IColombia iyizwe elinamasiko amaningi futhi elinye lamasiko liyingxenye yobunikazi balesi sizwe, Amasiko Ase-Afro-Colombian. Ngalesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana nezici, amasiko namasiko, izinkolelo, nokunye kwalesi siko esithakazelisayo.
Amasiko Ase-Afro-Colombian
Igama elithi Afro-Colombians libhekisela kubantu bozalo lwase-Afrika abahlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseColombia; kodwa ngendlela efanayo, kunezinye izinkulumo zendawo ezivame kakhulu ukubhekisela kuzo: abamnyama, ama-morocho, ama-brunettes, ama-costeños, abantu abakhululekile, abantu abanemibala kanye ne-Afro-inzalo.
Abansundu eColombia bayinzalo yabantu base-Afrika, ababelethwa njengezigqila ngesikhathi sobukoloni. Igxile kakhulu ezifundeni ezintathu: ugu lwasePacific, ugu lwaseCaribbean kanye neValle del Cauca; Ngaphezu kwalokho, izizukulwane zase-Afro zithuthele emadolobheni afana neBogotá neMedellín. Bonke abantu base-Afro-Colombian bakhuluma iSpanishi, ngaphandle kwedolobha laseSan Basilio de Palenque, lapho baphinde bakhulume khona isiPalenquero.
Manje yebo, uma sikhuluma ngesiko lama-Afro-Colombian, sibhekisela kusethi yamasiko namasiko abantu baseColombia abanezizukulwane zase-Afro; Ezweni, izakhamuzi zase-Afro zimelela u-10,6% wenani labantu balesi sizwe. Ngalesi sizathu, bayingxenye ebalulekile yezibalo zabantu baseColombia, njengoba igalelo labo kanye nemithelela bekubalulekile esikweni.
Ukufika kwenani elikhulu labantu base-Afrika eColombia kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-300, lapho amatilosi aseBrithani ehwebelana ngezigqila noMbuso WaseSpain endaweni eyayiyiNew Granada ngaleso sikhathi. Lo mkhuba waqhubeka iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-1851, okwenza iColombia yaba isizinda sokuhweba ngezigqila eNingizimu Melika. Ngemva kokuqedwa kobugqila ngo-XNUMX, abantu base-Afro-Colombia bakuthola kunzima ukuhlangana nomphakathi wezwe. Ezimweni eziningi, zazihlala ezindaweni ezingasogwini lapho zehlela khona noma eziqhingini ezingomakhelwane.
Naphezu kokuvinjelwa kokuqala ukuveza amasiko abo emhlabathini waseColombia, amasiko e-Afro-descendants aye ahlala isikhathi eside, amanye ashintshiwe ngemva kokujwayela isiko laseColombia kanti amanye afakwe efa lezwe lamasiko.
Ukubuyekezwa komlando
Ngezikhathi zamakoloni, ngenxa yokunyamalala okwandayo kwabomdabu, iNkosi yaseSpain uCarlos V yagunyaza ukwethulwa kwabantu base-Afrika ukuze basebenze ngenkani eMelika. Ngakho, ngo-1518, kwafika izigqila ezingaba ngu-200.000 80.000 zivela emkhunjini wokuqala zivela e-Angola, eSenegal, eGuinea naseCongo; ezazihlukaniswe phakathi kwe-Ecuador, iVenezuela, iPanama, iPeru neColombia. Kuleyo mali, abangu-XNUMX XNUMX kuphela abangena ngechweba laseCartagena, lapho bathengwa khona bayiswa ezimakethe zezwe; phakathi kwawo kwakukhona uPopayán, Santa Fe de Antioquia, Honda, Anserma, Zaragoza noCali.
Kulo mongo, ama-Afrika ayesetshenziselwa izimayini, ezolimo kanye nomsebenzi wezigqila. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, abaseSpain banqoba ugu lwePacific, okwenza lwaba indawo ebalulekile yezigqila.
