Ukuze uqonde kangcono indlela Isiko laseColombia futhi yimaphi amaqembu amasiko, sikumema ukuba uvakashele lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo, kulesi sihloko uzokwazi ukukwazisa ukuthi isiko laseColombia likhulu kangakanani, kuzo zonke izifunda zalo.
Isiko laseColombia
Ngokuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe okuzuzwe kumasiko ahlukene, isiko laseColombia lenze ubuwena obuchazwe kahle kakhulu. Kusukela ezimpucukweni ezahlukene zangaphambi kwe-Columbian ezifana neMuiscas, Tayronas, Quimbayas kanye neZenúes.
Ngokuhlangana kwempucuko yaseSpain neyase-Afrika, umphumela waba umphakathi onezici ezivamile kuwo wonke amazwe aseLatin America, kodwa onomehluko ophawulekayo.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphakathi kwendawo yaseColombia ngokwayo kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwesifunda okuphawulekayo. Isibonelo, ama-cachacos asezintabeni zaseCundiboyacense, ama-paisas ase-Antioquia, ama-llaneros asempumalanga, i-Valle del Cauca del Valle del Cauca.
Izibalo ezisogwini logu lweCaribbean kanye nezakhamizi zase-Santander emnyangweni we-Santander. Wonke la maqembu ahlukene enza iColombia ibe isizwe samasiko ahlukahlukene esihehayo.
Ngale ndlela, yonke le ngxube okwamanje ibonakala ochungechungeni lwezinkulumo ezifana nezakhiwo, umculo, ubuciko, izincwadi, phakathi kokunye. Igqama ngokuba nabantu ababalulekile abafana noGabriel García Márquez, Fernando Botero, Juan Pablo Montoya, Carlos Valderrama, Juanes, Shakira, Sofía Vergara.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umnotho waseColombia usekelwe ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yokukhiqiza eyinhloko efana nezolimo, ikhofi kanye nemfuyo. Ibhekwa njengomnotho wesine eLatin America.
I-akhawunti yomlando yesiko laseColombia
Ngaphambi nje kokufika kokunqotshwa, imiphakathi yendabuko yayibonakala ngokwenza ubucwebe obuhle kakhulu eNingizimu Melika.
Kusukela u-Alonso de Ojeda, ngo-1499, efika ogwini lwaseColombia, abanqobi baye babonisa isithakazelo engcebweni yabomdabu bendawo. Ngakho, kwavela izinganekwane ezinjengaleyo ka-El Dorado, eyagcina isiyichibi laseGuatavita, lapho abomdabu emikhubeni yabo bephonsa iminikelo yegolide.
Kusukela ngo-1525, ukunqotshwa kwakuwukuthola amadolobha, ukusabalalisa ubuKatolika, nokusebenzisa isimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezigaba. Ngemva kweminyaka, khona kanye ngo-1810, iColombia yathola inkululeko yayo ngaphansi kombuso waseSpain, ngosizo lomholi waseVenezuela uSimón Bolívar.
Kamuva, kwalandela inkathi yezimpi zombango phakathi kwamaLiberals, ayevikela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, namaConservative, ayesekela ubunye beSonto LamaKatolika noMbuso. Izenzakalo ezaqala inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi iLa Violencia, phakathi kuka-1948 no-1958.
Lezi zinqubo zomlando ezihlanganisa ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga namasiko ahlukene ziye zakha isiko laseColombia kuze kube yilolu suku.
Umphakathi wamasiko aseColombia
Ngokombono wenhlalo, isiko laseColombia lakhiwe izinhlanga eziningi, okwenza inani lamamestizo ligqame. Nakuba ulimi olusemthethweni kuyiSpanishi, kunezilimi zabomdabu ezingu-65.
Esinye isici ukuthi i-90% yabantu baseColombia bathi inkolo yamaKatolika, okubonisa ukuthi imikhosi eminingi yaseColombia inencazelo yenkolo. I-Colombian ibonakala ngokuvuleleka, injabulo, ukunakwa, ukungenisa izihambi nokusebenza kanzima futhi ihlale idinga isikhathi sokufunda nokuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa.
Futhi bangabantu abahlakaniphile futhi abahlakaniphile, ngoba bathi bakhuthazwa, ngakho bahlala becabanga ngezinzuzo ezihlangene. Phezu kokukhona kwesifunda, ibhola kanye nomgubho we-carnival yinto ebaxhumayo. Kunezigaba ezintathu zezenhlalo esikweni laseColombia: eliphezulu, eliphakathi nendawo neliphansi, elingaphansi kweholo lomndeni.
Inhlangano yepolitiki yokuphatha yesiko laseColombia
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Colombia ihlelwe ngokwezindawo yaba yiminyango engama-32, isifunda esikhulukazi esi-1, izifunda ezi-2 zezimboni nezamachweba, izifunda ezi-2 zezokuvakasha nezamasiko, izifunda ezi-2 zezivakashi, zamasiko nezomlando kanye nezindawo ezimbalwa zomdabu ezikhethekile.
Umbuso ubonakala ngesiqinisekiso sobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kubahlali bawo, unobumbano, ukusabalalisa, intando yeningi, ubuningi kanye nokubamba iqhaza.
Yiba nesistimu yokuphatha eyakhiwe umongameli kanye nesekela likamongameli, okhethwe iminyaka emine okungenzeka ukuthi aphinde akhethwe.
Uhlelo lokushaya umthetho lwakhiwe yiCongress kanti amajaji akhiwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme Yezobulungiswa, Ikhongolose Yesifunda, Inkantolo Yomthethosisekelo, UMkhandlu Ophakeme Wezobulungiswa, UBulungiswa Bobugebengu Bezempi, Ihhovisi Lommeli Jikelele, izinkantolo nezinkantolo. Ababusi nezimeya bakhethwa ngokuvotelwa ngokuqondile esifundeni ngasinye.
Inkolo yesiko laseColombia
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, iningi labantu baseColombia bangamaKatolika, amaqembu amancane alandela ezinye izinkolo. Uma kubhekwa umzila ongokomlando, ubuKatolika babuyinkolo esemthethweni yaseColombia, into eyashintsha ngoMthethosisekelo ka-1991.
Lapho isizwe sasingcweliswa njengombuso wezwe, sinikeza iziqinisekiso zenkululeko yokukhulekela. Noma kunjalo, iSonto LamaKatolika laqhubeka linamalungelo ngaphezu kwezinye izinkolo, okwadala ukungezwani. Ukushweleza emimoyeni, ngo-2016, umhla zizi-4 kuJulayi wamenyezelwa njengoSuku Lukazwelonke Lwenkululeko Yezenkolo Nokukhulekela.
Ezinye izakhamuzi ziyingxenye yemiphakathi yezenkolo njengabavangeli, oFakazi BakaJehova, amaMormon, amaBuddha, amaSulumane, amaJuda. Into evamile esikweni laseColombia ubukhona bezinganekwane kusukela ezikhathini zamakholoni, eziye zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, njenge-anima solo, ukukhanya konyawo, i-carrao, owesifazane okhalayo, umlenze. impempe nje.
Izifunda main isiko Colombian
Njengoba kunezifunda eziyisithupha zemvelo ezinezinhlobonhlobo zezulu nezindawo, zimelela isiko elihlukahlukene laseColombia. Phakathi kwabo, ezimbili eziyinhloko zingahlukaniswa:
I-Andean
Njengoba iyindawo ehlala abantu abaningi eColombia, ihlanganisa iminyango yase-Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindío, Valle del Cauca, Tolima, Santander, Norte de Santander, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Huila kanye neNariño.
Ezinye zezifunda zesiko laseColombia kulesi sifunda zifaka: Paisa, Santandereano, Cundiboyacense, Vallecaucano, Opita, Pastuso, Cachacos.
Isifunda sase-Andean sinomhlaba okhiqiza kakhulu kwezolimo, futhi kuxhashazwa uwoyela, ama-emeralds namanye amaminerali. Amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu yilawa:
I-Bogota (capital district).
Inhloko-dolobha yaseColombia, ingeyomnyango waseCundinamarca, iyisikhungo sezinzwa sezepolitiki, ezomnotho, izimboni, ezobuciko, ezemidlalo nezokuvakasha. Idolobha elinikeza umsebenzi omuhle wamasiko, ngaphandle kwesidlo esivamile se-cachacos i-santafereño ajiaco, kanye nekhofi elibomvu elidumile.
Medellin
Yakha inhloko-dolobha yase-Antioquia, ehlanganisa izinkulumo zomdabu zesiko lePaisa. Labo abazidlayo ngokudla kwe-paisa. Ingelinye lamadolobha amadala kakhulu eMelika, inhloko-dolobha yaseValle del Cauca, ebonakala ngesitsha esivamile se-rice atoll dish.
I-Caribbean
Itholakala enyakatho yeColombia, eduze noLwandle lweCaribbean. Yakhiwe iminyango yase-Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena naseSucre.
Imisebenzi yezimboni, ezohwebo, ezezimali, zamachweba, ezolimo, imfuyo, izimayini, nezokuvakashela izivakashi ziyagqama, kanye noxhaxha lwamadolobhana, okugqamayo okulandelayo:
I-Barranquilla (Isifunda Esikhethekile Sezimboni Nechweba).
Inhloko-dolobha ye-Atlantic, lapho kugujwa khona umkhosi obaluleke kakhulu wesiko laseColombia: imigubho yaseBarranquilla.
I-Cartagena de Indias (isifunda sezokuvakasha namasiko).
Inhloko-dolobha yaseBolívar, idolobha eligcina amagugu ezakhiwo zaseSpain kanye nezindonga zomlando ogwini lwalo.
Ezinye izifunda zesiko laseColombia
Ezinye izifunda ezakha insimu yesiko laseColombia yilezi:
I-Amazon
Iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke futhi enabantu abambalwa, eneminyango efana ne-Amazonas, iPutumayo, iCaquetá, iGuainía, iGuaviare neVaupés.
Lapho kuthuthukiswa khona imisebenzi yezolimo, ukugawulwa kwemithi neminye imisebenzi engekho emthethweni njengokutshalwa kwe-coca ukuze kukhiqizwe i-cocaine. Ukudla okuthandwayo kulungiswa ngeqanda likafudu.
I-Insular
Kuhlanganisa iziqhingi zaseSan Andrés kanye neProvidencia oLwandle lweCaribbean, kanye neMalpelo neGorgona ePacific Ocean. Indawo yezivakashi equkethe enye yezakhiwo zamahhotela eziyinhloko ezweni, ebonisa imigubho ye-Afro-Caribbean efana nomkhosi wezinkalankala nezitsha zezinhlanzi.
I-Orinoquia
Itholakala empumalanga yezwe, yakha indawo ethafeni eyakhiwe yiminyango yase-Arauca, Casanare, Meta kanye neVichada. Ozalelwe lapho uzinikele ekukhuliseni izinkomo, ezibonakala ngezingubo zazo, i-liquiliqui kanye ne-mamona njengesidlo esijwayelekile.
Enokuthula
Ifakwe emaphethelweni asentshonalanga, yakhiwe iminyango yaseChocó, iValle del Cauca, iCauca neNariño, lapho idolobha laseBuenaventura lakha isifunda esikhethekile sezimboni kanye nechweba, esinokuvulwa kwezentengiselwano oLwandlekazini iPacific. Umsebenzi wezomnotho usekelwe ekudobeni kwezimboni, ezezimayini, imfuyo kanye nezolimo.
Ukubonakaliswa kwesiko laseColombia
Izinkulumo ezehlukene zesiko laseColombia zizochazwa ezihlanganisa:
Yezandla
Imikhiqizo ye-subcultures ehlukene igqamile, isibonelo, izakhamuzi zenza isigqoko se-vueltiao, ama-paisas enza obhasikidi abalukiweyo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iGold Museum, edolobheni laseBogotá, ineqoqo lezinhlamvu zegolide, kanye nemisebenzi yokhuni, izitsha zobumba, izindwangu namatshe ezenziwe izizwe zangaphambi kweColumbian.
Ukudweba
Umdwebi odume kakhulu nguFernando Botero, omisebenzi yakhe ingabonwa eBotero Museum eBogotá. UDavid Manzur no-Omar Rayo nabo bayaphawuleka ngalesi sikhathi.
Izakhiwo
Ngethonya laseSpain lenkathi yamakholoni kanye nezakhiwo zesimanjemanje, izakhiwo ezinjengeMedellín Cathedral, isici samakoloni saseCartagena noma iBarichara, iMedellín Sports Arenas, iSantuario Nuestra Señora del Carmen neParque Explora zixubile emadolobheni.
Literatura
UGabriel García Márquez, umlobi wencwadi ethi One Hundred Years of Solitude, phakathi kwabanye, owayevelele kakhulu esikweni laseColombia kulendawo, wathola uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-1982.
umculo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zomculo esikweni laseColombia kuya ngesifunda ngasinye. Aziwa kakhulu yi-vallenato, i-cumbia ne-joropo. Eminyakeni yamuva, uhlobo lwe-pop yaseColombia luzuze udumo emhlabeni wonke, u-Shakira ungumculi ophumelele kakhulu emlandweni womculo wesiLatini.
Ake sikhulume kancane mayelana nezifunda
Isifunda saseCaribbean: I-Colombian Caribbean ithatha iminyango yase-Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena, San Andrés and Providencia, kanye neSucre. “Amadolobha angasogwini”, njengoba ebizwa kanjalo phakathi kwezakhamuzi zale ngxenye yezwe, abonakala ngokujabula kwawo, ubungane nokuphimisa kwawo.
