto evamile ukuba izikhulu zaseRoma zibe nenqwaba yezinto ezinenani elikhulu lobuciko njengezindondo, lokhu njengengxenye yomvuzo wazo wokunqoba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobukhulu, amandla kanye nomnotho waseRoma, yaqala ukuheha abaculi base-Etruscan namaGreki, ngakho baqala ukugxilisa kumaRoma ngobuhle bobuciko nokuhlonishwa kwayo.

Kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwamaRoma ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo akuzange kuvele kuze kube sekupheleni kwesigaba samaGreki. Ukwakhiwa kwabo ngokuvamile kwakusekelwe ezisekelweni eziqinile ezazibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwamatshe amakhulu asetshenziwe noma aluhlaza, lokhu kubulawa ekwakhiweni kwabo kwakufana kakhulu nama-Etruscans.

Ingqikithi yemisebenzi yezakhiwo yamaRoma eyasungulwa ekuqaleni kwayo yafeza umgomo owusizo kakhulu kunesitayela, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sobukhosi, lapho ukungabikho kwayo yonke imiklamo yayo yokuhlobisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-sculptural noma yezithombe, yayiphawuleka kakhulu. Kodwa ngemva kokuthungathwa kweSirakhuse phakathi neminyaka engu-212-214 BC, amaRoma aqala ukuthandwa nokwazisa ubuciko obuhle, okwaba isiko kuwo wonke umphakathi waseRoma.

Ngesikhathi iGreece iba isifundazwe saseRoma ngo-144 BC, abaculi abangamaGreki abayizigqila abangenakubalwa bathathwa bayosebenza eRoma. Esinye sezenzo ezazivuna isithakazelo kwezobuciko eRoma kwakuyizinto eziningi ezatholwa ekunqobeni kukaLucio Emilio Paulo Macedónico phakathi nengxabano yasePydna.

Ngendlela efanayo, lokho okwatholwa emathempelini amaGreki aseDelphi, i-Olympia ne-Epidaurus nguLucio Cornelio Sila Félix, izinto eziyigugu ezitholwe u-Octavio de Alejandría kanye nokuphazanyiswa kwamathempeli ahlukahlukene ase-Asia nguPublio Cornelio Dolabela. Indawo yokugcina yalezi zinto kwakuyiRoma, futhi lokhu ngokwakho ngandlela thize kwavusa ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukukhanga okucwengisisiwe kokuthi kuze kube yileso sikhathi kwakuyindlela yobuciko ababengayazi.

Manje ukwakhiwa kokuqala kwamaRoma kwemabula okwakusethempelini, kwasungulwa abakhi bezakhiwo zaseLaconia-Grecia Sauro kanye neBatraco ngomyalo wenxusa uQuinto Cecilio Metelo Pío.

emisha yezobuchwepheshe

Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezenziwa amaRoma ekwakhiweni kwawo ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zangasese namakhothamo, lokhu ngandlela thize kube nomthelela ekucindezeleni amakholomu nama-architraves, into ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaGreki zakudala ezazisetshenziswa njengendlela yokweseka izakhiwo. usilingi nemishayo esindayo, ngakho lezi ngokuvamile zazingeyona into engaphezu kokuhlobisa ekusebenzeni. KwabaseRoma, ukunakekelwa kwesitayela kwamaGreki kwakungagcini kubo, ngakho-ke basebenzisa imiyalo yakudala ngokuzimela okukhulu.

Ngakho, ngesikhathi sokukhazinyuliswa kwawo amaRoma ayephefumulelwe kahle ngemibono yezakhiwo kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokukhiqiza amapulani amasha, imibono emikhulu ngendawo kanye nombono osobala mayelana nenani elikhulu. Ukwakhiwa okusha kwezakhiwo zaseRoma kwaqala ukuzibonakalisa phakathi nekhulu lesibili nelesithathu BC ngokusebenzisa ukhonkolo esikhundleni sezitini netshe ekwakhiweni kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emisebenzini yakhe yalezo zikhathi, amakholomu amakhulu ayengabonakala njengesisekelo samakhothamo kanye nendlu.

Ukwengeza, iqoqo lamakholomu nje okuhlobisa amelana nodonga oluthwala imithwalo yaqala ukusetshenziswa, lezi zazibizwa ngokuthi ama-arcade noma amakholomu futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwawo kwakusekelwe ngendlela ethile ekusetshenzisweni kukakhonkolo ekwakhiweni kwamaRoma. Ngokuphathelene nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo ezincane, amandla okhonkolo waseRoma asebenzise uhlelo oluwunxande lweseli endaweni egeleza ngokukhululekile.

Esinye sezibikezelo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseRoma kwakuwukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwamakhothamo namapulangwe. Ngokwazo, kwakuyinqwaba yomlotha wentaba-mlilo (i-pozzolana) kanye netshe, into ehluke kakhulu kuma- voussoirs amatshe afanayo njengoba kubonakala kuma-vaults ase-Etruscan, noma kweminye imisebenzi yase-Asia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-vault ayenezitini eziqinile kakade ezihambisanayo kodwa ezishumekwe ngaphakathi kwevault ngokwayo, injongo yayo ngokuyisisekelo iwukuba usekelo lwesikhashana nokuqinisa kwangaphakathi. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu salokhu kubulawa kwamaRoma singabonakala edome ye-Pantheon of Agrippa eRoma.

Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaRoma, akazange nje asebenzise ama-vaults emiphongolo kanye nezindlu emisebenzini yakhe, kodwa futhi nezisekelo eziyisisekelo ezigxilile nezinezimbambo. Nakuba amanqamu aqanjwe igama ayengavamile ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle koMbuso WaseMpumalanga kusukela emisebenzini yezakhiwo abayenzayo, inqubo kuphela yezinyathelo zangaphakathi zokuphikisa ezisetshenziswa kumagumbi angaphansi AseCaracalla naseBasilica yaseMaxentius engabonwa ngeso lengqondo.

Ngokufanayo, izinhloko-dolobha ezingokomlando ezazimelele kakhulu eNkathini Ephakathi zazikhona ezakhiweni zamaRoma, okuthile okwabonakala kwezinye izindawo zasendulo ezazixhumene namaRoma, njengePompeii yasendulo. Njengoba sesigcizelele kakade, imisebenzi yezakhiwo zaseRoma yayimelwe ngokuvumelana nokusebenziseka kwayo, njenge:

• Izakhiwo zingasukela kwezisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ziye kweziwubukhazikhazi kakhulu.
• Imisele namabhuloho bekunesizotha kodwa kusebenza kahle ngokuya ngokusebenza kwayo.
• Izigodlo namathempeli, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakungokunye, lokhu kwakufanele kube okungavamile, kubonakalise ngokusobala lokho ezikumelelayo.
• Izakhiwo ezilula kakhulu noma imisebenzi esetshenziselwa ukumbozwa ngamatshe enza ama-oda angabonisi indawo yangaphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu noma imisebenzi yayihlotshiswe ngokusebenzisa imidwebo namathayili.

Ukuvuselelwa kwedolobha kuka-Augustus

Ngenxa yokuphakama kwezimali kwangaleso sikhathi kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu emadolobheni amakhulu aseRoma, uMbuso WaseRoma wabona isidingo sokuhlola nokusebenzisa amasu amasha ayekwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo kuyo yonke intuthuko yawo yezakhiwo yangalezo zikhathi. Ngakho-ke ngolwazi olubanzi lwezinto zokwakha, kanye namasu ahlukahlukene njengokwakhiwa kwama-vaults nama-arches, uMbuso WaseRoma ukwazile ukwenza ngempumelelo ingqalasizinda enkulu ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi.

Ukusungulwa koMbuso WamaRoma eGreece kwaholela ekubeni amaGreki amaningi athuthele e-Italy, kuhlanganise nabadwebi. Ngokwengxenye, Ukuthula KwaseRoma (i-Pax Romana) okwakhuthazwa u-Augustus kwaveza ukukhula komnotho okuphawulekayo okwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuciko, phakathi kwazo okuhlanganisa izakhiwo.

Ngakho-ke izinhlelo zokuhlela zasemadolobheni zaseRoma zokuguqula nokunikeza isithombe esisha edolobheni, njengengxenye yemibono ka-Augustus, ekugcineni zagcwaliseka ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kokuthula kuzo zonke izindawo ezazibuswa amaRoma, ngemva kokuzuza ukunqoba kwalokhu umncintiswano we-Action ngokumelene noMarco Antonio. Ngandlela-thile, u-Augustus akazange nje afeze isifiso sikayise wokutholwa uJulius Caesar somusa ukuvela kweRoma, lokhu kuwumbono wakhe omusha wenhloko-dolobha yoMbusi, kodwa futhi wakhuthaza ukwakhiwa nobuciko.

Ngaleso sikhathi iRoma yayisivele inezakhamuzi ezilinganiselwa esigidini esisodwa phakathi kwamaRoma nabantu bokufika, lokhu kwaholela ekudalweni kwezindawo ezidumile njengezindawo zase-Argileto, Velabro naseSuburra. Ngakho-ke ngenxa yokwanda okunjalo kwenani labantu, uMbuso wabona kunesidingo sokuqalisa uhlelo oluxhumene nokuhlelwa kwedolobha olwaluhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwechweba nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwabantu. Ngokufanayo, ngalesi sikhathi, ukwakhiwa okulandelayo kwenziwa:

• Ukunwetshwa komzila woMfula iTiber ukuze kuvikelwe idolobha nezakhamuzi zalo ezikhukhuleni ezingase zibe khona.
• Imisele emisha yamanzi.
• Izindawo zokugeza zokuqala zomphakathi.
• I-amphitheatre.
• Amatiyetha amabili.
• Umtapo wolwazi otholakala emphakathini jikelele.
• Inkundla ka-Augustus (Forum de Augusti).
• I-altare Lokuthula (Ara Pacis).
• Amathempeli: I-Pantheon of Agrippa kanye ne-Mars Avenger (Mars Ultor).
• Izingadi ezingenakubalwa, amavulandi kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene.

Omunye wemisebenzi yokuguqula uhlelo luka-Augustus lokuhlobisa idolobha elikhulu laseRoma, kwakuwukusebenza eNsimini yaseMars (Campus Martius), ngokungangabazeki eyaholela ekubeni enye yezakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo ezimangalisa kakhulu zaseRoma lasendulo. Ngokufanayo, u-Augustus wafaka ohlelweni lwakhe lokuhlela emadolobheni ukudala i-Mausoleum yakhe, lapho asuka khona ngokwenyama, wavikela izinsalela zakhe, umndeni wakhe kanye neNdlu ka-Augustus (i-Domus Augusti) e-Palatine Hill. Lesi kungaba isakhiwo esikhulu se-Imperial Palace (Palatium).

Omunye wemibono emihle maqondana nokushisekela kanye nezenzo zika-Augustus mayelana nokunikeza isethulo esihle kakhulu sedolobha laseRoma, uqokonyiswa isazi-mlando uSeutonio eNcwadini II ngempilo yoKhesari abayishumi nambili, lapho eveza khona lokhu okulandelayo:

«U-Augustus waletha iRoma ebuhleni obunjalo, endaweni lapho umklamo wayo wesitayela wawungahambisani nobukhulu boMbuso, owawuthi futhi njengedolobha wachayeka ezingozini ezingenakubalwa ezifana nezikhukhula nemililo, eyayingaziqhayisa ngokufanelekile. .ukuyishiya ngetshe letshebula, belamukele ngezitini.”

i-boom yezakhiwo

Ezikhathini phakathi kohulumeni kaNero kanye noConstantine phakathi kuka-54 no-337 BC, yilapho ukubonakaliswa okukhulu kwezakhiwo kukhona eMbusweni WaseRoma, imisebenzi evelele kakhulu eyakhiwa ngesikhathi sohulumeni kaTrajan, Titus noHadrian. Ezinye izibonelo zokuqanjwa kwale misebenzi yilezi:

• Imisele eminingi yedolobha laseRoma.
• Izindawo zokugeza ze-Diocletian ne-Caracalla.
• Ama-basilicas.
• I-Colosseum eRoma.

Ngenxa yokuthi le misebenzi yezakhiwo mihle kakhulu, kamuva yakhiwa kwezinye izindawo eziseduze ngaphansi kokubusa koMbuso WaseRoma, kodwa ngezinga elincane. Ezinye zalezi zakhiwo zisamile cishe ziphelele namuhla, isibonelo: izindonga zedolobha laseLugo e-Hispania Tarraconensis endaweni manje eyinyakatho yeSpain.

Amandla okuphatha kanye nezimali ezandleni zoMbuso WaseRoma wawuvumela ukuba wakhe imisebenzi emikhulu, ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude kakhulu namadolobha amakhulu, kanye nokuqashwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe nabangafaneleki okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe izakhiwo.