Ngakho-ke, ukhahlo lobugqila luyahlukahluka kuye ngesifunda, futhi isigqila sinethuba lokulisebenzisa ukuze sizuze lona, usuku olulodwa ngesonto. Abanye babekwazi ukuthenga inkululeko yabo ababeyinikwe yinduna yabo, abanye baphunyuka lapho izindawo zingavikelekile; izigqila ezaphunyuka zahlala emizaneni enezivikelo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-quilombos noma ama-palenques, ukuze zizivikele emishinini yaseSpain. Lezi zindawo zadlondlobala ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi zavumela nabantu bomdabu wase-Afrika ukuthi bahlanganyele ekulweleni inkululeko.
Ngesikhathi iColombia ithola inkululeko ngo-1819, ukubaluleka kobugqila kwase kunciphile ezindaweni eziningi, nakuba kwakusebalulekile ezindaweni zasePacific naseCauca. Kamuva, ngo-May 21, 1851, ubugqila baqedwa eColombia futhi ngenxa yalokho, izigqila zaba abavukuzi nama-haciendas abanikazi bazo bangaphambili, ikakhulukazi e-Antioquia naseCauca. Esifundeni sasePacific, abantu bomdabu base-Afrika sebezisebenzele.
Imiphakathi yase-Afro-Colombian
Abantu base-Afro-Colombian bazinze ezindaweni eziseduze namachweba abo amakhulu. Ngoba ugu olusenyakatho yeColombia luhlukaniswe yiPanama; nokho, amaqembu abozalo lwase-Afrika atholakala ogwini loLwandlekazi iPacific nasogwini loLwandle lweCaribbean.
Iminyango yase-Chocó (82%), i-Bolívar (27%), i-Cauca (22%) kanye ne-Atlántico (20%) iphakathi kwezifunda zase-Colombia ezinokuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-Afro-inzalo. Omasipala okuhlala abantu abaningi abamnyama yiSantander de Quilichao (97.7%), María la Baja (97.1%), La Tola (96%) kanye neVilla Rica (95%).
Futhi ngasentshonalanga yoLwandle lweCaribbean kuneqoqo leziqhingi zaseSan Andrés, Providencia naseSanta Catalina; okungeminye yeminyango engama-32 yaseColombia futhi abantu bayo abadabuka e-Afrika bangama-56,98% sebebonke. Le miphakathi yaseNtshonalanga Afrika-yaseMelika yaziwa ngokuthi i-Raizales.
I-Palenque yaseSan Basilio
Ngenxa yesikhundla sabo njengezigqila, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babengavunyelwe ukukhombisa amasiko abo noma ukuhlanganyela emasikweni endawo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izigqila eziholwa nguBenkos Biohó zakwazi ukubalekela eColombia futhi zakha umphakathi wazo: iPalenque de San Basilio.
I-Palenque ibizwa ngezakhamuzi zakhona ngokuthi "idolobha lokuqala elikhululekile e-United States", ngoba lasungulwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho iningi lezwekazi lalisekoloni. Njengamanje, bakwazile ukulondoloza amasiko abo nolimi lwabo; Yindawo namuhla ebizwa ngokuthi I-Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Izici zamasiko
I-ID
Igama elithi Afro-Colombian liwumkhakha ojwayelekile obhekisela kubantu abanezilinganiso ezihlukene zenzalo yama-Afro abahlala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zase-Colombia. Ngamanye amazwi, ngaphakathi kwama-Afro-Colombian kukhona ama-subcultures ahlukene, abanalo isiko elihlangene.
Isibonelo, izakhamuzi zomdabu zaseziqhingini zase-San Andrés, Providencia, kanye ne-Santa Catalina ngokomlando nangokwesiko ziyingxenye yamasiko aseNtshonalanga ye-Indian eyakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lamakoloni aseBrithani, kodwa ziye zabhekana ne-Colombianization eshubile kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Ikhulu lamashumi amabili. .