Nakuba ehlukaniswe ngokwendawo aba iminyango eyisishiyagalombili, amadolobha asogwini agcina ukubonakala okufanayo, axhunywe uLwandle LwaseCaribbean. Ngokunjalo, lesi sifunda sezwe sinabantu bomdabu ababalulekile njengama-Arhuacos, atholakala eSierra Nevada de Santa Marta, kanye neWayúu, eLa Guajira.
Ngokwengxenye yabo, amasiko aseColombia nawo achazwa ngomculo wawo. Isibonelo, isigqi esibalulekile sivele esifundeni saseCaribbean esikwazile ukuzibeka endaweni yonke emhlabeni.
Phakathi kwabo, i-Vallenato, enye yezinhlobo zomculo ezimele kakhulu esifundeni nasezweni. Lesi sigqi esazalelwa emnyangweni we-César simenyezelwe yi-UNESCO njengefa lamasiko elingaphatheki lesintu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izinhlobo ezihlukile ezifana ne-champeta, i-porro, i-cumbia nezinye eziningi.
Imikhosi yayo efana ne-Barranquilla Carnival, enye yezindawo ezimele kakhulu ogwini, nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, kukhona i-Vallenata Legend Festival, i-Francisco el Hombre Festival, i-Independence Festival, i-January 20 Festival, phakathi kwabanye. Woza uthole ifa lamasiko aseColombia anqamula eColombia!
Isifunda sase-Pacific: Isifunda saseColombian Pacific sihlukaniswe iminyango emine: iChocó, iValle del Cauca, iCauca neNariño. Lesi sifunda sezwe sibonakala ngokubonakaliswa kwamasiko, njengemidanso yaso edumile nemisindo eqhamuka kubantu base-Afrika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifunda sinoLwandlekazi iPacific olugeza abantu abaningi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunotha kwamasiko kwalesi sifunda sezwe kuyamangaza ngempela. Imicimbi yayo eyinhloko yamasiko isemadolobheni aseTumaco, eBuenaventura naseQuibdó, izindawo lapho amathonya ase-Afrika, abomdabu kanye neSpanishi athuthukile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthiwa amasiko namasiko amaningi abantu basePacific aphuma kulawa mathonya.
Umculo waseNingizimu Pacific uhlukaniswa ngemisindo eyisici evela ezinsimbini ezifana nama-marimba, ama-cununos, izigubhu, amabhesi, ama-guasás namaviolin. Zonke lezi zici ziwumkhiqizo wamagugu ase-Afrika kanye nenyunyana yomdabu, i-European and Afro.
Ngokunjalo, lo mculo usuphenduke isikhali sokumelana nodlame olukhungethwe omasipala abambalwa kulesi sifunda sezwe. Futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyindlela yokugcina amasiko okhokho babo bephila.
Ngokunjalo, omunye wemicimbi ehlanganisa ndawonye amaphuzu avelele alo mculo oyintandokazi iPetronio Álvarez Festival. Ungomunye wemicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu esifundeni kanye nasezweni lonke.
Kanye nalokhu, kukhona eminye efana neCurrulao Festival, iPacific Coast Folk Festival, kanye neBlack and White Carnival. Lesi sakamuva singesinye esikhulu futhi esibaluleke kakhulu eningizimu yeColombia.
Isifunda sase-Andean: Lesi sifunda sinesinye samasiko abaluleke kakhulu aseColombia. Iminyango eyakha le ndawo yilena: Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Huila, Norte de Santander, Quindío, Risaralda, Santander noTolima.
Ngamunye wabo unezici zakhe. Isibonelo, i-paisa ingelinye lamasiko ahlonza kakhulu izwe phesheya. Yaziwa nge-gastronomy yayo, amasiko ayo abalimi kanye nemikhosi yayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-Feria de las Flores, umcimbi omelela okuhle kakhulu kwesiko lama-muleteer.
Kukhona nowesifazane waseTolimense, ogcwele i-gastronomy emnandi, imidanso yakhe yendabuko, umculo wakhe kanye nemikhosi yakhe. Phakathi kwayo kukhona i-Colombian Folk Festival kanye ne-Colombian National Music Festival. Futhi, e-Huila, umkhosi wesintu kanye nokubusa kazwelonke kwe-Bambuco kugujwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isiko Cundiboyacense, okuhlanganisa ndawonye amasiko abantu Cundinamarca futhi Boyacá. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa, njengangaphambili, nge-gastronomy yayo, imibukiso yayo, imikhosi yayo, imidanso yayo nomculo wayo.