Inhloso yezakhiwo zamaRoma ngokwazo yayixhumene nesenzo sezombangazwe, okwakungenzeka ngaso ukukhombisa amandla oMbuso WaseRoma ngokujwayelekile kanye nalawo abalingiswa abathile abaphethe ukwakhiwa kwawo. Ngandlela-thile, le njongo yezombangazwe ephathelene nezakhiwo yayivumela ukukhulisa uMbuso, kanye nomfanekiso amaRoma ayefuna ukuveza ngoMbuso wawo omkhulu. Ngakho-ke ukuze bafeze lokhu, abazange bachithe noma iyiphi yezinsiza zabo ukudumisa uhlobo lwabo lobukhulu kuyo yonke indalo yabo yezakhiwo.

Isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke sezakhiwo zaseRoma mhlawumbe safinyelelwa ngesikhathi sikahulumeni kaHadrian, kungalesi sikhathi lapho lo mbusi wayala ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kabusha kwemisebenzi eminingi, evelele kunazo zonke namuhla:

• Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwePantheon of Agrippa eRoma.
• Ukwakhiwa koDonga LukaHadrian, uphawu lwamaRoma olushiywe endaweni esenyakatho yeBrithani.

Nqaba

Ubuciko bamaRoma baphila isikhathi sabo sobuhle phakathi kwamakhulu amabili okuqala oMbuso WaseRoma, kodwa kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesibili leminyaka ukwehla kancane kwaqala ukubonakala ngenxa yesitayela esihle nesivelele, futhi lokhu kwabonakala nakakhulu phakathi nenhlekelele. yekhulu lama-XNUMX. III okwathi kamuva kwaba nesinqumo ngekhulu lesine nelesihlanu, lapho ubuciko be-baroque nobunzima baqala ukubonakala emiklamweni yabo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubukhulu nokunetha kwemisebenzi yabo yezakhiwo kwanda.

Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo zamaRoma njengobuciko zaqhubeka zizibonakalisa ngemisebenzi eminingi, kwaze kwaba yilapho amadolobha amaningana ayinhloko aseRoma athathwa ama-barbarians. Ezinye zalezi zibonelo amathempeli amakhulu aseRoma asungulwa phakathi nekhulu lesine, ayengagcini nje ngokuba khona ukuze akhulekele amaKristu kodwa nezabantu. Phakathi kwabo singabala:

• Izinsalela zesonto elikhulu lomphakathi likaConstantine (noma iMaxentius), leli litholakala eRoma futhi lalisetshenziswa njengomthombo wogqozi kubakhi beRenaissance bekhulu leshumi nesithupha.

Namuhla kunombono wokuthi izakhiwo zamaRoma zaba nokwehla okuphelele ngesikhathi kubusa uConstantine, kuye ngokwakhe wasebenzisa izingcezu ezihlukahlukene ezifana namakholomu, izithombe eziqoshiwe nezinsalela ezihlukahlukene, zonke zasendulo kulokho okwakuhlakazekile kuyo yonke indawo yesizinda. ukwakha imisebenzi emisha yezakhiwo, njengoba enza ngeConstantinople.

Ngendlela efanayo, wasebenza ekwakhiweni kweKhothamo likaConstantine eRoma, lapho asebenzisa khona izinto ezigaywe kabusha ezivela emisebenzini yangaphambili eyasungulwa kuhulumeni kaHadrian, uTrajan noMarcus Aurelius, ngakho-ke kungekho abaqophi abaqeqeshiwe, imidwebo ephezulu yezithombe. imisebenzi edlule.

Impela ukwehla kobuciko bamaRoma kwabonakala ngokwengeziwe ngaphakathi kwesithombe esiqoshiwe, ngokwako ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwaqhubeka kuthuthuka isikhathi eside, lokhu kwakugqugquzelwa ukuthi kwakulula ngabadwebi bezakhiwo ukulingisa imisebenzi ethile eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuntuleka abaqophi abanalelo khono.

Izimiso ezintathu ze-Vitruvian

Lezi zimiso zasendulo, ezisekhona kakhulu kwezokwakha namuhla, zadalwa umakhi nochwepheshe bezemisebenzi yomphakathi, kanye nokuba umbhali wemibhalo eminingi ehlobene nalobu buciko, uMarcos Vitruvio Pollio. Waphila phakathi nekhulu lokuqala BC futhi ukhunjulwa ngokuyinhloko ngeminikelo yakhe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ngomsebenzi wakhe, "De architectura."

Njengengxenye yokusondelana kwakhe kochwepheshe nombusi waseRoma u-Augustus, uVitruvius wanquma ukubhala phansi izinkumbulo zakhe nemibono yakhe yethiyori, umlando nezindlela zezakhiwo njengengxenye yokubonakaliswa kolwazi lwakhe kumbusi noMbuso WaseRoma. I-De architectura iyona kuphela incwadi yezokwakha esiye yasinda kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, isasele iyitshe lokuthinta lokuklama kuze kube manje.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaklami besimanje baqoqa imibono eminingi ebalulekile ezincwadini eziyishumi zikaVitruvius "De architectura". Futhi leyo mhlawumbe eye yamelana kangcono kakhulu nesikhathi yizimiso zakhe ezintathu, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Vitruvian Triad: Firmitas, Utilitas kanye neVenustas.

Ama-Firmites - Ukuqina, ukuqina noma ukumelana

Empeleni, i-firmitas igxila emcabangweni wokuthi izinto kufanele zakhiwe ukuze zihlale, ngisho nalapho zivezwa izakhi zemvelo. Isakhiwo esiwusizo ngendlela emangalisayo esiwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa singathathwa njengesehluleki. Isakhiwo esakhiwe kahle singahlala amakhulu eminyaka, ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Okuxakayo ukuthi azikho izakhiwo zikaVitruvius ezisindayo, kodwa lesi simiso sisasebenza.

Lesi simiso sihlanganisa izici eziningi zezakhiwo kunalokho okwenzeka kithi ngokushesha. Njengoba lapho kusungulwa ukuthi ukuqina kuzoqinisekiswa lapho izisekelo zithuthelwa emhlabathini oqinile futhi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zikhethwa ngobuhlakani nangenkululeko. Ngamanye amazwi, khetha indawo oya kuyo ngokucophelela, beka izisekelo ezijulile futhi usebenzise izinto ezifanele nezihlala isikhathi eside, yingakho imabula, ukhonkolo nezitini zazivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseRoma.

Sonke siyaqonda ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi ukuphila isikhathi eside kuwuphawu lokuklama okuhle. Ibonisa izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokugcinwa ngokucophelela. I-Pantheon of Agrippa eRoma iyisibonelo, lokhu kuwubufakazi bomklamo ohlala njalo, odume ngokuphila isikhathi eside nobukhulu bayo.

Isimiso siphinde sibhekisele ezintweni zemvelo, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo noma umsebenzi, ukucindezela kwesimo sezulu, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, phakathi kwezinye izici, akunakwa ngendlela yokuvimbela. Kungase kungabi isakhiwo isikhathi eside.

Kuyaduduza ukwazi ukuthi ungathembela esakhiweni esingazange sibhidlizwe isikhathi eside futhi ngokuvamile sigcina sishibhile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isakhiwo esihlala isikhathi eside sihlala phezu kwesisekelo esiqinile futhi sisebenzisa izinto ezifanele injongo yaso nendawo yaso. Izakhiwo ezingakhelwanga ukuze zihlale zivame ukuba amasethi amamuvi akhazinyulisiwe, njengoba kungakabiphi, abe yimvithi.

I-Utilitas - Isisetshenziswa 

Izakhiwo ziklanywe futhi zakhiwe ngesizathu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi leyo njongo ingaba yini, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi kube umqondo womdwebi wezakhiwo. Uma isakhiwo singayifezi injongo yaso, cishe ngeke sibe usizo kakhulu. Isibonelo, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini engenaso isiteji ayitholakali ngokuphelele mayelana nokusebenziseka kwayo. Ngakho ngokusho kweVitruvius, ukusetshenziswa kuzoqinisekiswa:

"lapho ukuhlelwa kwamafulethi kungenasici futhi kungabikho izithiyo ekusetshenzisweni kwawo, nalapho isigaba ngasinye sesakhiwo sinikezwa ukuchayeka okufanele nokufanelekile".

U-Vitruvius umakadebona owakhuthaza ngemininingwane yakhe yokuthi ifomu kufanele lihambisane nomsebenzi. Lo mqondo wawubaluleke kangangokuthi u-Louis Sullivan, "uBaba Wezakhiwo Eziphezulu", wawuthatha futhi wawazisa ngo-1896. Lo mbono kuthiwa uhunyushwe ku-Vitruvius, nakuba imibhalo yalokhu ingabazisayo. Kunoma yikuphi, yilokho utilitas abilisa ngakho. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo zinezidingo ezahlukene.

Isakhiwo esiklanywe ngalezi zidingo njengokucatshangelwa kwamuva singase sidumaze. Lokhu kusho futhi ukuthi izingxenye ngazinye zesakhiwo kumele zixhunywe ngokunengqondo. Ngamanye amazwi, kufanele kube lula ukuwafinyelela nokuwahambisa. Uma isakhiwo siwusizo futhi kulula ukusisebenzisa, leso yisiqalo esihle.

Venustas - Ubuhle

Njengoba uVitruvius esho, "iso lihlala lifuna ubuhle." Kuyimfanelo esemthethweni okufanele uyilangazelele. Ngokusho kukaDe architectura, ubuhle buvela "lapho ukubonakala komsebenzi kumnandi futhi kunambitheka, futhi lapho amalungu awo elingana ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezifanele zokulinganisa". Ngaphezu kokuba usizo nokwakhiwa kahle, izakhiwo kufanele futhi zibukeke.

Abanye bangathinta ngisho nenhliziyo. I-Vitruvio igcizelela izimo ezihlukahlukene ezifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhazimuleni kwezakhiwo, okuhlanganisa ukulinganisa nokulingana. Lokhu bekubalulekile kuye (yingakho ka-da Vinci ethi Vitruvian Man). Ukufakwa okukhathazayo komumo kuyo yonke into kwandulela idizayini yezithombe ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zeminyaka.

Isici ngasinye sesakhiwo kufanele sicatshangelwe ngokuhlobene nezinye eziseduze naso, kanye nendawo esakhiwe kuyo. U-Vitruvius ufingqa lokhu kusebenzisana ngegama elilodwa: i-eurythmy, igama lesiGreki elisho isigqi esivumelanayo. I-Vitruvius iyichaza kumongo wezakhiwo kanje:

“I-Eurythmy ingubuhle nokwanela ekulungisweni kwamalungu. Kutholakala lapho amalungu omsebenzi enobude obufanele ububanzi bawo, ububanzi obufanele ubude bawo, futhi, ngegama, lapho wonke ethintana ngokulinganayo.

Njengomculo, izakhiwo zinehubo; ngakho-ke izingxenye ezehlukene ezakhayo kufanele ngokuyisisekelo zidale ukuzwana hhayi ukuhlanekezela noma umsindo. Ngaphezu kokulinganisa nokulingana, izingcezu ngazinye zingathuthukisa ubuhle ngezinye izindlela. Ubuciko obuhle buhle, njengokunaka imininingwane.

Izinto ezifanele zesakhiwo nazo zinhle, zibonisa ukwahlulela okuhle nokunambitha komklami. Ukuhlobisa kuyamukeleka, kodwa kufanele kuhambisane nomklamo owumongo wesakhiwo: cabanga ngemifanekiso yekholomu, amaphethini okugandaya, nokunye. Yonke le mininingwane emincane kanye nokucatshangelwa kuhambelana nesakhiwo sisonke. Lapho bonke bewa ndawonye, ​​kuyamangalisa.

Izinto zokwakha

IRiphabhulikhi neRoma yasebukhosini kwakuyidolobha elihlaba umxhwele futhi namanje. Kuye kwahlolisiswa kabanzi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ngakho umuntu obukele nje ovamile uyazi ngeRoma kanye nethonya elisenalo ezweni lanamuhla. IRoma yesikhathi sikaKristu, okuyisikhathi saqondana sokusuka kweRiphabhuliki kuya eRoma yombuso, yayiyindawo yezimakethe ezimatasa, imisebenzi kahulumeni, ezokuthutha, nezinye izici zezentengiselwano, kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu, ibhizinisi lombuso. .

Ukuze kukhiqizwe futhi kugcinwe umbuso, kwakudingeka izakhiwo zokwenza le misebenzi. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kudinga izinto zokwakha kanye nezindlela zokuzakha. Izici zezakhiwo zaseRoma ezisetshenziswa futhi zihlanganiswe nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zakhiqiza isitatimende soMbuso okuwumongo wawo. Ngakho edolobheni elinabantu abayisigidi kwakuyodingeka izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene.

Abakhi bezakhiwo baseRoma basebenzisa izakhi zemvelo njengempahla eluhlaza, okuyinhloko amatshe, ukhuni kanye nemabula. Izinto ezakhiwe zazihlanganisa izitini nengilazi, futhi izinto eziyinhlanganisela zazihlanganisa ukhonkolo. Lezi zinto zazitholakala eduze kakhulu nedolobha laseRoma futhi, ngokuvamile, kuyo yonke indawo yaseYurophu yoMbuso.

Ukuqanjwa okusha okuhlobene nalokhu kusetshenziswa kwezinto kwakuyindaba yokusebenzisa leli thuba ngoba izinto ezazisetshenziswa amaRoma zazisetshenziswa amasiko angaphambili. Ukusetshenziswa kwetshe nezinkuni kuyisisekelo sezinga lakudala lokwakha. AmaRoma asebenzisa lezi zinto eziyisisekelo, kodwa futhi asebenzisa izinto ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi njengezitini nokhonkolo, okuvumela ukwanda okusheshayo nokufinyelela okubanzi koMbuso.

itshe nemabula

AmaRoma ayesebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zamatshe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye iyigugu ngezimfanelo ezithile: amandla, ukuqina, nobuhle. Ukunikezwa kwamatshe kwaqoqwa endaweni kanye nengxenye yokukhishwa kuye ngokutholakala. Itshe lasebenzela uMbuso njengezinto zokwakha eziyisisekelo.

Izitini nokhonkolo kwasetshenziswa lapho isivinini kanye nokuphindaphindwa kokwakhiwa kubalulekile. Ngakho-ke ezingeni eliyisisekelo, itshe liyinto evamile futhi esetshenziswa ngokunengqondo. Ngisho namasiko akudala kulindeleke ukuthi aqoqe futhi ahlele amatshe endaweni ethile yokukhosela. Ngokufanayo, kwakulindeleke ukuba amaRoma asebenzise amatshe ekwakheni.

Kuye ngezinga lokuthuthuka kwesiko, amakhono abo okwakha amatshe abonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuyinkimbinkimbi nokuqeda. Lokhu kwafezwa ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi okusika amatshe anhlobonhlobo, njengalezi: isando sokusika (insingo), isando somshini (ocijile), isando somakhi (izembe), isando, insika, itshizolo, isaha, nesikwele. Leli sethi lamathuluzi lihlala lifana nabasenzi bamatshe bekhulu lama-XNUMX. I-Geology ihlukanisa amatshe/amatshe abe yizigaba ezintathu:

• i-sedimentary
• igneous
• i-metamorphic

AmaRoma engazi asebenzisa zonke izigaba zamatshe eziqukethwe ku-geological strata: i-travertine, itshe le-sedimentary; i-tuff ne-granite, i-igneous; futhi imabula, i-metamorphic. AmaRoma ngokwemvelo ayesebenzisa lezi zinto ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwazo eduze nendawo kanye nokutholakala kalula kwazo. I-Vitruvius inikeze isiqondiso sokusetshenziswa kwayo ngokusekelwe ezimfanelweni ezicatshangelwayo nezimfanelo.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo zamatshe, enye ethandwa kakhulu kwakuyi-travertine. U-Vitruvius watusa i-travertine njengetshe "elizomelana nanoma yikuphi ukucindezeleka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukucindezeleka noma ukulimala okubangelwa isimo sezulu esibi." I-Travertine, i-limestone ye-sedimentary, inzima kakhulu futhi inamandla okumelana nemithwalo esindayo ngenxa yamandla ayo okucindezela. Inokwakheka okukhilimu okunomgodi ovalwe kancane futhi yasetshenziswa ngokwesakhiwo, kanye nokuhlobisa kumafacade ezakhiwo ezifana namathiyetha nama-amphitheatre.

Udumo lukaTravertine lwancipha lapho u-Augustus ekhetha imabula kune-travertine njengento yokuhlobisa ingaphandle lesakhiwo. Nakuba i-tuff iwudaka lwentaba-mlilo oluqinile futhi olunezimbobo, oluphumela etsheni elibuthakathaka. Yayisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zangaphakathi, njengezinkundla zamathempeli. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakungelona itshe eliqinile, i-tuff yayisika kalula futhi yayilungile uma isetshenziswa endlini, kodwa yayingafanele ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle njengoba iguguleka ngokushesha ngenxa yesithwathwa nemvula.

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemabula kwaqalwa phakathi nokubusa kuka-Augustus. Imabula yayimbiwa endaweni futhi yayithuthwa amabanga amade, amanye aye kude njengaseTunis. Yaziswa kakhulu futhi yayisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izakhi zokuhlobisa (njenge "capital" yekholomu) noma izindonga. Phakathi kwezimabula ezisetshenziswayo kukhona okulandelayo:

• chemtou
• I-Chios
• Umndeni
• Lesbian
• I-Parian
• I-Pentelic
• Umnyango kaSanta
• I-Proconnesus
• I-Pyrenean
• I-Antique Rosso
• Thesian

Amagama alezi zimabula ahlotshaniswa nendawo ethile atholakala kuyo. Izinhlobonhlobo zemabula ngayinye zazinombala wazo. Ayahluka kusukela konombala ophuzi, ompunga-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omhlophe-ophuzi-imithambo, omhlophe, omhlophe ogqamile, obomvu-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, o-violet, obomvu, noluhlaza. Umbono weRoma onama-facade ale mibala wawuyoba isimanga. Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sakhiwo kwakuwumphumela wokunambitheka nesifiso sika-Augustus futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunikeza isibonelo esimangalisayo sendlela izinto ezisetshenziswa ngayo ukuveza uMbuso.

Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwamatshe abakhi bamaRoma kwakukuningi, uVitruvius wasebenzisa indawo encane yokukhanda amatshe ezincwadini zakhe eziyishumi, ebhala isahluko esisodwa kuphela etsheni. U-Vitruvius watusa amatshe ezinkwalini eduze kwedolobha nase-Saxa Rubra nase-Fidenae ngoba lezi zinkwali zazikhiqiza itshe elithambile (i-limestone) neliqinile (limestone), futhi ngenxa yokuthi zombili zaziseduze nedolobha.

I-Tuff yayingase isikwe ngesaha, ngakho yayibunjwa kalula ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-tuff inconywa ezindaweni ezimboziwe, lapho izosebenza kahle khona, kodwa uma ivezwe ekuqandeni/kuncibilike, ukushisa noma amanzi izobhidlika.

I-travertine (itshe le-limestone) lihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kodwa, ngokusho kwe-Vitruvius, liyaqhekeka futhi liyabhidlika lapho livezwa emlilweni. U-Vitruvius uchaze itshe elakhiwe endaweni yaseTarquini njengeliphethe "ubuhle obungapheli." Yayingamelana nesithwathwa, umlilo, nesiphepho, futhi ingahlala unomphela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uVitruvius watusa kakhulu leli tshe, kodwa inkwali yayiqhelelene kakhulu, ngakho kwakunzima ukuyithola.

Awuzange ukhombe itshe, kodwa ezicini ozichazile, ukuthi lihlala isikhathi eside futhi alithinteki ngenxa yokuqandisa noma umlilo, sicabangela ukuthi itshe okhulume ngalo kwakuyi-granite. Uma leli tshe lingatholakali, igwalagwala, i-limestone, ne-tuff kwakudinga ukuchayeka esimweni sezulu esishisayo iminyaka emibili ngemva kokumba inkwali. Uma zimelana nalokhu kuhlolwa, zizofaneleka ukuba zisetshenziswe ekwakheni.

Isici esikhethekile setshe njengempahla yokwakha ukuthi inamandla aphezulu uma igxiliwe noma icindezelekile njengasekwakhiweni kodonga, kodwa ibuthaka uma yeluliwe noma ihlukunyezwa (i-tension) njengaku-lintel evundlile. Ngenxa yalokhu, lapho itshe lisetshenziselwa ukunweba indawo evundlile, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa i-arch.

I-arch icindezela itshe futhi ububanzi obuvundlile bungaba banzi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-arch inganikeza amandla aphakeme ngaphezu kwe-lintel (ngaphandle kokubopha) kunoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ukubaluleka komnsalo akunakuncishiswa. Ihlala iyisici esibalulekile sezakhiwo nesakhayo nanamuhla.

Madera

Izinkuni ziyinto evamile futhi ebalulekile yokwakha. Ukusetshenziswa kokhuni ngamaRoma kwadlulela ngaphezu kwalokho kwamaGreki ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali. Lokhu kwavumela amaRoma ukuba ahlanganise izindawo ezinkulu futhi akhe izakhiwo ezinezikhala ezinkulu zangaphakathi. I-basilica iyisibonelo sesakhiwo esiqukethe leli hholo elikhulu elingaphakathi. Izikhali, isibonelo sokwakhiwa kwamapulangwe, zinikeze isitatimende esengeziwe sombuso ngenxa yohlobo lwesakhiwo esikhiqizwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kokhuni njengempahla yokwakha kunzima kakhulu ukukuqinisekisa njengoba zingekho izibonelo ezikhona. Ukuze uqinisekise ukusetshenziswa kokhuni kuyadingeka ukubiza umqondo we-geology, ukulandelela izinsalela zamathambo noma okuchazwe kangcono kulesi simo njengobufakazi bokulandelela.

Njengoba i-trace fossil inikeza ubufakazi bokusebenza kwento ephilayo, kungaba ukuhamba, ukushibilika noma into efana naleyo, ukulandelela ubufakazi kungasiza ekuboniseni lapho okusetshenziswe khona kwasetshenziswa khona. Izithombe zezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zamaRoma zibonisa, isibonelo, udonga olunomklebhu lapho bekungaba khona isikhuphukeli nezitebhisi.

Kungacatshangwa ukuthi lezi zikhuphukeli nezitebhisi zizokwenziwa ngokhuni njengoba seziwohlokile kusukela endaweni yazo. Kulezi zibonelo, isakhiwo esizungezile siqinile, esivame ukukhombisa ukuthi izitebhisi zenziwe ngezinto eziqinile kancane.

UPliny wanikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe bokusetshenziswa kokhuni ngokuhlonza umsunguli waseRoma wokubaza, uDaedalus. Wathi uDaedalus wasungula amathuluzi amaningana okwenza ukhuni: isaha, imbazo, intambo yokuqondisa kanye neglu. Lokhu kuzobeka lezi ziqalo endaweni ethile ngaphambi kwekhulu lokuqala AD, njengoba ukuzalwa kukaPliny kwakungasekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala.

I-Vitruvius yanikeza incazelo ewusizo yezinkuni ezihlukahlukene ezitholakalayo zokwakha. Iseluleko sakhe saqala ngesikhathi sonyaka lapho izihlahla kufanele zivunwe, okuyikwindla. Wachaza ukuthi izihlahla “zikhulelwe” entwasahlobo futhi azifanele ukuvunwa. Izinhlobo zokhuni ezazikhona zaziyizi:

• Oak
• Olmo
• I-Poplar
• UCypress
• Abeto
• I-Alder.

Ngendlela efanayo, uVitruvius wanikeza iziyalezo ngokusetshenziswa kwezinkuni ezihlukahlukene. I-Fir ichazwa njengokhuni olulula olumelana nokugoba, ngakho-ke ingafiseleka ukuthi isetshenziswe njengama-joists (imishayo ehambisanayo esekela phansi).

I-Oak enesakhiwo esihlangene, yayifiseleka ukuba isetshenziswe lapho ukhuni lwaluzogqitshwa khona phansi noma ngokunokwenzeka lusetshenziswe njengezinsika, nakuba abaningi bechazwa ngokuthi luwusizo ekwakhiweni okuvamile. Uphayini nomsayipuresi kwaziwa ngezinhlaka futhi umsedari nemijunipha ngamafutha ako.

Ulwazi lwezinkuni, ukuthi kufanele zigawulwe nini, kufanele zelashwe isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwezinhlobonhlobo bekuyotholakala ngokuhlolwa okubanzi namaphutha noma kudluliselwe ku-Vitruvius (kanye nabangane bakhe) kusukela ezizukulwaneni zangaphambili. Akubonakali emibhalweni yakhe ukuthi iyiphi indlela enikeza ukwaziswa.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Vitruvius ibhekisela ezimfanelweni zokhuni netshe ngenani ngalinye eliqukethe izakhi ezine: umhlaba, amanzi, umlilo nomoya. I-Oak, isibonelo, igcwele "izakhi zokuqala zomhlaba", ezihlinzeka ngesakhiwo sayo esihlangene kanye nokumelana nomswakama. Lena kwakuyisayensi yangaleso sikhathi, evela kumaGreki namaPythagoras.

I-Glass

Ingilazi yayiyinsiza yokwakha yamaRoma, kwakungadingeki nhlobo ukwakha lesi sakhiwo. Ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka AD kwakungokwemikhumbi nobuciko. Ukwethulwa kwengilazi yokucwebezela kwamafasitela kwaletha ushintsho olubalulekile emcabangweni wefasitela. Yanikeza amaRoma enye impahla yokwakha kanye nesici sezakhiwo zaseRoma njengesitatimende sobuhle sombuso.

Izakhiwo ezikhona zinezikhala ezibonakala ngokucacile njengamafasitela. Le mifanekiso iphinda ibonise ukuvuleka okuqashelwa njengamafasitela, amaningi awo aboniswa ngezigidi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPliny waphawula ukuthi ingilazi eyigugu kunazo zonke ikhanya ngale.

Izitini 

Isitini singaboniswa kahle emisebenzini eminingi yezakhiwo zaseRoma. Lezo zakhiwo zezitini zibuye zibe yinkimbinkimbi enkulu nomsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi oboniswa kuma-arches nezindonga. Le nto eyakhiwe ngobumba ekuqaleni, futhi iseyimpahla yokwakha eyinhloko ezingxenyeni zomhlaba lapho uhlaza luyingcosana, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zaseMedithera.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezitini emhlabeni wonke futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Isitini esomisiwe elangeni sasifaneleka ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa ngokutholakala ngephutha kwatholakala ukuthi isitini esibasiwe sasingenamanzi.

Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kobumba oluvuthayo, kuze kube yikhulu lokuqala leminyaka BC eRoma, kwakungama-tile ophahleni ukuze kuvikelwe umsebenzi wokhuni nomsebenzi wokwakha. Kwezinye izifunda zaseMedithera, izitini ezibasiwe zazisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa okungangeni manzi kuphela noma ezingxenyeni ezisobala kakhulu zezakhiwo. U-Vitruvius uqinisa lesi siqephu sesikhathi lapho ekhuluma ngezitini zodaka, ezilinganiselwe eDolobheni ngenxa yemikhawulo ebekiwe ngenxa yendawo encane.

Iphinde inikeze imiyalelo yokusebenzisa ama-shingles phezu kokwakhiwa kwezitini zezitini, ephawula ukuthi ama-shingles kufanele adlulele phezulu, njenge-cornice. I-cornice overhang izophonsa amanzi aconsayo ngaphesheya kwendiza yesakhiwo sezitini, ivikeleke. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzobonakala uma amathayela evikele isitini.

Ngalezi ziqondiso, u-Vitruvius waqinisekisa ukuthi izitini zodaka zazisasetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile eRoma ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka BC Wabuye waqinisekisa ukuthi ama-tile ashiswa emlilweni ayenziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Abakhiqizi bamaRoma benza amasayizi amathathu ajwayelekile wezitini:

• I-Lydian, 11.65" x 5.8"
• I-Tetradoron, 11.65” x 11.65” (izandla ezine)
• I-Pentadoron, 14.5" x 14.5" (izandla ezinhlanu).

Lokhu kuphambene nosayizi wesitini sesimanje sokuhlala esingu-8" x 3,5". Isitini esilingana ne-pentadoron sasiwusizo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu nezindonga zedolobha lapho izingxenye ezinkulu zazingase ziqedwe ngokushesha. Umthelela obonakalayo wokwakha ngesitini esikhulu saseRoma uyamangaza. Ukwakhiwa kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili kunokubukeka kwesimanje okuxakile.

Ukuthi amaRoma aqala nini ukusebenzisa izitini ezibasiwe azikaxazululwa. Manje u-Vitruvius ubhekisela kuphela ezitini zobumba, kodwa wabhekisela kumatayela avuthayo, asebenza njengokuqinisa ukwethulwa kwezitini ezishisiwe phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX AD. Kuyaphawuleka ukuhlukanisa ukuthi izibonelo ezisele ziyizitini ezishisiwe. Iziyalezo zikaVitruvius zazibhekisela kulokho ubuchwepheshe besikhathi sakhe obabutholakala, okwakuyisitini esingashi.

Njengenkulumo nesitatimende sombuso, isitini saba neqhaza elikhulu. Isitini savumela ukwanda okusheshayo kwedolobha laseRoma kanye nokwakhiwa kwamanye amadolobha, izinqaba kanye nemisele yamanzi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokwenziwa kwezitini, ezazinganikezwa izisebenzi ezikhona.

Lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezitini ezishisiwe kwethulwa, uMbuso manje wawunempahla yokwakha engagcini nje ngokunikeza indlela esheshayo yokwakha, kodwa futhi eyayizohlala isikhathi eside. Izitini zodaka zaziyowohloka njengoba izinkathi zonyaka nesikhathi, kodwa izitini ezibasiwe zingahlala amakhulu eminyaka. Ukucatshangelwa okuyinhloko kwe-empire expression imvelo ephindaphindwayo yesakhiwo ngenxa yobukhulu baso obufanayo, okuholela ekuhlanganisweni okusheshayo kanye nezinsiza ekwandiseni.

Ikhonkolo

Ukhonkolo wanikeza amaRoma indlela yokukhiqiza izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezinamandla, ukuklama okuvumelana nezimo, futhi, ekubunjweni okuthile, kwanikeza amakhono ayingqayizivele. Ukhonkolo ungakhiwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nangokufana. Kuqashwa izisebenzi ezinamakhono, ukhonkolo wanikeza amaRoma izinto eziwusizo neziguquguqukayo zokwandisa umbuso.

U-Vitruvio waqala imiyalelo yakhe yokuxuba ukhonkolo ngokweluleka izinhlobo ezifanele zesihlabathi, isithako esibalulekile ekukhiqizeni kwaso. Okumnyama, okumhlophe, okubomvu okukhanyayo nokubomvu okumnyama kuyanconywa futhi akumele kuqukathe inhlabathi exubile. Kwakunganqunywa ukuthi ayinalo yini i-chalky uma ishwabana phakathi kwezandla lapho ihlikihlwa noma uma ingashiyi lutho lapho ihlikihlwa endwangwini emhlophe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uVitruvius watusa izihlabathi ezimbiwa emibhedeni esanda kuvulwa. Imibhede eyabe ivuliwe isikhathi eside yayibangela isihlabathi esingcoliswe inhlabathi. Isihlabathi sogu lolwandle asinconywanga ngoba kwakunzima ukomisa futhi izindonga eziwumphumela zazingeke zisekele umthwalo ngaphandle kokuqiniswa. Udaka lwe-lime luyingxenye yokuqala kakhonkolo. AmaRoma ayesungule udaka oluqinile ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Uhlobo lukakhonkolo olusebenza kahle noluwusizo kakhulu olwakhiqizwa amaRoma kwakuyilolo olwakhiwe ngensimbi yentaba-mlilo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pozzolana, ebizwa kanjalo ngoba yayivela edolobheni lasePozzuoli eduze kwaseNaples. Yaqoqwa emanzini angcolile ezintaba-mlilo eziseduze.

Isici esidida kakhulu sokwakhiwa kukakhonkolo waseRoma akukhona ukuthi amaRoma ayisebenzisa kahle kakhulu le nto, kodwa ukuthi yalibaleka phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi yaze yatholwa kabusha ngo-1756 lapho unjiniyela waseBrithani ethunywa ukuba akhe kabusha i-Eddystone Lighthouse eCornwall. Unjiniyela, owayedinga into eyayizozinza futhi izinze ngaphansi kwamanzi, wathola le nqubo emqulwini wasendulo wesiLatini.

Sengiphetha, ukhonkolo nezitini zabelana ngokubaluleka okufanayo ekukhulumeni kombuso. Ukhonkolo wavumela amaRoma ukuguquguquka, ukushintshashintsha, nokuqina ekwakhiweni kwamakamelo angu-18, amakhothamo, nezindonga. Ukhonkolo owenziwe ngosimende we-pozzolana, onekhono lawo lokwelapha ngaphansi kwamanzi, wawubaluleke kakhulu, ovumela amatheku okwenziwa, izisekelo zamabhuloho, nezinye izakhiwo ezidinga izisekelo emanzini. Lezi zinhlobo zezakhiwo zaziyizici ezibalulekile zoMbuso WaseRoma.

Ukucolisiswa

I-Vitruvius inikeze ingxoxo emfushane yezinto zokuqedela: ukhonkolo lwezindonga nophahla, nopende banoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo. Kwaxoxwa ngopende okhiqizwe ngamaminerali kanye nezilwane zasolwandle, ngemibala emibili ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile:

• I-pigment eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yatholwa ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa isihlabathi, i-potassium nitrate, nethusi eliyimpuphu. Le ngxube yafakwa kuhhavini futhi inqubo yamakhemikhali yakhiqiza umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
• U-Purple wachazwa ngokuthi "ubuhle bokubukeka obaziswa kakhulu futhi obuvelele." U-Vitruvius wachaza ukuthi u-Purple, watholakala ku-mollusk yasolwandle, futhi yilabo kuphela abavela esiqhingini saseRhodes ngenxa yendawo yabo ehlobene nelanga.

I-Vitruvius ayizange inikeze umsuka walezi zindlela noma izinqubo zokuthola izingulube ezihlukahlukene. Le ngxoxo emfushane yokhonkolo nopende ibalulekile njengokuvuma ukuthi lezi zinto zasetshenziswa. Ukubaluleka kwayo embusweni kwakukuncane, kodwa ngokombono wobuhle yengeza kumuntu wasebukhosini, ikakhulukazi onsomi, obonisa ubukhosi.

Ama-oda wezakhiwo zaseRoma

'Imiyalo' yakudala ichaza uhlobo lohlelo lolimi lokuklama olwaqala ukuthuthukiswa ekwakhiweni kwesiGreki futhi kamuva lwashintshwa futhi lwanwetshwa ngamaRoma. Empeleni, ama-oda anquma ukuma, izilinganiso, kanye nomhlobiso wezakhi eziyisisekelo zezakhiwo: ikholomu esekela iqonde (enesisekelo, i-shaft, ne-capital) kanye ne-entablature esekelwe ngokuvundlile (ihlukaniswe yaba amarejista amathathu ukusuka phansi kuya phezulu: i-architrave, frieze kanye ne-cornice).

Ngendlela egculisayo yokulinganisa, ama-oda aphinde atholwa futhi ahlanganiswa emuva, ngokutholwa kabusha kwemiyalo yamaRoma ngeNkathi Yokuzalwa Kabusha, kodwa anqatshwa kamuva ekhulwini le-XNUMX ngabacwengi abamba bajula futhi bembula lokho ababekubheka njengemiyalo yamaGreki asendulo. .

Imiyalo yamaRoma, njengoba yaqanjwa ochwepheshe be-High Renaissance kusukela ku-Leon Battista Alberti kuya ku-Sebastiano Serlio, yayihlanganisa imiyalo ebuyekeziwe yamaGreki (i-Doric, i-Ionic, ne-Corinthian), kanye nezengezo zabo (i-Tuscan ne-Composite). Basekela izincazelo zabo emibhalweni yomdwebi wamapulani ongumRoma u-Vitruvius nasekuboneni ngokoqobo izakhiwo ezachazwa kamuva encwadini yakhe yokusungula yekhulu lokuqala leminyaka BC, i-De Architectura (Izincwadi Eziyishumi Eziphathelene Nezokwakha).

Isizukulwane ngasinye esalandela safika emiyalweni ngamehlo amasha futhi sawachaza kabusha, njengomdwebi wamapulani wase-Italy wangekhulu le-1570, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, nomvubukuli u-Andrea Palladio owaba nethonya elikhulu lapho i-I Quattro Libri dell' Architettura yakhe (Izincwadi Ezine Zokwakha, XNUMX) ishicilelwe futhi yahunyushwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

oda tuscan

Kuyifomu lakudala okukholakala ukuthi lidala ngisho kunemiyalo yamaGreki, kodwa imithombo yamaRoma ayikugcizeleli, imibhalo yeRenaissance kuphela ebhekisela kuyo. Ilula kuyo yonke imiyalo, enekholomu ebushelelezi, elinganayo kanye nosonhlamvukazi olula.

i-doric order

Ibonakala ngamakholomu e-squat anezinhlamvu eziyindilinga kanye nefrieze ehlotshiswe ngama-triglyphs ashintshanayo (amabhande amathathu aqondile ahlukaniswe ngama-grooves) kanye nama-metopes angenalutho noma aqoshiwe (amabhlogo angama-rectangular). Kanye neTuscan, lona umyalo olula futhi uvame ukuhlotshaniswa namandla.

Ukuhleleka kwe-Ionic

Yinhle kakhulu futhi i-matronly, enamakholomu avame ukungabi namigqa, osonhlamvukazi abaskroliwe, amafriezes ngezinye izikhathi ahlotshiswe ngama-bas-reliefs, nama-dentil aqoshwe ngokucophelela anomugqa wamabhulokhi amancane, ngaphansi kwama-cornices.

ukuhleleka kwaseKorinte

Iphinde ibe ngowesifazane kakhulu ngokwemvelo njenge-Ionic, lena ebonakala kakhulu ngezihloko zayo ezihlotshisiwe ezinemigqa emibili yamaqabunga e-acanthus aqoshiwe anamavolute amancane (imiqulu ezungezayo) emakhoneni.

I-Order Ehlanganisiwe

Iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, yona ngokwayo inhlanganisela yokuhlobisa kwe-Ionian Greek kanye ne-Corinthian, i-hermaphrodite enemilenze emide. Izinsika zayo zinde futhi zincane, izihloko zayo zinamaqabunga e-acanthus amaningi anemiqulu emikhulu, futhi i-entblature yayo inombhobho oqoshiwe oqoshiwe kanye nommbila.

Ukufundwa kweRenaissance kwalolu hlelo lolimi lwakudala kwaklama isigaba sohlelo ukuze kusetshenziswe ama-oda esakhiweni, siqala ezitezi eziphansi futhi siqhubekele phezulu: isi-Doric, i-Ionic, i-Corinthian, ne-Composite. Akuzona zonke izilawuli ezidingekayo ukuze zisetshenziswe futhi i-Doric yayisetshenziselwa indawo ephansi kakhulu, kodwa noma yini eqale ihamba ngendlela efanele.

Umklamo wasemadolobheni

Idolobha laseRoma lasendulo, esikhathini sokudlondlobala kwalo, idolobha elikhulu elinabantu abacishe babe yisigidi, lalihlanganisa uphiko lwemigwaqo emincane. Ngemva komlilo ka-64 AD, uMbusi uNero wamemezela uhlelo lokwakha kabusha okunengqondo, ngaphandle kwempumelelo encane: ukwakhiwa kwedolobha kwahlala kunesiphithiphithi futhi kungahleliwe. Nokho, ngaphandle kweRoma, abaklami bezakhiwo nabahleli bedolobha bakwazi ukufeza okwengeziwe. Amadolobha athuthukiswa kusetshenziswa amapulani egridi ekuqaleni ayenzelwe izindawo zokuhlala zamasosha.

Izici ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi imigwaqo emibili ye-axis ebanzi: umgwaqo osenyakatho-eningizimu, owaziwa nge-cardo, kanye nomgwaqo owengeziwe osempumalanga-ntshonalanga ngaphansi kwe-id ye-decumanus, enkabeni yedolobha etholakala empambanweni yazo. Amadolobha amaningi aseRoma ayenenkundla, amathempeli, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, kanye nezindawo zokugeza zomphakathi, kodwa izindlu ezivamile ngokuvamile zaziyizindlu ezivamile ezakhiwe ngezitini zodaka.

Ngamagama alula kakhulu, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zendlu ezakhiweni zaseRoma: i-domus kanye ne-insula. I-domus, efanekiselwa yilabo abatholwa ePompeii naseHerculaneum, ngokuvamile yayihlanganisa iqoqo lamakamelo ahlelwe eduze kwehholo elimaphakathi noma i-atrium. Ambalwa amafasitela abheke umgwaqo, ukukhanya kuvele ku-atrium. Nokho, eRoma ngokwalo, zimbalwa kakhulu izinsalela zalolu hlobo lwendlu eziye zasinda. Isibonelo yiNdlu yamaVestals eForamu kanye neNdlu kaLivia eNtabeni yasePalatine.

Ngokuvamile, izakhamuzi ezicebile kuphela ezazikwazi ukuthenga izindlu ezinamagceke, ama-atrium afulelwe, ukushisa ngaphansi noma izingadi. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ukuncipha kwendawo emadolobheni amaningi ezifundazweni kwakusho ukuthi ngisho nezindlu ezimi kahle zaziminyana. Amadolobha acebile ayehlukile.

Itheku lamaJuda laseKhesariya (25-13 BC), elakhuliswa uHerode Omkhulu ukuze kuhlalise umphathi wakhe u-Awugustu Khesari, futhi ikhaya likaPontiyu Pilatu, umbusi waseRoma, lalinoxhaxha lwemigwaqo ewugwadule, inkundla yezimvubu, izindawo zokugeza zomphakathi, izigodlo. kanye nomsele wamanzi. Ichweba lase-Italy elicebile lase-Ostia lalinamafulethi akhiwe ngezitini (abizwa ngokuthi i-insulae, ngemva kwe-insula yesi-Italian yokwakha) anezitezi ezinhlanu.

Izinhlobo zokwakha

Izinto zokwakha, izindlela kanye nezakhiwo zivezwa ngezakhiwo. Kungakho sizohlola izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezakhiwo ezikhiqizwe ezakhiweni zaseRoma, ngezansi:

I

Inkundla bekuyindawo evulekile emaphakathi esetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlangana, indawo yemakethe noma indawo yokuhlangana yezingxoxo zezepolitiki noma imibhikisho, indawo emaphakathi yedolobha ebalulekile ekudluliseleni imibono nezindaba. Lokhu kwakhiwa izakhiwo zomphakathi eziningana ezazihlanganisa izimakethe, izinkantolo, amajele nezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Amaforamu awatholakali eRoma kuphela, kodwa nasemadolobheni amancane. Eziningi zalezi azange zakhiwe ngendlela ye-symmetrical efunwa eRoma.

Isincomo sikaVitruvius bekungukuthi inkundla yakhiwe ukuze ilingane nenani labantu, ukuze ingagcwali, noma ibonakale iyigwadule uma yakhiwe yaba nkulu kakhulu. IForum Romanum, ebaluleke kakhulu edolobheni laseRoma, yayisesigodini esiphakathi "namagquma" aseRoma. Ngokwayo lena bekuyinkundla yezinhloso eziningi, engakhiwe ngonxande ngokuphelele.

Njengenkundla yezinhloso eziningi, lesi sikhala ekuqaleni sasinezitolo, imibukiso ngisho neminye lapho eminye imiqhudelwano yezemidlalo yayibanjelwe khona kamuva eyakhishwa futhi yafakwa enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini nasesekisini. IForamu, namavulandi ayo kanye nemipheme ezungezwe amathempeli nezakhiwo zesonto, bekungaba nombono ohlaba umxhwele.

Njengoba umbuso ukhula ababusi abalandelanayo bakha izinkundla, hhayi nje kuphela ngesidingo esikhulu sendawo eyengeziwe yomphakathi, kodwa futhi njengezikhumbuzo kubo, njengokuthi: UJulius Caesar (ngaphambi koMbuso) wengeza eyokuqala, kwase kuba ababusi u-Augustus, uVespasian, uNerva kanye noNerva. Trajan. Inkundla kaTrajan yayiyinkulu kunazo zonke kuzo, futhi yayinendawo ene: umpheme onezitolo, indawo yokumaketha enezitolo eziningi, i-basilica, imitapo yolwazi emibili kanye neThempeli laseTrajan.

Izithangami zaseRoma zanikeza uhlobo lwangaphambili lokuhlela amadolobha, njengoba kwakunezinkundla kwezinye izingxenye zoMbuso WaseRoma njengasePalmyra, eSamariya, eDamaseku, e-Antiyokiya, eBaalbek, naseBosra eSiriya; iPhergamu e-Asia Minor; iTimgad neTebessa eNyakatho Afrika; kanye neSilchester eNgilandi. Zonke lezi zakhiwe ngemigwaqo enemipheme ukuze zivikeleke esimweni sezulu.

Isithangami ngokwaso sinikeze ukubonakaliswa kombuso ngendlela enganakile. Lokhu bekulingana nedolobha lanamuhla. Ukuthi lesi sithangami salingiswa kuso sonke isifunda sibonisa ithonya laseRoma futhi kubonisa indlela umbuso owawulungisa ngayo ukuhlelwa kwawo kwedolobha nokuthi iRoma yayinamandla ngokwanele ukuba isebenzise leli thonya.

I-Basilicas

I-basilica yayiyikamelo elikhulu elingunxande ngokwezakhiwo zamaRoma, ngokuvamile ubude balo obuphindwe kabili kunobubanzi balo. Ama-basilica ayeyizinkantolo nezimakethe zezentengiselwano futhi ayeyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu eRoma. Ihholo elikhulu elingaphakathi lalizungezwe amaphasishi anemibukiso ngaphezu kwamaphasishi. Ngenjongo yomthetho, izikhulu zenkantolo zazihlala esitezi esiphezulu endaweni eyisiyingi (isandiso esiyindilinga segumbi elingunxande).

Uphahla lwe-basilica lwalucijile esikhundleni sokugawulwa, kodwa lwalumboze indawo enkulu yehholo ngenxa yolwazi lwamaRoma lokwakhiwa kwe-truss. AmaGreki ayeqale ngokungesabi ukusebenzisa umqondo we-lattice, kodwa amaRoma akwazi ukuwusebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuhlanganisa ihholo elikhulu le-basilica ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imishayo yokusekela kwakudinga isibindi ekuqaleni. Ingaphandle yayilula futhi ingahlotshisiwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zendabuko zamaRoma.

Isibonelo esibalulekile yi-Basilica yaseTrajan, eRoma 98-112 AD. Yakhiwe ngu-Apollodorus waseDamaseku, yanamathiselwa futhi yangenwa isuka kuTrajan's Forum, futhi yayinemitapo yolwazi yamaGreki nesiLatini. Ukuphakama kwangaphakathi kwakungamamitha angu-120 futhi uphahla lwakhiwe ngezingodo zokhuni, ukwakhiwa okuvamile kwama-basilica.

Esinye isibonelo se-basilica kwakuyi-Basilica kaConstantine, eRoma. Inamathiselwe ku-Foramu YaseRoma, yayinkulu ngokungavamile ngamamitha angu-80 ubude namamitha angu-83 ububanzi. Kodwa okuphawuleka kakhulu isikhathi sokwakha, 310-313 AD, esibeka ezinsukwini zokugcina zoMbuso. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye izinguquko ezindleleni zokwakha zaseRoma kanye nezakhiwo ziqala ukuvela.

Isici sokuklama samakamelo aphambanayo asekelwe umgodi owamukelayo, umanduleli wesakhiwo seGothic, sifakwe ekwakhiweni kweBasilica yaseConstantine. Lo mqondo wokuklama uphinde usetshenziswe kamuva eConstantinople.

I-basilica iveze umbuso ngendlela efanayo nesithangami. Njengesikhungo sezohwebo, yenza futhi yasiza umnotho wamaRoma; futhi njengesikhungo sezomthetho kwenze ukuba kuthotshelwe futhi kusetshenziswe umthetho futhi kwakhuthaza umphakathi. Lokhu kwakuwukubonakaliswa okungaphansi kombuso, njengoba kuboniswa umklamo olula wesakhiwo.

Ihholo elikhulu eliyisici se-basilica, lalingenzeka ngenxa yezingozi ezazicatshangwa amaRoma ekwakhiweni kwayo. AmaGreki ayesebenzise umqondo we-latticework, kodwa amaRoma awusebenzisa ngesibindi kakhulu, ekhiqiza ihholo elikhulu le-basilica elingasekelwe.

Amathempeli

Ithempeli laliyindawo yezifungo zomuntu siqu, imikhosi yamasiko, ukukhangisa ngezenzo zombuso, izenzo kanye nemibhalo. Lesi sikhala sanikeza indlela yokwazisa umphakathi ngokwenzeka kuhulumeni, emasosheni nakwezinye izinhlangano ezisemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ngendima yalo embusweni, ithempeli laliwuphawu lwegunya futhi, njengoba uLivy alichaza:

"Ufanele amakhosi nabantu, namandla aseRoma."

Amathempeli amaRoma ayewunxande futhi ayindilinga, into evelele kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaRoma. Amathempeli angama-Rectangular akhiwe ngesitayela samaGreki nge-podium kanye ne-portico. Amathempeli amaGreki ngokuvamile ayemade ngokuphindwe kabili kunobubanzi, kodwa amathempeli amaRoma ayemafishane ngokwesilinganiso.

Amathempeli amaningi aseRoma angama-rectangular ayeyizakhiwo ezilula uma kuqhathaniswa nemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ama-amphitheatre, nezindawo zokugeza, kodwa amathempeli awubufakazi obuhle bokuthi izakhiwo zaseRoma zingamboza kanjani izikhala ezinkulu ngaphandle kosizo lwezisekelo (amafidi angama-50 kuye kwangama-60).

UVitruvius wanikela ngezincwadi zakhe ezimbili kweziyishumi ekwakhiweni nasekukhiweni kwamathempeli. I-caveat yakhe yokuqala iphathelene ne-symmetry. Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli kusekelwe ku-symmetry, izimiso lapho abakhi bezakhiwo kufanele banakekele kakhulu ukuze baphumelele. I-Symmetry isuselwa ku-proportion, ebizwa ngokuthi isifaniso ngesiGreki.

Ingxenye iwukulinganisa okulinganayo kwesici ngasinye somsebenzi kanye nawo wonke, lapho kufinyelelwa khona uhlelo lokulinganisa. Alikho ithempeli elingaba nesimiso sokuhlanganisa ngaphandle kokulinganisa nokulingana, ngaphandle uma, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, linesimiso esiqondile sokubhalelana esifana nomuntu owakheke kahle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho uVitruvius wayethembele kakhulu ekwanduleleni amaGreki eziqondisweni zakhe ngamathempeli, ecaphuna ulwazi lwesiGreki ngezikhathi eziyishumi ezithile nengxenye yesahluko ukuze achaze isisekelo sesiGreki sokusetshenziswa kwezinombolo. Lokhu kuqinisa ithonya lamaGreki ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaRoma.

Amathempeli amaRoma ayehluka emathempelini ama-Etruscani namaGreki ngoba ayehlelwe ukuthi abhekane nenkundla yawo ehambisana nokugcizelela ezitebhisini nakuvulandi. Amathempeli amaGreki ayevame ukubheka empumalanga kanti amathempeli ase-Etruscan abheke eningizimu. Izibonelo zamathempeli angama-rectangular waseRoma zifaka:

• Ithempeli laseFortuna Virilis, eRoma kusukela ngo-40 a. c.
• Ithempeli laseMars, eRoma phakathi kuka-14-2 a. c.
• Ithempeli laseConcord eRoma phakathi kuka-7 a. C. kanye no-10 d. c.
• Ithempeli likaCastor nePollux, eRoma kusukela ngo-7 BC
• I-Maison Carrée Temple, Nîmes - France kusukela ngo-16 ekuseni. c.

Amanye amathempeli agqamile angunxande yilawa: The Temple of Diana, Nimes; iThempeli likaVenus, eRoma; iThempeli lika-Antoninus noFaustina, eRoma; iThempeli likaSaturn, eRoma; iThempeli likaJupiter, iBaalbek; kanye neThempeli likaBacchus, iBaalbek. Wonke lawa mathempeli akhombisa isiteji, uvulandi, nomklamo wekholomu yamanye amathempeli angunxande.

AmaRoma futhi akha amathempeli ahlukahlukene ayindilinga emisebenzi yezakhiwo, okugqama kuwo okulandelayo:

Ithempeli laseVesta, eRoma, ngo-205 AD. Lokhu kwakugadwe yiVestal Virgins ababeqapha umlilo ongcwele, okwakusho isikhungo kanye nomthombo wempilo yamaRoma namandla. Ngokuthakazelisayo, iVesta yacekelwa phansi ngomlilo futhi yakhiwa kabusha izikhathi eziningana. I-Vesta yakhiwe ngesiteji kanye nekholoni futhi yayifana namathempeli angama-rectangular, kodwa ngokusobala ihlukile ngokuba yindilinga.

Isakhiwo esigcinwe kahle kakhulu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo yiPantheon. Lokhu kwakhiwe ngezikhathi ezimbili ezahlukene. Esokuqala njengesikhala esavulwa u-Agripha, umkhwenyana ka-Augustus, futhi saqedwa ngo-25 BC. C. I-rotunda edumile yengezwa nguHadrian phakathi kuka-118 no-125 AD. C. I-Pantheon isebenzisa idome, esinye sezici ezivelele zezakhiwo zaseRoma.

I-Pantheon, nokho, iyisakhiwo esiyingqayizivele ngezindlela eziningana. Ukwakhiwa kwe-dome ye-Pantheon enobubanzi obungamamitha angu-143,5 kuyimpumelelo engakaze ilingane. Uvulandi walesi sakhiwo usekelwa amakholomu egwadle angashintshiwe anezihloko zaseKorinte. I-pediment ekuqaleni yayiqukethe i-bronze relief. Isisekelo sebhilidi singamafidi angu-14 amayintshi angu-9 ukushona, futhi izindonga ezingaphansi kwedome zakhiwe ngokhonkolo onobuso bezitini (i-opus testaceum).

Ingaphakathi le-dome lihlala endaweni ehlanganisiwe ukuze kuncishiswe isisindo sikakhonkolo ngenkathi igcina amandla ayo. Ukukhanyisa kwangaphakathi kunikezwa ukuvuleka okukodwa okungacwebezeli emqhele wedome. I-Pantheon isinde iminyaka eyi-1800 injalo. Izici eziningana zisusiwe ukuze zisetshenziswe kwenye indawo, futhi ngokuvamile zathathelwa indawo izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi (isibonelo, izingcwecwe zethusi endaweni engaphansi kwashintshwa umthofu), kodwa kuseyisibonelo esivelele sobukhazikhazi beRoma.

Amathempeli aseRoma anikeza, eqinisweni, ukubonakaliswa okunamandla ngokukhethekile kombuso. Amathempeli ayeyisikhumbuzo sonkulunkulu benkolo futhi ayeyisikhumbuzo sababusi ngokwabo, ababefuna ithempeli labo siqu. Iningi lamathempeli akhiwa phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala BC. C. kanye nengxenye yokugcina yekhulu lesi-II AD. C. esikhathini esasinethonya elikhulu eRoma.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathempeli ayesebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana, njengendawo yokugcina imibhalo yomphakathi, njengendawo yokuqopha imicimbi yomphakathi. Khona-ke ithempeli laliyingxenye ebalulekile ekuhleleni umbuso, okuyisidingo ekwandiseni nasekugcinweni kwawo. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kulawa mathempeli iPantheon, esekhona nanamuhla emakhulwini ayishumi nesishiyagalombili ngemva kokuqedwa kwayo, njengokubonakaliswa kwamandla eRoma.

Iziphethu ezishisayo noma okugeza

U-Vitruvius watusa ukuthi indawo yokwakha izindlu zokugeza ifudumele ngangokunokwenzeka, kude nomoya osenyakatho nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, ukuze i-caldera (igumbi elifudumele) ne-tepidarium (igumbi elifudumele) libe nokukhanya kwasentshonalanga ebusika. Uyale ukuthi kufanele kuqikelelwe ukuthi amabhayela abesilisa nabesifazane axhunywe endaweni eyodwa ukuze kusetshenziswe uhhavini ojwayelekile.

Isici esikhethekile sokwakhiwa kwamabhavu aseRoma kwakuyiphansi elilengayo, elalivumela ukushisa kuzungeze ngaphansi ukuze kulawule izinga lokushisa phansi. Ukwethulwa kwalesi sici kuhambisana nokwethulwa kwengilazi yefasitela okwenzeka esikhathini esithile ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD. Amabhavu akhiwa ngaphambi kwalokhu akhiwa ngamafasitela amancane kakhulu, okwenza ingaphakathi lebhavu libe mnyama impela.

Izindawo zokugeza zamaRoma zibonisa amasiko nendlela yokuphila yabantu abathanda injabulo. Azakhelwe nje indlu yokugezela ewubukhazikhazi, kodwa zaziyindawo yokuphila komphakathi, izindaba, inhlebo, izinkulumo nemidlalo (imidlalo yebhodi, ukuzivocavoca, imidlalo yebhola). Lezi zindawo zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yamaRoma.

Ngokwesiko kwakukhokhiswa imadlana encane yokungena kumagumbi okugeza, kodwa amanye amakhosi ayewavulela umphakathi mahhala. Izindlu zokugeza zazihlelwe zaba nehholo elimaphakathi negumbi le-caldaria, igumbi le-tepidarium kanye ne-frigidarium. Ezinye izinkonzo ezihlukene bezitholakala ezindlini zangasese kusukela kubagundi, abalungisa izinwele, abashampu izinwele, neziwashi zikawoyela.

Ngokuvamile kwakunengadi evulekile eduze nendawo yokugezela kanye nomzila wokugijima nezihlalo zababukeli. Ezinye izakhiwo eziseduze zazinamagumbi okuhlangana, izitolo, nezindawo zokuhlala zezigqila eziningi ezazizogeza. Leli dolobha lalinamagumbi okugeza amaningi, kodwa okugeza nawo akhiwa ePompeii, eNyakatho Afrika, eJalimane naseNgilandi.

Le misebenzi yezakhiwo zamaRoma yanikeza ukubonakaliswa okungokoqobo kombuso ngoba izindawo zokugeza zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwansuku zonke ezakhamuzini zaseRoma futhi zaziyingxenye yezindlela zokuxhumana ezingakahleleki zombuso. Ngokufanayo, lezi zikhala zathunyelwa ezindaweni ezingaphansi koMbuso WaseRoma futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukunethezeka kwazo kwavezwa kuwo wonke uMbuso.

Amathiyetha

Ngokufana ngokwemvelo namabhati, amathiyetha ayeyindlela yokuzijabulisa kunentokozo, kodwa futhi ayewubukhazikhazi obutholwa amaRoma ngenxa yoMbuso. Lapho izidingo eziyisisekelo sezihlangatshezwane, abantu bavunyelwa ukuba bagxilise ukunaka kwabo emisebenzini engabalulekile. Itiyetha bekungenye yezindawo zokuzijabulisa eziningana ezakhiwe ngezakhiwo zaseRoma, ngaphandle kwenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nesekisi.

Isincomo sesiza nokwakhiwa kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseVitruvian siyathakazelisa kakhulu. Indawo yaseshashalazini kufanele yakhiwe esithangamini, okuqondakalayo, ngoba lokhu kwakuyisikhungo esiyinhloko somsebenzi. Ukukhathazeka kwakhe kokuqala akukona ukuklama noma izinto zokwakha, kodwa indawo.

Izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zaseRoma zamukelwa kumaGreki futhi zazilinganiselwe njengendawo eyisiyingi. Ngokuvamile zaziba seceleni kwegquma ukuze izihlalo ezinesitebhisi zihlelwe futhi zakhiwe kalula. Lapho ingekho igquma elifanelekayo, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yayakhiwe ngophahla lukakhonkolo olusekela izihlalo zokuhlala. Endabeni yokwakhiwa kwamapulangwe, indawo yokukhosela esimweni sezulu esingesihle yaba inzuzo. Kunezibonelo eziningi zalezi zakhiwo, njenge:

• I-Orange Theatre e-Orange, eFrance, yakhiwa ngo-50 AD. C., ithatha izibukeli ezingu-7.000 futhi yakhiwe kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela kakhonkolo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwegquma. I-semicircle ingamamitha angu-340 ububanzi, isiteji singamamitha angu-203 ububanzi, namamitha angu-45 ukushona. Ingxenye yodonga lwesiteji ihlala inezimbobo zezigxobo ezisekela umbhede phezu kwesiteji.
• Ithiyetha kaMarcellus eRoma, eyakhiwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yekhulu lokuqala BC, yakhiwe endaweni eyisicaba, ngakho ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngezindonga ezikhazimulayo zikakhonkolo ovalekile.

Izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zakhiwa kuwo wonke uMbuso: iHerode Atticus e-Athene, iLittle Theatre ne-Osita Theatre ePompeii, nezinye eSicily, eFlorence, eNyakatho Afrika naseNgilandi. Lezi zindawo ezichazwe ngokwezakhiwo zamaRoma kuwo wonke umbuso zanikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okuzijabulisa. Ukuzijabulisa bekungeke kucatshangwe noma kwenzeke ukube ubungekho amandla oMbuso WaseRoma.

ama-amphitheatre

Enye indawo yokuzijabulisa yamaRoma kwakuyinkundla yemidlalo. Incazelo yesimanjemanje ye-amphitheatre, leyo yesikhungo esivulekile esivulekile, kwakwaziwa kwabaseRoma ngokuthi "inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini" esanda kuchazwa. Inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRoma yayiyilokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi inkundla yezemidlalo noma inkundla (igama lesiLatini elisho inkundla, emunca igazi labalwayo).

Lesi sakhiwo sasungulwa ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaRoma kuphela okungenzeka ukuthi ayengathembele ethonyeni noma ekuklanyweni kwamaGreki. I-Elliptical shape, i-amphitheatre yakhiwe ngezinga ezikhuphukayo zezihlalo ezakha ihholo eliqhubekayo elizungeze inkundla emaphakathi. Izinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi zazitholakala kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu eMbusweni futhi zaziyingxenye yempilo yamaRoma, ezazidume kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-amphitheatre aseRoma, futhi ngokunokwenzeka zonke izakhiwo zaseRoma, okuyiColosseum eRoma.

Lokhu kwaqedwa ngo-82 AD. C. ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nambili yokwakha. I-Colosseum yakhiwe esigodini esiyisicaba phakathi kwamagquma i-Esquiline ne-Celia. Izindonga zangaphandle ze-ellipse zikala amafidi angama-620 ngo-513 futhi phansi kwenkundla ngamafidi angama-287 ngamafidi angama-180. Isiteji esisezingeni eliphansi sinikeze umbusi, izigele, nezinye izikhulu zezwe indawo yokuhlala. Ngemuva nangasemuva kwesiteji kwakunezihlalo zezibukeli ezingu-50.000. Ngaphansi kwezihlalo kwakunamaphasishi nezitebhisi zokufinyelela emazingeni aphezulu.

Ngaphandle kunezikhonkwane zokuqinisa izintambo lapho umcimbi ufuna ukumbulwa kwendwangu enkulu ukuze kuvuleke izibukeli. Ukwakhiwa kweColosseum kwasebenzisa izinto eziningi zokwakha ezazitholakala eMbusweni. Izisekelo zazenziwe ngokhonkolo futhi izindonga ezisekelayo zazenziwe ngetshe le-tufa nezitini. Amabhulokhi e-travertine aqiniswe kanye nezinsimbi zensimbi akha i-facade futhi imabula yasetshenziselwa ukuhlala nokunquma.

Idizayini yesakhiwo enezinsika ezimise okwe-wedge ezikhazimulayo ngaphakathi eziphahleni zikakhonkolo ezisekelayo zikhiqize isakhiwo esiqine ngokwedlulele esimelele cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane ezimbili. Ukube bekungengenxa yokufuna izinto zokwakha zakamuva, iColosseum ibizovela namuhla njengoba yenzeka ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD.

Ingaphandle leColosseum linezitezi ezine ukuphakama, izindaba ezintathu zokuqala zamakhothamo, amakhothamo, amakhothamo: ukusetshenziswa okulula nokho okuyinkimbinkimbi kwalesi sici sezakhiwo esikhiqiza ukubukeka okuhle okuhlala kuhlaba umxhwele ngisho noma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zesimanje. Nakuba inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ekuqaleni yayisuka kumaRoma, yayisebenzisa izici eziningi zakudala zezokwakha. Ama-oda aseKorinte, ama-Ionic, namaDoric asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ekwakhiweni.

amasekisi

Isekisi laseRoma lakhiwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalo imijaho yamahhashi nezinqola, futhi lezo ezakhiwe zaziyizakhiwo ezinhle nezinhle kakhulu zezakhiwo zaseRoma, zidlula ubuhle benkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obumangalisayo, umzila we-Circus Maximus (Circus Maximus) wafinyelela cishe ikhilomitha.

Ukwakhiwa kwesekisi kwakulula, njengoba amabhentshi okuhlala ezungeze indandatho akhiwe ngokhonkolo ovalekile, okudingekayo ngenxa yezinga lesayithi. I-Circus Maximus, eRoma, 46 BC. C., lalilikhulu kunawo wonke amasekisi futhi lalingamafidi angu-2.000 650 ubude, amafidi angu-250.000 ububanzi futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi lalihlalise izibukeli ezingu-XNUMX XNUMX. Umzila omude oqondile ohlangothini ngalunye lwesihlukanisi esibizwa ngokuthi umgogodla unikeze isifunda somjaho. NjengeColosseum, ingaphandle le-Circus Maximus lalihlotshiswe ngamakhulu amakhothamo.

Amakhaya

Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezine zezindawo zokuhlala zaseRoma: i-domus noma indlu yomuntu siqu, i-villa noma indlu yasemaphandleni, isigodlo sombuso, kanye ne-insula noma indlu ephakeme kakhulu.

I-Domus noma indlu yangasese

Kwakuwukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaRoma ezihlanganisa izici zama-Etruscans namaGreki. I-atrium (igumbi elikhulu lendlu yendabuko yamaRoma enophahla noma engenalo, ngokuvamile equkethe ithange lamanzi phansi) yenza ingxenye yomphakathi yesakhiwo enegceke, elizungezwe amafulethi. Ngokusho kukaVitruvius, amaGreki awazange asebenzise ama-atrium. Indlu yangasese yaseRoma yabhalwa ngaphambi kwezakhiwo zomphakathi eziningi ezinezibonelo ezisekhona kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC. c.

Izindlu ezizimele zazinamanzi aphuma ngamapayipi, futhi nakuba izindlu zangasese zomphakathi zazikhona, izindlu zangasese eziningi ezinkulu zazinezindlu zangasese zazo.

I-villa noma indlu yezwe

Isibonelo salokhu kwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseRoma iHadrian's Villa eyaqedwa ngo-124 AD. C., empeleni iyipaki elikhulu elinezakhiwo ezisabalele endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele ayisikhombisa. Iqukethe amagceke, amafulethi kanye namaphasishi anemihuzuko. Ngaphandle kwendlu yobukhosi kwakukhona amasimu, amakholomu, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nezindawo zokugeza. Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe ukuze kuboniswe ukunethezeka komklamo nokwakhiwa endaweni ephakeme yoMbuso.

Isigodlo Sombuso

Isigodlo sombuso sasimangalisa futhi simangalisa. Izigodlo ezihlukahlukene zakhiwa eGqumeni LasePalatine, ngaphezu kweSigcawu SaseRoma, zakhiwa ababusi abalandelanayo kusukela ngo-Augustus. Lesi sigodlo sasinamahholo omphakathi, isihlalo sobukhosi, amabhati, amagceke nezingadi ezinemipheme. Kwakuhlanganiswe nehholo ledili, amagumbi okuhlalisana angasese anosofa abahlezi, imithombo, iphansi elinemifanekiso eqoshiwe nezindonga ezipendwe ngokugqamile. Lokhu kwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseRoma kwakumkhulu kakhulu ngisho nangezindinganiso zamaRoma.

Isiqhingi noma indlu yokuqashisa

ERoma, lapho abantu babebaningi futhi indawo etholakalayo ilinganiselwe, lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseRoma lwabulawa. Lesi kwakuyisimo nase-Ostia, ichweba laseRoma, lapho inani elikhulu lezisebenzi kwadingeka lihlaliswe eduze nezikhumulo zemikhumbi. Kwakhiwa izakhiwo zamafulethi ezine, ezinhlanu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinde ngaphezulu.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhiwe ngokhonkolo embozwe ngezitini (i-opus testaceum), ene-moldings embala omnyama. Lokhu kukhiqize ukwakheka okubukeka kwesimanjemanje (njengoba kubonakala ekuhumusheni kabusha). Abaningi babenovulandi bakakhonkolo noma ngokhuni. Lezi zakhiwo zazinamafasitela amaningi abheke emigwaqweni nasezitaladini, futhi zazakhiwe ngamagceke angadini angaphakathi.

Isitezi sokuqala sendlu sasisetshenziselwa izitolo ezihlukahlukene, njengamabhikawozi nezitolo zemisebenzi yezandla. Nakuba amanzi ompompi ayetholakala, ayengafinyeleli ezitezi ezingaphezulu kwezinye izindawo zokuhlala, ngakho ezinye izakhamuzi kwadingeka zisebenzise imithombo yasemgwaqweni.

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala eRoma, indlu yokuqashisa nesigodlo kunikeza ithuba elikhulu lokuvezwa kombuso. I-domus ne-villa, nakuba ihlaba umxhwele, yayingavamile, futhi i-villa yayikude kakhulu nedolobha kangangokuthi yayingabonakali. Isigodlo sombuso kanye nendlu yokuqashisa, nokho, zanikeza ukubonakaliswa kombuso, nakuba ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu.

Lesi sigodlo sasiwumgogodla weRoma yombuso: ecebile, enkulu, ewubukhazikhazi futhi eyeqisayo, zonke izinto ezihambisana nengcebo namandla. Indawo ebonakalayo, ephakeme eNtabeni yasePalatine enkabeni yedolobha, yagcizelela ukubaluleka, ingcebo namandla oMbusi, ummeleli ophelele woMbuso.

Indlu yokuqashisa, indawo yokuhlala yalabo abasemaphethelweni ahlukene esigaba senhlalo, yahlala iwukubonakaliswa okuphumelelayo kombuso ngoba indlu yokuqashisa yayiyoba umthombo wokuziqhenya ngokuthi umbuso unganikeza izakhamuzi zawo izindlu kanye nesakhiwo esibukeka kahle. . futhi ekwazi ukuhlalisa imindeni eminingana esakhiweni esisodwa.

izakhiwo zokuhlobisa

Kuze kube manje sikwazile ukubona i-Rome njengedolobha elisebenza, sihlola ukuthi izakhiwo zakhona zisebenza kanjani ukuze zinikeze izakhamuzi zakhona indawo yokuhlala, ukuzijabulisa, ukudla, amanzi, nokunye. Kodwa futhi siyazi ukuthi iRoma yayiqukethe izakhiwo ezibizayo neziyinkimbinkimbi ezingenamsebenzi ongokoqobo.

Kwakuyizakhiwo zokuhlobisa, ezisebenza njengezimpawu ezibonakalayo zomuntu, indawo, umcimbi, noma umqondo abakhi bazo ababenomuzwa wokuthi ufanelwe indawo ehlala njalo edolobheni elimatasa. Sizochaza ezinye zazo ngezansi:

amakhothamo okunqoba

Amakhothamo okunqoba ayewuhlobo lwezakhiwo zenkolo zamaRoma ezakhiwe ukuphithizela kwazo ukuze kubonakale amandla, ukukhumbula umcimbi obalulekile noma umkhankaso wezempi. Abakutholi ukunakwa kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zesikhumbuzo sokuhlobisa nenkulumo-ze, nakuba kunokulinganisa okukhulu nekhono lezemfundo ekuqanjweni.

Ngokuvamile zazimiswa kude nemigwaqo emikhulu, ngokuvamile zazihlotshiswe ngezithombe eziqoshiwe ezibonisa izenzakalo ezikhunjulwayo. Phakathi kwezibonelo ezidume kakhulu yilezi:

• I-Arch of Titus, igubha ukuthunjwa kweJerusalema.
• I-Arch of Constantine (c. 315), ibungaza ukunqoba kukaConstantine uMaxentius eMilvian Bridge.

Ikhothamo elidumile lokunqoba elakhiwe enhlabathini yase-Italy lalihlanganisa lelo likaTiberius e-Orange, lika-Augustus eSusa, iTrajan eBenevento ne-Ancona, neCaracalla eTebessa. Bonke baye babeka izibonelo ezizukulwaneni ezingamashumi amahlanu ezalandela zamasosha anqobayo abuya ekunqobeni kwawo, kuhlanganise noNapoleon Bonaparte, owagunyaza i-Arc de Triomphe (1806-36) edumile yaseParis, umsebenzi wobuciko wobuciko bekhulu le-XNUMX.

Amakhothamo okunqoba aveza kahle uhlangothi olumangalisayo-lomkhosi womlingiswa waseRoma. Elinye igatsha kwakuyitshe lesikhumbuzo sekholomu eyodwa, eboniswe Ikholomu KaTrajan (c.1123 CE). Ukuphikiswa kwesitayela kwekhothamo lokunqoba cishe kuboniswe kangcono yi-Ara Pacis Augustae, e-Rome (c.13-9 BC), indawo engcwele eyakhiwa Isigele SaseRoma ukumaka ukubuya ngokunqoba koMbusi u-Augustus kusukela ezinkundleni zempi zaseRoma. Spain.

amatshe amatshe

Ngo 241 BC C. amaRoma anqoba iSicily phakathi nempi yawo yokuqala neCarthage. Ukuba khona kwalesi siqhingi esimaphakathi noLwandle iMedithera kwaholela ekuxhumaneni kokuqala noMbuso WaseGibhithe, owawubuswa uzalo lwamaGreki, amaLagides, ngemva kukaLago, ujenene ka-Alexander Omkhulu. AmaLagide aziwa kakhulu ngokuthi amaPtolemies, igama elithi Ptolemy okuyigama eliphindaphindayo loFaro bawo.

Ukudlondlobala kweRoma eMedithera akuzange kuholele ekubhekaneni neGibhithe, nakuba izingxabano zangaphakathi phakathi kwamalungu ohlanga lwamakhosi aseGibhithe zanikeza iRoma izwi elithile ezindabeni zangaphakathi zaseGibhithe. ngo 49a. C. Pompey, ngemva kokunqotshwa kwakhe ePharsalia, wabalekela e-Aleksandriya, inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa uFaro uPtolemy XIII wambulala ukuze azijabulise kuKhesari. Nokho, uKhesari akazange aneliseke ngokufa kwembangi yakhe futhi wayechema noCleopatra, udadewabo kaPtolemy nomkaPtolemy engxabanweni yobukhosi phakathi kwalaba ababili.

Ibutho lamaRoma lanqoba uPtolemy ngo-47 BC. C. kanye noCleopatra wenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi saseGibhithe. Ujenene waseRoma waqala ukuthandana nendlovukazi yaseGibhithe futhi ngendlela efanayo kuwo womabili la mazwe. Ngaphandle kweGreece, alikho elinye izwe elalinethonya elikhulu phezu kwamaRoma, futhi onkulunkulu baseGibhithe baba amalungu ayinhloko onkulunkulu bamaRoma.

Isithombe esisemthethweni soMbusi WaseRoma esasungulwa uMbusi u-Augustus, savuma kuphela okuhlukile ukuze uMbusi aboniswe njengoFaro waseGibhithe ukugcizelela ukuqhubeka phakathi koFaro nababusi. Kulo mongo, u-Augustus ngemva kokunqoba u-Antony noCleopatra nokunqoba iGibhithe ngo-30 B.C. C. waletha e-Heliopolis eRoma amatshe amatshe anikezelwe kofaro u-Ramses II no-Psammetichus II.

Amanye amatshe amatshe avela eGibhithe noma enziwa eRoma emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka alandela, okuphawulekayo phakathi kwawo kukhona okulandelayo:

• Lateran e-Piazza San Juan de Letrán, Rome - Italy.
• IVatican e-Piazza di San Pietro, Rome - Italy.
• Flaminio e Piazza del Popolo, Rome – Italy

Ingqalasizinda

Njengengxenye yokukhula kwedolobha laseRoma kanye nezinye izifundazwe zoMbuso WaseRoma, kwenziwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene okwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamaRoma, azange anikele nje kuphela izinga lempilo yezakhamuzi zakhona, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo sezakhiwo. UMbuso WamaRomano kanye nengxenye yentuthuko yawo kwezombusazwe nezomnotho.

izindlela zokuhamba

Esinye sezizathu ezenza abaklami bamaRoma batuswe ukuthi basebenzise izakhiwo zaseRoma ukuze bakhe imigwaqo yabo ephelele. Sekukonke, babeka imigwaqo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-250.000 50.000, kuhlanganise namamayela angaphezu kuka-29 XNUMX emigwaqo egandayiwe. Ekuphakameni kombuso wamaRoma, imigwaqo emikhulu yezempi engu-XNUMX yayiphuma enhloko-dolobha yawo, iRoma. Imigwaqo yaseRoma edume kakhulu ihlanganisa:

• Nge-Appia esuka eRoma iye e-Apulia.
• Nge-Aurelia, ukusuka eRoma ukuya eFrance.
• Via Agrippa, Via Aquitania and Via Domitia etholakala eFrance.
• Nge-Augusta, ukusuka eCadiz kuya ePyrenees etholakala eSpain nasePortugal.
• I-Ermine Street, i-Watling Street ne-Fosse Way e-Great Britain.

Amabhuloho

Amabhuloho emigwaqo ayeyimisebenzi emangalisayo futhi ebalulekile yezakhiwo zamaRoma futhi enendawo yawo endaweni kanye nasedolobheni. Amabhuloho amaningi akhiwa ngesikhathi soMbuso asasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Igalelo lebhuloho emcabangweni wombuso lalibalulekile. Ezokuthutha zaziyingxenye ebalulekile yezidingo zezohwebo nezempi. Ikhono lokuhambisa amabutho nezimpahla ukuwela imifula lalibalulekile ekwandeni koMbuso.

Amabhuloho okuqala akhiwa ngokhuni, kodwa lokhu kuqinisekiswa kuphela ukumelwa okungokomfanekiso kukholamu kaTrajan kanye ne-mosaic e-Ostia. Amabhuloho amaningana amatshe asekhona, ngakho-ke kusengenzeka ukubheka indlela yokwakha. Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho kwakuyizisekelo nezinsimbi.

Ezindaweni lapho kwakunezinkathi ezomile, kwakungakhiwa izisekelo nezinsimbi ngalesi sikhathi. Ezindaweni lapho amanzi egeleza ngokuqhubekayo, kwakusetshenziswa ama-cofferdam. I-Pozzolana Cement yaba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezinsimbi zamabhuloho ngekhono layo "lokusetha" ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wamanzi ageleza njalo kanye nomonakalo ongase ube khona ngenxa yezikhukhula, inani lezinsimbi lagcinwa libe lincane futhi amakhothamo akhiwa abemakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Amasango abekwa phambi kwezinsimbi zamabhuloho ukuze kuphambukiswe iziqu zezihlahla nemfucumfucu engase ithwalwe ngesikhathi sezikhukhula.

Akuwona wonke amabhuloho awakhelwe ukuwela amanzi. Ezinye zazakhiwe ukuze zinqamule izigodi nezinye izindawo ezingalingani. Izithiyo kweminye imisele yamanzi nazo zazisetshenziswa njengamabhuloho. Ama-Viaducts, amabhuloho phezu komhlaba, akhiwe kusetshenziswa amakhothamo amaningi ngenxa yokuthi usongo lwezikhukhula ezinkulu lwalungelukhulu njengokuwela umfula/amanzi.

Amabhuloho nawo abevame ukuba yisikhumbuzo ngohlamvu ngenxa yendawo yawo yokungena emadolobheni nasezindaweni zokuwela futhi ngokuvamile ayehambisana namakhothamo okunqoba.

Umsebenzi obalulekile woMbuso kwakuwukuthutha, futhi ibhuloho lanikeza ingxenye ebalulekile yalo msebenzi. Ikhothamo, futhi, inikeze isici esibalulekile esakhayo nesokwakha ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho nokwakhiwa. Ikhono lamaRoma lokusheshisa ukuhamba kwamabutho kanye nokulethwa kwezimpahla, ngenxa yengxenye yebhuloho, lakhonza uMbuso njengesisetshenziswa esibalulekile.

imisele yamanzi

Imisele yamanzi yaseRoma ibe yindaba yocwaningo oluningi futhi ijwayele ngisho nomuntu obukele nje. Ukutholakala kwamanzi anele kwakubaluleke kakhulu kumaRoma. UVitruvius wanikezela iNcwadi Yesishiyagalombili Yezincwadi Eziyishumi Zezokwakha emanzini. Waqala ngokuyala indlela yokuthola amanzi, ukutholwa kwamanzi emvuleni, emifuleni naseziphethwini. Ube esechaza izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlola ukuze kutholakale ukuthi amanzi asezingeni elifanele yini.

Esahlukweni sesithupha, uVitruvius uxoxe ngokuphakelwa kwamanzi futhi wanikeza izincomo zakhe mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi:

“Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zemisele yamanzi: emiseleni evulekile enamashaneli amatshe, noma amapayipi okuhola, noma amapayipi eterracotta. Nansi izimiso zomunye nomunye: Emiseleni, amatshe kufanele aqine ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi iphansi lomsele wamanzi kufanele libe nomthambeka obaliwe ongekho ngaphansi kwengxenye yonyawo kuwo wonke amafidi ayikhulu. Isakhiwo samatshe kufanele sibekwe phezulu ukuze ilanga lithinte amanzi kancane ngangokunokwenzeka.”

Ezinye izincomo zikaVitruvius mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi zihlobene namapayipi nemisele. Kubonakala kuxaka ukuthi uVitruvius ubenganikela indawo encane kangaka emiseleni yamanzi, uma kungaphethwa ngokuthi wayebhekisela kuyo.

I-Aqua Appia, i-Aqua Anio Vetus, ne-Aqua Tepula zakhiwe kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya ku-XNUMXst BC, ngakho-ke kufanele ukuthi wawuwazi lo mqondo. Imisele eminingi ezakhiweni zamaRoma yakhiwa ngesikhathi soMbuso, ngakho ulwazi lukaVitruvius ngayo kungenzeka ukuthi lwalulinganiselwe, noma umbono wakhe ngokubaluleka kwawo wawungase ube nomthelela omubi.

Imisele eyisishiyagalolunye kweyishumi nanye edolobheni laseRoma yakhiwa ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi futhi ingxenye yayo yayingaphansi komhlaba. Imisele eminingi, ikakhulukazi leyo esezifundeni, yakhiwa ngesikhathi soBukhosi. Ngenxa yalokhu ukuphola, kungaphethwa futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngokhonkolo, itshe kanye nezitini.

Isici esinikeza umsele waseRoma ubunikazi bawo obubonakalayo yi-arch. Ukusebenzisa kwamaRoma amakhothamo aphindaphindiwe, ngokuyisisekelo isimiso sokwakha esiyimodulayo, kwawavumela ukuba akhe umsele onobude obunganqunyelwe, futhi lokhu ngokuyisisekelo yikho akwenza ngezibambo ezinqamula amathafa. Ukhonkolo, amatshe, nezitini, kanye nenani elikhulu lezisebenzi, kwavumela ukwanda kwalesi simiso sokuphakelwa kwamanzi.

Kodwa yikhothamo eliyisici sesakhiwo esivumela umsele ukuba ube inkulumo enamandla kakhulu yombuso okhiqizwa amaRoma. Ikhothamo, elinekhono lokuthwala imithwalo ngenani elikhulu kakhulu kunokwakhiwa kwamapulangwe, lalivumela imisele yamanzi ukuba ibe amabhuloho kwezinye izindawo eziwela imifula. Nokho, lokhu kuwukucatshangelwa kwesibili. Umthelela obonakalayo wezinkulungwane zamakhothamo asekela izinsalela zemisele yamanzi usekhona nanamuhla.

Imisele yanikeza iRoma ingqikithi yokuphila, futhi ukwenza lokhu ngokungaguquki nangokuthembekile kwabonisa amandla kanye nezinzuzo eziphelele zoMbuso. Ngaphandle kwedolobha kwakunemisele yamanzi engudengezi engamakhilomitha angaba ngu-500 cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe.

Ezinye izakhiwo

Eminye imisebenzi evelele ngokulinganayo yezakhiwo zaseRoma itholakala emathuneni, ngokuvamile ayingxenye yeqembu elikhethekile lale mpucuko. Ngokwalokho iRoma elikuqoqayo ezithombeni zayo eziwubukhazikhazi ezibabazekayo zama-mausoleums awubukhazikhazi, amakhulu ngokwanele ukuba awacabangele njengezikhumbuzo zangempela ezasungulwa ukuze zivikele izinsalela zababusi abenza iRoma yaba nkulu.

Lawa ma-mausoleums akhiwe ngaphansi kwezimiso zezakhiwo zaseRoma ayequkethe igolide langempela ngaphakathi namagumbi ahlotshisiwe ukuze ahlalise i-sarcophagi namabhokisi. Phakathi kwabasamile kukhona:

• I-Mausoleum ka-Augustus
• Mausoleum kaHadrian
• Iphiramidi kaGaius Cestius
• I-Mausoleum kaCecilia Metella

abadwebi bezakhiwo zaseRoma

AmaRoma asendulo ayenekhono ezintweni ezihlukahlukene. Babona indlela yokwenza i-republic ephumelelayo futhi babengabakhi abakhangayo abagcwalisa umhlaba wabo ngemigwaqo, imisele yamanzi, amathempeli, nezakhiwo zomphakathi ngobukhulu nesikali esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke onjiniyela, abahloli bezakhiwo kanye nabadwebi bezakhiwo (ababemunye ngokufanayo) babengabantu ababaluleke kakhulu, abanye balabo ababa nesandla ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseRoma bahlanganisa:

• UMark Vitruvius Pollio
• U-Apollodorus waseDamaseku
• wawa inkundla
• Lucio Vitruvio Cerdon
• I-Cayo Julio Lacer

Ithonya lakamuva lezakhiwo zaseRoma

Izakhiwo zaseRoma zibe nethonya elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eNtshonalanga. Uma abaklami bezakhiwo bamaGreki besungula izifanekiso eziyinhloko zokuklama, abaklami bamaRoma basungula ama-prototypes wobunjiniyela ayisisekelo. Ngakho ngenxa yobungcweti babo be-arch, i-vault kanye ne-dome babeka izinga lezinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo.

Isibonelo sakhe salandelwa eduze kwezobuciko baseByzantium, into engabonakala ethempelini laseHagia Sophia eTurkey, ezakhiweni zaseRussia zasendulo njengezindlu zika-anyanisi zeSaint Basil's Cathedral eMoscow, ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance (Cathedral of Florence) ngabadwebi abanjengo. UFillippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446).

Manje uma ufuna ukuthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nomthelela wezakhiwo zaseRoma ungabona nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngesikhathi seRenaissance (1420-36), izakhiwo ze-baroque ezivelele kakhulu eCathedral of Saint Paul eRoma kanye ne-neoclassical architecture ephefumulelwe yibo bonke. Umhlaba. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi izakhiwo ezifana nalezi:

• I-Paris Pantheon (1790)
• I-United States Capitol (1792-1827) eWashington DC.

Lezi yizakhiwo ezimbili ezidumile emhlabeni wonke ezitholakala ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhuloho, imisele yamanzi, nemigwaqo yaseRoma yaba izibonelo zabaklami bezakhiwo nonjiniyela bakamuva emhlabeni jikelele.

Uma uthole lesi sihloko esimayelana nezakhiwo zaseRoma sinentshisekelo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:

• izakhiwo zamaGreki
• Ababusi bamaRoma
• unkulunkulu Jupiter