Isimo negunya elingakahleleki kutholwa ngezikhundla eziphezulu kanye nezici zomuntu siqu. Isibonelo, umlingiswa, isipiliyoni, impumelelo ekuletheni izimpahla, ikhono lobuholi. Izinqumo ezithile nokulawulwa kwezingxabano kulawulwa kuleli zinga.
inethiwekhi yomndeni
Abantu base-Afro-Colombian bavamise ukuba nenethiwekhi yokuhlobana okuxekethile, lapho abantu ngabanye nemindeni bexhunyaniswa ohlwini lozalo olungachazwanga kahle, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi nje umndeni. Izigaba "zikamzala" noma "u-anti" zingabandakanya izihlobo eziningi.
Ulimi
Ngenxa yezidingo zabo zokuxhumana, abantu bomdabu base-Afrika bakha izilimi zesiCreole. Ulimi lwesiCreole luwulimi oluhlanganisa izilimi zesigodi ezahlukene; Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zibonakala ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezigqila zase-Afrika eMelika, okwakudingeka zivumelane nolimi lwamakholoni.
Lapho sezifikile lapho ziya khona, izigqila zazihlukaniswa ukuze abantu ababili besizwe esisodwa, umndeni noma isifunda esisodwa bangahlali ndawonye. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Afro-inzalo yajwayela izilimi zabo ezihlukene, ngaphezu kweSpanishi, isiPutukezi, isiFulentshi noma isiNgisi esikhulunywa abathengisi babo, ngaleyo ndlela bakha ulimi lwesiCreole.
E-Colombia, ulimi lwesiCreole ngeSpanishi yi-Palenquero Creole, okuwulimi lwesigodi lwesiPalenque de San Basilio. Lolu limi lunabakhuluma abangu-3.500. Ngokufanayo, eziqhingini zaseColombia inolimi lwesigodi saseSan Andres Creole, ulimi olususelwa esiNgisini oluphinyiswa amaRaizales.
Izici zendawo
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, isiko lama-Afro-Colombian seligxile ezifundeni ezintathu ezibalulekile; Okulandelayo, ngayinye yazo izochazwa nezici zayo:
Pacific
Ngokuyinhloko izindawo zokuhlala zase-Afro-Colombian kulesi sifunda zingasemfuleni, ngasechibini, noma ngasogwini, futhi zivame ukuhlakazeka kakhulu. Izindlu zakhiwe ngokhuni elingunxande phezu kwezingodo futhi zifulelwe ngamasundu. Amanye amadolobha amakhulu esiko lase-Afro-Colombian afaka iQuibdó, iTumaco kanye nechweba laseBuenaventura.
Cauca
Imvamisa, izindawo zokuhlala zama-Afro-Colombian e-Valle del Cauca zitholakala emapulazini amancane, amadolobhana namadolobhana. Lesi yisibalo sabantu esondla abasebenzi basembonini yomoba; nokho, abantu abaningi bakule ndawo bathuthela emadolobheni anjengeCali neMedellín, lapho bevame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezakhiwe bodwa.
I-Caribbean
Imele isifundazwe lapho umphakathi wase-Afro-Colombian ubonakala kakhulu. Ngokuvamile zisakazwa ngasogwini, zihlala ezindlini ezenziwe ngokhuni ezinomklamo ongunxande; ezinye izindawo zokuhlala zimaphakathi nezwe ukusuka esifundeni, emadolobheni noma ezindaweni ezithobeke kakhulu njengeBarranquilla neCartagena.
Umsebenzi wezomnotho
Ngokwezomnotho, imisebenzi esetshenziswa yilaba bantu base-Afro-Colombian iyahlukahluka kuye ngesifunda ngasinye lapho ukuhlala kwabo kutholakala khona ngokuyinhloko.