Zonke lezi zici zamasiko zizalwa kubantu bomdabu kanye namasiko abantulayo. Owakamuva waba nomthelela ikakhulukazi emculweni, okwadala izinhlobo ezifana ne-carranga.
Okokugcina, isiko likaSantander nalo liyahlukahluka futhi liyathandeka. Idonsela ukunaka ngezitsha zayo ezijwayelekile kanye nemikhosi efana ne-Santander International Festival. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezigqi zayo eziyisici njenge-bambuco, i-tourbillon ne-guabina.
Isifunda sase-Orinoquía: Ihlukaniswe phakathi kweminyango yase-Arauca, Meta, Casanare kanye neVichada. Kulesi sifunda, isiko le-llanera libusa kakhulu, elinomnotho ongenakuqhathaniswa.
Izici zayo eziyinhloko imidanso yayo njengejoropo nomculo wayo ohlanganisa izinsimbi ezivamile ezifana ne-maracas nehabhu. Imisindo nemidanso yayo idala imicimbi efana neJoropo International Tournament, eVillavicencio.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-llaneros anokudla okusekelwe enyameni. Kuleli zwe ungazama izitsha ezinhle ezifana ne-veal a la llanera, i-capybara, i-beech nokuningi.
Vakashela amathafa futhi ufunde ngomunye wamasiko endabuko futhi ahehayo aseColombia!
Isifunda sase-Amazon: Ingesinye sezifunda ezinkulu futhi esicebe kakhulu emithonjeni yemvelo yendawo kazwelonke. Le ndawo ihlanganisa iminyango yase-Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Putumayo kanye neVaupés.
Ngokungafani namanye amasiko ase-Colombian, lena yakhiwe ngaphezu kwayo yonke imisebenzi yendabuko namasiko emiphakathi yendabuko yendawo.
Amasiko namasiko abantu base-Amazon yaseColombia kuxhunywe ezindabeni zabo, izinkolelo zabo zokhokho kanye nemvelo yabo yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakwazile ukugcina izici zabo ezihlukile ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okulinganiselwe kwalesi sifunda sezwe.
Kuthiwa amaphesenti angu-60 ale ndawo ngeyezinhlelo zokubhuka nezindawo zomdabu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, seziphenduke izindawo ezivikelekile ezifuna ukugcina isiko lale miphakathi yokhokho.
Ngokwengxenye yabo, ukubonakaliswa kwamasiko abantu bomdabu base-Amazon yaseColombia kubonakala ngemikhuba yabo, imidanso nezingoma. Lezi ziyinganekwane-ngokomoya yemvelo eyenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Isibonelo, ezinye zisetshenziselwa imishado, ukuzalwa, inzalo, imikhosi yomngcwabo, amasiko ezempilo, phakathi kokunye.
Ngokufanayo, izingoma zabo eziningi nemidanso yenzelwe ukuveza imizwelo nokubonga kuMama Womhlaba. Ezinye zalezi zinkulumo zobuciko zihlanganisa imisindo yemvelo, njengokucula kwezinyoni nezinsimbi zomdabu ezenziwe ngomango.
Ngokuqondene nezinkolelo zabo, lezi zizwe zokhokho zinesiko elidluliselwa ngomlomo elicebile izinganekwane nezinsumansumane ezihlobene nehlathi kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ungaphuthelwa lesi siko elimangalisayo, uvakashele i-Amazon yaseColombia!
Isifunda sasesiqhingini: Lesi sifunda esihle sezwe sihlanganisa iziqhingi ezibhekene nePacific Ocean kanye neqembu elisogwini loLwandle lweCaribbean. Isifunda esingajwayelekile sakhiwe yisiqhingi saseSan Andrés, Providencia kanye neSanta Catalina. Futhi iPacific yakhiwa iziqhingi zaseMalpelo naseGorgona.
Amasiko abantu bakulezi ziqhingi ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Esinye esiphawuleka kakhulu yileso sesiqhingi saseSan Andrés naseProvidence. Le ndawo inezinhlobonhlobo zamasiko ezingenakuqhathaniswa ngenxa yokufuduka kwamaSpanishi, amaNgisi, amaDashi nama-Afrika.
Ngalesi sizathu, abantu baseziqhingini banolimi lwabo olwaziwa ngokuthi 'isiCreole', okuwumphumela wobudlelwane phakathi kwezilimi zaseNtshonalanga Afrika nesiNgisi.
Ngokunjalo, le ngxube ibe nomthelela emculweni, izakhiwo, ukudla, nokunye. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, amasiko aseColombia ashiye ifa eliyigugu. Alinge ukuzithola!
Uma uthole le ndatshana ye-Colombian Culture inentshisekelo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: