IGreece yasendulo yaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomhlaba. I Isithombe sesiGreki Impucuko yasendulo ethuthuke kakhulu yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhombisa umbono ophelele futhi ovumelanayo womhlaba ngabantu basendulo, ukukhombisa ukuphelela kokuziphatha nomzimba womuntu ngemodeli enezinhlangothi ezintathu.
Isithombe sesiGreki
Impucuko enkulu yamaGreki kamuva eyachazwa izazi-mlando ngokuthi impucuko yamaGreki yazalwa cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC kusukela ekuhlanganeni kwabantu abathile ababehlasela njengamaDorian okwathi ngemva kwezimpi ezinonya nobudlova, bazinza ngokuqinisekile cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC endaweni yase- I-peninsula yamaGreki kanye nezakhamuzi zendawo ezihlangana nazo kancane kancane endleleni yazo.
Le mpucuko yasendulo eyakhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yaqala ukukhula futhi ithuthuke emikhakheni eminingi efana nezasolwandle, ezohwebo nezenhlalo. Umfutho omuhle wanikezwa ngaphezu kwakho konke umkhakha wezobuciko ngenxa yomsebenzi nethalente labaculi abadumile nabahlukile.
Emkhakheni wobuciko, enye yezindlela zobuciko ezisetshenziswa kakhulu lapho abaculi abangamaGreki begqama ngempela kuze kube sekupheleleni kwakuyisithombe esiqoshiwe kanye nezithombe zabo ezidumile, ngenhlanhla ezafika ezinsukwini zethu, zaletha impucuko yaseGrisi lasendulo e-Olympus. yobuciko.
Ubuciko baseGreece Yasendulo baba insika nesisekelo okwakhula kuso yonke impucuko yaseYurophu. Umfanekiso oqoshiwe waseGrisi lasendulo uyisihloko esikhethekile. Ngaphandle kwezithombe eziqoshiwe zasendulo, bekungeke kube khona ubuciko obuhle beRenaissance, futhi kunzima ukucabanga ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwalobu buciko.
Izithombe zaseGreece zibe nendima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zabantu. Abekwa ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu, asetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa amathempeli, amiswa ukuze kuhlonishwe abawinile beMidlalo Yama-Olympic. Afakwe emathuneni kukhunjulwa abashonile, asetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izakhiwo zomphakathi. Lezi zithombe ze-classical and Hellenistic zaba nomthelela ngokuqondile emifanekisweni yamaRoma ngisho nezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseNtshonalanga ngemfashini namuhla.
IGrisi yasendulo, njengamanye amasiko, yaba nezinkathi ezihlukahlukene ekuthuthukisweni kwayo. Ngamunye wabo wayebonakala ngezinguquko kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko, kuhlanganise nokubaza. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukulandelela izigaba eziyinhloko zokubunjwa kwalolu hlobo lobuciko, uchaze kafushane izici zomdwebo wasendulo wamaGreki ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukiswa komlando waleli zwe.
Ukubuka konke komsebenzi wokuqopha ezikhathini ezintathu ezibalulekile zomlando wobuciko bamaGreki kuveza ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesitayela namasu okukhiqiza, ukusuka ekunganyakazini kuya ekunyakazeni. Kuyimodeli ekahle yabaqophi abafuna ukuzitholela indlela yabo kulo msebenzi, bethatha izifundo ekutadisheni kombono womzimba womuntu ongcweti basendulo bezithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki.
Iningi lezithombe zemabula zacekelwa phansi, ezethusi zancibilika njengoba amaKristu ayefuna ukususa ubuqaba eGreece. Izimangaliso ezine kweziyisikhombisa zasendulo zomhlaba, iSifanekiso sikaZeus, iThempeli lika-Arthemisi, iColossus yaseRhodes kanye neLighthouse yase-Alexandria kwakuyizikhumbuzo zamaGreki. Namuhla azikho, asikwazi ukwazisa ubukhulu bale misebenzi yobuciko. Kodwa izithombe eziqoshiwe eziningi zamaGreki zisekhona emiphemelweni edumile emhlabeni wonke.
isikhathi sakudala
Isikhathi sama-Archaic yisikhathi sokuqala emlandweni wobuciko basendulo bamaGreki, kusukela ngo-700 BC. C. futhi yaphela ngo-480 a. C. Igama elithi "archaic" yigama lesiGreki elisho "ekuqaleni." Isetshenziselwa ukuchaza izenzakalo eziningi kwezobuciko ezenzeka ekuqaleni kwesiko lamaGreki. Ngakho, izithombe eziqoshiwe zalenkathi zibonisa amakhono okuqala abaqophi bezithombe abangamaGreki abawabonisa. Lesi sigaba siyisiteji esimile lapho izingcezu zadalwa ngaphandle kokunyakaza noma ukuguquguquka.
Izithombe zakhe zazibonakala ngokulinganisa nokuqina kwamafomu. Izici ezibalulekile zomfanekiso womuntu ziyagqanyiswa. Abesilisa bebenqunu, imifanekiso eyaziwa ngeKuros figures benqunu ngoba abasubathi bebenqunu ngesikhathi sama-Olympics.
Babenomlenze wesokunxele ngaphambili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithombe eziqoshiwe zabesifazane ezibizwa ngokuthi uKorai (izintombi) zazigqokiswe ngokuphelele. Ukuma kwemifanekiso yakhe eqoshiwe kwakuhlanganisa ukuma, ukuguqa, nokuhlala. AmaGreki ngokuyinhloko ayeqopha imifanekiso yonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi befana namadoda, abesifazane nabantwana. Abaqophi besimanje abavamile ukusebenzisa izinhlobo eziqoshiwe ze-Kuros ne-Korai.
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono, izibalo zakhe eziqoshiwe azizange zivezwe ngendlela engokoqobo. Esifisweni sawo sokubona ukumomotheka, amaGreki anikeza izindebe zawo inkulumo egobile, leyo abahlaziyi bezobuciko abayibiza ngokuthi "ukumamatheka kwakudala." Kwakuwuhlobo lokumamatheka oluvezwa ngokuzenzisa ebusweni bezithombe eziqoshiwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwekhono lokuqopha.
Inkathi yokuqala yezithombe zomlando zamaGreki zathonywa isifanekiso saseGibhithe lasendulo. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki ezivamile zangaleso sikhathi zazibhekwa njengezingezona ezemvelo nezingaguquguquki. Umzimba womfanekiso walesi sikhathi ugxekwa ngokuqoqwa sengathi uvela ezingxenyeni.
Kuyabonakala ukuthi lezi zithombe ziqoshwe ebhulokhini elingunxande. Lezi kwakungezona izithombe, kodwa zaziwumfanekiso ongokomfanekiso kankulunkulu. Ngezinye izikhathi, yayisebenza futhi njengesifanekiso somuntu oshonile noma njengesikhumbuzo sabanqobi bemidlalo yama-Olympic.
Isibonelo esimangalisayo sezibalo zabesifazane bakudala unkulunkulukazi onehalananda (580-570 BC) kanye nonkulunkulukazi onogwaja (cishe 560 BC). Phakathi kwezithombe zesilisa, iqembu elibaziwe uCleobis noBiton ligqama, umdali walo ungumdwebi odumile uPolimedes de Argos (ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-560-550 BC). Ukukhanya, ukucwengwa kanye nokudlala kuhlukanisa imisebenzi yamakhosi amadala ase-Ionian. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu sibhekwa njenge-Shadow Apollo, eyakhiwe ngo-XNUMX-XNUMX BC
Ukubaza kwesikhumbuzo kunendawo ebalulekile kwezobuciko ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakuwumkhuba ukubonisa ngokukhululeka izinganekwane ezazinelukuluku nezibalulekile zaseGreece Yasendulo. Ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kokwakhiwa kwethempeli lika-Arthemisi (cishe ngo-590 BC) kukuvumela ukuba ujabulele umbukwane wesakhiwo esikhula ngokushesha nesijabulisayo senganekwane edumile yeMedusa, iGorgon kanye nePerseus ekhazimulayo.
Isikhathi sakudala
Esikhathini sakudala (phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC) izithombe zabonisa ukunyakaza okulawulwayo nokuvumelana phakathi kokungezwani nokuphumula. I-contraposto yasetshenziselwa lokhu: ukuma okukhululekile, okungokwemvelo okuthwala isisindo sakho emlenzeni owodwa ukuze i-hip ephikisanayo iphakanyiswe ukuze ikhiqize ijika elikhululekile emzimbeni.
Ingemuva ligobile kancane kuleyo ndawo. Manje kwase kucatshangelwa amaphuzu ahlukene: isithombe sasingase sibukwe nhlangothi zonke, sasingasahloselwe ukubukwa kuphela endaweni engaphambili. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubuciko bamaGreki bafinyelela ukuphakama kwawo. Lo mfanekiso waqashelwa ngokuguquguquka kwawo kanye nocwaningo olunzulu lokumelela ukunyakaza.
Ukuqaphela okubucayi nokucwaninga kokwakheka komuntu kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwemifanekiso eqoshiwe engokoqobo ngokugcwele nangezilinganiso ezifanele. Phakathi nenkathi yasendulo yezithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki, kwakwenziwa imisebenzi yasendulo eyaziwa kakhulu. Itshe nethusi kwaba yizinto ezithandwayo ezithandwayo ngalesi sikhathi. AmaGreki asendulo anikeza lezi zithombe izimo eziningi ezisebenzayo.
Izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki zasendulo zenkathi yasendulo kungenzeka ukuthi zazigxile ekunyakazeni, kodwa ubuso balezi zithombe ngokuvamile babungama-stoic. Amaqaba kuphela okwakukholakala ukuthi abonisa imizwa yawo esidlangalaleni. Isintu saboniswa ngendlela efanelekile emifanekisweni yobuciko yasendulo yamaGreki. Imisebenzi yobuciko yaseGreece yasendulo ihlukaniswa ngokuvumelana, izilinganiso ezifanele, ezikhuluma ngolwazi oluhle kakhulu lwe-anatomy yomuntu, kanye nokuqukethwe kwangaphakathi namandla.
Ngenkathi yama-classics, izithombe ezidumile ezifana ne-Athena Parthenos, i-Olympian Zeus, i-Discobolus, i-Doryphorus nezinye eziningi zadalwa. Umlando ulondolozele inzalo amagama abaqophi abavelele kakhulu bangaleso sikhathi: Polykleitos, Phidias, Myron, Scopas, Praxiteles nabanye abaningi. Isikhathi sakudala sibonakala ngokuvela kwezibalo zabesifazane bokuqala abanqunu (i-Amazon Elimele, i-Aphrodite yaseCnidus), enikeza umbono wobuhle besifazane ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwasendulo.
Izakhiwo zeThempeli lika-Athena Aphaia (500-480 BC), ezivumela ukulandelela inguquko ukusuka ku-archaic (i-pediment yasentshonalanga) ukuya emibonweni emisha (i-Eastern pediment), ibonwa njengesibonelo esihlaba umxhwele sendalo eyenziwe kuma-Early Classics. esiteji. Inhlanganisela evumelanayo yamandla okunyakaza nobukhulu besibalo iphawula isikhathi lapho iminyaka yama-classics amakhulu idlula inkathi ye-archaic classical.
Ingqophamlando ebaluleke kakhulu yalolu shintsho ukwakhiwa kwesifanekiso sikaPoseidon (cishe ngo-450 BC). Mhlawumbe omunye wezithombe eziqoshiwe ezaziwa kakhulu nezidumile emhlabeni kusukela esikhathini sakudala yileso sikaMyron's Discus Thrower, okuwumfanekiso ophelele wemodeli efanelekile yomsubathi eyacatshangwa amaGreki asendulo.
Lesi sithombe sikhombisa umsubathi osemusha esezophonsa i-discus. Ungabona ukungezwani kwazo zonke izingxenye zomzimba ezandulela ukudubula kwangempela. Ukulinganisela okuphelele ngokomzimba kumelwe kubonise ukubaluleka kokuziphatha komsubathi ngokwakhe, ezimisele ukweqa imingcele yakhe futhi athuthukise izimfanelo zakhe ezinhle.
isikhathi hellenistic
Lesi yisikhathi sesithathu nesokugcina emlandweni wezithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki asendulo, kusukela ngo-323 BC. C. futhi yaphela ngekhulu lokuqala. Igama elithi “Hellenistic” libhekisela kwezobuciko ezathuthukiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lamaGreki emazweni aseMedithera phakathi nokubusa kuka-Alexander Omkhulu. Ezikhungweni zamasiko zezwe lamaGreki, kwavela izikole eziningi ezidingida imikhakha eminingi ehlanganisa ubuciko, izincwadi nezokwelapha.
Ama-canon ayeklanyelwe ukwahlulela izinga lomfanekiso oqoshiwe. Lokhu kuholele ekwandeni kwentshisekelo kumasistimu wesilinganiso ekuqoshweni. Imisebenzi yayibonakala ngamaqiniso, imizwa eyeqisayo, ukuthinta komzimba okweqisayo, imisipha nobujamo. Ukunyakaza okunyakazayo kunembile, umoya ovunguza ezimpapheni zamaphiko futhi ukugoqa kwengubo kungabonakala ngemininingwane engachazeki. Abaqophi bahlola ukunyakaza kwezinhlangothi ezintathu.
Enye yentuthuko yokuqala ekuqoshweni phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwaba isithakazelo esikhulu esithombeni. Ukufana komuntu ngamunye kwakungekho kuzo zombili izifanekiso zakudala nezakudala, kodwa kwakugqama emdwebeni oqoshiwe wamaGreki wamaGreki. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongabona umehluko phakathi kwesithombe esiqoshiwe samaGreki sasendulo senkathi yasendulo kanye nezithombe zobuciko zamaGreki zendabuko zenkathi yamaGreki.
Inkathi yasendulo yamaGreki ephuzile ibonakala ngethonya elinamandla lasempumalanga kubo bonke ubuciko ngokujwayelekile kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe ikakhulukazi. Ama-foreshortenings ayinkimbinkimbi, ama-drapery amahle, avela emininingwaneni yawo eminingi. Umzwelo kanye nesimo sasempumalanga singena ekuzoleni nobukhosi bakudala. U-Aphrodite waseCyrene, ugcwele inkanuko, ngisho nokudlala ngothando, ikhophi ingathakazelelwa eMinyuziyamu yaseVatican.
Ukwakhiwa okuqoshiwe okudume kakhulu kwenkathi yamaGreki nguLaocoön namadodana akhe ngu-Agesander waseRhodes (ubuciko obuhle bugcinwe komunye weminyuziyamu yaseVatican). Ukwakhiwa kugcwele idrama, isakhiwo ngokwaso siphakamisa imizwa enamandla. Ukunemba okumangazayo nokuba ngokoqobo, kanye nemizwa enamandla, kuhlaba umxhwele futhi kwenze ababukeli banamuhla bathandeke.
Konke lokhu kuhloswe ekunikezeni imisebenzi yomzwelo nobumnene, okungajwayelekile neze kwezobuciko baseGreece Yasendulo ngezikhathi zangaphambili Lo mfanekiso odumile ubonakala uthinte kakhulu ezingeni eliseduze, ngisho noMichelangelo Buonarroti omkhulu ezikhathini zamuva nje.
Eqinisweni, umdwebo weLaocoön watholakala eRoma ngesikhathi sokuvubukula kanye noMichelangelo osemusha umxhwele kakhulu lesi sithombe nokunyakaza kwawo kwangempela okudlulisa imizwelo eqinile kangangokuthi waba nesithakazelo emfanekisweni wesiGreki wasendulo. Futhi singawabona la mathonya lapho situsa eminye yemisebenzi yomqophi omkhulu.
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