Imisebenzi yezomnotho esifundeni sasePacific ihlanganisa ukutshala ubhanana noma ummbila, ukufuya izingulube, ukudoba, ukuzingela kanye nokumba izimayini. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukugawulwa kwemithi kuye kwasebenza njengoba abagawuli bethengisa izingodo kwabaphakathi; Ngokunjalo, ezinye izinkampani ezigawula imithi sezizakhele indawo, zisebenzisa abasebenzi bendawo.
Ngokuphambene, ngokusungulwa kwezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, izimayini sezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngemishini, kusetshenziswa indlela enkulu yokumba. Enye yezingxabano kule ndawo ukuthi ubunikazi bomhlaba abulawulwa ngokusemthethweni; Ngalo mqondo, umbuso ugcina ama-Afro-Colombian njengabahlali ngokungemthetho ezindaweni zomphakathi, okuholela ekungaqashweni kalula kosomabhizinisi.
Esifundeni saseCauca, ukukhula kwezimboni zomoba kuye kwaphumela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kokuthi abalimi banikwe indawo ngokusemthethweni; njengoba abalimi abancane besatshala ukhokho, ikhofi nezinye izitshalo zokuziphilisa ukuze bathole imali evamile. Lokhu kuvinjelwa okukhulayo kwabalimi kwabangela ukufudukela emadolobheni aseCali, eMedellín naseBogotá; lapho ama-Afro-Colombian asebenza khona njengabasebenzi basekhaya, abadwebi bamatshe kanye nezingcweti ezingakahleleki.
Ngokuqondene nesifunda saseCaribbean, izandiso ezinkulu zamapulazi ezinkomo ezikhona kuleli koloni zisebenzisa ama-Afro-Colombian njengabelusi. Ezindaweni ezisogwini, ukudoba kuwumthombo obalulekile wokuziphilisa kanye nemali engenayo; futhi, ezokuvakasha ngomunye umsebenzi ongenisa imali, onemisebenzi efana nabagibeli bezikebhe noma ukuthengisa ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kukabhanana kuyindawo ekhiqizayo ebalulekile esifundeni.
Imikhuba namasiko
Emphakathini, emphakathini noma emasikweni, kumelela kakhulu ukuthi kukhona amasiko namasiko njengoba lezi zakhi ziba yingxenye yophawu lwabantu abakha leli qembu.Kulokhu, sizocacisa kancane amasiko namasiko. ezizungezile umphakathi. Isiko lama-Afro-Colombian:
Umculo nomdanso
Umsindo othile wamakhampasi e-Afro-Colombian ukushaywa, izigubhu zisho isigqi kubasebenzi bokudoba, abacula izingoma futhi badanse njengoba benza imisebenzi yabo. Kuleli siko kuvela i-mapalé, isigqi esaziwayo saseCaribbean esenziwe izigqila ebusuku.
Ezifundeni zasePacific, eminyangweni yaseChocó, eCauca naseNariño, i-currulao ithandwa kakhulu; lesi yisigqi esimakwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezigubhu ezihlukahlukene: izigubhu, i-cununos yesilisa neyesifazane, isigubhu se-bass, i-marimba, ne-clarinet.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-champeta ivela kubantu base-Afro-Colombian baseCartagena de Indias ekhulwini lama-XNUMX; igama elithi "champeta" livela egameni elinikezwe ucelemba noma ummese; izigaba eziphakeme zazinikeza ngendlela ehlazisayo, njengoba zombili izakhi zihlotshaniswa nobumpofu nesikhumba esimnyama.
Imikhosi
Phakathi kwemikhosi ehlukahlukene yama-Afro-Colombian, mhlawumbe edume kakhulu i-Barranquilla Carnival. Isuka ezikhathini zamakoloni futhi iyingxenye yokugubha isiko lama-Afrika; izici zayo eziyisici izifihla-buso kanye nomdanso ohambisana nesigqi se-conga, lokhu kugujwa ezinsukwini ezine ngaphambi koLwesithathu lomlotha.
