Kulesi sihloko sikulethela ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana ne- Inkolo yaseGibhithe, enye yezinkolo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke eziye zaba khona kuwo wonke umlando womhlaba, njengoba yayingomunye wemiphakathi enamandla futhi ekholelwayo eyake yaba khona, ekubeni inkolo yonkulunkulu abaningi izinsiza zayo eziningi zazihloselwe ukwenza iminikelo konkulunkulu abahlukene khipha konke!
inkolo yaseGibhithe
Kwakuyimpucuko eyakhiwa cishe ngonyaka wezi-4000 BC. Ngemva kokubhala kwavela. Impucuko yase-Egypt yayingomunye wemiphakathi enamandla kakhulu futhi enezimpawu zesikhathi sonke. Le mpucuko yasungulwa osebeni loMfula iNayile, etholakala enyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Lo mfula ububaluleke kakhulu empucukweni yaseGibhithe kusukela lapho ukhula. AbaseGibhithe babekwazi ukuzitholela amanzi amaningi futhi bawasebenzise kwezolimo nasekuniseleni amasimu.
Ngenkathi impucuko yaseGibhithe yayizibandakanya kuwo wonke umsebenzi wabo wansuku zonke nabo babenempilo enkulu yenkolo futhi egcwele izinkolelo eziningi. Yingakho kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inkolo yaseGibhithe yayiqhutshwa isikhathi eside, kulinganiselwa ukuthi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu.
Ngale ndlela, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayisithathe uhlelo lwenkolelo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izimfundiso zenkolo zase zihlanganisiwe emsebenzini wazo wansuku zonke, zinikeza inkolo yaseGibhithe egcwele onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene. Lapho abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi lezi zidalwa zaphezulu zingabusa izenzakalo zemvelo ngamandla azo.
Yingakho enkolweni yaseGibhithe kwakwenziwa kakhulu abaseGibhithe njengoba laba bantu, ngokunikeza onkulunkulu ngokudla neminikelo, babezuza umusa wabo. Yingakho abaseGibhithe bagxila ekuqhubeni inkolo yaseGibhithe noFaro owayesondelene kakhulu nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Kwakunjalo nomuntu owaziwa ngokuthi inkosi yaseGibhithe.
Abantu abaningi baseGibhithe bakholelwa, ngenxa yenkolo yaseGibhithe, ukuthi ofaro babenamandla aphezulu ngenxa yesikhundla sabo emphakathini. Yingakho naye ekhonzwe futhi ehlonipha lokho ayekumela. Ngokulandelayo, uFaro wayekwazi ukwenza iminikelo namasiko kunkulunkulu ngamunye waseGibhithe ukuze agcine impucuko yaseGibhithe ingenayo noma iyiphi inhlekelele noma inhlekelele eyayingase yenzeke. Ngokungabahloniphi onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene baseGibhithe, kungase kwenzeke izinhlekelele zemvelo.
Kungakho uhlelo lombuso wabaseGibhithe olwalusetshenziswa lwafika lwathatha inkokhiso nezinsiza eziningi zokwakha nokwakha amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele zonkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe ababemiselwe ukuhlonishwa njengoba abaseGibhithe babethembeke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe .
Abantu abaningi baseGibhithe bazama ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ukuze banelise izidingo zabo. Bakwenza ngomkhuleko, ngemikhuleko noma ngokusebenzisa umlingo owawuvele usetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba kwakunemikhuba eminingi ehlukahlukene eyayisetshenziswa ukuze uhlanganyele engxoxweni nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe, isici esibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inkolo yaseGibhithe yakhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi yagqama phakathi nomlando waseGibhithe. Ngenkathi isibalo sikaFaro sasincipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Esinye isici esingabalula ngenkolo yaseGibhithe kwakuyimikhuba yomngcwabo ababeyenza.
Njengoba abaseGibhithe benza imizamo emikhulu yokuqinisekisa umphefumulo wabo ngemva kokufa, ngemva kokufa, baklama amathuna, ifenisha kanye neminikelo ehlukahlukene ukuze balondoloze umzimba ongaphili. Ukuze ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa kanye nomphefumulo.
Umlando Wenkolo YaseGibhithe
Phakathi nenkolo yaseGibhithe eyazibonakalisa esikhathini sangaphambi kombuso waseGibhithe, impucuko yaseGibhithe yazinikela ekwenzeni unkulunkulu zonke izenzakalo zemvelo ezazenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba lezi zigigaba zaziphazamisa abaseGibhithe futhi zifaka ukwesaba kubantu. Ngoba abasitholanga isizathu sokwenzeka kwalokhu.
Yingakho impucuko yayidala inkolo yayo yaseGibhithe ihlobanisa onkulunkulu abathile nezimpawu zezilwane ezehlukene futhi babemele onkulunkulu baseGibhithe abanomzimba we-amorphous ngoba wawuhlanganisa umzimba womuntu onekhanda lesilwane ababekholelwa ukuthi ngesaseGibhithe. unkulunkulu..
Ngokwesibonelo, uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe okwanikelwa kuye iminikelo nemikhuba eminingi kwakunguNkulunkulu uHorus owakhiwa umzimba womuntu onekhanda likasheshe futhi owaziwa enkolweni yaseGibithe njengomphathi wezulu noma ophakeme.
Omunye unkulunkulu waseGibhithe owadalwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe ngale mpucuko kwakungunkulunkulu u-Anubis noma lowo obizwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu weNgwenya, unkulunkulu owayesatshwa kakhulu kwazise wayehlale eyingozi evelele kumuntu ngamunye ongena emanzini omfula iNayile ngaphandle kokuqapha. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo lo nkulunkulu u-Anubis wayehlonishwa kakhulu impucuko yaseGibhithe. Ngokufanayo, lonkulunkulu wadalwa uziqu-zintathu owakhiwa umkakhe nendodana.
Onkulunkulu abaningi bagxiliswa inkanuko yomuntu okwakwenziwa ngayo amasiko neminikelo eminingi ezindaweni ezingcwele namathempeli ahlukene ayakhelwe umusa owatholwa abaseGibhithe.
Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abantu baseGibhithe babehlukene izigaba ezimbili ezaziwa ngokuthi yi-Upper and Lower Egypt. Ngayinye yalezi zifunda yagcina inkolo yaso yaseGibhithe ngokudala onkulunkulu bazo nemikhuba yabo nezinkolo zabo. Okwaphumela ekukhulekeleni onkulunkulu abaningi baseGibhithe ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Lab' onkulunkulu babesebenza ngokubalulekile ngokwedolobha ababekhulekelwa kulo. Ngokwesibonelo, edolobheni laseThebes, unkulunkulu waseGibhithe owayekhulekelwa kakhulu kwakungu-Amun. Ngesikhathi eseHeliopolis wayengunkulunkulu uRa. Kodwa edolobheni laseMemfisi kwakunonkulunkulu ababili ababenikela kubo iminikelo okwakungunkulunkulukazi uHathor noNkulunkulu uPtah.
Ukuze kulethwe ukuhleleka kwesethi yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe kanye nenkolo yaseGibhithe ukuze kuqondwe impucuko, abapristi ababeyinhloko eyinhloko yamathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele baqala ukuhlela inani elikhulu lonkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi bachaze ngayinye yezici zabo. Kanye nobudlelwano ababenabo phakathi kwabo.
Izimpawu eziningi ezathathwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nenhlangano kwaba ukudalwa komhlaba kanye nozamcolo womfula iNayile.Zonke izici zenkolo yaseGibhithe zaklanywa futhi zahlelwa ngezinkolelo ezahlukene abaseGibhithe ababenazo. Emadolobheni ahlukene njengeHeliopolis neThebes. Yonke le mibhalo yayibonakala emibhalweni eyaziwa kakhulu yemibhoshongo kanye nencwadi yabafileyo, kanye nokunye okuningi okufanayo okwakukhona.
Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, kwakusekelwe kubapristi ababenikeza abantu ukuthi iGibhithe laliyizwe elinomhlaba omningi ovundile njengoba laliseduze nomfula iNayile futhi lizungezwe ugwadule olukhulu. Ngakho-ke ezinkolelweni zabo zenkolo bahlukanisa umhlaba izingxenye ezintathu okwakuthi:
Izulu: eyaziwa ngokuthi iNum futhi kwakuyindawo lapho onkulunkulu babehlala khona kusukela okwakuthiwa unkulunkulukazi waseZulwini uNut. "Unkulunkulukazi omkhulu owazala abanye onkulunkulu baseGibhithe" abaseGibhithe bammelela ngomzimba wesifazane futhi lokhu kwamboza umhlaba wonke.
Umhlaba: Kwakuyikhaya elalimiselwe abesilisa nabesifazane, Lalaziwa ngokuthi yindlu kaGeb owayengumdali uNkulunkulu futhi wayemelwe njengendoda eyayingaphansi kukaNtikazikazi.
Okulandelayo: Wabuye waziwa ngokuthi iDuat noma umbuso wabafileyo, waqala wabuswa uNkulunkulu u-Osiris kwase kuba uNkulunkulu uHorus owayephethe lombuso. Kodwa owaweqa ngomkhumbi wakhe welanga ebusuku kwakunguNkulunkulu uRa. Imimoya yabafileyo yayizulazula lapho igwema zonke izingozi ukuze iphinde ibuyele ekuphileni kwasemhlabeni.
Onkulunkulu baseGibhithe
Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, abaseGibhithe babekholelwa kakhulu ukuthi izenzakalo zemvelo ezazenzeka kwakungamandla kaNkulunkulu onkulunkulu. Kungakho abaseGibhithe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baklama isixuku sonkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababenikeza unkulunkulu ngamunye amandla namandla kaNkulunkulu futhi bakuhlobanise nesilwane.
Ngale ndlela, imikhuba yenkolo eyenziwa abaseGibhithe yayihlose ukushweleza ngezenzakalo zemvelo ezaletha amashwa emiphakathini yabo. Kodwa iminikelo nemikhosi kwakubuye kwenziwe konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ukuze babongwe ngomusa ababewutholile.
Yingakho inkolo yaseGibhithe yayisekelwe ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi lwama-polytheism kusukela abaseGibhithe babeqiniseka kakhulu ukuthi onkulunkulu bangazibonakalisa ezimweni zemvelo ezahlukene. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo babe nezindima eziningana zezinganekwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ilanga enkolweni yaseGibhithe lalihlobene nonkulunkulu abaningi njengoba liqukethe amandla amaningi emvelo.
Kungakho onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babehleleke kakhulu ngoba onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babenezindima ezihlukahlukene enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Njengoba zazisukela konkulunkulu ababefeza imisebenzi ebalulekile endaweni yonke kuye kulokho okwakuthiwa onkulunkulu abancane ababeqashelwa kahle emadolobheni nasezifundeni ezithile ezafeza izinjongo ezithile zabantu baseGibhithe.
AbaseGibhithe nabo bamukela onkulunkulu bezinye izizwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi banezela enkolweni yaseGibhithe abantu ababengofaro abafa futhi ababebhekwa njengabaphezulu yimpucuko yaseGibhithe. Kodwa kwakunabathile abavamile ababebizwa ngokuthi inkolo yaseGibhithe, njengo-Imhotep, owakhonza njengendoda ehlakaniphile, umsunguli, udokotela, isazi sezinkanyezi, kanye nomklami nonjiniyela wokuqala owaziwayo emlandweni waseGibhithe.
Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, onkulunkulu abehlukene abakha izithixo zaseGibhithe abazange banikezwe isithombe sangempela sokubukeka kwabo njengoba kwakukholelwa ukuthi akukho nokukodwa okumelela konkulunkulu baseGibhithe njengoba imvelo yabo yayingaqondakali. Yingakho abaseGibhithe benza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ukuze bakwazi ukubona onkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe. Ngaphezu izibalo abstract ukuze bakwazi ukukhombisa indima unkulunkulu ngamunye kwadingeka enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Singasho isibonelo esicace bha salokho abaseGibithe abakwenza ngonkulunkulu u-Anubis, owayemmelela onomzimba womuntu onekhanda lempungushe. Njengoba lesi silwane sinemikhuba yokuphanga futhi sibhubhisa umzimba ongaphili. Kodwa ukuze balwisane nalolu songo balusebenzise ukuze bagcine isidumbu sikamufi.
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi isikhumba esimnyama salesi silwane sasihlobene nombala wenyama yomuntu ofile uma sesingcwatshiwe. Ngokufanayo, abaseGibhithe bavuma ukuthi umhlabathi omnyama wawuwuphawu lovuko. Yingakho lapho kwenziwa i-iconography yonkulunkulu babemelwe ngezindlela ezahlukene.
AbaseGibhithe babehlobanisa onkulunkulu nemizi nezifunda ezithile futhi babakhonza, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bashintsha izindawo futhi uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe owayekhonzwa edolobheni kwakungadingeki ukuthi asuke kuleyo ndawo noma abe yinkolo yakhe kulowo muzi. Isibonelo salokhu kwakungunkulunkulu waseGibhithe uMonthu owayaziwa njengonkulunkulu omkhulu wedolobha laseThebes.
Kodwa lokho kwakungenkathi yoMbuso Wasendulo waseGibhithe, kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka loNkulunkulu waseGibhithe wathathelwa indawo uNkulunkulu u-Amun. Ubani owayengavela kwelinye idolobha kodwa waduma kakhulu kwabaseGibhithe kangangokuthi iminikelo nemikhosi yaqala ukwenziwa edolobheni laseThebes.
Izinhlangano Zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe
Empucukweni yaseGibhithe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi babehlobanisa onkulunkulu abahlukene ngalokho ababekumelela enkolweni yaseGibhithe namandla namandla ababewathola, ngale ndlela abaseGibhithe babebeka onkulunkulu abahlukene ngamaqembu ukuze babonise ubuhlobo .
Okuthi amanye amaqembu onkulunkulu ayenobukhulu obunganqunyelwe bonkulunkulu futhi ayebanquma ngemisebenzi ayeyifeza enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Amaningi ala maqembu ayebunjwe onkulunkulu abancane baseGibhithe ababenobuntu obuncane.
Nakuba inhlanganisela yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe yenziwa ngokusekelwe ezinganekwaneni zabo kanye nezimpawu zezinombolo zabo. Ngakho-ke, bahlanganisa izithixo ezimbili zaseGibhithe ezazihlala zimelela ububili bezinto eziphambene. Inhlanganisela yonkulunkulu esetshenziswa kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe iwumthathu womndeni owaziwa kakhulu.
Kulo mthath' emunye womndeni bajoyina onkulunkulu baseGibhithe njengomndeni owakhiwe ubaba, umama nendodana. Lapho impucuko yaseGibhithe ikhokha intela nemikhosi kubo bonke abathathu emathempelini ahlukene aseGibhithe nasezindaweni ezingcwele. Amaqembu amaningi onkulunkulu ayebaluleke kakhulu empucukweni yaseGibhithe, phakathi kwayo i-Ennead eyaziwa kakhulu, eyakha iqoqo lonkulunkulu baseGibhithe abayisishiyagalolunye.
Leli qembu lonkulunkulu baseGibhithe layakhiwe onkulunkulu u-Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Nut, Geb, Isis, Osiris, Nephthys noSeth. Izipho neminikelo zazikhokhwa kubo edolobheni laseHeliopolis. Kulolu hlelo lonkulunkulu abayisishiyagalolunye bekwaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwezenkolo lapho izindawo eziningi zenkolo yaseGibhithe zazihilelekile okwakuwukudalwa komhlaba, umbuso emhlabeni kanye nempilo emva kokufa.
Futhi ubudlelwano obenzeka phakathi konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe bavezwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-syncretism lapho onkulunkulu ababili noma ngaphezulu baseGibhithe babehlobene ukuze bakhe uNkulunkulu omusha oyinhlanganisela. Le nqubo yenzeka izikhathi eziningana enkolweni yaseGibhithe futhi yayisekelwe ekuboneni uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe ngaphakathi komzimba womunye uNkulunkulu.
Nakuba lezi zixhumanisi phakathi konkulunkulu baseGibhithe zaziwa ngokuthi izixhumanisi zoketshezi, azihloselwe ukuba zibe ngunaphakade, njengoba ukuhlanganiswa konkulunkulu ababili baseGibhithe babe munye kwakungase kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana kwe-multiplex syncretic.
I-syncretism eyayisetshenziswa ngendlela engcono kakhulu yayihlanganisa onkulunkulu abaningi baseGibhithe ababenezici ezifanayo. Ngenkathi kwezinye izenzakalo onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babehlobene ngemvelo yabo ehlukene.
Kwesinye isibonelo salobu budlelwano, obukaNkulunkulu u-Amun bugqama, owaziwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe njengoNkulunkulu wamandla afihliwe futhi wayehlobene noNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa. Lapho lokhu kwenza ukuthi amandla ayengemuva kwazo zonke izinto abe amandla amakhulu abonakalayo emvelweni.
UGenesise Enkolweni YaseGibhithe
Ngenkathi amaqembu onkulunkulu akhiwa abaseGibhithe, ayelahlekelwa ithonya empucukweni njengoba izinkolelo abantu ababenazo mayelana nonkulunkulu zazigqame kakhulu futhi emaqenjini onkulunkulu lezo zinkolelo zaziguqula, zihlanganise futhi zivumelanise. konkulunkulu ababunjwe nguNkulunkulu u-Ra kanye noNkulunkulu u-Aton baqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi u-Aton-Ra, futhi izici zikaNkulunkulu u-Ra zazivelele kakhulu.
Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uNkulunkulu uRa wathathwa uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uHorus. Futhi leli qembu belaziwa ngegama likaRa-Horajti. Ngendlela efanayo kwenzeka kuNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uPtah owaba uPtah-Seker, njengoba ahlanganiswa noNkulunkulu u-Osiris, leli qembu lonkulunkulu lalaziwa ngokuthi uPtah-Seker-Osiris.
Kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi omunye wonkulunkulukazi abakhonzwa kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor. Laba nkulunkulukazi, ngenxa yodumo ababenalo enkolweni nasempucukweni yaseGibhithe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwanezelwa amandla obunkulunkulu abanye onkulunkulu. Kodwa ekugcineni wathathwa unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe u-Isis.
Empucukweni yaseGibhithe babebaningi onkulunkulu abalungile nababi, kodwa labonkulunkulu ababenedumela lokuba babi babehlanganiswa nabanye onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababenodumo olufanayo. Njengoba kwenziwa kuNkulunkulu uSeti, owayaziwa njengoNkulunkulu weqhawe. Lokhu kwamnikeza izici eziningi zonkulunkulu ababi.
Ngokwalokho okushiwo emlandweni, lokhu kuqashelwa yimpucuko yaseGibhithe ngenxa yokuthi impucuko ye-Hisco yayithatha lo Nkulunkulu njengomvikeli wayo futhi abaseGibhithe balahla uNkulunkulu uSeth njengoNkulunkulu omubi ngokumelene nempucuko yaseGibhithe.
Lalinini ithonya lamaGreki empucukweni yaseGibhithe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwakubaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe kwakuyiqembu loNkulunkulu elaziwa ngokuthi uziqu-zintathu elakhiwa uNkulunkulu uHorus, uNkulunkulu u-Osiris nomkakhe unkulunkulukazi u-Isis. Ngenkathi isitha sakhe esikhulu kwakunguNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uSeti.
Konke lokhu kwaziwa kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe ngezindaba ezahlukene eziye zatshelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengenganekwane ethi "Legend of Osiris and Isis". Leli qembu lonkulunkulu lalaziwa nangokuthi uziqu-zintathu njengoba lalihlanganisa inkolo enkulu yonkulunkulu nezici eziningi zonkulunkulu ababengaphambi kwabo.
Nakuba unkulunkulu ngamunye woziqu-zintathu wayekhulekelwa ethempelini lakhe laseGibhithe noma endlini engcwele. Njengoba uNkulunkulu uHorus wayekhulekelwa edolobheni lase-Edfu, unkulunkulukazi u-Isis wakhokhwa intela edolobheni laseDendera futhi ekugcineni uNkulunkulu u-Osiri wanikelwa iminikelo edolobheni lase-Abydos. Nakuba kwakunezigaba eziningi enkolweni yaseGibhithe ukukhulekela laba nkulunkulu kusukela ngesikhathi esisodwa uNkulunkulu u-Osiris wayenesici esifana kakhulu nesikaNkulunkulu uHorus.
Lezi zindlela zokwenza onkulunkulu balingane zazinenhloso yokuholela inkolo yaseGibhithe ekukholelweni kuNkulunkulu oyedwa. Kodwa lolu hlobo lwenkolo yaseGibhithe lwaluvele lunomlando kodwa luncane kakhulu ekhulwini leshumi nane BC. Lokhu kwenzeka esigabeni sikaFaro Akhenaten ofuna kuphela ukukhulekela uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe u-Aten.
Yingakho uFaro Akhenaten aguqula uNkulunkulu u-Aton waba i-sun disk, kodwa lokhu kwakuyisici esihle senkolo yaseGibhithe esanqatshwa ngobudlova abapristi futhi kamuva yibo bonke abantu baseGibhithe.
Kodwa kunemibhalo yomlando efana neRoyal Canon yaseTurin lapho kubhalwe khona ngemibhalo echaza ukuthi onkulunkulu abaningana baseGibhithe ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene babengababusi baseGibhithe, phakathi kwabo uPtah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seth, Thot, Maat noHorus. Phuma;
UNkulunkulu ngamunye waba nesikhathi esihle njengoba ebuswa. Emva kwaleso sigaba baba nababizwa ngoShemsu Hor ababedume ngokuthi bangabalandeli bakaNkulunkulu uHorus. Lesi sigaba sathatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-13.420. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa kobukhosi bokuqala boFaro. Khona-ke labo ababebizwa ngokuthi amaMenes bathatha isihlalo sobukhosi saseGibhithe futhi bahlala emandleni okungenani iminyaka engu-36.620.
Inkolo yaseGibhithe kanye neMaat
Inkolo yaseGibhithe yayigxile emqondweni wegama elithi Ma'at, elihunyushwe olimini lwesiSpanishi lisho ukuthi lalihlobene nobulungiswa, ukuhleleka kanye neqiniso. Njengoba lena kwakuyimithetho yendawo yonke futhi kufanele ibuswe umphakathi wesintu. Leli gama belikhona kusukela ekudalweni kwendawo yonke futhi ngaphandle kwala mazwi umhlaba ubungeke ube nokuhleleka noma ukuhlangana.
Kodwa-ke, enkolweni yaseGibhithe kwakukholelwa ukuthi i-Ma'at yayihlale ingaphansi kosongo oluseduze oluyibangela ukuba ihambe ngaphandle kokuhleleka. Ngenxa yalokho ayedinga umphakathi waseGibhithe ukuze umgcine esimweni sakhe sokuhleleka nobulungiswa. Lokhu ezingeni labantu kusho ukuthi bonke abantu abayingxenye yomphakathi kufanele basize futhi bahlalisane.
Ngokwenza lokhu, izinga le-cosmic laphakama futhi wonke amandla emvelo, okungukuthi, amandla onkulunkulu baseGibhithe, ahlangana ukuze anikeze ibhalansi emhlabeni. Yingakho kwakuyinjongo eyinhloko enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Yingakho impucuko yaseGibhithe yayinenhloso yokugcina i-Ma'at endaweni yonke futhi konkulunkulu uchungechunge lweminikelo nemikhosi kufanele yenziwe ukuze kususwe amanga nokuphazamiseka kubantu baseGibhithe futhi njalo balandele indlela yeqiniso.
Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe ukuthi impucuko yayinomqondo wesikhathi owawugxile kakhulu ekugcineni i-Ma'at ihamba. Kungakho noma nini lapho inkolo yaseGibhithe ifundwa ngomugqa wesikhathi, iphethini yomjikelezo ehlala iphindaphinda igqama kusukela i-Ma'at yavuselelwa ngezikhathi zezenzakalo ekudalweni kwasekuqaleni, esinye salezi zenzakalo saziwa njengesikhukhula somfula iNayile. yakhiqizwa minyaka yonke.
Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba ukukwazi ukuvuselela i-Ma'at enkolweni yaseGibhithe lapho kukhethwa uFaro omusha. Kodwa isenzakalo esasibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe ukuvuselela iMa’at kwakuwuhambo uNkulunkulu uRa ayelwenza nsuku zonke ngokusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amasango ayishumi nambili.
Njengoba inombono womkhathi, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayinombono oyisicaba womhlaba. Lapho benza samuntu uNkulunkulu uGeb kanye nonkulunkulukazi uNut bagoqa phezu kwalo Nkulunkulu. Kodwa bobabili onkulunkulu baseGibhithe bahlukaniswa uNkulunkulu uShu.
Owayaziwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu womoya futhi ngaphansi kwawo wonke umhlaba kwakukhona indawo engaphansi futhi phezulu esibhakabhakeni indawo engaphansi kwezulu yayitholakala njengezandiso ezihambisanayo futhi kude kakhulu kwakukhona ukunwetshwa okungapheli kweNu okwakwaziwa ngokuthi isiphithiphithi esasikhona ngaphambi kokudalwa komhlaba. Umhlaba.
Nakuba abantu abaningi baseGibhithe nabo babekholelwa endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi iDuat. Isifunda esingaqondakali esasihlobene nokufa nokuzalwa kabusha kwabantu. Ukuthi ngokusho kwabapristi abaningi baseGibhithe kwakuyingxenye yesibhakabhaka futhi abanye baqinisekisa ukuthi yayisendaweni ethile ngaphansi komhlaba.
Abaningi baqinisekisa lo mbono njengoba uNkulunkulu u-Ra kwadingeka ahambe emhlabeni wonke nsuku zonke ngemuva kwesibhakabhaka futhi lapho kusihlwa uNkulunkulu u-Ra kwadingeka adlule kuyo yonke i-Duat ukuze azalwe kabusha ekuseni.
Ngenxa yenkolelo impucuko yaseGibhithe eyayinayo, indawo yonke abaseGibhithe ababekholelwa kuyo yayihlala izinhlobo ezintathu zonkulunkulu abazwela kakhulu. Abokuqala babaziwa ngokuthi onkulunkulu baseGibhithe.
Abanye kwakuyimiphefumulo yabangasekho ababenendawo kwabafileyo futhi abaningi babo babenezici zonkulunkulu abathile. Owokugcina futhi obaluleke kakhulu kwakungofaro ababenenhloso yokuba ibhuloho phakathi kombuso wonkulunkulu nabantu.
Ukubaluleka kukaFaro Enkolweni YaseGibhithe
Ochwepheshe abaningi nabacwaningi ngempucuko yaseGibhithe baye baphikisana ngezinga uFaro ayebhekwa ngalo njengoNkulunkulu waseGibhithe enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Nakuba abaningi baye bakhetha ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi abaseGibhithe baqaphele uFaro njengegunya lobukhosi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo njengamandla kaNkulunkulu.
Ngenxa yalokho abaseGibhithe babona uFaro njengomuntu owayengaphansi kokuba nobuthakathaka babantu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wayembuka sengathi ungunkulunkulu. Ngoba amandla obunkulunkulu nawobukhosi ayephezu kwamahlombe akhe. Ngale ndlela uFaro kwadingeka asebenze njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwempucuko yaseGibhithe kanye nonkulunkulu abahlukene ababemhlonipha eGibhithe.
Leli bekuyiphuzu elibalulekile lokulawula i-Ma'at. Njengoba yayisetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela imithetho nobulungisa njengokuvumelana phakathi kwawo wonke umphakathi waseGibhithe owawukhona ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka kanye nenani labantu ukuze balondoloze iminikelo yabo nemikhuba konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe.
Ngenxa yalezi zimo, uFaro wayenesidingo nenjongo yokuqondisa yonke imisebenzi eyayihlobene nenkolo yaseGibhithe. Kodwa ukuphila uFaro ayekuhola ngokuhlonishwa okumsulwa kungaphazamisa lokho okwakulotshwe emithethweni esemthethweni futhi esigabeni sokugcina soMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe isibalo sikaFaro sancipha kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Ngakho-ke, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayihlobene eduze nezici eziningi zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi abantu abaningi bahlonza uFaro noNkulunkulu uHorus. Ubani owayephethe ukumela ubukhosi baseGibhithe. Futhi izakhamuzi zaseGibhithe zabona uFaro njengendodana kaNkulunkulu uRa. Njengoba uNkulunkulu uRa kwakufanele alawule futhi alawule amandla emvelo kuyilapho uFaro kwadingeka alawule imithetho emphakathini.
Lapho isigaba soMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe siqala, impucuko yaqala ukuhlanganisa uFaro noNkulunkulu u-Amun. Njengoba uNkulunkulu u-Amun wayengummeleli wamandla aphezulu wendawo yonke. Yingakho lapho uFaro efika umzuzu wokufa kwakhe. Enkolweni yaseGibhithe wayenomzimba wakhe ukuze awugqume futhi uwenze uhlobo lukankulunkulu wasemhlabeni wabaseGibhithe.
Lapho sebemenze unkulunkulu wasemhlabeni, bamfanisa noNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa. Ngenkathi kwezinye izifunda zaseGibhithe kwalinganiswa noNkulunkulu u-Osiris owayemelela ukuphila nokuzalwa kabusha. Ngenkathi abanye beyihlanganisa nezici zikankulunkulu omkhulu weLanga uHorus. Ngale ndlela, kwakhiwa amathempeli okuthiwa agcina izidumbu, ngakho inkolo yaseGibhithe yawasebenzisa ukuze ihloniphe oFaro abahlukahlukene ababevele befile, njengoba kwenzeka kuShafer.
ukuphila ngemva kokufa
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe ukuthi impucuko yayisemukele inkolelo yokufa nokuphila ngemva kokufa. Yingakho baqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unamandla aziwa ngokuthi i-Ká, ayechazwa njengamandla abalulekile ayeyophuma emzimbeni ngemva kokufa.
Lapho umuntu esaphila, u-ka wayedliswa isiphuzo nokudla ayekudla nsuku zonke ngale ndlela ukuze abekezele endaweni yabafileyo. I-Ka yomuntu ngamunye kwadingeka iqhubeke nokuthola ukudla okuhlukene yingakho enkolweni yaseGibhithe iminikelo nemikhuba yenziwa ukuqhubeka nokunikeza ukudla okuhlukene kumaKa.
Njengoba ukube lokhu kungenziwanga, i-Ka yayingase idliwe futhi iqedwe, kuyilapho kwakukhona nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Ba, eyayichazwa njengesethi yezici umuntu ngamunye anazo ngokomoya ezazihlukile kumuntu ngamunye.
Yingakho kwakunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kuka-Ba kanye noKa, ngakho u-Ba wayehlale enamathele emzimbeni ngisho noma umuntu efile. Ngakho-ke, amasiko omngcwabo ayegujwa ayenomsebenzi wawo omkhulu wokukwazi ukukhulula isidumbu sikamufi kwa-Ba ukuze sihambe ngokukhululeka endaweni yabafileyo.
Kodwa zombili lezi zici, i-Ka ne-Ba, kwadingeka zihlanganiswe ukuze umphefumulo kamufi ubuyele ekuphileni ngemva kokufa futhi lokho kwakwaziwa ngokuthi i-AKN. Kodwa ukuze kufezwe lokhu, umzimba womuntu wawungenakonakala futhi kwakudingeka ugcinwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu njengoba abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi ama-Ba ahlala ebuyela emzimbeni kamufi.
Ama-Ba ayebuyela emzimbeni njalo ebusuku ukuze athole impilo entsha, ukuze avele ekuqaleni kosuku njenge-AKN. Kodwa kudingekile ukucacisa ukuthi enkolweni yaseGibhithe abantu kuphela ababenoBa babengoFaro ngenxa yokuxhumana ababenakho nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi yingakho kwakungase kuhlanganiswe nonkulunkulu.
Nakuba impucuko evamile yaseGibhithe noma labo okuthiwa abantu abavamile ngesikhathi sokufa umphefumulo wabo waya endaweni eyayimnyama kakhulu futhi ingenamuntu ngokuphelele futhi lokhu kwakuphambene nokuphila. Abanye abantu abadla izambane likapondo ababedume ngokuthi yizikhulu babenamandla okwamukela amathuna kanye nezinsiza zokuwanakekela kwazise kwakungesinye sezipho zikafaro.
Lezi zipho zazinikwa izicukuthwane ngoba zenzelwa uFaro futhi kwakunenkolelo yokuthi uma ziqhubeka zizenzela uFaro zingawushiya umbuso wabafileyo ziphinde zizalwe kabusha.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala zenkolo yaseGibhithe enye yezinkolelo ezivame kakhulu ukuthi ngemva kokufa kukaFaro umphefumulo wakhe waya ezulwini futhi wathola indawo phakathi kobuningi bezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa phakathi noMbuso WaseGibhithe Omdala owasungulwa phakathi neminyaka (c. 2686-2181 BC), kwatholakala ukuthi isibalo sikaFaro ofile sasihambisana nonkulunkulu uRa ohambweni lwakhe lwansuku zonke.
Inkolo YaseGibhithe Nokwahlulela
Ekupheleni koMbuso Omdala (2686-2181 BC) kanye nokuqala kweNkathi Yokuqala Ephakathi (c. 2181-2055 BC), impucuko yaseGibhithe kancane kancane yaqala ukukholelwa ukuthi wonke umuntu unoBa, nokuthi bonke abantu bayakwazi ukuba nokuphila ngemva kokufa. Ngemva kwalokho abantu abaningi baqala ukufaka le nkolelo embusweni omusha waseGibhithe. Umphefumulo womuntu ngamunye kwakudingeka ugweme noma iyiphi ingozi engaphezu kweyemvelo eyayizovela eDuat.
Njengoba ngesikhathi sokufa umphefumulo wawuyonikezwa isahlulelo sokugcina, lesi sahlulelo saziwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe ngokuthi "Isisindo Senhliziyo"Ngokwenkolelo evamile yabaseGibhithe, bonke onkulunkulu bezizwe zaseGibhithe babezonquma ukuthi yiziphi izenzo zomufi ezinhle noma ezimbi nokuthi ukuziphatha kwabo kwakunjani phakathi nokuphila kwabo ngokwalokho okulotshwe kuyi-Ma'at.
Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi bonke abashonile baya emhlabeni wabafileyo owawubuswa uNkulunkulu u-Osiris, wawuchazwa njengezwe eliluhlaza nelimnandi elaliphakathi komhlaba nomhlaba ongaphansi. Abanye abantu baseGibhithe bafunda ukuphila ngemva kokufa embonweni kaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa, owayehamba indlela yakhe yansuku zonke kanye nayo yonke imiphefumulo yalabo ababefile.
Nakuba le ndlela abaseGibhithe ababekholelwa ngayo ngoNkulunkulu uRa yayisetshenziswa kakhulu yizicukuthwane zempucuko yaseGibhithe, kodwa yadlulela nakubantu abavamile ababekholelwa okufanayo nezicukuthwane. Ngenkathi isikhathi sidlula phakathi kwemibuso ePhakathi kanye noMbuso Omusha waseGibhithe, umbono wokuthi i-AKH yayibanjwe, umphefumulo womuntu oshonile wawungakwazi ukuhamba futhi ube emhlabeni wabaphilayo futhi ngendlela ethile ungaba nomthelela omubi ezenzakalweni ezenzekile. endaweni engaphansi.
Okubhalwe ngama-hieroglyphs
Nakuba empucukweni yaseGibhithe yayingeminingi imibhalo yenkolo ebumbene, uma imibhalo eminingi yezenkolo yakhiqizwa futhi ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene, enolwazi ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene okwakukhulunywa ngazo enkolweni yaseGibhithe, umuntu angaba nokuqonda ngenkolo yabo, kodwa ku ngasikhathi sinye, kumele kwenziwe ucwaningo.ucwaningo ngemikhuba yezenkolo eyahlukene ababeyisebenzisa, okuzocutshungulwa ngakho ezindabeni ezehlukene zenkolo eGibhithe kususelwa kulezi zinto ezilandelayo:
I-Mythology yaseGibhithe: Izinganekwane zaseGibhithe zisekelwe eqoqweni lezinganekwane ezingokomfanekiso nezinganekwane ezazihloselwe ukuchaza futhi zifanekise izindima nezenzo ezenziwa nguNkulunkulu waseGibhithe ngamunye ngokwesimo sazo. Kuye ngokuthi indaba yaxoxwa kanjani futhi kwagcizelelwa imininingwane yomcimbi ngamunye, kungadluliswa imibono ehlukene ngesimo.
Njengoba wonke umlando waseGibhithe wawugcwele izimpawu kanye nemfihlakalo mayelana nezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zaphezulu ezethulwa emlandweni. Ngakho-ke, izindaba eziningi zaseGibhithe kanye nezinganekwane zazinezinguqulo ezingenakubalwa namaqiniso.
Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke izindaba zaseGibhithe azizange zibhalwe ngokuphelele, njengoba zishiya okuningi ekwakhiweni komlobi noma i-accountant yomsebenzi futhi le misebenzi iqukethe imisebenzi eminingi eyanikeza inganekwane indawo ethakazelisayo kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, ukuba nolwazi lwezinganekwane zaseGibhithe kwakubhekiselwa eqoqweni lamaculo acacisa izimfanelo nezici zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Kuma-hieroglyphs ahlukene atholwe abacwaningi, idatha mayelana nemikhuba yomngcwabo neminikelo itholakele. Lokho kulandisa ngezindima onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene baseGibhithe ababenazo.
Ngokufanayo, ukwaziswa okuningi ngenkolo yaseGibhithe kwatholakala ezincwadini zenkolo zezwe. Kwaze kwaba yilapho amaRoma namaGreki elandisa ezinye zezinganekwane ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wakamuva waseGibhithe.
Phakathi kwalezo zinganekwane ezihlobene kakhulu nalezo eziphathelene nokudalwa komhlaba, njengoba ziyiqoqo lezindaba ezilandisa ukuthi umhlaba uvela ezeni lapho kwakukhona indawo eyomile phakathi nolwandle futhi yonke into yayiyisiphithiphithi futhi njengelanga kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukwazi ukudala impilo Emhlabeni.
Ngakho-ke, ukuphakama kukaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa nakho kubalwa. Ukuze ukwazi ukudala ukuhleleka, ubulungisa nokuzwana Emhlabeni. Kusukela kulokho kukhuphuka kokuqala, izinkulungwane zezindaba zaseGibhithe mayelana nokudalwa komhlaba ziye zatshelwa, kodwa njalo zinencazelo efanayo kanye nokuziphatha okufanayo.
Umlando waseGibhithe usekelwe ekuguqulweni kukaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe u-Atum nakuzo zonke izakhi ezitholakala emhlabeni, inkulumo ecatshangwayo kakhulu kaNkulunkulu ohlakaniphile u-Ptah iyasetshenziswa futhi kanye nesenzo samandla aphezulu uNkulunkulu u-Amun anawo kodwa akwenze ngasese.
Kodwa ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu izindaba ezahlukene ezixoxwayo, isenzo sokudalwa komhlaba sihloselwe ukuhambisana nemithetho nemithetho ye-Egypt Ma'at kanye ne-canon ekhona emjikelezweni wesikhathi.
Ngokufanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi enye yezinganekwane ezibaluleke kakhulu nezisabalele zenkolo yaseGibhithe iyinganekwane kaNkulunkulu u-Osiris kanye nekaNkulunkulukazi u-Isis. Inganekwane isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe u-Osiris ungumbusi wayo yonke indawo yaseGibhithe. Kodwa uJehova uNkulunkulu wakhohliswa wabulawa umfowabo uSeti uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe.
Lo Nkulunkulu uhambisana nezinxushunxushu namashwa. Kodwa unkulunkulukazi u-Isis owayengudadewabo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umkakhe kaNkulunkulu u-Osiris wakwazi ukumvuselela ukuze uNkulunkulu u-Osiris ashiye izindlalifa ezweni laseGibhithe. Ngalendlela wayenguyise kankulunkulu uHorus. Ngenxa yalokho uNkulunkulu u-Osiris wangena endaweni engaphansi komhlaba futhi waba uNkulunkulu omusha nombusi wendawo engaphansi.
Kwathi lapho indodana yakhe uNkulunkulu uHorus isikhulile, wanquma ukulwa nomalume wakhe uNkulunkulu wesiphithiphithi uSeti ukuze abe yinkosi yezwe lonke laseGibhithe. Lokhu kwanikeza inkolo yaseGibhithe ukukhonjwa njengoba babehlobanisa uNkulunkulu uSeti nesiyaluyalu. Ngenkathi uNkulunkulu uHorus kanye noNkulunkulu u-Osiris njengababusi beqiniso abasemthethweni bayo yonke iGibhithe.
Ngalokhu, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayinesisekelo esinengqondo sokukwazi ukufeza ukulandelana koFaro futhi ngendlela efanayo babe noFaro njengesisekelo sokugcina ukuhleleka nobulungiswa eGibhithe.
Ngale ndlela, oFaro bahlobanisa uNkulunkulu u-Osiris ngokufa nokuphindukuzalwa kanye nemijikelezo yezolimo zaseGibhithe kusukela izitshalo zanikezwa njengoba uMfula iNayile ukhukhulwa. babhubha.
Iphuzu elibalulekile enkolweni yaseGibhithe kwakuwuhambo uNkulunkulu uRa ayelwenza nsuku zonke ngeDuat. Kulolu hambo oluyinganekwane uNkulunkulu uRa uthola ukwazi uNkulunkulu wendawo engaphansi u-Osiris. Lapho behlangana lokhu kwakwaziwa njengesenzo sokuzalwa kabusha kwaseGibhithe, lapho ukuphila kwavuselelwa ngendlela efanayo uNkulunkulu uRa ayenezimpi eziningi noNkulunkulu u-Apophis owayenguNkulunkulu wamandla amabi.
Lokhu kunqotshwa okwatholwa uNkulunkulu u-Apophis kanye nomhlangano uNkulunkulu u-Ra aba nawo noNkulunkulu we-Underworld u-Osiris wanika uNkulunkulu u-Ra ukukhuphukela ngaseLangeni lapho zonke izinsuku kwakufanele alandele indlela efanayo, lesi kwakuyisenzakalo esasisenzeka njalo. ekuseni ekuzalweni kabusha kokuhle phezu kokubi.
Imibhalo nemilingo nemicikilisho: Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, izinqubo zenkolo ezazilotshwe kuyo yonke imininingwane ye-papyrus ziyagqama futhi zazisetshenziswa njengeziqondiso zabanye abantu ababezokwenza isiko noma umcimbi. Imibhalo lapho isiko ngalinye lalichazwa laligcinwa emitapweni yolwazi yamathempeli noma ezindaweni ezingcwele lapho amasiko ahlukahlukene ayenziwa khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zincwadi zazihambisana nemidwebo eminingi nemifanekiso echaza yonke inqubo yomkhosi noma isiko. Nakuba kudingekile ukuveza ukuthi, ngokungafani nezinye izincwadi, le mifanekiso yayihloselwe ukuqhubekisela phambili imicikilisho engokomfanekiso ngendlela efanayo ukuze impucuko yaseGibhithe ingashintshi indlela yayo futhi ayizange iyeke ukuyenza.
Ngendlela efanayo imibhalo eyayibhekwa njengemilingo enkolweni yaseGibhithe yayichaza izinyathelo zesiko ngalinye. Nakuba iziphonso zazisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezithile ekuphileni kwabaseGibhithe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezi kwakuyizinjongo ezivamile, zazivikelekile futhi emitapo yolwazi ehlukene yamathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele. Lezi zinhloso zafundwa yibo bonke abantu baseGibhithe.
Imithandazo yaseGibhithe kanye namaculo: Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, impucuko yazinikela ekubhaleni nasekucabangeni imikhuleko namahubo angapheli ayebhalwe ngendlela yezinkondlo. Nakuba amahubo nemikhuleko eminingi yayibhalwe ngendlela efana nsé, yehluka ngenxa yenhloso eyayihloselwe yona.
Isibonelo, amaculo ayehloselwe ukudumisa onkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi eziningi zalezi zihlabelelo zatholakala zilotshwe ezindongeni zamathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele, eziningi zalezi zihlabelelo zazihlelwe ngendlela yombhalo eyayiklanyelwe ukuveza izici ezithile zemvelo nezenganekwane nemisebenzi. inkolo yaseGibhithe.
Ngendlela efanayo, ayebabaza amakhono nemisebenzi kankulunkulu waseGibithe, nakuba ayeziveza ngenkolo yaseGibithe kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yempucuko yaseGibithe, eyathakazelisa kakhulu ngenxa yayo phakathi noMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe. Isikhathi lapho kwaba khona inkulumo yezenkolo ekhuthele kakhulu.
Imithandazo yayingesinye isici esibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe kodwa yayibhalwe ngendlela efanayo namahubo. Futhi zabhalelwa ukubhekana nezici nemisebenzi kankulunkulu othile waseGibhithe kodwa ngendlela efanele njengoba bacela izibusiso, intethelelo noma usizo ngenxa yokuba nomugqa omubi noma ukugula.
Kodwa imithandazo yayisetshenziswa eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe, njengoba ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe kakhulu njengoba ukukwazi ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu waseGibhithe kwakungakholelwa ukuthi kwakungenzeka yisikhulu saseGibhithe noma umuntu ovamile, oFaro kuphela ababenalolu khono. Futhi ayemancane nakakhulu amathuba okuba bakwazi ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe ngokubhala.
Phakathi nophenyo oluye lwenziwa ngochwepheshe kanye ne-Egyptologists, imithandazo itholakala ibhalwe ezifanekisweni ezihlukahlukene zonkulunkulu kanye nasemathempelini lapho iminikelo nemikhosi yayikhokhelwa khona.
Imibhalo yomngcwabo: Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngaphakathi kwenkolo yaseGibhithe imibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu nebalulekile ekhona futhi inakekelwa abaseGibhithe ngalokho ababekumelela kwakuyimibhalo yomngcwabo injongo yayo eyinhloko kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphefumulo yabantu abafa ifinyelela ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Indlela engcono kakhulu.
Imibhalo eyayinakekelwa kakhulu kwakuyimibhalo ebizwa nge-pyramid, le mibhalo yayiqukethe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nenani elikhulu lezinhlamvu ezibhalwe ngaphakathi kwezindonga zamapiramidi asendulo asebukhosini avela eMbusweni Omdala.
Le mibhalo yayihloselwe ukunikeza ngomlingo oFaro baseGibhithe indlela yokugcina inkampani yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe emhlabeni wabafileyo noma emva kokufa. Kodwa kudingekile ukugqamisa ukuthi iziphonso zomngcwabo zitholakala zibhalwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene nezinhlanganisela futhi eziningi zazo zitholakala zibhalwe ezindongeni zamapiramidi ahlukene.
Lapho uMbuso WaseGibhithe Lasendulo uphela. Iqembu elisha leziphonso zomngcwabo laqala ukwenziwa, elalinezinto ezitholakala ezindongeni zamapiramidi. Khona-ke abaseGibhithe baqala ukubhala imingcwabo emathuneni. Kodwa babenemininingwane engcono ku-sarcophagi. Leli qoqo leziphonso ezibhalwe ku-sarcophagi nasemathuneni laziwa ngokuthi Imibhalo Yebhokisi.
Nakuba imibhalo yayingatholakali ku-sarcophagi yasebukhosini kodwa emathuneni ahlukene abantu bezikhulu ezingezona zasebukhosini. Yingakho eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe kwavela imibhalo eminingana yomngcwabo, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi iNcwadi Yabafileyo.
Le ncwadi iqukethe uchungechunge lweziphonso ezisetshenziselwa ukusiza umphefumulo kamufi ukuba unqobe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Ukwahlulela kuka-Osiris futhi umsize ohambweni lokudabula iDuat, izwe elingaphansi komhlaba aze afike e-Aaru futhi athole ukuphila kwangemva kokufa. Ngokungafani nezinye izincwadi zemingcwabo, incwadi yabafileyo iyona enemifanekiso eminingi namavignette. Ngakho-ke, le ncwadi yakopishwa kuyi-papyrus ukuze izicukuthwane nabantu abavamile bakwazi ukuyifinyelela futhi ibekwe emathuneni lapho sebefile.
Imibhalo eminingi yomngcwabo kanye nemibhalo ye-sarcophagus yayinolwazi oluningi nezincazelo ezinemininingwane mayelana nomhlaba ongaphansi kanye neziyalezo zemiphefumulo yokunqoba izingozi ezihlukahlukene ezihlala lapho. Kodwa lapho uMbuso Omusha uqala, ukwaziswa nokwaziswa okusencwadini yabafileyo kwabangela ukuba kuhlelwe futhi kukopishwe izincwadi ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba ongaphansi.
Enye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu zenkolo yaseGibhithe kanye noMbuso Omusha yiNcwadi yeminyango, noma eyaziwa nangokuthi iNcwadi yemigede. Lezi kwakuyizincwadi ezazibonisa ukuthi izwe elingaphansi komhlaba lalinjani nokuthi uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa kwadingeka adlule kukho ohambweni lwakhe lokunqamula iDuat.
Ngakho-ke uhambo lomphefumulo wawo wonke umuntu oshonile futhi kufanele adlule endaweni yabafileyo. Nakuba lezi zincwadi zazivinjelwe ukusetshenziswa emathuneni amapharaonic. Kodwa lapho kuzalwa inkathi yesithathu yaseGibhithe ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zincwadi kwanwetshwa ekusetshenzisweni kwenkolo yaseGibhithe.
Ngokwezinga i-Egypt eyayenza inkolo yaseGibhithe ibe yesimanje, imikhuba yasendulo yathathelwa indawo imikhuba emisha kanye namasu angcono ngaphezu kokuba eyesayensi. Ngoba abaseGibhithe bazinikele ekwenzeni izifundo nentuthuko yesayensi ehlobene nokulondolozwa kwesidumbu somufi.
Njengoba bethuthuka emkhubeni wabo wokugqwalisa izidumbu, bathola ulwazi olukhulu futhi badlulela ezingeni eliphakeme lolwazi kanye nokwenza kahle ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.
Imikhuba yenkolo yaseGibhithe
AbaseGibhithe, njengoba babekholelwa kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe, babeqhuba imikhuba yenkolo ukuze bakwazi ukuhambisana nonkulunkulu futhi bahlale bebonga kubo lapho benza amasiko nemikhosi ehlukene ngenxa yalezi zizathu sizokutshela kancane ngemikhuba yenkolo abaseGibhithe. kwenziwa ezindaweni ezahlukene ezingcwele njengoba zinjalo:
Amathempeli aseGibhithe: Empucukweni yaseGibhithe, ngenxa yenkolo kakhulu, empeleni amathempeli akhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko nenkolo yaseGibhithe. Kodwa base bebaningi abantu baseGibhithe abanamasiko nezinkolelo zabo, amathempeli agcina izidumbu asetshenziselwa ukukhokha imimoya ehlukene yoFaro ababevele befile.
Kwakukhona nezinye izinhlobo zamathempeli anikezelwe ekwenzeni iminikelo nemikhuba konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe, nakuba kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa kusukela ubukhosi baseGibhithe kanye nonkulunkulu babehlobene futhi behlangene. Nakuba amathempeli amaningi aseGibhithe ayengahloselwe ukukhulekelwa konkulunkulu baseGibhithe noFaro ngabantu abaningi. Ngakho umphakathi ovamile wawunemikhuba yawo yenkolo.
Kungakho amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele ezazixhaswe nguhulumeni noma ababusi zazisetshenziswa njengendlu yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe, okwakusetshenziswa kuzo izithombe ezihlukahlukene ezingokomfanekiso zonkulunkulu njengabaxhumanisi beminikelo ehlukahlukene eyayisetshenziswa amakholwa enkolo yaseGibhithe. wabanika..
Ofaro abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi le nkonzo iyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe onkulunkulu baseGibhithe bejabule futhi ngaleyo ndlela balondoloze ukuthula endaweni yonke nasendaweni yonke. Yingakho amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele zaseGibhithe zaziyisizinda somphakathi waseGibhithe futhi uhulumeni waseGibhithe owawuholwa uFaro wasebenzisa izinsiza eziningi ukugcina ithempeli lisesimweni esihle kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, oFaro bachitha isikhathi esiningi njengengxenye yesibopho sabo sokuhlonipha onkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Njengoba nje izicukuthwane zanikela ngeminikelo yokugcina ukuthula ngemva kokufa. Ngale ndlela kwakunamathempeli amakhulu. Nokho, onkulunkulu abaningi baseGibhithe babengenalo ithempeli labo noma indawo engcwele, bakha amathempeli onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababaluleke kakhulu benkolo yaseGibhithe.
Nakuba kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi onkulunkulu abaningi ngokwenkolo yaseGibhithe abazange badunyiswe kakhulu nguFaro kanye nabantu baseGibhithe. Kwakukhona onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababekhonzwa kakhulu yimpucuko edumile ezindlini ezahlukene kodwa bengenalo ithempeli elithile.
Amathempeli okuqala awakhelwe inkolo yaseGibhithe kwakuyizindlu ezincane, futhi izakhiwo zazilula kakhulu futhi zingapheli. Nakuba zaklanywa eMbusweni Wasendulo WaseGibhithe kanye naseMbusweni Ophakathi WaseGibhithe. Amanye amathempeli enziwe ngamatshe kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi achazwa kangcono.
Kodwa amatshe amakhulu asetshenziswa njalo ukwakha amathempeli ahlukene aseGibhithe.Ngenkathi yoMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe, kwaqala ukwakhiwa umklamo omusha wamathempeli, kodwa ngendlela eyisisekelo, eyayisebenzise izakhi ezivamile ezazivele zisetshenzisiwe. ekwakhiweni kwamathempeli embusweni waseGibhithe lasendulo naphakathi.
Kodwa eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe kwakukhona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu ohlelweni olwalusetshenziswa, amathempeli amaningi ayengase akhiwe futhi iningi lamathempeli aye asinda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yingoba akhiwe ngale ndlela.
Isu noma uhlelo olwasetshenziswa ukwakha amathempeli ahlukene aseGibhithe lusekelwe ekwenzeni indlela ephakathi kuyo yonke ingqalasizinda eyayaziwa ngokuthi indlela yodwendwe. Khona-ke kwenziwa uchungechunge lwamakamelo ukuze kufinyelelwe endaweni engcwele yokugcina kuleyondawo wawungathola umfanekiso omkhulu kaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe okwakunikelwa kuye ukukhulekelwa neminikelo.
Nakuba ukungena ehholo elimaphakathi lethempeli kwakuhloselwe oFaro kuphela kanye nomyalo ophezulu kahulumeni. Kanye nabapristi ababemelela inkolo yaseGibhithe, njengoba abantu baseGibhithe abadumile babenqatshelwe ukufinyelela kuleli gumbi. Uhambo abantu okwakudingeka baluthathe besuka emnyango omkhulu wethempeli beya ehholo elikhulu noma endaweni engcwele belwaziwa njengohambo olusuka emhlabeni oluya endaweni yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe noma indawo yobunkulunkulu.
Lokhu kwatholwa yiqoqo lezimpawu zezinganekwane ezazenziwa ezindongeni ezihlukene zethempeli kanye nezakhiwo zalo. Ngemva kwethempeli kwakungatholakala udonga olungaphandle. Kuleyo ndawo kwakungatholakala izakhiwo eziningi, kanye namashabhu nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezihlukahlukene ukuze kutholakale lokho okwakudingeka ethempelini.
Uma ithempeli lalilikhulu, wawungathola nesitolo sezincwadi lapho kwakunezincwadi ezimbalwa ezazinolwazi ngenkolo yaseGibhithe kanye nezinye izincwadi ezinikezelwe ezindabeni. Lezi zitolo zezincwadi zazisetshenziswa njengezikhungo ukuze abaseGibhithe bafunde ngazo zonke izifundo okuzodingeka bazifunde.
Umthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza amasiko ahlukene wawela emfanekisweni kaFaro njengoba wayengummeleli osemthethweni waseGibhithe phambi konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe. Kodwa labo abenza lo mkhuba kwakungabapristi baseGibhithe esikhundleni soFaro ngoba babephethe eminye imisebenzi emikhulu.
EMbusweni Omdala noPhakathi abapristi babengenaso isigaba esihlukile kunalokho izikhulu eziningi zikaFaro zazinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza le mikhosi izinyanga ezimbalwa kanti ezinye unyaka wonke zinikezelwe emisebenzini yezwe.
Kodwa lapho uMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe uqala, umsebenzi owawenziwa abapristi waba uchwepheshe futhi wenziwa obala ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nakuba abapristi abaningi ababevela edolobheni babesebenza isikhathi esithile futhi abaningi babeyizisebenzi zikahulumeni. UFaro nguye yedwa owayengamela impahla yasendlini futhi anikeze imvume yakhe yethempeli.
Ngenkathi inkolo yaseGibhithe yanda phakathi kwabantu baseGibhithe, bonke babeyizisebenzi zikaFaro. Kodwa njengoba udumo lwabapristi lwalukhula ngendlela efanayo, ingcebo yasethempelini yakhula kwaze kwafika isikhathi lapho befuna ukuncintisana noFaro.
Lapho kuba nokuhlukana kwezombusazwe okwenzeka ngesikhathi seNkathi Yesithathu YaseGibhithe phakathi neminyaka c. 1070-664 BC C.), Abapristi bakaNkulunkulu u-Amun, edolobheni elibizwa ngokuthi iKarnak. Baqala ukuba ababusi kwezinye izifunda zase-Upper Egypt.
Emathempelini ahlukene aseGibhithe kwakunenani elikhulu labantu ababesebenza ukulungisa ithempeli, njengoba lalinabapristi, abahlabeleli nabahlabeleli bayo yonke imikhosi nemikhuba. Ngaphandle kwethempeli laseGibhithe kwakunabantu ababezinikele emsebenzini, njengoba kwenzeka ngezingcweti nabalimi ababesebenza emapulazini ahlukene.
Bonke laba bantu ababenikela ngezinkonzo zabo ekulungiseni amathempeli babethola iholo elaliphuma emnikelweni ofanayo owawulethwa abantu ukuze bajabulise onkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi amathempeli ayeyizikhungo ezakha imisebenzi yezomnotho kaFaro.
Njengamanje amathempeli amaningi aseGibhithe asele esakhiweni sawo kanti amanye aseyincithakalo ngenxa yesikhathi esesidlulile. Nakuba abaningi sebevele bacekelwa phansi ukuguguleka kwezindonga kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla abaye babhekana nakho, uFaro owayengumgqugquzeli omkhulu wokubuyiselwa kwamathempeli aseGibhithe kwakunguRamses II, kodwa futhi wayengumbusi wamathempeli ahlukene. Phakathi kwamathempeli abaluleke kakhulu enkolo yaseGibhithe kukhona okulandelayo:
- U-Deir el-Bahari: iqembu lamathempeli ka-Mentuhotep II (ubukhosi be-XNUMX), u-Hatshepsut no-Thutmose III (ubukhosi be-XNUMX). Isakhiwo somngcwabo saseHatshepsut, esinamagceke abanzi abanzi kanye nesakhiwo esinekholomu sokuzwana okukhulu (esakhiwe cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kweParthenon edumile e-Athene, omunye wemisebenzi emihle yezakhiwo)
- I-Karnak - inkimbinkimbi yamathempeli, anwetshwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu, eThebes, inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe lasendulo kusukela eMbusweni Ophakathi.
- I-Luxor: Iqalwe ngu-Amenhotep III futhi yanwetshwa ngu-Ramses II, bekuyisikhungo somkhosi sefestivali ye-Opet.
- U-Abu Simbel: amathempeli amabili amakhulu (speos) aseRamses II, eningizimu yeGibhithe, osebeni olusentshonalanga yoMfula iNayile.
- I-Abydos: amathempeli kaSethy I noRamses II. Indawo yokuhlonishwa koFaro bokuqala, enesakhiwo esikhulu somngcwabo.
- IRamesseum, ithempeli eliyisikhumbuzo likaRamses II, eduze kweTheban necropolis; ibhilidi elikhulu lalinikezelwe enkolweni yomngcwabo.
- I-Medinet Habu: Ithempeli lesikhumbuzo likaRamses III. Isakhiwo sethempeli esivela e-New Kingdom.
- I-Edfu: Ithempeli lePtolemaic eliphakathi kwe-Aswan neLuxor.
- I-Dendera: isakhiwo sethempeli. Isakhiwo esikhulu yiThempeli likaHathor.
- I-Kom Ombo: ithempeli lesifunda elalilawula imizila yokuhweba esuka eNubia iya e-Upper Egypt.
- I-File Island: ithempeli lika-Isis (Ast), elakhiwe ngenkathi yePtolemaic.
Amasiko Nemikhosi YaseGibhithe Esemthethweni: Empucukweni yaseGibhithe, ngenxa yezinkolelo zayo ezingokwenkolo zaseGibhithe, umbuso ubophekile ukuba wenze amasiko nemikhosi ehlukahlukene eyenziwa emathempelini enkolo ehlukene aseGibhithe, njengoba kufanele bakhulekele futhi banikele iminikelo konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe. Imikhosi iphinde yenzelwe oFaro asebevele bafa futhi bahlobene nonkulunkulu kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubukhosi baphezulu baseGibhithe.
Phakathi kwemikhosi nemikhuba ebaluleke kakhulu, umcimbi wokugcotshwa kanye neQembu Lokoma ligqamile, iphathi yombuso esemthethweni ngenhloso yokuvuselela amandla kafaro owabanjwa ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi nombuso wakhe.
Phakathi nonyaka, kwenziwa amasiko amaningana ngoba inkolo yaseGibhithe yenza amasiko asemthethweni ezweni lonke futhi amasiko amaningana ayenziwa ethempelini elilodwa elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu oyedwa waseGibhithe, kuyilapho kunemikhuba eyenziwa nsuku zonke. Kodwa kunemikhosi eyayikhethekile kangangokuthi yenziwa kanye ngonyaka noma ngesenzakalo esikhethekile.
Umkhuba okwakumelwe wenziwe ekuqaleni kosuku kwakuwumkhosi owaziwa kakhulu wokunikela nokubonga. Lo mkhosi wenziwa kuyo yonke indawo yaseGibhithe. Lapho umpristi ophakeme noma uFaro kwakudingeka ageze umfanekiso wonkulunkulu othile waseGibhithe futhi amgcobe ngokhilimu kanye nokumgqokisa ingubo ewubuciko kakhulu bese emnika isethi yeminikelo.
Ekupheleni komkhosi wansuku zonke futhi unkulunkulu waseGibhithe wayesewuqedile umnikelo wakhe womoya, zonke izinto ezisele zathathwa ukuze zabiwe phakathi kwabapristi abehlukene bethempeli.
Enkolweni yaseGibhithe imicikilisho yayimbalwa, kuyilapho imikhosi yayiminingi futhi idlanzana onyakeni. Imikhosi yayivamile futhi kwakudingeka kwenziwe isethi yezenzo ezedlula ukunikeza iminikelo elula yokubonga kunoma yimuphi unkulunkulu waseGibhithe. Njengoba imikhosi eminingi kwakudingeka ivuselele indawo yenganekwane yaseGibhithe noma inganekwane.
Ngendlela efanayo kwadingeka benze okuthile ukuze bakwazi ukuqeda amandla amabi noma lawo mandla ondla lesi sifo kanye nezinxushunxushu endaweni yaseGibhithe. Eminingi yale mikhosi yayiholwa abapristi abasezikhundleni eziphakeme futhi yayiqhutshelwa ngaphakathi kwethempeli ngokwalo. Kodwa imikhosi ehlobene kakhulu nenkolo efana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umkhosi we-Opet. Lokho kwenzeka edolobheni laseKarnak, kwenziwa udwendwe futhi uthwele umfanekiso kaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe.
Abanye abantukazana ababekholelwa ngokuqinile enkolweni yaseGibithe baphelezela udwendwe lokubuza unkulunkulu ababekholelwa kuye ukuze axazulule isimo sabo samanje futhi kanjalo bathole izingxenye ezithile zeminikelo emikhulu eyayinikelwa konkulunkulu baseGibithe ngalezi zenzakalo ezikhethekile.
Izilwane ezazimkhulekela: Ezingxenyeni eziningi zesifunda saseGibhithe, izilwane zaqala ukukhulekelwa njengoba abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi zaziwukubonakaliswa konkulunkulu baseGibhithe, inkolelo ekhetheke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Lezi zilwane zazikhethelwa izinhloso ezithile kanye nezimpawu ezingcwele ezazibonisa ukubaluleka kwendima yazo emphakathini waseGibhithe.
Eziningi zalezi zilwane zayigcina le ndima kuyo yonke impucuko yaseGibhithe. Isibonelo esicacile salokhu kwakuyinkunzi ye-Apis eyaziwa kakhulu eyayikhulekelwa kakhulu edolobheni laseMemphis. Lesi silwane sasiwukubonakaliswa kukaNkulunkulu uPtah.
Ngenkathi ezinye izilwane zimkhulekela isikhathi esifushane. Kodwa lenkolelo yokukhulekela izilwane ezihlukahlukene yanda ezikhathini zamuva futhi abapristi abaningi ababephethe amathempeli baqala ukwandisa imfuyo yezilwane ezazikhulekelwa njengomkhuba waphezulu.
Umkhuba owaqala ukukhula wawungozalo lwama-XNUMX lapho abaseGibhithe beqala ukucwilisa noma yiliphi ilungu lohlobo lwezilwane ukuze benze umnikelo omkhulu kunkulunkulu othile waseGibhithe, yingakho kwatholakala izigidi zamakati, izinyoni nezinye. izilwane ezazingcwatshwa emathempelini enkolo ahlukahlukene aseGibhithe ukuze kuhlonishwe onkulunkulu.
I-Oracles: Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, oFaro kanye namalungu athile omphakathi waseGibhithe baya kuma-Oracles ukuze bacele onkulunkulu abahlukene ukuze bathole ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nesiqondiso sokwenza izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu. Nakuba ama-Oracle aqala ukwaziwa kusukela eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe. Nakuba bebengase bavele ngaphambili kakhulu ngokusho kocwaningo oluthile olwenziwe.
Abaningi baseGibhithe, kuhlanganise noFaro, baya kubakhulumeli beyobuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo futhi lezi zimpendulo zazisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula isiphithiphithi esingokomthetho noma ingxabano ngesimo esithile. Isenzo esasivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekusebenziseni izibikezelo zaseGibhithe kwakuwukubuza umbuzo othile obalulekile emfanekisweni kaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe bese uchaza impendulo.
Enye indlela yokuhumusha izimpendulo ze-Oracles kwakuwukuchaza ukunyakaza kwezilwane abakhonza kuzo noma ukubuza isithombe sikaNkulunkulu othile bese ulinda impendulo yompristi owayekhulumela unkulunkulu waseGibhithe. Lo mkhuba waba nethonya elikhulu kubapristi benkolo yaseGibhithe njengoba babekwazi ukuchaza isigijimi sonkulunkulu baseGibhithe.
Inkolo YaseGibhithe Edumile: Amahlelo amaningi aseGibhithe ayegxile ekulondolozeni ukuzinza kwempucuko yaseGibhithe, ngakho abanye abantu babenemikhuba yabo yenkolo eyayihlobene nokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke. Nakuba le ndlela yokuqhuba inkolo yaseGibhithe yashiya ubufakazi obuncane kakhulu kunenkolo yaseGibhithe esemthethweni ngoba inkolo yaseGibhithe eyashiya ubufakazi obuningi kwakuyinkolo yaseGibhithe ecebe kakhulu endaweni yaseGibhithe.
Ezenzweni zenkolo ezaziqhutshwa nsuku zonke, zazihlanganisa nemikhosi ethile lapho ukubaluleka kwakunikezwa ekushintsheni kokuphila. Lezi kwakuyizibeletho kusukela inqubo yokuzalwa yayiyingozi kakhulu. Futhi ukuqokwa njengoba igama liyingxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi bomuntu.
Eminye yemikhuba yenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu enkolweni ethandwayo yaseGibhithe yileyo eyayizungezwe ukufa noma lokho okuthiwa imingcwabo ngoba yayigqame kakhulu ngoba yayizoqinisekisa ukuthi umphefumulo kamufi uyaphila nokuphila kwakhe ngemva kokuba esefile. bawela kakhulu lapho.
Eminye imikhuba esetshenziswa abantu abahola kancane iwukufuna ukubona intando yonkulunkulu kubantu ukuze bafune ukuzazi. Kulo mkhuba kwakumele kuchazwe amaphupho kwazise ayebonwa njengemiyalezo ethunyelwa onkulunkulu evela endaweni yaphezulu.
Abantu abaningi, bengenalo ithuba lokungena emathempelini onkulunkulu baseGibhithe, benza imithandazo futhi banikela iminikelo yangasese konkulunkulu. Kodwa lokhu kwabonakala kuphela njengohlobo lokuzinikela akwenza eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe.
Yingakho abaseGibhithe baqala ukusebenzisa ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu lapho bekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu bangenela ngokuqondile emithandazweni yabo nasekuphileni kwabo ukuze benze abakudingayo. Ngale ndlela onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babethanda abantu abenza okuhle kodwa bejezisa abantu abenza okubi futhi basindise abantu ababenesihe kwabanye.
Amathempeli amaningi aseGibhithe ayebaluleke kakhulu emithandazweni yangasese neminikelo, nakuba imisebenzi enenjongo yayingabafaki abantu abavamile. Imikhuba eminingi eyayenziwa abaseGibhithe yayiwukuthi banikela ngempahla yabo konkulunkulu baseGibhithe ukuze bagcwalise imithandazo yabaseGibhithe.
Lapho abantu bengakwazi ukungena emathempelini ahlukene ukuze bafeze izibopho zabo zenkolo, yingakho baqala ukwakha izindlu zokuthandaza ezincane ukuze abantu bathandaze futhi babonge izipho abazenzile.
Umlingo enkolweni yaseGibhithe: Umlingo enkolweni yaseGibhithe futhi wayaziwa ngegama elithi Heka elisho ukuthi "ikhono lokwenza izinto zenzeke ngezindlela ezingaqondile" kunenkolelo yokuthi umlingo yinto yemvelo yasemhlabeni njengoba bekungamandla afanayo ayesetshenziswa ekudalweni umhlaba kanye nomkhathi.
Umlingo wawungamandla onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababewasebenzisa ukuze benze intando yabo futhi abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi bangawasebenzisa, kodwa le mikhuba yayihlobene eduze nenkolo yaseGibhithe. Nakuba amasiko avamile ayenziwa nsuku zonke ayeyaziwa ngokuthi imilingo.
Futhi abaningi baseGibhithe babesebenzisa umlingo ngezinjongo zabo siqu noma ngabe babelimaza abantu besithathu. Kungakho umlingo wawuthathwa njengento enobutha wona ngokwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokumelene nabanye abantu.
Kodwa kwabaseGibhithe abaningi, umlingo wawubhekwa njengendlela yokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okulimazayo okuvela kwabanye abantu noma ukuqeda amandla amabi. Kodwa imilingo yayihlobene nabapristi baseGibhithe njengoba eziningi zezincwadi zazineziphonso eziningi zemilingo, ngakho abapristi baseGibhithe babeyizazi zalezo zincwadi.
Abapristi abaningi babeneminye imisebenzi yokwenza imilingo njengoba babeqashwe abantu abavamile. Ngendlela efanayo, eminye imisebenzi empucukweni yaseGibhithe yayisebenza ngemilingo njengengxenye yomsebenzi, ikakhulukazi odokotela nababizwa ngokuthi ama-scorpion charmers kanye nezingcweti ezazizinikele ekwenzeni izigqila zemilingo kubantu baseGibhithe.
Kukhona futhi izifundo ukuthi abalimi basebenzisa umlingo olula ngezinjongo zabo njengoba lolu lwazi lwaludluliselwa ngomlomo kodwa kunobufakazi obulinganiselwe balezi zifundo ezenziwa ngomlingo olula emphakathini odumile waseGibhithe.
Nakuba kuthiwa ulimi lwaluhlobene eduze nemilingo yaseGibhithe kangangokuthi uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uTot, owaziwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu Wokubhala, nguye owasungula umlingo. Ngale ndlela umlingo wawubhekwa njengokuhuba okukhulunywayo noma okulotshiwe nakuba wawuvame ukuhambisana nemikhuba.
Yingakho imicikilisho eyayenziwa kwakudingeka ikhulekelwe unkulunkulu othile waseGibhithe ukuze umlingo ube nethonya ezinjongweni ezazifunwa. Lapho kusetshenziswa umlingo, uchwepheshe wayebophekile ukuba asebenzise umlingiswa wasenganekwaneni waseGibhithe noma wenkolo. Le mikhuba yayisebenzisa umlingo wozwela kusetshenziswa izinto okwakukholelwa ukuthi zinamandla athile njengenduku yomlingo noma izigqizo ezihlukene ezazisetshenziswa abaseGibhithe.
Imikhuba Yezenkolo Yomngcwabo: Lezi zenzo zazidingeka enkolweni yaseGibhithe njengoba zazibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu ukunikeza umphefumulo kamufi ukuphila. Ngaphezu kokulondolozwa kwesidumbu, okwakuyiphuzu elibalulekile kuwo wonke umkhuba womngcwabo waseGibhithe. Emikhubeni yokuqala yomngcwabo eyenziwa, abaseGibhithe basishiya ogwadule isidumbu sikamufi kwazise isimo sezulu ebesingesihle sazicwilisa sona sodwa.
Kamuva, enkathini eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Early Dynastic, amathuna aqala ukusetshenziswa ayenesivikelo esikhulu futhi ahlukanisa isidumbu somufi nomphumela wokoma kwesihlabathi sasogwadule kodwa asishiya sibole ngokwemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, abaseGibhithe baqala ukwenza izifundo zokugqumisa isidumbu futhi benze ukomisa okwenziwa ukuze basishiye sigoqwe futhi sibekwe ebhokisini. Izinga lomsebenzi wokugqwalisa izidumbu lalincike ezindlekweni futhi abantu ababengakwazi ukuthwala izidumbu babengcwatshwa emathuneni asogwadule.
Kuthe uma sekwenziwa uhlelo lokucwiliswa kwesidumbu sikamufi isidumbu sidluliselwe endlini yakhe ukuze kuqhutshwe udwendwe singcwatshwe ethuneni kodwa sibukwe umndeni nabangani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abapristi abaningana baba khona ukuze bathandazele umphefumulo.
Enye yemikhuba okwakumelwe yenziwe abapristi iwukuvula umlomo okwaziwayo, lapho babebuyisela khona umufi izinzwa okufanele umuntu ofile abe nazo ukuze abe namakhono omuntu ofile. Ngemva kwalokho umama wangcwatshwa ethuneni waqhubeka walivala.
Izici Zenkolo YaseGibhithe
Njengoba yayingenye yezinkolo ezindala kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi eyayiqhutshwa iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-3000, kwakuyinkolo ababekhonza kuyo onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene futhi kwakudingeka bamkhulekele. Enkolweni yaseGibhithe onkulunkulu babeyi-zoomorphic njengoba babemelwa ngemizimba yabantu kanye nekhanda lesilwane esithile.
Ngokufanayo, enkolweni yaseGibhithe, izilwane ezithile zazibhekwa njengezingcwele njengekati, ufezela, inyoka, ibhubesi, ukheshe, inkomo, inkunzi, ingwenya nezinkonyane nezinye eziningi. okubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngisho benza izidumbu zezilwane abazingcwaba nabanikazi bazo.
Isibalo ababenaso enkolweni yaseGibhithe eyayisondelene kakhulu nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe kwakukafaro owayenegunya elifanayo nelenkosi, njengoba ngokwezinkolelo wayeyoba negazi konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene baseGibhithe. Lapho efa, wayeyindlalifa yaphezulu yonkulunkulu kusukela igunya lakhe lathatha impilo yonke nangale kokufa. Phakathi kwezici eziyinhloko zenkolo yaseGibhithe esinazo:
I-Polyethist: AbaseGibhithe babenenkolelo eqinile yokuthi kukhona onkulunkulu abangapheli, yilowo nalowo unamandla athile emvelo, yingakho babewahlobanisa nezilwane ezahlukene, laba nkulunkulu babenekhanda lesilwane nomzimba womuntu. Onkulunkulu baseGibhithe bangenela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwawo wonke amaGibhithe.
Iminikelo: Ngezinkolelo abaseGibhithe ababenazo, babenikela iminikelo konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene baseGibhithe ukuze bahlale bejabule futhi bangaluthuli ulaka lwabo njengoba babebangela izinhlekelele nokufa kwabantu abaningi.
Izigqizo: Enkolweni yaseGibhithe kwakuyisiko ukusebenzisa iziphandla ezivela kubaphathi abaphezulu ababengoFaro ngisho nabantu abathobekile bempucuko yaseGibhithe ukuze kuqedwe amandla amabi futhi babe nenhlanhla ezenzweni abazenzayo.
Lezi zigqizo zaziklanywe ngamatshe futhi zaziqukethe amagugu ayigugu ayegqokwa entanyeni yehle aze afike esifubeni somuntu. Yayigqokwa nasezihlakaleni nasemaqakaleni.
Amahlelo: Empucukweni yaseGibhithe, indawo okwakufanele kukhonze kuyo onkulunkulu kwakungamathempeli ayebuye aziwe ngokuthi yindlu yonkulunkulu, akhiwa ngamatshe omcako amakhulu ukuze angachithi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngaphakathi kwamathempeli kwakunamakamelo amaningana ayehloselwe ukungcwaba izidumbu zofaro, kwakukhona nekamelo elikhulu lokukhonzela unkulunkulu othile kanye nemigudu eyimfihlo okungakacaciswa ukuthi kungani zenziwa.
Ukucwilisa umzimba: Njengoba abaseGibhithe babenezinkolelo zokuthi kukhona ukuphila ngemva kokufa, yingakho babecwilisa izidumbu zabangasekho, le nqubo yayihlanganisa ukukhipha zonke izitho zomzimba womuntu ezazifakwa esakeni elibizwa ngokuthi ama-canopies.
Umzimba wabe usubekwa phezu kwetafula ukuze usongwe ngendwangu kasilika ukuze kulondolozwe umzimba futhi kuvinjwe umzimba ukuba ungaboli ukuze ulungele ukuhlangana nomphefumulo endaweni yabafileyo.
Uma usithole sibalulekile lesi sihloko senkolo yaseGibhithe, ngikumema ukuba uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: