AmaGibhithe asendulo ayebiza izwe lawo ngokuthi Ta-Meri, Izwe elithandekayo. Futhi babenazo zonke izizathu zokuthanda izwe labo, imvelo eyingqayizivele yavumela impucuko enkulu ukuba ivele osebeni lweNayile ezikhathini zasendulo. I umdwebo waseGibhithe kuyisikhumbuzo salelisiko elashiya uphawu olungacimeki emlandweni futhi lisaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela nanamuhla.
umdwebo waseGibhithe
Ubuciko baseGibhithe babungavamile futhi bucacile; asiboni okufanayo phakathi kwabanye abantu. Esimweni sezulu esomile, izibonelo ezanele zemidwebo yaseGibhithe lasendulo ziye zasinda ezindongeni zethempeli nasemathuneni avaliwe ukuze ziqonde izici zayo, amasiko, kanye nentuthuko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izindonga ezinama-bas-relief zasebenza njengesisekelo sokudweba kaningi. Ezindongeni ezazinamekiwe kwakupendiwe futhi ukubekwa kwezithombe ezisodongeni kwakungaphansi kwemithetho eyayishiwo abapristi.
Izimiso ezifana nokulungiswa kobunjwa bejometri kanye nokucatshangelwa kwemvelo kwakubhekwa ngokuqinile, bekulokhu kuhambisana nama-hieroglyphs achaza incazelo yalokho okumelelwe. Emdwebeni waseGibhithe, zonke izakhi zokwakheka zibonakala ziyisicaba futhi uma kudingeka ukuthi zimelele izibalo ngokujula, abadwebi bazibeka phezulu komunye nomunye. Imidwebo isatshalaliswa ngemicu evundlile ehlukaniswe imigqa lapho izigcawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlala ziphakathi nendawo.
Imidwebo yaseGibhithe yayingaphansi kwehlelo lenkolo. Engqondweni yabaseGibhithe, konke ukuphila kwakumane kuyilungiselelo lokufa kanye nokuba khona okuphakade okwalandela ngemva kokufa. Imidwebo yasemathuneni kwakufanele itshele unkulunkulu wokufa, u-Anubis, owangcwatshwa lapha futhi anikeze umufi zonke izinzuzo zezwe labafileyo. Ubuciko abuzange siphishekele eminye imigomo, ngakho asizitholi kuyo izindawo ezinhle noma izithombe ezithinta imizwelo.
Imidwebo yabantu baseGibhithe iphinde ibe nezici ngaphambili nakumaphrofayili. Ukugcina isilinganiso, abaculi badweba igridi odongeni. Ezindala zinezikwele eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili (zingalo ezine), kanti ezintsha zinezikwele ezingamashumi amabili nanye. Abesifazane babevezwe benesikhumba esiphuzi noma esipinki ngokuphaphathekile. Ukwakha isithombe sowesilisa, okunsundu noma okubomvu okumnyama kwasetshenziswa. Kwakuyisiko ukuveza abantu besesikhathini sabo sokuqala.
Umdwebo waseGibhithe ubonakala ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umbono we-hierarchical, isibonelo, ukuphakama kwesimo somphakathi somuntu obonisiwe, ubukhulu bomfanekiso bukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ezinkundleni zempi, uFaro uvame ukubukeka njengomdondoshiya. Izithombe zabantu zingahlukaniswa ngama-archetypes: uFaro, umbhali, umdwebi, njll. Ubukhulu bezigaba eziphansi zomphakathi zihlala zingokoqobo futhi zishintshashintsha.
AbaseGibhithe babesebenzisa upende wamaminerali ogqamile, ohlala isikhathi eside owawungavamile ukuxutshwa. Umbala wesisekelo ngamunye wabelwa incazelo ethile engokomfanekiso, lapho okufanele kuboniswe ngalo pende kuncike:
- Okumhlophe: Uphawu lokuntwela kokusa, ukunqoba kanye nenjabulo.
- Okumnyama: Kufanekisela ukufa nokuzalwa kabusha ngemva kokufa.
- Okubomvu: Umbala wawuhlotshaniswa nezwe eliwugwadule elishiswe ilanga futhi lisho ububi. I-fratricidal god Set kanye nezilwane eziyingozi zazibhalwe ngokubomvu.
- Ophuzi: Omunye wemibala eyintandokazi yamaGibhithe. Kwakusho ukubonakaliswa kwephakade kanye nenyama yaphezulu engonakali
- Okuhlaza: Umbala wethemba, ukuzalwa kabusha kanye nobusha. Isici sikankulunkulu ovusiwe u-Osiris.
- Blue: Kwakusho amanzi kanye nesithembiso sempilo entsha.
Izikhathi zobuciko baseGibhithe lasendulo
Isikhathi sakudala lapho imidwebo yodonga isinde khona yinkathi ye-dynastic, eyathatha kusukela ngenkulungwane yesine kuya kweyesithathu BC. Khona-ke, ogwini lweNayile, izifunda zokuqala zezolimo zakhiwe, phakathi kwazo umzabalazo wokubusa.
Umbuso Omdala (ikhulu lama-XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa khona amaPiramidi Amakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-bas-relief kanye nomdwebo bekungakahlukaniswa kusuka komunye nomunye. Zombili izindlela zokukhuluma zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa amathuna oFaro, amalungu omndeni wasebukhosini nezikhulu. Ngesikhathi soMbuso Omdala kwakhiwa isitayela sokudweba iyunifomu yezwe lonke.
Imidwebo yasekuqaleni yodonga yayihlukaniswa ngemibala eminingi emincane, ikakhulukazi amathoni amnyama, ansundu, amhlophe, abomvu, naluhlaza. Isithombe sabantu singaphansi kwe-canon eqinile, lapho amandla adonsela phansi emakhulu, isimo somuntu omelelwe sikhulu. I-dynamism nenkulumo iyisici sezibalo ezimele izinhlamvu zesibili.
Ikakhulukazi izigcawu eziphuma empilweni yonkulunkulu noFaro zazivezwa kaningi zifanekiselwa amakhanda ezilwane, kodwa lezi zithombe zazingezona ezinonya futhi zisesabisa, kodwa zazibabazeka futhi zinesizotha. Imidwebo enemibala egqamile nemidwebo epholile idala kabusha imvelo okufanele izungeze umufi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukumuphi umhlaba. Umdwebo ufinyelela izinga eliphezulu le-filigree, kokubili ezithombeni zabalingiswa kanye nama-silhouettes we-hieroglyphs.
Izithombe eziqoshiwe zikaRahotep nomkakhe uNofret (ngekhulu lama-XNUMX BC) zibhekwa njengenye yezikhumbuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zoMbuso Omdala: isibalo sowesilisa sipendwe ngokubomvu ngezitini kanti isifazane siphuzi. Izinwele zezibalo zimnyama futhi izingubo zimhlophe futhi awekho amathoni.
UMbuso Ophakathi (ikhulu lama-XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
Ngalesi sikhathi, ukudweba odongeni lwaseGibhithe kwathuthukiswa futhi kwenziwa lula. Izigcawu ezibonisiwe ziba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zishintshe, zibonise isakhiwo nokuhleleka okwakungekho enkathini yoMbuso Omdala. Indawo ekhethekile ithathwa ukukhululeka okupendiwe okunemibala eminingi. Izigcawu eziyinkimbinkimbi zingabonakala emathuneni asemigedeni ashukumisayo kunasezikhathini zangaphambili. Ukunakwa okwengeziwe kunikezwa ekucabangeni kwemvelo, futhi imidwebo iya ngokuya ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso yezimbali.
Akuvezwa isigaba esibusayo kuphela kodwa nabaseGibhithe abajwayelekile abavezwayo, isibonelo abalimi bangabonwa emsebenzini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici zemvelo zomdwebo ziwukuhleleka okuphelele nokucaca kwalokho okuvezwayo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kumongo wezinye izikhumbuzo, imidwebo yethuna lenkosi uKhnumhotep II igqamile, lapho izigcawu zokuzingela kanye nezibalo zezilwane zimelelwa kusetshenziswa ama-halftones. Imidwebo yamathuna aseThebes ayihlaba umxhwele kangako.
Umbuso Omusha (ikhulu le-XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
Lesi sikhathi sigqama ngezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zomdwebo waseGibhithe. Ngalesi sikhathi ukudweba, njengesiko ngokujwayelekile, kufinyelela ekuchumeni kwakho okukhulu. Ama-Artisan anesibindi ekusebenziseni kwawo ama-canon ayenganqamuki ngaphambili futhi asebenzisa i-gamut yombala ebanzi enezendlalelo ezikhanyayo. Inkathi yoMbuso Omusha yayiphawuleka ngokuhlukaniswa kombala okungaziwa kuze kube manje kanye nokudluliswa kokukhanya.
Ukusebenzelana nabanye abantu base-Asia kuletha isithakazelo emihlotsheni kanye nezinga eliphezulu lemininingwane. Umbono wokunyakaza uyathuthukiswa. Ama-Tints awasasetshenziswa kungqimba ye-matte, abaculi bazama ukukhombisa ama-tonal spillovers abushelelezi. Njengoba le nkathi ihlotshaniswa nokunqoba okuphumelelayo, ngokudweba oFaro babonisa amandla abo emadolobheni asemngceleni, ngakho-ke kwakuvamile ukuveza izigcawu eziphindaphinda iziqephu zempi.
Njengoba lesi sikhathi sihlotshaniswa nokunqoba okuphumelelayo, izigcawu zempi zivame ukukhiqizwa emidwebeni. Izithombe zikaFaro zivela enqoleni yempi ethathwe ezizweni ezinqotshiwe. Ithuna lika-Nefertari liyisethi ephelele yezakhiwo zaseGibhithe nokudweba. Njengamanje, iyithuna elihle kakhulu eSigodini SaseQueens. Imidwebo yokudweba ihlanganisa indawo engu-520 m². Ezindongeni ungabona izahluko ezithile zeNcwadi Yabafileyo, kanye nendlela yendlovukazi eya ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.
Kamuva, isiko laseGibhithe kancane kancane lilahlekelwa izici zalo zesici ngaphansi kwethonya labanqobi, okokuqala amaGreki, bese kuba amaRoma. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha, ubuciko be-eclectic be-Fayoum portraiture bachuma e-Egypt. Lezi zithombe nazo zazisetshenziselwa ukungcwatshwa, kodwa zadalwa ngesikhathi sokuphila, lapho umuntu esagcwele amandla. Noma abadwebi basebenzisa umcabango wabo ukudweba isithombe esinjalo. Izithombe ze-Fayum zibonakala ngesifiso sokudlulisa izici eziyinhloko zeqhawe, ukumenza abonakale.
Izakhamuzi zaseGibhithe Lasendulo zazikholelwa ukuthi wonke umuntu ngemva kokufa wayezodinga umfanekiso noma isithombe esihle ukuze umphefumulo uguquke. Le mikhiqizo idalwe ngobuningi futhi eminingi yayo isekhona nanamuhla.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo:
- Ukwakheka ngokubomvu, okuphuzi nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
- izakhiwo zaseGibhithe
- ubuciko baseGibhithe