E-Colombia, umhla zingama-21 kuNhlaba wusuku lwe-Afro-Colombian, olwaqanjwa ngosuku olufanayo nokuqedwa kobugqila futhi umkhosi wako uhlose ukuhlonipha iminikelo yamasiko engenakubalwa eyenziwa yizizukulwane zase-Afro ezweni.
Gastronomy
Izitsha ze-Afro-Colombian ngokwazo zinokufana okuqinisekisiwe nalezo zase-Afrika Ephakathi; Ngaphezu kwalokho, zenziwe ngezithako ezigcwele ogwini lwasePacific naseCaribbean. Ukudla kwe-Afro-Colombian ikakhulukazi kwenziwa i-shellfish, irayisi, ubhontshisi, izithelo nemifino.
Ukuqhubeka nesiko lezwekazi elidala, ezitsheni kuyisiko ukuhlanganisa amaprotheni anama-palates amnandi nama-spicy, konke ku-casserole; Isibonelo salokhu irayisi le-aphrodisiac liqukethe irayisi, ukhukhunathi, ama-molluscs, ama-prawns nama-lobster. Ngokufanayo, izithelo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ngokuvamile zidliwa ngobuningi; njengoba kunjalo ngekakhukhunathi nebhanana, okuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-cuisine yaseColombia, kanye ne-chontaduro, isithelo esitholakala eColombia nasePanama, esivame ukudliwa ngamajusi.
Izinkolelo
Isiko lama-Afro-Colombian ngokuvamile lihlukaniswa ngokuvumelanisa phakathi kwezinkolelo zamaKhatholika eziwumphumela wokuvangela kanye nezinkolelo zemvelaphi yase-Afrika. Kusukela ebugqilini, abantu base-Afro-Colombian bagubha amasiko abo ngosuku abalunikezwa amakhosi abo, begcona futhi bezimele.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, imikhosi yamaKatolika iye yathathelwa indawo imikhosi yabantu base-Afrika. Amaningi asephenduke amasiko, njengemigubho eyandulela uLwesithathu lomlotha, ephawula ukuqala kweLent. Njengesibonelo, i-Barranquilla Carnival iyinhlanganisela yezwe nezingcwele, ebonakala ngezingubo ezikhazimulayo nezingubo ezimibalabala. Ukungcweliswa kwe-Virgen del Carmen e-Quibdó kugujwa ngomhlaba, amanzi kanye nezindwendwe.
Kusikompilo lwase-Afro-Colombia, izwe lezenkolo livezwa njalo empilweni, ngokuzwakalisa ukholo nokwenziwa; Lezi zinkulumo eziqinile zinikezwa ngenxa yokuzinikela kosanta, imithandazo, izinganekwane, izithombe, izimpawu nemikhuba enezimfundiso zokuziphatha.
Le mikhuba ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemilingo nokuthakatha ukuhlasela izitha noma ukuletha izinhlanhla; ubuthakathi bubuye busetshenziswe ngokumelene nomona, ukunqoba uthando olungenakwenzeka noma ukuthola ukwenyuselwa iholo.
Naphezu kwalokhu, isiko liye lahlanganisa izici eziyisisekelo zobuKatolika, ezinjengokuthanda uNkulunkulu nomakhelwane; incazelo engcwele yempilo, isithunzi, ubumbano kanye nomgubho nakho kukhona. Ubuhlobo noNkulunkulu bubonakaliswa ngabalamuleli abafana neNcasakazi, abangcwele noma umufi ababizelwe emikhosini yemvelo engaphezu kwemvelo. Kuzo, izithako ezibalulekile njengomculo, umdanso kanye nenjabulo kuyahlangana ukuze kubelethe ukuhlanganyela noNkulunkulu. Konke lokhu kubumba ifa elingokomoya elibonisa lesi siko.
Uma uthole le ndatshana ye-Afro-Colombian Culture ijabulisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: