IMesopotamiya ihlonishwa ngesihloko sempucuko yokuqala eyavela emhlabeni. Lokhu kunikeze sonke isintu iminikelo engapheli maqondana nesayensi namasiko, enye yazo kwaba ukwakhiwa kwayo okuhlakaniphile. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngayo ngomlando we- I-Architecture yaseMesopotamiya, hlala futhi ufunde nathi.
Iyini iMesopotamian Architecture?
Uma sikhuluma ngezakhiwo zaseMesophothamiya, sibhekisela kulezo zakhiwo ezinezici ezifanayo, ezakhiwe phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe kusukela kwasungulwa izakhamuzi zayo zokuqala ngenkulungwane yesikhombisa BC. C. kwaze kwaba yilapho kuwa uMbuso WaseBabiloni.
Amafa kanye neminikelo abayishiyela impucuko yakamuva ihluke kakhulu, njengemifanekiso enemibala egqamile, ngokwesibonelo. Okufanekisa kakhulu ezakhiweni zabo kwakuwukuthi zazingenalo uhlobo lwamakholomu noma amafasitela, ukukhanya ababekusebenzisa emini kwakuvela ophahleni.
AbaseMesopotamiya babesakha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udaka. Eqinisweni, lapho becabanga ukuthi esinye sezakhiwo zabo asisaphephile ngokwanele noma asisawufezi umsebenzi ababewabelwe, savele sabhidlizwa. Ngemva kwalokho, yabuye yakhiwa endaweni efanayo noma yabuye yagcwaliswa, futhi enye yakhiwa phezu kweyangaphambili.
Ezinkulungwaneni eziningi zeminyaka, umkhuba onjalo waphumela ekubeni amadolobha amaningi akha indawo abekwe emagqumeni athambile, aphakeme azungeze indawo yawo. Ngaleso sikhathi, lezi zindawo eziphakeme zazibizwa ngokuthi "zitshela".
Futhi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi impucuko yaseMesophothamiya yayinesithakazelo esikhulu ekuphileni kwasemhlabeni kunaleyo yabafileyo. Yingakho into ejwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi bakha zonke izinhlobo zamathempeli nezigodlo njalo. Mayelana nalesi sihloko, ukwakhiwa kwendawo kwakubhekwa njengesimanjemanje.
Leli phuzu lingabonwa emizamweni yakhe yokuklama izakhiwo kuyo yonke Inkathi YeProthonotary. Kulokho manje osekuyisizinda semivubukulo yase-Tell Abu Shahrein, idolobha lasendulo lase-Eridu, ukwakhiwa kabusha kokugcina kwenye yezindawo zayo ezingcwele kwenziwa, izisekelo zayo zangempela zisukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesine BC.
Ithempeli okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla laliphethe ukulindela izici ezijwayelekile zezakhiwo zaseMesophothamiya. Yayakhiwe ngezitini zodaka phezu kophahla oluphakeme, kanye nezindonga ezihlotshiswe ngaphandle ngezinqe nezinye izithiyo.
Ngokuvamile, izifiki zaseMesopotamiya zazisebenzisa kancane izinto ezinjengamatshe nokhuni, ngoba zazitholakala ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane kuphela. Ngenxa yokuthi inhlabathi yabo yayivame ukuba nodaka nodaka, babesebenzisa udaka kaningi njengezinto zokwakha eziyinhloko.
Ekuqaleni, kwakusetshenziswa inqwaba yezitini noma izitini zodaka, kanye nezingxube zotshani ezazigitsheliswa ziswanyiswe ukuze kancane kancane lonke udonga lome. Kamuva, zomiswa elangeni, nge-adobe, kwaze kwaba yilapho sezikwazile ukusungula izitini zobumba ezihlanzekile ezibekwe kuhhavini.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ukuze kulondolozwe kangcono kunomswakama, bafaka izinto zabo ezinqubweni zokufakwa kwe-enameling kanye ne-glazing. Kwakuvamile ukuba izitini ezindongeni zihlanganiswe nomcako noma itiyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ophahleni bathatha indawo yesimiso esidumile se-linel yaseGibhithe nendawo engaphansi eyakhiwe ngamakhothamo ahlangene ayindilinga.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile ze-Mesopotamian Architecture
Ukukhuluma ngezakhiwo zaseMesophothamiya, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphenya izici zayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwayo okuyinhloko kusukela kuminikelo yokuqala yabantu baseSumeriya kusukela ku-III millennium BC. Okulandelayo, sizothuthukisa ngayinye ngendlela efika ngesikhathi:
Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kweMesopotamiya
Ukuze kwakhiwe izindlu zaseMesophothamiya, izinto ezazikhethwa ukuze zifezeke zazifana ncamashí nalezo ezisetshenziswa namuhla. Ngokuyisisekelo zazihlanganisa izitini zodaka, ukhonkolo nezicabha zokhuni, ezatholwa ngokwemvelo endaweni ezungezile yedolobha.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, eminyakeni engaba ngu-5 XNUMX edlule, abaseMesophothamiya babengabantu bokuqala ukusebenzisa uwoyela njengento yokwakha ukuze bawuguqule ube yi-asphalt. Ngokufanayo, abantu baseSumeri baqala ukusebenzisa udaka lwebituminous ezakhiweni zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Uri, izitini zodaka zazivame ukusetshenziswa kanye netiyela.
Leyo nto emnyama enamathelayo yaba nesibopho sokusiza kakhulu ukulondolozwa kwezakhiwo ezifana ne-Ziggurat yase-Uri. Maqondana netiyela, ibhekwa njengenye yezandulela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene kawoyela namuhla eyi-Iraq eseningizimu.
Kokubili ukhuni namatshe akuzange kusetshenziswe ezakhiweni zasendulo zaseMesophothamiya. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi lezi zinto zazingavamile ukwenzeka emadolobheni athile alesi sifunda, njengoba kwakuyindawo ewugwadule. Inhlabathi yakhona enodaka nodaka yabangela ukusweleka kwamatshe, kodwa izakhamuzi zafuna enye indlela ene-adobe njengento eyinhloko ezindlini zazo.
Ingxenye enkulu yezindlu zabo yayinegumbi eliyisikwele elimaphakathi namanye aseduze. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunokuhlukahluka okungapheli kosayizi wokuwadala. Amabhulokhi odaka notshani obuxubile obubekwe elangeni ukuze bome, ubude buphezulu ohlwini lwezinto zokwakha ezaziwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, ukusungulwa ngesikhathi kwezitini (i-block yobumba ebhakiwe) kwafika, futhi yasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zayo ezifanekisela kakhulu, futhi ingaphansi kwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlobisa, ezifana: ukudubula, ukufakwa kwe-enameling nokucwebezela. Uphahla lwezindlu lwalusetshenziswa ukhuni lwesundu kuphela, ngakho amakamelo azo ayemade futhi embozwe ngokhuni.
Izinto
Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukukhuluma ngezakhi ezisekelwe, ezazisebenzisa ama-lintels anemishayo yokhuni njengesembozo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-vaulting yasetshenziswa okokuqala, idalwe ngezitini zaleyo minyango namakamelo amakhulu ayedinga izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu.
Ikhothamo elalisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseMesopotamiya laseSumeriya lalilula kakhulu, i-semicircular, futhi ngaphezu kwalo kwakubekwe umphongolo we-barrel kanye ne-hemispherical dome. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi isitini savumela lolu hlobo lokwakha ukuba lwenziwe kalula.
Itshe elilingana netshe lesikhumbuzo, elidumile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe, alizange liziboleke ekudalweni okuphezulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukusetshenziswa kwama-arches, vaults kanye ne-domes kuye kwaba kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo njengefa elicacile lezindlu zobumba zakudala eziyingxenye ye-prehistory.
Ngokuphathelene nezakhi zokusekela, izindonga ze-adobe ezinezikhala ezincane zaziyisici esiyinhloko sokusekela izakhiwo. Izindonga eziwugqinsi kanye nokushoda kwezikhala kwavumela ukusungulwa kwezindawo zangaphakathi ezigcina ukushisa kwangaphandle.
Kwakungavamile kakhulu ukuba amakholomu afakwe ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo, kuphela ezimbalwa kakhulu ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa ngosizo lwezitini. Isakhiwo ngasinye esingaphezu kwemvelo kwakudingeka siphakanyiswe emsamo noma ithala, ukuze umswakama nezikhukhula zesizini zingabhidlizi.
Amathempeli
Uma sesivele sikhulume ngezinto zokwakha kanye nezakhi zezakhiwo zaseMesophothamiya, singadlulela ekwakhiweni kwayo okuvelele kakhulu, amathempeli ayo. Zicabangela ukuphila kwasemhlabeni kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuphila ngemva kokufa, izakhamuzi zagxilisa wonke amandla azo ezakhiweni ezizizungezile.
Lezi zavela ekudalweni kwezindawo zokuhlala zasemadolobheni, futhi ukukhula kwazo kwenzeka kusukela ezakhiweni ezihlangene ezinekamelo elilodwa nje, kuze kube seqophelweni lokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinamahektare amaningi. Amasu ahlukahlukene kanye nezinto zokwakha ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu zasetshenziswa kuwo, njengama-buttresses, ama-recesses namakholomu angamahhafu.
Inhloso yethempeli yayiyizinhlobo ezehlukene, lalibhekwa njengesikhungo sezenkolo, sezomnotho ngisho nesokuzwela. Lona bekuthanda ukuba endaweni engcwele nasezindaweni eziseduze. Ukwengeza, ayenziwe ngenani elihle lamakamelo avundlile aphule kuphela ama-ziggurats avele aqondile.
Ama-Ziggurats, ingxenye ebalulekile yamathempeli, athuthukiswa ikakhulukazi enkathini yamaNeo-Sumerian. Kulesi sikhala kwakunethempeli elincane kakhulu lapho uNkulunkulu wabo ayehlangana khona nabantu. Ngaleso sikhathi, babesho uphawu olucacile lwentaba yezwe yasenganekwaneni.
Ngokuvamile, ayenziwe amapulatifomu abekwe phezulu abe mancane njengoba ekhuphuka futhi efinyelela ukuphakama okumangazayo. Bafaka phakathi kwezinhlelo zabo ama-patios amaningana kanye nokulandelana kwamakamelo ngendlela ye-labyrinth noma ehlelwe ngokulandelana ezungeze i-patio.
Ezinkulu kakhulu zazakhiwe ngaphakathi kwezikhala ezinezindonga nezinye izakhiwo, njengamaziggurat namakamelo athile abahambi. Ithempeli ngalinye lalisetshenziselwa ukunemba okungokwenkolo kobunkulunkulu obuthandayo beqembu lezenhlalo.
Ngokuvamile, ukwakhiwa kwama-ziggurats kwenzeka ngenani elingavamile lamapulatifomu, ngomkhawulo we-7. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-ziggurat yaseMarduk eBhabhiloni iye yabonakala phakathi neminyaka njengoMbhoshongo waseBhabhele waseBhayibhelini. Ngezikhathi ezithile, lawa mapulatifomu ayeyi-polychrome, futhi kwezinye izikhathi kwakuvela uhlaza ezindaweni ezizungezile.
Ukufinyelela engxenyeni yayo ephakeme kakhulu kwenziwa ngezitebhisi noma amarempu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zazibizwa ngokuthi "izindlu eziphakeme" noma "izintaba ezikhanyayo", futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zazisetshenziswa njengezindawo zokubheka izinkanyezi. Okubaluleke kunazo zonke yileyo eyenziwa enkathini yamaNeo-Sumer, iZiggurat yase-Uri.
Kugcinwe ingxenye engezansi kuphela, efinyelelwa ngezinyathelo ezintathu: eyodwa phakathi nendawo enye emibili etholakala emaceleni. Phakathi kwalezi zitebhisi kusenezitezi lapho cishe kwakunezimila khona esikhathini esidlule. Ngekhulu lama-XNUMX BC. C., lena yayinezinkundla ezimbili ezengeziwe futhi yathweswa umqhele wethempeli.
Ngokulandelayo, inkundla yabe isingenwa izitebhisi ezintsha ezaziwukuqhubeka kwaleli elimaphakathi, ngemva kokudlula ohlotsheni lwehholo elihlanganisiwe lapho bonke bakwazi ukujoyina khona. Njenge-bandstand, yayineminyango ye-arch eyisiyingi kanye neziqongo zodonga. Izindonga zayo zafika nokuhlehla kancane.
Palacios
Izigodlo zaseMesophothamiya zazinesakhiwo esifana ncamashi nesezindlu zesakhamuzi esivamile, kodwa ngokuphindaphindeka okuphawulekayo maqondana namavulandi namakamelo azo. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi ngokushesha baba idolobha-sigodlo, lapho kwakungahlali inkosi kuphela, kodwa futhi zonke izicukuthwane kanye nalabo abaphethe ukuphathwa kwesifunda.
Kwakuvamile ukuba izigodlo zibe eduze kwamathempeli, futhi zibe nezindonga eziqinile nemibhoshongo. Nokho, ngenxa yokuhlasela okuningi kwemizi yawo, amakhosi nabapristi baphoqeleka ukuba bashiye izindawo zabo zokuhlala njalo.
Amakhaya
Phakathi neminyaka edlule, kuye kwatholakala izinsalela ezingenakubalwa, ikakhulukazi kuma-cylinder seal aseSumeri, lapho kuboniswa khona amagumbi akhiwe ngomhlanga. Zonke lezi zigobile ngesimo se-parabola ehlanekezelwe ngenhloso yokusebenza njengama-porticos, futhi isebenze njengesisekelo sokubopha ezinye izihlanga eziqondile eziziqinisayo.
Lesi sakhiwo esiwugwadule, esimbozwe ngomhlanga noma ngomata bodaka, naphezu kwalokho abaningi abakucabangayo, sisasetshenziswa ezinye izizwe zama-Arabhu eziyimizulane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona omunye umthambeka owawubizwa ngokuthi yindlu yesidleke, owawuvame ukwakhiwa nge-adobe noma ngamatshe.
Izindlu zezinyosi ezidumile zazakhiwe yimizimba emibili, enye eyindilinga noma eyi-conical emaphakathi, eyayihambisana nowesibili, isikwele esiningi kakhulu ngaphansi. Kulolu hlobo lwesakhiwo sezakhiwo kunezelwa indlu yegceke, indawo yokuhlala yakudala yempucuko yaseMesopotamiya kusukela ngesikhathi sobukhosi base-Uri.
Lena ngokuyisisekelo indlu yesitezi esiphansi ehlelwe izungeza igceke. Esimweni esicatshangelwe ukuthi zaziyindilinga, zakhiwe ohlangothini olulodwa noma zombili izinhlangothi futhi ama-patio ayenziwa ngokuqhubeka nezindonga zengxenye yangaphandle. Ngale ndlela, izindonga ezivaliwe ze-patio zakhiwe.
Okuvame kakhulu ukuthi zakhiwe ngokuphelele nge-adobe nemishayo yokhuni, ngaphezu kokuhlelwa kwe-orthogonal ngokuphawulekayo kwamakamelo. Emnyango wayo kwakukhona uhlobo lokufinyelela ehholo elixhumana nevulandi, kangangokuthi indawo ephansi yabelwa ikhishi, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, namakhamera amancane.
Kokubili esitezi esiphezulu nasesitezi sokugcina, kwatholakala amakamelo. Kwakuqabukela sithola ikamelo elikhudlwana ngezinye izikhathi elalisebenza njengesaluni. Uphahla lwayo lwaluhamba kahle futhi luyisicaba, futhi kwakubekwa izitshalo kulo ukuze lome noma lithole umoya ohlanzekile.
Futhi, izivikelo ezaziyingxenye yalo zaphakama zaze zakha uhlobo lothango oluklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuwa kophahla. Okokugcina, singabala izindlu eziyisikwele, nazo ezazinevulandi futhi zazibhekwa njengezinhlobonhlobo zendlu eyindilinga.
Izikhungo
Maqondana nemisebenzi yobunjiniyela yempucuko yaseMesophothamiya, kubalulekile ukugqamisa inethiwekhi yasendulo nebanzi yemiselekazi eyake yahlangana nemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe kanye nemingenela yayo, njengoba ifuna ukukhulisa ukuchuma kwezolimo nokuhamba kwemikhumbi endaweni. . .
Abantu baseMesophothamiya yasendulo babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokubuyela emuva ekwakhiweni kwezokuqala ngaphambi kwenkathi kaZamcolo Wendawo Yonke, lapho uMhlaba wawusagcwele unkulunkulu u-Enki. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kufanelekile ukugqamisa eminye imisebenzi enjengamachweba omfula omuzi wase-Uri namabhuloho axhuma izinhlangothi ezimbili zeBabiloni lamaKaledi.
Uma ngabe le ndatshana ubuyithanda, ungashiyi ngaphandle kokuyifunda kuqala: