Izakhamuzi zesifunda sekhofi zinezimpande zabo kubunikazi bePaisa. Bagqama ngenxa yomusa wabo, ukukhuthala kwabo, umoya wabo webhizinisi kanye nesifiso sabo se-adventure. Amasiko ayo, i-gastronomy yayo, indlela yayo ethile yokuxhumana kanye nomlando wayo yenza i paisa isiko enye yezicebe kakhulu eColombia.
paisa isiko
E-Colombia, umuntu ozalelwe enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe, ikakhulukazi eminyangweni yase-Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda kanye neQuindío, waziwa ngePaisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifunda zomnyango weValle del Cauca (enyakatho) kanye noMnyango weTolima (entshonalanga) zihlotshaniswa nesiko lePaisa. Amadolobha amakhulu esifundeni sasePaisa yiMedellin, Pereira, Manizales kanye ne-Armenia.
I-Etymology
I-Paisa i-apocope ye-"countryman" esetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-America, e-Colombia ikhomba iqembu elichazwe kakhulu ngokwamasiko nangokolimi, elaziwa nangokuthi "intaba" noma "i-antioqueño", ngokubhekisela ku-Antioquia yasendulo, ehlanganisa nezinye izifundazwe. de Paisa, okwakuyindikimba eyodwa yokuphatha kwaze kwaba yilapho kwakhiwa iSifundazwe saseCaldas ngo-1905). Ngokolimi, kubhekiselwa kuphimbo (iphimbo) elijwayelekile leminyango yase-Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda, enyakatho nasempumalanga yesiGodi, nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTolima.
Izakhi zofuzo
Ngokuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo, amaPaisa angabantu abangabodwa. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kubonisa ukuthi inani lokuqala lama-paisa lakhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ingxube yamadoda avela eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia nabesifazane bama-Amerindian, kwathi ngesikhathi sokufuduka okuqhubekayo besuka enhlonhlweni yahlangana nesibalo sabantu esivele sisunguliwe, okwandisa ingxenye yaseYurophu, lokhu kwabangela ukuthi Isibalo samanje sama-paisa sinozalo lwaseYurophu.
AbaseSpain abavela e-Extremadura bangokhokho abakhulu bePaisas, njengombusi wokuqala wesifunda ekoloni uGaspar de Rodas. Amadolobha amaningana, amadolobha, kanye nezindawo esifundeni sasePaisa zaqanjwa ngamadolobhana, amadolobha, izindawo, noma izinhlamvu, isibonelo: I-Medellín ye-Medellín de Badajoz; Cáceres wesifundazwe saseCáceres; I-Valdivia yomnqobi uPedro de Valdivia.
historia
Ngonyaka we-1537 umnqobi uFrancisco Cesar wahola uhambo olusuka e-Urabá luya emfuleni iCauca eDabeiba, enqatshwa amaqhawe ngaphansi komyalo wenduna uNutibara. Ngo-1540 uMarshal Jorge Robledo wasungula idolobha laseCartago. Lesi sifunda sasihlukanisiwe nalo lonke ikoloni ngoba, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izintaba zase-Antioquia zazikhanga ukumba igolide nokufuywa kwezinkomo, kwakungezona ezokwakha izikhungo eziningi zabantu njengeCartagena de Indias noma iSanta Fe de Bogotá. .
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwekoloni kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sobunikazi bamasiko ama-paisas ngaphakathi komongo wezwe lase-Colombia. Kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, imindeni eminingi yakwaPaisa yathuthela eningizimu yensimu yase-Antioquia endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi ibhande lekhofi laseColombia.
Lokhu kufuduka kwangaphakathi kwaziwa emlandweni waseColombia ngokuthi "iColonization of Antioquia". Ngalesi sikhathi, iningi lamadolobha namadolobhana akule ndawo asungulwa, njengeCaldas, iRisaralda, iQuindío namanye amadolobhana asenyakatho yeValle del Cauca nasentshonalanga yeTolima.
NgoMashi 1616, XNUMX, isivakashi uFrancisco de Herrera Campuzano wasungula idolobhana laseVilla de San Lorenzo del Poblado eValle de Aburrá, kamuva elalizoqanjwa ngokuthi i-Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Medellín, kamuva elithatha igama eliqondile likaMedellin. .
IMedellín yaqokwa njengenhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe sase-Antioquia ngo-1826. Ngo-1849, eduze neNevado del Ruiz, iManizales yasungulwa. Ngo-1856 isimo sase-Antioquia sadalwa sadala izimpi zombango phakathi kwama-liberals kanye nama-Conservatives. Ngo-1863 kwasungulwa idolobha lasePereira. Ngo-1886, ngoMthethosisekelo Wezombangazwe ophakathi, kwasungulwa uMnyango we-Antioquia.
Ngo-1889 i-Armenia yasungulwa. Ngo-1905, ngaphansi kukahulumeni kaGeneral Rafael Reyes, uMnyango waseCaldas wasungulwa nengxenye eseningizimu yoMnyango wase-Antioquia. Ngo-1966, uMnyango waseCaldas wahlukaniswa waba izingxenye ezintathu: iCaldas, iQuindío neRisaralda.
Insimu
Akukho ukuhlukaniswa kokuphatha lapho "isifunda se-paisa" sikhona, kodwa kunalokho kuyibhizinisi lapho isiko le-paisa likhona, nokho kungenzeka ukusungula izindawo ezithile njengendawo yemvelo yabantu be-paisa:
Umnyango wase-Antioquia onendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-63.612 kanye nenani labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha, ngokwezibalo zango-2005, nokho, ngeke kubhekwe ukuthi yonke indawo yawo ifakiwe kusiko lwePaisa. Isifunda esingaphansi koMnyango we-Antioquia Urabá kanye nasenyakatho yomnyango kuhlanganiswe kakhulu nesifunda sase-Caribbean sezwe.
I-Paisas itholakala, ngaphakathi koMnyango wase-Antioquia, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yezintaba, enkabeni naseningizimu, kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Montaña Antioqueña". Inhloko-dolobha iMedellin, ebizwa ngokuthi iDolobha Lentwasahlobo Yaphakade futhi ithathwa njengesikhungo sesibili ngobukhulu samadolobha nezimboni eColombia. E-Metropolitan Area yaseMedellín kunamanye amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu njengeRionegro, La Ceja, Santafé de Antioquia, Puerto Berrío, Yarumal namanye. Iningizimu-ntshonalanga yoMnyango we-Antioquia iyingxenye yeSifunda Sekhofi SaseColombia.
UMnyango weCaldas wasungulwa ngo-1905 unendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-7.888 kanye nenani labantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, ngokwezibalo zezinkulungwane ezimbili nanhlanu, inhloko-dolobha yayo, iManizales, yasungulwa ama-Antioquians ngo-1849 futhi. ibizwa ngokuthi iDolobha Leminyango Evulekile.
Ngonyaka we-1966, uMnyango waseRisaralda wasungulwa endaweni yaseCaldas enendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-4.140 kanye nenani labantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, ngokusho kwezibalo zendawo yekhofi zonyaka wezinkulungwane ezimbili. ezinhlanu, inhloko-dolobha yayo iPereira, eyasungulwa ngo-1863 futhi yaziwa ngokuthi La querendon, isikhova ebusuku kanye Morena.
Umnyango omncane kakhulu eColombia uMnyango weQuindío onamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-1.845, wasungulwa ngo-1966 nedolobha lase-Armenia, iLa Ciudad Milagro, njengenhloko-dolobha, ngokusho kokubalwa kwabantu okujwayelekile kuka-2005 kunabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu. izakhamuzi.
Amadolobha oMnyango weTolima ayingxenye yesiko lePaisa atholakala entshonalanga yomnyango futhi yiRoncesvalles (eyasungulwa yi-Antioquians ngo-1905); Herveo (yasungulwa ngo-1860); ILebanon (yasungulwa ngo-1849); I-Casabianca (yasungulwa ngo-1886); UMurillo (owasungulwa ngo-1871); I-Armero (yasungulwa ngo-1895) kanye ne-Villahermosa (eyasungulwa ngo-1887).
Amadolobhana namadolobha asenyakatho yoMnyango weValle del Cauca nawo anemvelaphi yawo esikweni lePaisa: Seville (eyasungulwa yi-Antioquians ngo-1903); I-Alcalá (yasungulwa ngo-1819); I-Algeria (eyasungulwa ngo-1904, eyaziwa nangokuthi "iMedellincito"); Bolivar (yasungulwa ngo-1884); I-Calcedonia (eyasungulwa ngo-1910) iCartago (eyasungulwa ngo-1540), i-El Águila (eyasungulwa ngo-1905); I-Union (yasungulwa ngo-1890); Versalles (yasungulwa ngo-1894) noTrujillo (yasungulwa ngo-1922).
Ulimi lwesigodi
I-Castilian ekhulunywa ama-paisas yaziwa ngokuthi i-Antioquian Spanish futhi iyisici ngaphakathi kwe-Colombia, iyashesha futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ithambile, inama-Colombianism amaningi kanye nezifunda zayo ezingaziwa ngezinye izikhathi kwezinye izifunda zezwe.
Esinye sezici ezivelele zokusetshenziswa kwesiCastilian ngesiko lamaPaisa yizwi voseo enkulumweni yokuxoxisana. I-Paisa isebenzisa i- vos esikhundleni se- tu, i- tú isetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni okusemthethweni, nakuba kuvamile futhi ukuyisebenzisa phakathi komndeni nabangane. Noma kunjalo, i-vos ivinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezwi futhi ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa emibhalweni esemthethweni noma emaphephandabeni njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izifunda lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-voseo.
Ababhali abaningana basebenzisa i- voseo emisebenzini yabo ukuze baqinise ubuyena njengoPaisas, phakathi kwabanye uTomás Carrasquilla, Fernando González, Ochoa Manuel Mejía Vallejo, Fernando Vallejo kanye noGonzalo Arango.
Njengeningi lezilimi zesigodi zaseMelika ngesiCastilian, ama-paisa awahlukanisi umsindo wegama elithi "s" nelithi "z" noma elithi "c". Esifundeni se-Paisa kukhona ukuphimisela okunamandla kohlamvu "s", kuchazwa njenge-apicoalveolar "s̺", umsindo oguqukayo phakathi kuka "s" no "f", ofana nomsindo "sh" njengaphakathi nendawo futhi enyakatho yeSpain naseningizimu ye-Central America. I-'apicoalveolar' yathonywa ama-Basques, amaCatalan nama-Extremadurans, futhi i-seseo yathonywa ama-Andalusians namaCanarians.
Gastronomy
I-Paisa cuisine ithonywa kakhulu indawo yayo yasezintaba zasemakhaya. Ibonakala ngenani elikhulu lokusanhlamvu, irayisi, ummbila, ingulube, inyama yenkomo, izithelo zesifunda, amazambane kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemifino.
I-Paisa Tray iyisidlo esimele kakhulu esifundeni futhi idume kakhulu ezindaweni zokudlela zase-Colombian eNingizimu Melika, eYurophu nase-United States. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa i-carne asada noma inyama yenkomo egayiwe, ama-rinds engulube, irayisi, ubhontshisi wezinso, ucezu lukakotapheya, ama-plantain athosiwe amnandi, iqanda elithosiwe, i-arepa encane yommbila omhlophe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-chorizo.
I-Sopa de mondongo isobho elenziwe nge-cubed tripe (isisu senkomo noma sengulube) elibilisiwe ngemifino efana ne-bell pepper, u-anyanisi, izaqathe, iklabishi, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, utamatisi, i-cilantro, u-garlic, nemifino yezimpande.
I-Antioquia empanadas ilungiswa ne-flavour, isinongo kanye nezithako ezijwayele ukusetshenziswa e-Antioquia. Ibonakala ngenhlama encane kakhulu kanye nokugcwaliswa okunongwe kahle kakhulu. Ukugcwaliswa okuvame kakhulu inyama, okokuqala, namazambane.
I-Mazamorra e-Antioquia ivamise ukuhambisana ne-panela futhi iyisidlo esiseceleni esidumile kakhulu sokudla okufana nethreyi ye-paisa. Isiphuzo ngokuvamile sihlanganisa izinhlamvu zommbila, ezigaywe ngodaka, bese zicwiliswa emanzini, futhi ekugcineni ziphekwe kuze kuthambe. I-Mazamorra ivame kakhulu ukudla kwasemini nesidlo sakusihlwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. I-Mazamorra iwukudla okujwayelekile kwaseColombia okunikezwa njengesitsha esiseceleni noma njengesitsha esikhulu, esijwayelekile noma esingakahleleki.
Ezinye izitsha neziphuzo ezijwayelekile ubhontshisi wase-Antioquian, Ubhontshisi onenselo, i-Antioquian sancocho, i-Antioquian black pudding, isoseji lase-Antioquian, inyama eyosiwe ngamalahle noma eyosiwe, iPosta noma umfana ojulukayo noma "sudao", Hogao, Calentao paisa, Arepa paisa noma Arepa de Tela, Pelao corn, shredded, isiteketiso, muleteer, chocolo with Antioquian cheese, Peto, Antioquian cheese, Lentils, Antioquian tamale, Antioquian empanadas, Arequipe paisa with brevas, Marialuisa kanye confectionery, Piononos, Panderos, Pandesoques, Pandesoques ushokoledi Parvandescas, Parvandequescas kanye Parvandeques chocolate Parvande , I-Custard.
umculo
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zomculo ziyatshalwa endaweni yasePaisa, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo zendabuko, zesimanjemanje kanye nezingenisiwe ezivela kwezinye izifunda noma amazwe. Izinsimbi ezithandwayo zokuhumusha izitayela zomculo ezihlukene, ikakhulukazi esomdabu, i-tiple nesiginci.
I-El Pasillo iwuhlobo lomculo wesintu nomdanso odabuka e-Colombia, yayidume kakhulu ezindaweni ezakha i-Viceroyalty yaseNew Granada ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Yazalelwa eColombia futhi yasakazeka ngokushesha kuyo yonke indawo, ikakhulukazi e-Ecuador (lapho ibhekwa njengesitayela somculo kazwelonke) futhi, kancane kancane, ezindaweni zezintaba zaseVenezuela nasePanama. Abantu baseVenezuela babiza lesi sitayela somculo ngokuthi "valse".
Ngaphakathi kwesiko lePaisa kugxilwe kakhulu kangangokuthi uMkhosi Wehholo Kazwelonke uhlelwa minyaka yonke kumasipala wase-Aguadas emnyangweni waseCaldas. UCarlos Vieco Ortiz ungomunye wabaqambi bePaisa abayizifanekiselo kakhulu abanamaphaseji akhiwe angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisikhombisa, okuhlanganisa namaphasishi eqembu lakhe kanye namaphasishi akhe ahamba kancane, enye edume kakhulu iphasishi elithi “Towards Calvary”.
I-La musica iyisitayela somculo odumile waseColombia we-rumba kanye namaphathi owasuka esifundeni sase-Antioquia, yaziwa nangokuthi umculo we-cantina noma umculo we-guascarrilera noma nje i-guasca. Abalimi besifunda balalela izinhlobo eziningi zomculo ezihlukene ezivela eMexico, e-Ecuador, ePeru nase-Argentina njengama-rancheras aseMexico, ama-corridos nama-huapangos, ama-tangos, ama-waltzes, ama-tonadas, ama-zambas namaphasishi ase-Argentina, kanye namaphasishi nama-boleros ase-Ecuadorian nasePeruvia.
Laba balimi be-paisa, ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX kanye nawo-XNUMX, banquma ukutolika zonke lezi zinhlobo ngesitayela sabo, bakhiqiza umculo we-guasca, wabantu basemaphandleni nowasezintabeni owavela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi. njengomculo we-lane.
I-Paisa trova noma i-copla yisitayela somculo esakhiwe eMnyangweni we-Antioquia, futhi siqukethe abaculi ababili abaqhudelana ngamavesi aculwayo nanemvumelwano. I-Paisa trova ilula ngokomculo ngesigqi kanambambili noma se-ternary lapho okubaluleke ngempela ukuthuthukisa okushiwoyo kanye nekhono lokusungula i-counterpointing troubadours. Ngokuvumelana okuvamile, u-Salvo Ruiz kanye no-Ñito Restrepo de Concordia bathathwa njengabadali be-Paisa trova.
I-tango evela e-Argentina nase-Uruguay yaduma kakhulu esikweni lePaisa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. UCarlos Gardel, othathwa njengenkosi ye-tango, ushone engozini yendiza enhlokodolobha yesifunda sasePaisa, eMedellín, ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu nane. Endaweni yaseManrique eMedellín kune "Tangovia" lapho kunetshe lesikhumbuzo lokuhlonipha uCarlos Gardel kanye noMkhosi weTango ubanjelwa lapho.
I-Flower Fair
Minyaka yonke iFlower Fair iba edolobheni laseMedellin, okuwumgubho oyifanekiselo yedolobha, futhi uwuphawu olumele isiko lePaisa. Esimeni samaholidi esijwayelekile se-carnival, kwethulwa imicimbi enhlobonhlobo engahlobene ngempela nezimbali, okuhlanganisa imiqhudelwano, ama-parade ezimoto, ama-Paso Fino amahhashi namakhonsathi amaningi.
I-Flower Fair yokuqala yahlelwa ngu-Arturo Uribe Arango, ilungu leBhodi Lehhovisi le-Medellín Development and Tourism ngoMeyi XNUMX, XNUMX, ukugubha usuku lweNcasakazi uMariya. Umkhosi wathatha izinsuku ezinhlanu ngombukiso wezimbali owawukhonjiswa e-Metropolitan Cathedral, owawuhlelwe yi-Medellín Gardening Club kanye noMonsignor Tulio Botero.
Kusukela ngonyaka wenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalombili, ihlobo lashintshwa laba yinyanga ka-Agasti ukugubha ukuzimela komnyango wase-Antioquia kanye nokuphakamisa nokuqhubekisela phambili izindinganiso zesiko le-Paisa. I-Flower Fair iwumgubho ongokomfanekiso wokuchuma kwamasiko kanye nohlanga kanye nempilo yonke yesifunda sonke.
Umkhosi wethula amakhulukhulu emicimbi egcwele umbala futhi esongwe ngamakha akhishwa yizitshalo zesifunda, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi efana ne-Mule Carriers ne-Fondas, i-Silleteros Parade kanye ne-"Cavalcade" kanye nokudlalwa komculo kuzo zonke izindawo ezingomakhelwane zedolobha.
Omunye wemicimbi ye-Medellin Flower Fair yi-Silleteros Parade. Okwamanje ama-silletero ahlukanisa amahhashi abo abe yizinhlobo ezine: Izitulo zezihlalo ezifanekisayo ezinomlayezo wokuqukethwe kokuziphatha nokuziphatha ngokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zezwe noma zenkolo noma ukuhlonipha umlingiswa ovelele.
I-Monumental Silleta iyona enkulu kunazo zonke, cishe amamitha amabili kuya kwamabili, inombala omningi nokubukisa okukhulu, umklamo uphefumulelwe umlobi wawo esebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezimbali okungenani ezine ezinomqhele wezimbali phakathi nendawo ezungezwe i-gladioli. nama-spikes.
Isihlalo sesihlalo somdabu siwukwenziwa kwesitayela sezihlalo zezihlalo ezisetshenziswa abalimi ohambweni lwabo lokuya edolobheni laseMedellin ukuletha izimbali. Ubukhulu bayo obulinganiselwe bungamasentimitha angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu zezimbali zendabuko ezivela esifundeni.
I-Silleta yezohwebo igunyazwe yibhizinisi elifuna igama layo lihlotshaniswe njengomxhasi we-Medellin Flower Fair.
Izimpawu zesiko Paisa
Ukuthi ungubani isiko lamaPaisa kusekelwe emlandweni wokwenziwa kwamakholoni kanye nakumazisi we-“paisa”, ogqama kakhulu ngomusa wawo, ukukhuthala, umoya wosomabhizinisi kanye nesifiso sokuzijabulisa. Lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwesifunda lapho ukutshalwa kwekhofi kuyinjini yayo eyinhloko yezenhlalo nezomnotho.
i-poncho
I-poncho iyingxenye yezingubo ezijwayelekile zabalimi bezifunda ezibandayo zomnyango wase-Antioquia kanye ne-espadrilles ye-cabuya, isigqoko se-Aguadeño, ucelemba, i-Carriel kanye ne-zurriago. Kuyisisho phakathi kwezakhamizi zakulesi sifunda ukuthi i-poncho ifanekisela ukwangiwa komndeni wakwaPaisa.
I-Paisa poncho yenziwe ngoboya obuhlanzekile futhi ngokuvamile inemibala emnyama futhi ebucayi. Ezikhathini zasendulo zazihlotshiswa ngemigqa ebomvu nephuzi kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umklamo wazo uye waba lula. Okwamanje ama-poncho avame kakhulu amnyama, nawo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumnyama noma ampunga okumnyama afinyelela kumnyama.
Ngokusho kwe-“El testamento del Paisa” ka-Agustín Jaramillo Londoño, izilinganiso zama-poncho kufanele zibe: «…Leso umnikazi anaso kusukela eminwe yesandla esisodwa kuya eminwe yesinye ngezingalo ezivulekile». Amanye ama-poncho namuhla anekhola, kodwa lokhu kuvela ezikhathini zamuva nje.
I-Aguadeño Hat
Isigqoko se-Aguadeño isiqeshana esenziwe ngezandla esiphenduke uphawu lwesiko le-Paisa kanye nesifunda sonke. Isigqoko se-Aguadeño silukwe ngesandla ngomucu wesundu sase-Iraca (Carludovica palmata) kumasipala wase-Aguadas, umnyango waseCaldas.
Esikhathini esidlule, lezi zigqoko zazinomqhele ophakeme kakhulu, kodwa azisakwenziwa ngaleyo ndlela, ngakho-ke lawa mamodeli ayaziswa kakhulu ngabaqoqi. Namuhla akhiqizwa ngenkomishi engezansi, anomumo omfishane noma anompheme obanzi futhi njalo eyokugcina imhlophe qwa kanti ngaphandle kwenkomishi inomdweshu omnyama. Isigqoko sangempela nesiyiqiniso se-Aguadeño senziwa ngefayibha ekhishwe enhliziyweni yesundu sase-Iraca futhi yilapho ubumhlophe baso besici buvela khona.
Umlando uthi umuntu wase-Ecuador ogama lakhe linguJuan Crisóstomo Flores nguye owaletha isigqoko endaweni ngo-1860 futhi wafundisa abantu indlela yokwenza. Abakhiqizi bokuqala kwakungamadoda, kamuva abesifazane bazojoyina abakhiqizi babo.
I-fiber yesundu se-iraca ingaphansi kwe-sulfur vapor, ngemva kokuphekwa futhi yomiswe emthunzini, ukuze inikeze umbala omhlophe owuphawu, khona-ke abadwebi abanekhono bayoqedela umsebenzi ngokunikeza isigqoko ukuguquguquka nokuma. Kumasipala wase-Aguadas, eMnyangweni waseCaldas, imboni yokukhiqiza izigqoko ze-iraca yafinyelela ukubaluleka kwenhloko-dolobha, yaze yaba ukuziqhenya kwendawo, njengoba amavesi enkondlo ethi “Aguadas, ka-Aurelio Martínez Mutis esho.
«Izigqoko zokwaluka, amashuni wokweluka, ama-Iraca asebenza amantombazane akho athembekile, njengama-muleteer abahamba, usuku nosuku izinsuku zokuluka. Nabaluki bakho bacula ngenkani ngothando, injabulo, ukudangala; izandla ezithobekile zalabo besifazane abadaya izindwangu ezikhandiwe ngesibabule zenze ukushona kwelanga kwakho kwaba phuzi futhi kwenze ukusa kwakho kube mhlophe.”
ujantshi
I-carriel noma i-guarniel wuhlobo lwesikhwama sesikhumba noma isikhwama semali sokusetshenziswa kwabesilisa okujwayelekile kwesiko le-Paisa lase-Colombia kusukela ngezikhathi zamakholoni. Lena ingubo esetshenziswa cishe kuphela izakhamuzi zesifunda sasePaisa futhi ehlukanisa amakhosi ase-Antioquia. I-cariel yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ama-muleteers. Esinye sezici zayo ezihlukile inani elikhulu lamaphakethe namakhompathisi enawo, amanye awo angase abe "imfihlo".
Ngenkathi uMnyango we-Antioquia uyindawo yezolimo kuphela, i-carriel yayiyingubo yokusetshenziswa jikelele, kodwa njengoba inqubo yokufudukela emadolobheni ithuthukile, yashiyelwa ukusetshenziswa kwabalimi, nokho, ngokuba isiqephu esimele, yaba uphawu. isifunda kanye nawo wonke amasiko ePaisa.
Kunemibono eminingana mayelana nemvelaphi yegama elithi carriel noma i-guarniel, enye yazo ithi livela egameni lolimi lwesiFulentshi elithi Cartier elisho isikhwama somzingeli, enye i-hypothesis ifakazela ukuvela kwenkulumo ngolimi lwesiNgisi Carry all with. incazelo yokulayisha yonke into. Okunye okungenzeka ukuthi umsuka walo uvela olimini lwesiHeberu elithi Carr-I-El, “ukuthwala noma ukuthwala,” noma iGuarni-El (guarniel), “ukugcina”.
Isembozo noma ingaphambili noma i-facade ye-carriel yenziwe ngesikhumba sesilwane esingahlutshiwe, ukuze ibe yi-paisa carriel yangempela kufanele ibe noboya futhi kufanele ikanywe kahle, izikhwama ezingenazo izinwele ziyikulingisa ezingenakho lutho lwe-paisa yasekuqaleni. ingubo .
I-Antioquia carriel yasekuqaleni yenziwe ngesikhumba esikhulu se-otter noma i-tigrillo, nayo yasetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ukwenza isikhumba sebhubesi (puma) noma ingwe (jaguar), kodwa muva nje ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo, ukugwema ukuzingela nokufeza ukulondolozwa kwezilwane zasendle. izinhlobo, i-facade ye-carriel yenziwe nge-calfskin, egcina isethulo sokuqala.
I-carriel inentambo noma ibhande, okufanele lilengiswe ehlombe, cishe amasentimitha amane ububanzi, elenziwe ngesikhumba esincanyana futhi elimbozwe ngempela ngesikhumba selungelo lobunikazi. Amanye ama-rails amahle kakhulu anemihlobiso eyenziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi noma ama-eyelets kanye nemidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi eyenziwe ngezintambo ezinombala oluhlaza, ophuzi nobomvu.
Ekuqaleni ama-paisa rails ayenamagumbi amabili noma amathathu kuphela, lawa ayenyuswa kancane kancane aze abe namaphakethe ayishumi nesishiyagalombili. Ojantshi banamuhla banamaphakethe ayisishiyagalolunye ahlanganisa ama-crest amathathu noma amaphakethe ayimfihlo afihlwe phakathi kwama-lining.
I-Machete
Ucelemba uyithuluzi lomsebenzi elinohlangothi olulodwa okuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ubuye usetshenziswe njengesikhali esifushane, ucelemba ufana nommese kodwa unenkemba ende futhi esindayo umlimi ngokuvamile ayiphatha ehlanganiswe kwesokunxele sokhalo lwakhe. . Isongwe ngomgodla wesikhumba ohlotshiswe kakhulu, ngokuvamile onsundu ngombala. I-peinilla ifana nocelemba kodwa inonqenqema oluphindwe kabili kanye ne-blade encane.
Ucelemba owawusezandleni zomlimi wakwaPaisa wawungesona isikhali kodwa wawuyithuluzi aye ngalo ezintabeni ukuze amhlwithe ngomzamo futhi ajuluke umhlabathi ayezowulima nokuyilapho ayezokwakha khona imizana eqalayo okwathi ngokuhamba kweminyaka yaba. amadolobha amakhulu. Ucelemba owawusezandleni zikapaisa wawungesona isikhali sokucasula kodwa wawuyisikhali sokwakha amaphupho enqubekelaphambili yomhlaba ophumelelayo.
Ivesi elithi “Romance al arriero” kaGuillermo Córdoba Romero: Iphinifa likaseyili lizwakala / ilenga ezinqulwini; / umgodla wekama / ngokumelene nokushaya komlenze / futhi, okungcolile. Phezu kwamahlombe / umnyuzi ugoqiwe.
AbakwaMuleteers
Kungashiwo ukuthi ama-muleteers amelela i-quintessential yesiko le-Paisa. Kunjalo ukubaluleka kwayo ukuthi umnyuzi, uJuan Valdez, ube yisithombe seColombia emhlabeni. Abadubuli yibo ababezinikele ekushayeleni iminyuzi ukuthutha impahla, izimpahla, izilwane nokudla besuka endaweni ethile beya kwenye ukuze banelise izidingo zale mikhiqizo emadolobheni amancane. Ngokuvamile, ama-muleteer kwakungamadoda anolaka, engenazo noma izifundo ezimbalwa kakhulu, anezinsiza eziningi futhi ahlakaniphe kakhulu.
Ukuze benze umsebenzi wabo, ama-mulete kwadingeka abhekane nemigwaqo eyingozi nemimango, ehlushwa isimo sezulu esibi sezintaba eziphakeme. Ngenxa yomzamo wabo omkhulu, abakwazanga nje ukuthuthukisa isimo sabo nesomndeni wabo kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuxhumanisa esinye sezifunda eziqhelile kakhulu zeJografi yaseColombia nalo lonke izwe.
Ama-muleteer aqala umsebenzi kusukela esemncane kakhulu, enza imisebenzi esezingeni eliphansi kakhulu futhi ngeminyaka yokusebenza nokuzidela akwazi ukwakha amandla obuntu kanye nobuntu obuphikelelayo obuzobasiza ukuthi bamelane nezidingo zomsebenzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakhuphuke izikhundla. kuze kufike ezikhundleni zobuholi ngisho nokuba nezilwane zabo.
Abakwamulete babambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni komnotho walesi sifunda, ngokusixhumanisa nezwe lonke, bakha imigwaqo emisha ngocelemba ezoholela ezindaweni obekungafinyeleleki kuzo kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kodwa elikhulu iqhaza labo wukwakhiwa kwesiko lePaisa, ngocelemba. amasiko abo, indlela yabo yokuphila, izindlela zabo zokukhuluma nokudala ubunikazi bePaisa.
I-Chapolera
ULa Chapolera uyisakhamuzi saseColombia esihlala esifundeni seKofi esifundeni sasePaisa futhi esizinikele ekuvuneni ikhofi eminyangweni yaseCaldas, eRisaralda, eQuindío, nakwabanye omasipala eNyakatho yeValle del Cauca. I-chapolera ihlukaniswa ngesitayela sayo somdabu sokugqoka kanye nokujwayelekile kwesifunda kanye nomsebenzi wayo. Igama elithi chapolera baliphiwa wuvemvane olwaziwa ngegama elithi Chapola olufudukela emapulazini ekhofi ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Ngokwesiko, owesifazane wakwaPaisa wazinikela emisebenzini yasekhaya, futhi kwaba kuphela, ezikhathini zamuva nje, ngemva kokunqoba ukucwasa kwabesilisa futhi wazuza inkululeko yakhe lapho abesifazane besifunda bakwazi ukuzinikela ekuvuneni ikhofi, umsebenzi owawenza. Ngenxa yemvelo yayo, inomthelela wokuthi kumele ugudluke phakathi kwezifunda ezahlukene namapulazi ubheke lapho okumele unikeze khona izinkonzo zawo njengomqoqi.
Ngokuvamile, izingubo ze-chapoleras zinesikhafu esinamafindo ekhanda kanye nesigqoko se-palid braid phezulu. Ibhulawuzi likakotini limhlophe elinemikhono emifushane, linelineni eliphakeme kanye ne-bolero, ngokuvamile linemihlobiso ehlanganisa i-embroidery, ama-ruches, ama-saddlebags kanye nezintambo ezahlukene, lapho i-blouse igqoke imikhono emide lezi azinayo imihlobiso, i-lace kuphela indololwane .
Iziketi zide, kuze kufike kumasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili ngaphezu kweqakala, ezenziwe ngekotini ephrintiwe kabili nxazonke, ukuphrinta kuvame ukufaka izimbali futhi kuhlotshiswe ngezintambo ze-lace. Engxenyeni engezansi ugqoka i-boleros eyodwa noma amabili futhi uhlale egqoke ama-petticoat, isiketi sihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwe-apron ukuze kuvikelwe. Njengezicathulo ama-chapolera asebenzisa ama-espadrilles. Ngaphansi kwesikhafu izinwele zihlanganiswe ngama-braids aboshwe ngamaribhoni, anezintambo ezinde, ama-candos noma amacici kanye nembali enkulu ezinweleni.
Ugcwalisa imvunulo yakhe ngobhasikidi owelukwe nge-rattan encane enezindlebe ezimbili ezisetshenziselwa ukunamathisela okhalweni, lobhasikidi usetshenziselwa ukuqoqa ikhofi ngokuqondile emagatsheni esihlahla sekhofi bese liyisa endaweni yokugcina.
Njengokuhlonipha owesifazane wasePaisa futhi encoma izindinganiso zomphakathi, ezenhlalakahle, zamasiko nezomndeni azimelelayo, minyaka yonke ngo-Okthoba ukuBusa kweLa Chapolera kubanjelwa emikhosini yokugubha usuku lwedolobha lase-Armenia.
Izinganekwane, izinganekwane nezinkolelo-ze zesiko lamaPaisa
Esikweni lamaPaisa kunezinkolelo ezingapheli, ezihlukahluka emphakathini nomphakathi, njengoba kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu; nokho, eziningi zazo zivame kakhulu kuso sonke isifunda sasePaisa. Ezinye ezivame kakhulu yi-jet yamehlo amabi; opals ukususa iziphonso; uphondo lwe-unicorn, i-fang ye-morrocoy, isipikili sesilo esikhulu, i-fang ye-alligator, iso lenyamazane, isidleke se-macuá, i-congolo kanye ne-covalonga nezinye izici zemilingo zenhlanhla.
Izihlungi zothando zedolobha laseRemedios zinodumo olukhulu futhi sezidumile kuwo wonke uMnyango wase-Antioquia. Izinganekwane eziningi ezithandwayo, noma onkulunkulu abavikelayo bezintaba, imifula, amadolobhana namasimu ajwayelekile kwabakhileyo base-Antioquia naphakathi kwenzalo yekoloni yase-Antioquian.
Izinganekwane zabantu basezintabeni zikhiqizwa kusukela ebugqileni bamahlathi, emithonjeni yemifula nemifudlana, emihumeni nasezindaweni ezingenalutho zezintaba, eziningi zalezi zinganekwane zivela ngesikhathi se-colonization yase-Antioquia futhi ukuvela kwezinkolelo zomphakathi wezifiki.
Phakathi kwezinganekwane nezinsumansumane ezisakazeke kakhulu iMadremonte, okuwubunkulunkulu bezintaba namahlathi ase-Antioquia nase-Old Caldas; Ngokwenkolelo, ilawula imimoya, izimvula kanye nendawo yonke yezitshalo. ULa Patasola, ungunkulunkulukazi wogqinsi lwehlathi elimsulwa futhi eziqongweni eziphakeme zezintaba, ubonakala engowesifazane onomlenze owodwa ogcina inselo yenkomo, kodwa angashintsha kuye ngezimo.
I-Hojarasquín yamahlathi, ijwayelekile emahlathini, avela ngezibalo ezihlukahlukene, ekwazi ukuba njengomuntu noma njengesilwane, ehlale embozwe imivini nama-ferns noma ethatha ukubonakala kwendoda yesihlahla esinyakazayo. Umama woMfula uyinyoni ebonakala emifuleni, emifudlaneni, emathafeni nasezigwini zolwandle futhi ixosha izingane.
Ezinye izinganekwane ezikhona kusiko lwePaisa zibhekisa kubalingiswa asebedumile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi babonakala njengezipoki emaphandleni nasemadolobheni: la Llorona, el Patetarro, María la Larga, la Rodillona, la Colmillona, la U-Mechuda, i-Green Lady, i-Meneses, i-embers, intombazane evela encwadini, u-María Inés, u-María Pimpina, uMareco, i-Guando noma i-Barbacoa del Muerto, abajwayele, abathakathi, imikhovu, ama-Mohán nabanye abaningi.
Ezinye izipoki zinezinhlobo zezilwane noma zimelela izilwane zasenganekwaneni njengalezi: inja emnyama, ingulube ye-Guaca, umnyuzi onemilenze emithathu, uvemvane olumnyama nezinye.
Kukhona futhi izinganekwane ngaphakathi kwesiko likaPaisa ezisekelwe ezibalo zomlando ezifana nezinganekwane zeNhloko uNutibara kanye nomfowabo uQuinunchú; inganekwane kaMaría Centeno, umama wezimayini e-Antioquia; inganekwane yomndeni wakwaCastañeda; Ubaba uLópez, umpristi oyinganekwane nabanye.
madremonte
I-Madremonte yaziwa nangokuthi i-Honeysuckle, ingumlingiswa wezinganekwane zesiko le-Paisa kodwa futhi itholakala emlandweni wayo yonke i-Colombia, ikakhulukazi e-Antioquia, emaphakathi nentshonalanga ye-Andes yaseColombia, nasezigodini zaseMagdalena naseCauca. . Inkolelo yakhe ivela konkulunkulu bezizwe zasendulo lapho ayemele khona uMama woMhlaba.
Incazelo enikeziwe ngaye iyahlukahluka kakhulu, njengesidalwa sowesifazane esinyantisayo esimbozwe ngokuphelele ngamagatsha obunyezi obunye kanye nemivini, enamehlo acwebezelayo, ezinye izincazelo zithi ungowesifazane omuhle kakhulu, onobuhle obuhle futhi ogqoke kahle kakhulu. umqhele owenziwe ngamagatsha nezitshalo. Ubuye achazwe njengesalukazi esinciphile, esingamathambo esinezitho ezinde kakhulu esigqoke ingubo eyenziwe ngamahlamvu.
Ngokwezinye izinguqulo, ibonakala emaxhaphozini noma ekujuleni kwamahlathi lapho kuneziphepho ezinkulu futhi ikhiphe ukukhala okwesabekayo okuzwakala ngaphezu komsindo wokuduma kwezulu. Ngokwenkolelo yabaqwali bezintaba, uma amanzi omfula noma omfudlana eguqubele, kungenxa yokuthi iMadremonte igeza kuwo.
ILa Madremonte inomsebenzi wokuvikela amahlathi, ukunakekela izitshalo nezilwane. Ihlukumeza abazingeli, abadobi nabagawuli bezinkuni, kuthiwa iphinde ihlukumeze amadoda angathembekile, nalabo abaphikisana nemingcele yempahla. Iphuma kamnandi inakekele izintaba namahlathi lapho kushona ilanga nezingoma zezinyoni zasemini zingasazwakali. Uma emangala umuntu ongahloniphi isizinda sakhe, uyamnyonyobela aze amqome bese emyengela ehlathini elichichimayo lapho abashwabadela khona.
Indlela aziphatha ngayo kanye nemvunulo yakhe iyathakatha noma ngubani obabukayo futhi azenze azilahlekele ekujuleni kwehlathi. Iheha kokubili abadala kanye nezingane. Ukugeza emifuleni kufaka ushevu emanzini ayo futhi kudlulisela izifo. Inganqatshwa ngokubhekana nayo ubuso nobuso, ngaphandle kokubonisa ukwesaba nokuyishaya ngamagatsha kagwayi.
I-Madremonte ihlotshaniswa nobunkulunkulu bakaDabaibe bezizwe zeCatío, Nutabae kanye neChocoe, ezintabeni zesifunda sase-Antioquia, iphinde ifane nePachamama yase-Andes yasePeru naseBolivia, izinganekwane zikaMaría Lionza kanye neCapu eVenezuela. , unkulunkulu wasemanzini u-Yara wasesifundeni sase-Amazon, noCaa Yurí eBrazil.
I-Leaf Scratcher of the Mountain
I-Hojarasquín del Monte iyisidalwa se-anthropomorphic esibukeka njengendoda, ikhanda lomuntu kanye nesiqu se-guayacán, esimbozwe ama-chamizos, ama-lichens asendle nama-ferns. Abanye bathi kubukeka njengesihlahla esihambayo. Abanye bathi yisidalwa esisabekayo esinekhanda lembongolo nomzimba wendoda, kukhona nabathi yinkawu enkulukazi enoboya obugcwele umzimba ombozwe amahlamvu omile nobulembu.
I-Hojarasquín del monte iphethe ukunakekela izintaba, izitshalo zazo zasendle kanye nezilwane ezihlala kuzo. Ngokukhala kwenkonjane yomfula, ufunda lapho esondela umuntu onenhloso yokulimaza imvelo, futhi uyazi ukuthi yini okufanele ayenze ukuze ayivikele. I-Mountain Scratch ingenza abahambahambayo ehlathini, kodwa uma ohambayo enezinhloso ezinhle, i-Scratch Leaf imkhombisa indlela ebuyayo.
Umndeni wakwaCastaneda
Emikhosini yezifunda eziningi zaseColombia futhi ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Antioquia, kukhona isiko elihlobene noMndeni wakwaCastañeda elifanekisela ubunye bomndeni, ukubuyela ezweni lapho bazalelwa khona kanye namasiko amaningi agxilile. . Leli qembu le-carnival lixhumene kakhulu nenkululeko yezigqila eyaqala e-Antioquia phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, lapho uMndeni wakwaCastañeda wawuhileleke kakhulu.
USergeant Don Ignacio Castañeda nomkakhe uDoña Javiera Londoño ngosizo lweqembu labo lezigqila baqala ukuxhashazwa imayini yabo abayibiza ngokuthi "i-Aventaderos de Guarzo" etholakala e-El Retiro eMnyangweni wase-Antioquia. Abayeni bakwaCastañeda nabakwaLondoño babedume ngokuphatha izigqila zabo kahle, babebaphatha ngothando nangothando, njalo beqinisekisa ukuphila kwabo okungokomzimba nokuphathwa ngendlela efanele.
UDon Ignacio noDoña Javiera bafika esinqumweni, ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana, ukunikeza izigqila zabo inkululeko, abayishiya ngokubhala, besho ngentando yabo. Lapho kushona uSergeant Don Ignacio Castañeda edolobheni laseRionegro, umfelokazi wakhe, uDoña Javiera Londoño de Castañeda, wamkhulula izigqila zakhe eziyikhulu namashumi amabili nesikhombisa. Lo mcimbi wangekhulunyaka leshumi nesishiyagalombili ungowokuqala ukwenzeka kulo lonke elaseMelika.
Abansundu abayikhulu namashumi amabili nesikhombisa abakhululwa bathola isibongo sabanikazi babo bangaphambili, uCastañeda, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi bazibophezela ukugubha umkhosi weVirgen de los Dolores minyaka yonke. Ekupheleni konyaka ngamunye labo ababeyizigqila babefika bezogubha inkululeko yabo abayitholile futhi bakhumbule ngenjabulo usuku lwabo “lokuthatha umhlalaphansi” ebugqilini nokuqashelwa njengamadoda akhululekile okokuqala ngqa.
Abansundu abakhululiwe bafika bevela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zesifunda futhi bakha uMndeni wakwaCastañeda. Ngothando, ukuziqhenya nokubonga, baxoxela ngomlomo lokho okwakuvele kuyinganekwane, indaba kaDoña Javiera Londoño de Castañeda, owokuqala ukunikeza inkululeko ezigqileni kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.
Lo mhlangano wezigqila ezafinyelela enkululekweni yazo yoMndeni wakwaCastañeda e-El Retiro yiwo owasungula i-Fiesta de los Negritos, okuyisiko eligujwa njalo ngoZibandlela noJanuwari.
I Patasola
Ngokwenkolelo yesiko likaPaisa elijwayelekile labalimi bekoloni lase-Antioquia entshonalanga yeColombia. Kuyisidalwa esibi kakhulu, esinamademoni futhi esesabekayo esivela emagumbini aphithene kakhulu emahlathini, emahlathini asezintabeni nasezintabeni zezintaba zesifunda esibizwa nge-Antioquia Grande.
I-Patasola iyisidalwa sasehlathini esibonakala sinomlenze owodwa ogcina enyameni yenkomo noma enselweni yebhere eshiya umzila obekwe ubheke phansi odidayo futhi ophazamisa izilwane ezishushiswayo. Ngomlenze wayo okuwukuphela kwayo inyakaza ngokushesha okukhulu. Kulesi silwane esingenalutho, amathanga amabili ahlangene abe umlenze owodwa. Kungumbono omubi, ononya olufana nololaka lwezinganekwane zaseYurophu. Ungumngane wezilwane zasendle azivikela kubazingeli nanoma ubani ofuna ukuzilimaza.
Banga ukwesaba phakathi kwabagawuli bemithi, abahamba ngezinyawo, abavukuzi kanye nezifiki. I-patasol ingashintsha ukubukeka kwayo ngokuvumelana nezimo. Kwesinye isikhathi uthatha isimilo sowesifazane onebele elilodwa kuphela esifubeni, amehlo aqhumile, umlomo omkhulu, amazinyo ahlabayo, ikhala elixhumene, izinwele ezibophene, izindebe ezigcwele neziyinyama, izingalo ezinde futhi njalo enomlenze owodwa.
Kwesinye isikhathi ushintsha abe ngowesifazane omuhle nokhangayo okhohlisa abangaqaphile, abameme ukuba bamlandele futhi abaholele emahlathini futhi abaphazamise. Ngaleso sikhathi, uvele ahleke futhi athathe isimo sakhe sokuqala. Abanye abazibonele bona bathi bake bamuzwile uPatasola ekhala kabuhlungu njengowesifazane olahlekile kwathi uma bemthola ephenduka isilo esizithela kubo.