Buyini ubuciko baseGibhithe nezici zabo

Sikumema ukuthi wazi zonke izici ze- ubuciko baseGibhithe kulesi sihloko, njengoba uMbuso WaseGibhithe kanye nobuciko bayo budonse ukunaka kwabantu abaningi ngendlela yokwenza imisebenzi yayo yobuciko ehlukene kanye nezakhiwo zayo ezinkulu. Amaphiramidi obe amathempeli amakhulu omngcwabo asekhona nanamuhla anezimfihlo eziningi okufanele zidalulwe. Qhubeka ufunda isihloko futhi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nobuciko baseGibhithe!

ubuciko baseGibhithe

Ubuciko baseGibhithe buwubuciko obuyingqayizivele kakhulu kusukela ngesikhathi saso imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakhiwa isikhumbuzo esasinomfanekiso ongokomfanekiso, wenkolo nomngcwabo womphakathi wangaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ubuciko baseGibhithe busekelwe emisebenzini eminingi efana nezakhiwo, ukudweba, ukubaza kanye nobucwebe. Njengoba eminingi yale misebenzi yobuciko yayiyimisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa njengemisebenzi yobunjiniyela ukuze imele isiko laseGibhithe.

Eminingi yale misebenzi njengamanje isesimweni esihle ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile nesomile eGibhithe futhi eminingi yale misebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe yayimbozwe isihlabathi okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavubukulwa abantu abaye bathola imisebenzi eminingi eyenziwayo esezingeni eliphezulu. isimo.

Nakuba eminye imisebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe iye yacekelwa phansi yisimo sezulu esibi. Kanye nezimpi ezenzeke. Abanye baye bayiswa ezinkwalini ukuze zicekelwe phansi futhi imisebenzi ebalulekile yaseGibhithe iphangiwe amasela ezobuciko.

Yingakho uma kukhulunywa ngobuciko baseGibhithe, kufanele kuhanjwe uhambo kuwo wonke umlando walelo zwe. Selokhu yasungulwa, ubuciko baseGibhithe buyisibonakaliso esibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla kusukela kudala.

Ngoba impucuko yaseGibhithe yasekela isiko layo lonke ebucikweni baseGibhithe, yakha imisebenzi yobuciko engapheli esekelwe emdwebeni, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nasekudwebeni. Kanye nemisebenzi yobunjiniyela edonse ukunaka kwabantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngendlela efanayo, kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi ubuciko baseGibhithe buxhumene eduze nemvelo yaseGibhithe ngoba bukhula ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi buthonya izici zansuku zonke zomphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imvelo yendawo ivelele futhi, ngakolunye, kunqunywa ukuthi umphakathi onosiko oluvaliwe kakhulu owenza ubuciko bawo baseGibhithe ngethonya lalokho okwenzeka ngaphandle kwemingcele yaseGibhithe.

Kodwa ubuciko baseGibhithe buthuthuka kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi lokho kwenzelwa ezakhiweni zabo ngoba kunethonya elikhulu elivela kokubili ngaphandle nangaphakathi emphakathini.

Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuyagqama njengoba lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi umphakathi waseGibhithe wangaleso sikhathi wawukhathazeke ngokusebenzisa izinto zokwakha ezingcono kakhulu namathuluzi ukuze ukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yobuciko engapheli ngaphakathi cishe njalo ithwala umuntu owayesevele efile nge-oda. ukuphakamisa isimilo somufi nesikaNkulunkulu okukhokhwa kuye intela.

EGibhithe ukukhokha intela konkulunkulu abahlukene kanye noFaro, umphakathi waseGibhithe wazinikela ekwakheni amathempeli esikhumbuzo umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko wawuwukuwasebenzisa njengamathuna abantu ababebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini waseGibhithe futhi ahlobene nezici ezimbalwa ezinqumayo zaseGibhithe. ubuciko okuyizinkolo ezilandelayo, ubukhosi kanye nendawo ohlala kuyo.

OFaro, abapristi baseGibhithe kanye nabantu abahlonishwayo bangabantu abakhulu nabalingiswa bobuciko baseGibhithe kusukela lobu buciko bugxile enkantolo kanye nesikhulu. Futhi ikhula ngokuyisisekelo kwezenkolo njengoba uFaro exhunywe njengomlingiswa osondelene kakhulu nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe.

Ngale ndlela efanayo, ubuciko baseGibhithe bungaphansi kochungechunge lwemithetho kanye nezinkolelo-ze lapho ukunemba ekuqedeni kwemisebenzi yobuciko ehlukahlukene eyenziwe kubaluleka. Ngaphezu kokwangempela ukuthi umsebenzi ngamunye wobuciko unawo. Kanye nomthelela umsebenzi onawo kubabukeli ngenxa yokuba ngokoqobo kwawo, izimpawu zawo kanye nomlingo wawo.

Nakuba lungekho ulwazi olunembile mayelana namagama nempilo yabaculi baseGibhithe abahlukene abenza imisebenzi emihle yobuciko. Kukhona imibhalo yabaculi ababaluleke kakhulu eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Lasendulo. Kodwa imisebenzi eye yalondolozwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iyimisebenzi yombuso omusha waseGibhithe futhi abadwebi abanolwazi olwengeziwe bekungabadwebi bezakhiwo abenze imisebenzi eyisikhumbuzo eqhubeke isikhathi eside.

Ngoba abadwebi baseGibhithe ababezinikele ekwenzeni imidwebo nezithombe babebhekwa oFaro, abapristi kanye nabantu bomphakathi ophakeme njengezingcweti ezilula. Yingakho abazange bathathwe njengento ebaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko baseGibhithe besikhathi sombuso.

Nakuba kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zazimbili izinhlobo zezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi ngesikhathi saseGibhithe lapho kuqeqeshwa abaculi abehlukene, lezi ezazibizwa ngama-workshops asemthethweni ezazingaphakathi ezigodlweni nasemathempelini ukuqeqesha abaculi bakusasa abenzela oFaro imisebenzi yobuciko. kanye nabafundisi kanye nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi ezizimele eziqeqeshe amaciko asebenzela abantu abahlonishwayo nabasezikhundleni eziphezulu emphakathini waseGibhithe.

umlando wobuciko baseGibhithe

Ubuciko emphakathini ngamunye buyiphuzu eliyisisekelo futhi enye yezidingo eziyisisekelo kakhulu zezidingo zomuntu emva kokuba lezo zindlu, ukudla, imithetho kanye nenkolo sezivele zihlanganisiwe.

Abantu ngabanye baqala ukukhiqiza ubuciko ukuze bashiye uphawu empucukweni abahlala kuyo kanye nobuciko baseGibhithe, imisebenzi yobuciko inomthelela omkhulu ezinkolelweni zenkolo kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu ezisetshenziswa njengemisebenzi yezakhiwo zezenzo zomngcwabo nezenkolo. . Kanye nokukhulekela onkulunkulu abathile baseGibhithe, la mathempeli namathuna namuhla anamandla amakhulu futhi ahlala isikhathi eside.

Ngale ndlela, ubuciko baseGibhithe bunezisekelo zabo esikhathini esaziwayo se-Predynastic (cishe 6000 - ca. 3150 BCE), ngalesi sikhathi abaculi baseGibhithe abahlukene baqala ukwenza imisebenzi ehloselwe izithombe zezilwane, abantu kanye nezibalo zenkolo noma zaphezulu. njengoba onkulunkulu benziwe ngedwala. Yonke le misebenzi yobuciko eyingxenye yalesi sikhathi iyizibalo ze-rustic uma iqhathaniswa neminye imisebenzi yobuciko emisha.

Kodwa yonke imisebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe inesici esibaluleke kakhulu okuyibhalansi emsebenzini. Ngakho-ke, abaculi abahlukene bemvelaphi yaseGibhithe bathembele ekuvumelaneni kwezicucu ukuze bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukene yobuciko baseGibhithe. Babethembele kuqhinga elaziwa ngokuthi yi-ma'at, elizalwa futhi lisekelwe endabeni yokudalwa kwendawo yonke ngokomlando waseGibhithe.

Ubuciko baseGibhithe busekelwe ekulinganiseni okuphelele emsebenzini wobuciko owenziwe futhi bubonakala kubo bonke onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ukuze bamele umhlaba wabo omuhle. Ngendlela efanayo naleyo onkulunkulu baseGibhithe abapha ngayo inqwaba yezipho kubantu, njengezici zabo ezihlukene kanye namakhono abo.

AbaseGibhithe banquma ukwenza ubuciko baseGibhithe njengomnikelo konkulunkulu ngalezi zipho ezinhle kakhulu futhi emisebenzini yobuciko baseGibhithe baqala ukubonakala kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko yabo. Ngakho-ke, kwakungakhathalekile ukuthi umsebenzi wobuciko wawumuhle kangakanani noma uqoshwe kanjani ngoba injongo eyinhloko yalo msebenzi wawuwukuba ikhaya noma isiphephelo sikankulunkulu waseGibhithe noma umoya wakhe.

Ngale ndlela, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-amulet kwabangelwa ukuba yinto engokomoya futhi ekhangayo kakhulu njengoba inobuhle bobuhle futhi ngokusho kwabantu abaningi baseGibhithe yayinamandla okudala nokuzivikela emicabangweni. amathonya.

Yingakho emathempelini nasemathuneni abantu ababalulekile njengoFaro nabapristi baseGibhithe, kwenziwa imisebenzi yobuciko ehlukene njengemidwebo nezithombe eziqoshiwe ukuze kukhumbuze umphakathi ukuthi ukuphila kwakungunaphakade futhi ukubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu ukuzinza nokuzinza komuntu siqu.

Ubuciko bozalo lokuqala lwaseGibhithe

Emisebenzini ehlukene yobuciko baseGibhithe, isici esiyinhloko esabonakaliswa kwakuwukulinganisa nokulinganisa emisebenzini yobuciko, ikakhulukazi emidwebeni eqoshiwe. Umqophi wamadwala owakhuthaza abaculi baseGibhithe ngesikhathi esaziwayo se-Predynastic wawusekelwe ekuvumelaneni kwesiqephu ngasinye.

Lokhu bekuvumela iciko ngalinye laseGibhithe ukuthi lithuthukise izindlela zalo zokuchaza umsebenzi wobuciko waseGibhithe ngamunye. Lesi sikhathi saziwa njengohlu lozalo lokuqala lwaseGibhithe oluchazwa phakathi neminyaka ca. 3150-2613 BCE futhi yafinyelela izinga layo eliphakeme kakhulu nge-Narmer Palette eyaziwayo phakathi kuka-ca. 3200-3000 BCE. Leli thuluzi kwaba inyunyana phakathi Upper and Lower Egypt ekubuseni kukaFaro Narmer ca. 3150 BCE.

I-Narmer Palette eyaziwa kakhulu ilandisa indaba yokunqoba kukaFaro Narmer phezu kwazo zonke izitha zakhe nokuthi onkulunkulu baseGibhithe bamnika kanjani ugqozi nosizo lokwenza amasu ahlukene. Iphalethi lenziwe ngetshe le-slime elifana nesihlangu elinezithombe ezimbalwa eziqoshiwe. Kodwa imidwebo eminingana kube nzima ukuyichaza ngochwepheshe kwezobuciko baseGibhithe.

Kodwa kuboniswa emibhalweni eqoshiwe ukuthi ingamandla enhlangano, njengoba ihlobanisa uFaro Narmer namandla namandla aphezulu enkunzi noma nonkulunkulu u-Api. Ubani ophethe umqhele we-Upper and Lower Egypt embukisweni omkhulu wokunqoba. Ngezansi kwalo Faro ungabona abantu ababili abalwa nezilwane eziningi ezihumusha ngokuthi i-Upper and Lower Egypt.

Kodwa lokhu kuhumusha okwenziwayo kunokuphikisa okuningi futhi akukho ukuthethelelwa okuthembekile nokuyiqiniso. Ngemuva kwephalethi kunendaba kaFaro Narmer nokuthi waba nobuqili bokunqoba zonke izitha zakhe. Ngenkathi onkulunkulu baseGibhithe bevumelana nezenzo azenzayo. Yonke le midwebo eyenziwe kuphalethi ye-Narmer yenziwe ngokuqinile kangangokuthi inika ukuvumelana okukhulu emsebenzini wobuciko baseGibhithe.

Omunye wezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko zaseGibhithe umdwebi wezakhiwo nonjiniyela owaziwayo u-Imhotep (cishe 2667-2600 BCE), owasebenzisa inqubo yokuqopha, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuvumelana emisebenzini yobuciko yaseGibhithe eyahlukene eyanikeza kuye imiphumela emihle ekupheleni kwesikhathi sase-Egypt First Dynasty. Lapho ukuklama nokwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo ehlukene yaseGibhithe kaFaro Djoser waqala ca. 2670 BCE.

Iphinde inikele ngezithombe zezimbali ze-lotus, izitshalo ze-papyrus kanye nophawu oludumile lwe-djed elinencazelo yalo ukuzinza komuntu nomphakathi. Lezi zimpawu zingatholakala emisebenzini eminingi yobuciko yaseGibhithe kanye nezakhiwo ezahlukene zaseGibhithe namathempeli ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwazo nasekukhululekeni.

Ngalesi sikhathi senkathi yaseGibhithe, abadwebi base bevele beyingcweti ngokuphelele inqubo yokukhulula nokuqoshwa kwamatshe, njengoba abaqophi bezithombe babedale izithombe eziningi eziqoshiwe ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu ezinokulinganisela okukhulu nokuvumelana kuzo zonke izici zomsebenzi wobuciko waseGibhithe.

Imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko baseGibhithe yangalesi sikhathi yenziwa ngesilinganiso semvelo futhi eminye yayinezilinganiso ezinkulu njengezibalo zoFaro Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu echazwe kabanzi kule nkathi yaseGibhithe, izithombe eziqoshiwe zikaFaro Djoser zivelele.

Ubuciko Embusweni WaseGibhithe Lasendulo

Esigabeni esaziwayo senkathi yoMbuso Omdala etholakala phakathi neminyaka a. 2613-2181 BCE. Ubuciko baseGibhithe bathuthukiswa ngenxa yesenzo samandla oFaro kanye nenhlanganisela yamandla ezomnotho ayehlala eGibhithe ngaleso sikhathi. Okwakungenzeka ukuthi kuqedwe imisebenzi yobuciko emikhulu efana nePyramid yaseGiza eyaziwayo, iSphinx kanye namathempeli ahlukene aseGibhithe asetshenziswa njengamathuna abapristi noFaro.

Kwakungenzeka futhi ukuqedela umsebenzi we-Obelisk owaqala ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi soBukhosi bokuQala, wathuthukiswa kakhulu eNkathini Yasendulo futhi imininingwane ye-Obelisk yaqedwa ngeNkathi YaseGibhithe Lasendulo. Ngenkathi umdwebo kwezobuciko baseGibhithe usasele nakuba kunezinguquko eziningi kanye nentuthuko endaweni yamathuna.

Kodwa ezithombeni zaseGibhithe phakathi nenkathi yaseGibhithe wayegcina indlela efanayo yokwenza imisebenzi ngesilinganiso semvelo esasinokuvumelana okuningi nokulinganisela ezicini ezihlukahlukene zesakhiwo.

Lokhu kungaboniswa ngokufana kwesithombe sikaFaro Djoser esatholakala edolobheni laseSaqqara. Ngesithombe esincane sezinyo lendlovu esine-sphinx yeNkosi uKhufu, esatholakala ku-Great Pyramid of Giza. Lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo olunzulu ngale misebenzi ngochwepheshe, kwanqunywa ukuthi yomibili le mifanekiso eqoshiwe inezici nezindlela ezifanayo lapho yenziwa abadwebi baseGibhithe.

Enkathini yaseGibhithe lasendulo, ubuciko baseGibhithe babugunyazwe umyalo kaFaro nabapristi baseGibhithe. Ezicukuthwaneni ezazinabantu abanethonya kakhulu kuleyo ndawo. Yonke imisebenzi yobuciko baseGibhithe yenziwa ngeziqondiso zikaFaro noma labo abakha uMbuso ngaleso sikhathi, ngale ndlela izingcezu eziningi nemisebenzi yobuciko inokufana okuningi kumasu asetshenzisiwe futhi amaningi afanayo.

Kuphinde kuphawulwe ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko baseGibhithe yayinezinhlobo ezahlukene lapho yenziwa, kodwa bonke abaculi kwakudingeka bahambisane nemiyalelo eyanikezwa oFaro, abapristi kanye namakhasimende ahlukene ayengawasebukhosini baseGibhithe. Lolu hlobo lwama-archetype okwakudingeka lulandelwe abaculi baseGibhithe ukuze benze imisebenzi yobuciko lwaqhubeka lusetshenziswa kuze kube yilapho uMbuso WaseGibhithe Lasendulo ufa, ngaleyo ndlela wazala iNkathi Ephakathi yaseGibhithe.

Isikhathi Sokuqala Esimaphakathi saseGibhithe

Esikhathini saseGibhithe lesi sigaba sasibonakala ngezinxushunxushu nobumnyama obabukhona. Ubuciko baseGibhithe obasetshenziswa kulesi sikhathi esinzima kakhulu kwempucuko babonakala ukukhombisa ukunganeliseki okwakukhona ngezibalo eziyinhloko ezazisebenzisa imithetho neziqondiso.

Yebo, imisebenzi yobuciko kanye nemisebenzi eyahlukene yezakhiwo eyayenziwa yayisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, lokhu kwakungabonwa ngezifundo ezehlukene ezenziwa lapho kwakuqondwa khona ukuthi isiko laseGibhithe lalisesimweni sokuncipha futhi lalibangelwa isiphithiphithi esasiphila.

Futhi ukuthi kwaba nokuqhekeka kwempucuko yaseGibhithe. Yingakho kuneqiniso elicacile kakhulu futhi yilapho i-Egyptian First Intermediate Period yaba nesikhathi sokukhula nokushintsha kwamasiko. Nokho, izingcezu zemisebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe zazingezinhle kakhulu njengoba wawungekho uhulumeni waseGibhithe owayenendaba nemisebenzi eyahlukene eyayakhiwa futhi nabasebenzi babeyindlala.

Endaweni ngayinye eyayiyingxenye yoMbuso WaseGibhithe Ophakathi, kwakukhululekile ukuthuthukisa ubuciko baseGibhithe ngombono womuntu siqu wanoma ubani owayephethe uhulumeni ophethe. Nakuba ochwepheshe abaningi bobuciko baseGibhithe beqinisekisa ukuthi yayingekho ikhwalithi ephansi kodwa basebenzise izinto ezihlukile ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukene yaseGibhithe.

Futhi akuzange kwenziwe ipulani lezakhiwo ezinkulu ezazizokwakhiwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Ngenkathi izizukulwane zeminye imibuso yaseGibhithe zitshale izinsiza zezomnotho kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe ekudaleni amatshe esikhumbuzo amakhulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe imisebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe.

Kulesi sigaba, esaziwa ngokuthi isikhathi sobukhosi baseGibhithe besihlanu, azikho izinhlelo ezenziwayo futhi isici somnotho sasingekho, kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi emikhulu. Ngakho-ke, lo Mbuso WaseGibhithe kanye nobukhosi baseGibhithe abaziwayo besithupha babonisa izikhathi zokudideka nokukhathazeka, kodwa ezifundweni ezenziwa yi-Egyptologists azikho izinkomba zokuthi yisiteji sobumnyama.

Ngesikhathi senkathi yokuqala yaseGibhithe ephakathi, isethi ebalulekile yezingcezu nemisebenzi yobuciko yenziwa, njengoba imisebenzi eyayenziwe umdwebi oyedwa waseGibhithe kule nkathi yaqala ukwenziwa izingcezu futhi imisebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe yahlanganiswa. futhi yapendwa neqembu lamaciko asebenza njengeqembu.

Lezi zingcezu nemisebenzi yobuciko yayihlukaniswa ngokuba iziphandla, amabhokisi, onodoli be-ceramic kanye namabhasi onkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Onodoli base-Shabti babeyingxenye ekhethekile yemisebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe njengoba babeyizinto ezibalulekile futhi ezibalulekile ezenzweni zomngcwabo njengoba labo nodoli babehamba nabafileyo.

Abase-Egypt babekholelwa ukuthi labo nodoli bakwaShabti, abangcwatshwa nomuntu uma esephinde waphila, banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela lowo muntu futhi izinqumo ezithathwa yilabo nodoli zenziwe ngezinto ezihlukene ezifana nobumba, ukhuni namatshe. esigabeni senhlalo umufi ayengowaso.

Kule nkathi yaseGibhithe, imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko yenziwa ngobuningi kubantu baseGibhithe ukuze ithengiswe ngentengo efinyelelekayo kubantu. Laba nodoli bakwaShabti bebebaluleke kakhulu njengoba imiphefumulo yakwelinye izwe ibikwazi ukukhululeka njengoba izohlala ibuyela emhlabeni ngoba labo nodoli benza umsebenzi obekumele wenziwe umuntu.

Kweminye imibuso yaseGibhithe okuwukuphela kwabantu ababekwazi ukukhokhela inani likanodoli wakwaShabti kwakungofaro, abapristi nezikhulu ezazingaphansi noma ezazinezikhundla eziqinile kuhulumeni waseGibhithe owawuholwa uFaro. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi onodoli bathengwa ngabantu abaswele imali yokuhola uzulu.

Art in the Egypt Middle Kingdom

UMbuso WaseGibhithe Ophakathi uqala lapho uFaro Mentuhotep II phakathi neminyaka a. 2061-2010 BCE wabhekana namakhosi aseHerakleopolis. Iqala kanjalo-ke i-Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Okuhlala phakathi kweminyaka engu-2040-1782 BCE edolobheni laseThebes.

Kodwa-ke, leli dolobha laba inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe futhi ngaleyo ndlela lazala uhulumeni omusha onamandla kakhulu onamandla nesinqumo sokusungula ukunambitheka kobuciko baseGibhithe nendlela yokubenza ngendlela engcono kakhulu usebenzisa amasu afanele kakhulu ngamathuluzi angcono kakhulu. .

Ukuqala uchungechunge lwemithetho eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Ophakathi owakhuthaza izindawo ezihlukahlukene zezwe ukuthi zenze izitayela ezahlukene zobuciko baseGibhithe nokuthi izicukuthwane ezakhiwa abantu abacebe kakhulu zazivumelana namasu nezinto ezazizosetshenziswa. Imisebenzi yobuciko yaseGibhithe.

Nakuba abantu abaningi babeyiqakathekisa kakhulu imisebenzi yobuciko ababeyikhulekela futhi beyihlonipha. Ngenkathi abanye abantu bezikhulu zaseGibhithe babekholelwa kakhulu kobunye ubuciko baseGibhithe boMbuso Ophakathi obukhokhela abaculi ukuze babonise amasu afanayo emisebenzi eyenziwe. Kodwa eMbusweni oPhakathi waseGibhithe imisebenzi yobuciko igqama kakhulu ezindikimbeni ezavezwa emsebenzini ngamunye owenziwayo nasekusebenzeni kangcono le nqubo.

Nakuba i-Egyptian Middle Kingdom yagqama ngokuyisa isiko laseGibhithe kwelinye lamaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sawo. Yingakho ithuna likaFaro waseGibhithe u-Mentuhotep II limane liwumsebenzi wobuciko wabaculi baseGibhithe. Njengoba ithuna lalakhiwe ngamatshe futhi liqoshwe kahle kakhulu futhi liseduze kakhulu nedolobha laseThebes.

Okuhlangana kahle kakhulu nesimo semvelo saseGibhithe futhi kunikeza umbukeli umuzwa wokuthi yonke into iyinkimbinkimbi eyodwa noma sengathi umsebenzi wobuciko oyithuna wawuyingxenye yemvelo yemvelo yaseGibhithe. Ngokufanayo, ama-frescoes, izithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nemidwebo ehambisana nethuna likaFaro Mentuhotep II ibonisa ukulinganisa okuhle kakhulu okuhambisana nezwe futhi kunikeza ibhalansi ethile.

Ngaleso sikhathi senkathi yaseGibhithe, ubucwebe bubuye bunikezwe ukubaluleka okukhulu, buphendule ubuciko baseGibhithe. Njengoba beyiphelelisa ngezinga elikhulu kunakwezinye izikhathi zaseGibhithe. Ochwepheshe abaningi kanye ne-Egyptologists baye baphawula ukuthi ubucwebe balesi sikhathi bungcono kakhulu futhi busebenza kahle kakhulu.

Isibonelo, kukhona umgexo kusukela ekubuseni kukaSesostris II (cishe ngo-1897-1878 BCE), wawunikeza indodakazi yakhe futhi wenziwa ngemicu yegolide emincane kakhulu exhunywe ku-pectoral yegolide eqinile enentambo yobucwebe be-372. .ehlukene inani elilinganayo Ngaphezu kwalokho kuneqoqo lezithombe namabhasi oFaro nezindlovukazi zabo ezenziwe ngokunemba okukhulu nobuhle obukhulu. Lokhu bekuntula kakhulu ezikhathini ezedlule zaseGibhithe,

Iphuzu okufanele siliqaphele kule nkathi yobuciko baseGibhithe ukuthi eMbusweni oPhakathi abantu ababeyingxenye yedolobha, bangathola le misebenzi yobuciko kaningi kunalabo ababengamalungu omphakathi ohloniphekile.

Kuyaphawulwa futhi ukuthi ithonya elalikhona kusukela esikhathini sokuqala esiphakathi saseGibhithe lalisabonakala kubuciko baseGibhithe boMbuso Ophakathi lapho abasebenzi, abadansi, abahlabeleli, abalimi kanye nabantu abenza umsebenzi wasekhaya bathola ukunakwa okukhulu koFaro. , abapristi , izikhulu nabanye onkulunkulu.

Amathuna ayeyimisebenzi yobuciko ebaluleke kakhulu e-Egypt Middle Kingdom njengoba ayeqoshwe ngokucophelela okukhulu ukuze abonise impilo umufi ayeyifuna ekuphileni kwakhe kwangemva kokufa kwakhe. Uma ubuyela emhlabeni wasemhlabeni. Nakuba izincwadi zangaleyo nkathi yaseGibhithe zazingabaza kakhulu njengoba inkolelo yabantu iwukuthi kufanele igxile ekuphileni okuwukuphela kwayo eyayinakho, okungukuthi, yamanje.

Lapho begxila kulesi sici okwakuyimpilo yamanje neyasemhlabeni, abadwebi, lapho benza imisebenzi yabo yobuciko efana nezithombe eziqoshiwe, baqala ukuyiklama ibe ngokoqobo kakhudlwana kubantu futhi ingafinyeleli kangako. Isibonelo oFaro njengasendabeni kaSesostris III ca.1878-1860 BCE. Imifanekiso eyayenziwe yayingeyenkosi enhle kakhulu.

Nakuba abacwaningi kanye nezazi ze-Egyptologists baye baqaphela izici ezihlukene emisebenzini yobuciko yaseGibhithe, njengemininingwane kanye ne-homogeneity emifanekisweni kaFaro Sesostris III, wayemelwe emifanekisweni ehlukahlukene kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko eneminyaka ehlukene. Ngenkathi kweminye imifanekiso eqoshiwe bamele lo Faro ngokubukeka kokunqoba nokubukeka kokuhlupheka.

Nakuba abanye oFaro benkathi ehlukene babevezwa beneminyaka efanayo, bebancane futhi begcwele amandla nesibindi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Nakuba ubuciko baseGibhithe budume kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi izithombe zabo eziqoshiwe azibonisi cishe izimpawu zokuvezwa kusukela abaculi baqaphela ukuthi izinkulumo zazidlula futhi zingafuni ukukhombisa isithombe saphakade sikaFaro noma umuntu kuze kube phakade. Kodwa kuso sonke isigaba sokuphila kwakhe kusukela ebusheni kuya ekugugeni.

EMbusweni Ophakathi WaseGibhithe, abadwebi babambelela kulo mgomo wokwenza izithombe eziqoshiwe nemisebenzi yobuciko ebonisa ukuphila komuntu kwamanje nezimo ezingokomzwelo, kodwa babengenasithakazelo ekummeleni esikhathini esidlule noma sesikhathi esizayo. Njengoba ubuciko baseGibhithe bugcizelela isimo samanje somuntu nalokho aphilayo.

Njengoba abaculi abaningi, lapho benza izithombe zomunye ukuphila komuntu, babejabulela ubumnandi obunjengokudla nokuphuza. Ngenkathi abanye benza imisebenzi yobuciko yomuntu ohlwanyela futhi evuna izithelo zamasimu. Nakuba abaculi baseGibhithe babegcizelela kakhulu ukuzijabulisa kwasemhlabeni okwakwenziwa isikhathi esiningi. Into eyayisetshenziswa emisebenzini yobuciko futhi yaba yimfashini kwakuyizinja zezinja.

Le migexo yaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi yasetshenziselwa ukuzilibazisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izinto zansuku zonke. Kodwa kwafika iphuzu enkathini yaseGibhithe lapho uMbuso Ophakathi uqala ukwehla futhi uhlakazeke, okwakukhona ngqo ku-XIII Dynasty ngokusho kwezifundo ezihlukahlukene ze-Egyptologists. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi ababusi balesi sifunda babezizwa benethezekile kangangokuthi babelahla izindaba zombuso nezibopho zabo kubantu.

AmaNubi aqala ukuhlasela iGibhithe esuka eningizimu. Ngenkathi amaHyksos abanye abantu bakwamanye amazwe bawahlasela futhi behlala ezindaweni zabo. Lokhu kwenzeke enyakatho yezwe endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yiDelta. Iziphathimandla nabaholi bezempi bedolobha laseThebes bahlulekile ukulawula ngaphambi kwesiphithiphithi esasisenzeka. Ingxenye enkulu yendawo yaseGibhithe yayithathwe amaHyksos.

Ngenkathi abaseGibhithe bengakwazi ukwenza noma yiliphi isu ngokumelene nabo njengoba babelahlekelwa umhlaba namasosha engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwe lapho bebhekene namaNubi. Uhulumeni wase-Egypt wawungasakwazi futhi uphelelwa yisikhathi ngalokho owawubhekene nakho futhi yile ndlela owawuvula ngayo indlela eya enkathini entsha eyaziwa ngeNkathi Yesibili Ephakathi (cishe ngo-1782 - cishe ngo-1570 BCE).

Kulesi sigaba esisha saseGibhithe, uhulumeni owawuqondiswe edolobheni laseThebes waqhubeka nokuphatha imisebenzi kodwa ngezinga elincane, kuyilapho abahlali abasha, amaHyksos, benza eminye imisebenzi futhi baqala ukuhlela kabusha amathempeli futhi waqala ukwenza imisebenzi emikhulu nemikhudlwana.Emikhulu kanye nekhwalithi engcono.

Ubuciko Esikhathini Sesibili Esimaphakathi/Umbuso Omusha

Esikhathini sesibili saseGibhithe esiphakathi kwakukhona ukubonakaliswa kobuciko baseGibhithe, kodwa lokhu kubonakaliswa kwakusezingeni eliphansi kunasezikhathini zangaphambili zaseGibhithe. Ngenkathi abaculi abadume kakhulu babesetshenziswa yizicukuthwane noFaro edolobheni laseThebes.

Laba baculi, njengoba benza imisebenzi yabantu ababenethonya elikhulu emphakathini waseGibhithe ngaleso sikhathi, benza imisebenzi yekhwalithi enhle kakhulu njengoba babenezinsiza ezingenamkhawulo. Yize amanye amaciko angasebenzeli ebukhosini, umsebenzi wawo ubusezingeni eliphansi futhi enze umsebenzi ongahlelekile futhi omapeketwane.

Kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imisebenzi eyenziwa kulesi sigaba saseGibhithe yayiyikhwalithi embi kakhulu lapho kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa kobuciko baseGibhithe, ngoba imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko yayilula kakhulu futhi isezingeni eliphansi.

Nakuba ku-pectorals ubucwebe kanye nemigexo yegolide kwakusakwenziwa futhi amathempeli akhiwa nge-reliefs eminingi futhi amathuna enziwa imidwebo ehlukene kanye nezindawo ngokusho ukuthi umnikazi ofanayo wayala ukwenzani ekuphileni. Abahlali abasha base-Egypt abaziwa ngokuthi ama-Hyksos baqala ukufaka isandla emasikweni nase-Egypt kwezobuciko.

Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baphushwa izazi-mlando zaseGibhithe. Nakuba laba nabo baqala ukubhala umlando wabo futhi bakopisha izithombe nezithombe zaseGibhithe kanye nemisebenzi eminingi yobuciko baseGibhithe. Kodwa phakathi neminyaka ca. 1570-1544 BCE), ngaphansi komyalo wenkosana yaseTheban u-Ahmose, abakwaHyksos baxoshwa endaweni yaseGibhithe. Ekubuseni kweNkosana u-Ahmose waqala umbuso omusha waseGibhithe owasungulwa phakathi neminyaka ca. 1570-ca. Ngo-1069 BCE

Kulesi sigaba esisha senkathi yase-Egypt, ugqame kakhulu kwazise ubedume njengodume kakhulu. Ngoba kwakukhona ababusi abavelele ngezenzo abazenzayo futhi ubuciko baseGibhithe baqashelwa kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Izithombe ezazinezilinganiso ezinkulu ezazakhiwe eMbusweni Ophakathi zaba isizinda sokunakwa komphakathi waseGibhithe.

Ithempeli elikhulu laseKarnak neHholo layo elidumile laseHypostyle lalivame ukukhuliswa. Enye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu zesiko laseGibhithe eyaziwa ngokuthi incwadi yabafileyo yakhunjulwa kusetshenziswa imidwebo eminingi futhi kwasetshenziswa ama-vignettes. Lokhu kwakunenjongo yokuthi izifiki zaseGibhithe, kanye nezikhulu, izikhulu nezikhulu zazi okuqukethweyo.

Ngokunjalo kwenziwa onodoli bakwaShabti abasezingeni elihle kakhulu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemingcwabo abantu ababeyithenga uma sebefile, babehlobisa amathuna abo ngalezi zinto ukuze uma sebebuyela ekuphileni kwasemhlabeni, babe ngcono. impilo kunakuqala.

IGibhithe yaziwa ngokuthi umbuso omusha. Yingakho uMbuso WaseGibhithe wakhula njengoba imingcele kanye nezindawo zanda futhi lokhu kwaba ngcono kwezobuciko baseGibhithe njengoba amaciko ayethola ulwazi olusha futhi ethuthukisa namasu awo ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo yobuciko.indlela engcono.

Okungenani umsebenzi ngensimbi esetshenziswa abantu bamaHeti ukuthi bona ngokwabo basungula. AbaseGibhithe bakwamukela lokhu futhi baqala ukusebenzisa le nqubo ukuze benze izikhali zabo ngensimbi ehlanzekile eyenza ibe lukhuni futhi ibe nekhwalithi engcono. Futhi le nqubo yaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuciko baseGibhithe. Njengoba ingcebo etholwe umbuso waseGibhithe ngalesi sikhathi yabonakala kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ezifana namasiko, umphakathi kanye nomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuhlobene eduze nobuciko baseGibhithe kanye nobuciko bomuntu ngamunye wabaculi.

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaFaro Amenophis III (1386-1353 BCE), ngokomnotho wezwe, lo Faro wayala ukuba kwakhiwe amatshe esikhumbuzo namathempeli amaningi. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi bomlando waseGibhithe, lesi sikhathi sokuchuma bathi sihlobene nemisebenzi emikhulu eyenziwa ukuthuthukisa isiko labo nobuciko baseGibhithe.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi eyaba nethonya elikhulu kukhona ethi The Colossi of Memnon, okuyizithombe ezimbili ezinkulu zenkosi ehlezi, lezi zithombe zinesisindo esingamathani angu-720 nobude obungamamitha angu-18 noma cishe amafidi angu-60 ukuphakama. Lapho lezi zithombe seziqediwe, zema emnyango wesakhiwo sezidumbu esaziwayo sase-Amenophis III, esinyamalele manje.

Indodana kaFaro Amenophis III, owayebizwa ngokuthi ngu-Amenophis IV, kodwa eyaziwa kangcono ngegama lika-Akhenaten (1353-1336 B.C.E.), lo Faro kwakuyigama elabekwa ngemva kokuzehlukanisela lowo owayebizwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu u-Aton futhi waqala ukuqeda amasiko amaningi alokho okwaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yase-Amarna.

Iningi lezithombe eziqoshiwe nezithombe zobuciko baseGibhithe zaphendukela ku-naturalism eyayikhona eMbusweni Ophakathi owaziwa kakhulu. Kodwa ekuqaleni kombuso omusha waseGibhithe lezi zithombe zobuciko zazifaneleka kakhulu futhi zazisetshenziswa kakhulu embusweni kaHatshepsut (1479-1458 BCE), kulo mbuso indlovukazi yenziwa samuntu ngendlela engokwemvelo kakhulu. Kodwa eminye imifanekiso eminingi nezithombe ezenzelwe izicukuthwane zibonisa umbono omuhle nokuzwela okwakusekhona embusweni omdala owashabalala.

Lezi zithombe zenziwe zanobuso obujabule nobumamatheka futhi zinesimo senhliziyo. Emdwebeni waseGibhithe owawudlangile enkathini eyaziwa kakhulu yase-Amarna, wawungokoqobo kangangokuthi ochwepheshe abaningi bezobuciko baseGibhithe baze baphawula ukuthi babekwazi ukwenza ukushukuma komzimba ababenakho uma begula noma besezinhlungwini.

Kunemisebenzi emibili ebaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko zaseGibhithe ezenziwe eMbusweni Omusha, kusukela eMbusweni waseGibhithe, eyokuqala yaziwa ngokuthi iBust of the goddess Nefertiti kanti enye iyimaski yokufa yegolide eyaziwa kakhulu yaseTutankhamun. .

Umsebenzi wobuciko owaziwa ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi uNefertiti owaziwa ukuthi waphila phakathi neminyaka (cishe 1370-1336 BCE), wayengunkosikazi kaFaro Akhenaten futhi ukuqhuma kwakhe kwatholakala e-Amarna ngonyaka we-1912 CE. Ngomvubukuli wemvelaphi yaseJalimane ogama lakhe linguBorchardt futhi lifana nelaseGibhithe namuhla.

Ngenkathi imaski yegolide yeTutankhamun. Yenziwa ngesikhathi sikahulumeni wakhe phakathi neminyaka ca. 1336-1327 BCE. Lona kwakuyindodana kaFaro owaziwa ngokuthi u-Akhenaten. Lo Faro wayehlose ukususa zonke izinguquko ezingokwenkolo uyise ayezenzile futhi abuyisele iGibhithe ezinkolelweni zenkolo zesikhathi esidlule kodwa akazange azenze njengoba ashona eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala.

Ithuna lakhe laziwa kakhulu futhi lidume kakhulu ngenkathi litholwa ngonyaka we-1922 emva kukaKristu ngenani elikhulu lengcebo nezinto zobuciko elaliqukethwe enkathini yaseGibhithe. Enye yengcebo evame ukutholakala kwakuyisifihla-buso segolide esaziwayo saseTutankhamun nezinye izinto zensimbi ezatholwa ethuneni lalo Faro.

Wonke ama-artifact ensimbi atholakele kwakuyizinto eziqanjiwe kanye nezinto ezintsha ezenziwe abantu baseGibhithe ngenxa yamasu abawafunde kubantu bamaHeti. Ubuciko baseGibhithe eMbusweni Omusha buphakathi kobuciko obukhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba kwakunesithakazelo esikhulu ekufundeni amasu amasha nezitayela zobuciko baseGibhithe. Ngaphambi kokuthi kufike abantu abaziwa ngamaHyksos ukuzothatha ingxenye yendawo yaseGibhithe.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abaseGibhithe babenenkolelo eqinile yokuthi ezinye izimpucuko ezazikhona zaziyizixhwanguxhwangu futhi zingaphucuzeki, yingakho abaseGibhithe babengazicabangeli ezinye izimpucuko ngoba zazingafanele ukunakwa.

Kodwa lapho abantu bakwaHyksos behlasela indawo yaseGibhithe, baqaphela ukuthi kwakufanele baqaphele ezinye izimpucuko nezindlela zabo zokucabanga kanye neminikelo ehlukene abayenza kubantu baseGibhithe.

Kamuva izikhathi zaseGibhithe kanye nefa labo

Amasu namakhono abaseGibhithe abawazuzile phakathi nazo zonke izinkathi ezinikeziwe zizoqhubeka zisetshenziswa phakathi nenkathi yesithathu emaphakathi ehlala phakathi neminyaka (cishe 1069-525 BCE) futhi igcizelelwa kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. imisiwe phakathi neminyaka (525-332 BCE).

Lezi zigaba zaseGibhithe izazi zaseGibhithe eziziqhathanise ngendlela embi kakhulu nemibuso yaseGibhithe lapho amandla ezombusazwe ahlala emaphakathi. Njengoba isitayela esanikezwa ukuqondisa sasithinteke kakhulu isikhathi nezinsiza ezazikhona. Kodwa naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zimo, ubuciko baseGibhithe buhlale bunekhwalithi ephawulekayo emisebenzini ehlukene eyenziwa.

Njengoba isazi saseGibhithe uDavid P. Silverman asho kolunye lophenyo lwaso, ubuciko baseGibhithe bubonisa amandla aphikisanayo esiko kanye noshintsho olwatholakala. Kodwa-ke, labo ababephethe impucuko yamaKushite ngesikhathi sekwephuzile babefuna ukubeka imithetho efanayo eyayisetshenziswa eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Lasendulo.

Lokhu kwaphumela ekubeni abantu baseGibhithe bazihlanganise namasiko asebewashiyile kakade. Ngenkathi abanye ababusi ababengabasebukhosini bezama ukuthuthuka kwezobuciko baseGibhithe ngokusebenzisa amasu amasha kanye nokubonakaliswa kobuciko embusweni omusha waseGibhithe, benikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu emidwebeni eqoshiwe, imidwebo nemidwebo abayenzayo.

Nakuba leli cebo elifanayo lathonywa umbuso wasePheresiya, lapho baba nombono omkhulu wokuhlasela iGibhithe ngonyaka ka-525 ngemva kukaKristu. Kodwa amaPheresiya athola inhlonipho enkulu ngesiko nobuciko baseGibhithe njengoba eziningi zazo zazihlotshaniswa namathempeli emingcwabo atholakala eGibhithe. Kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi sokuhlasela

Kubalulekile futhi ukugqamisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yePtolemaic (323-30 BCE) ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ukuhlangana phakathi kobuciko baseGibhithe nobuciko bamaGreki, okwaholela emifanekisweni eminingi enezici ezihluke kakhulu, phakathi kwazo okumi kuyo isifanekiso sikaNkulunkulu uSerapis. out, unkulunkulu owaziwa ngokuthi iGreco Egypt naye owayekhulekelwa amaRoma futhi waziwa ngokuthi ubuciko baseGibhithe baseRoma.

Ngemva kwalo mhlangano, iRoma yayizosebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuciko baseGibhithe kanye nezici zayo eziningi. Ukuze uvumelanise onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ekuqondeni impucuko yamaRoma. Ngokuphathelene nemidwebo yaseGibhithe emathuneni, ithonywa amasiko amaRoma, kodwa abaseGibhithe babehlale besebenzisa amasu abawafunde kusukela ekuqaleni kombuso wasendulo waseGibhithe.

izakhiwo zaseGibhithe

Ngemva kokutshela lesi sihloko konke mayelana nemibuso yaseGibhithe kanye nezici zayo eziyinhloko kwezobuciko baseGibhithe, sizongena sijule ngobuciko baseGibhithe obugxile ekwakhiweni kwayo. Njengoba izakhiwo zayo namathempeli abonakala ngokuba makhulu. Njengoba abaseGibhithe babevame ukwenza le misebenzi amabhlogo amakhulu ayeqoshwe kusetshenziswa ama-ashlar namakholomu aqinile.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ubuciko bezakhiwo bukhulu futhi buhlakaniphe kangakanani kwezobuciko zaseGibhithe, umuntu kumelwe azi lezi zimo ezilandelayo okwakumelwe kuhlangatshezwane nazo eGibhithe njengoba amandla ezombangazwe ayegxile kumuntu oyedwa owaziwa ngokuthi uFaro. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunomqondo wenkolo owawaziwa ngokuthi ukungafi kukaFaro futhi wayezobuyela emandleni akhe ngokunye ukuphila ayenakho.

Ngokuqondene nolwazi oluhlukene lobuchwepheshe abaseGibhithe ababenalo, babesebenzisa kahle izibalo zezibalo nobunjiniyela kanye namasu okwakha ukuze benze imisebenzi yabo yobuciko eyisikhumbuzo yaseGibhithe. Nakuba okwamanje lolu lwazi luphazamisa kakhulu abacwaningi nochwepheshe emlandweni waseGibhithe kanye nobuciko bayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona ochwepheshe nochwepheshe kanye nezingcweti ezazinolwazi oluningi ngomsebenzi wabo nemisebenzi ababeyenza ngaleso sikhathi izinto zokusetshenziswa njengamatshe zigcwele yonke indawo futhi zaziqoshwa kalula.

Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwezobuciko zaseGibhithe ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo okuye kwaheha kakhulu ukunaka kwabantu emhlabeni wonke yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-pyramid complexes namathempeli omngcwabo aziwa ngokuthi amathuna (ama-mastaba, ama-speos, i-hypogea nama-cenotaphs), kodwa wonke lawa mathuna. kuncike ekutheni umlingisi wayemkhulu kangakanani empilweni ukwenza ithempeli elikhulu.

Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe kulesi sihloko esiphathelene nobuciko baseGibhithe ukuthi imibhoshongo yakhiwe ukuze oFaro abaningi bawangcwabe lapho, okubaluleke kakhulu yilabo okuthiwa nguSeneferu, uCheops noKhafre. Ngokufanayo, kudingekile ukugqamisa ukuthi enye yemibhoshongo ingeyezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe lasendulo, okuyiphiramidi yeJufu, nokuthi isekhona nanamuhla.

Ngale ndlela, abaseGibhithe bazinikela ekwakhiweni kwamathempeli onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ababebahlonipha ngenxa yenhlalakahle yabo. Njengoba lokhu kwempucuko yaseGibhithe kwakuyisenzo esikhulu esingokomfanekiso. Ngenkathi abakhi bezakhiwo baseGibhithe banikeza la mathempeli amakhulu ukuvumelana nokusebenza. Laba baklami bezakhiwo babenolwazi oluningi ngefiziksi nejiyomethri.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, basabalalisa umsebenzi wamapiramidi kubantu abaningi, kuhlanganise nabadwebi, abadwebi, abadwebi nabaqophi. Basebenzisa nezinto zokuhamba ukuze bakwazi ukuhambisa amatshe amakhulu enziwe ngegwadle kanye nemifanekiso emikhulu. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi abaseGibhithe babe nolwazi oluningi lwezibalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezigodlo ezinkulu abadwebi bezakhiwo abazinikezele ukuba bazakhe ukuze kududuzwe uFaro nomndeni wakhe. Kodwa okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwabaseGibhithe kwakuwukwakha amathuna amakhulu anezithombe eziningi eziqoshiwe ukuze babuye ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa futhi baphile ngokunethezeka okungcono kunalokho ababenakho kakade.

Izici zezakhiwo zaseGibhithe

Izinto eziyinhloko ezazisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe njengengxenye yobuciko baseGibhithe kwakuyizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi izitini ze-limestone nezitini zodaka. I-limestone yayisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli nezakhiwo zokungcwaba njengamaphiramidi ahlukene.

Ngenkathi izitini zazisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezindlu nezigodlo zoFaro. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalezi zitini kwakhiwa izinqaba zaseGibhithe ezihlukahlukene nezindonga zamapiramidi namathempeli omngcwabo.

Njengamanje, amadolobha amaningi aseGibhithe anyamalele ngoba ayeseduze kakhulu noMfula iNayile futhi ngokukhukhula komfula yonke lemizi yagcwala udaka lomfula olwanyamalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Yingakho kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubuciko baseGibhithe obugxile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo busekelwe ikakhulukazi ezikhumbuzo zenkolo kusukela benokholo olukhulu konkulunkulu babo baseGibhithe, lezi zakhiwo ziye zabonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuba zikhulu kanye nobukhulu bazo obukhulu.

Futhi ngenxa yokuthi zinezindonga ezinezikhala ezimbalwa futhi zithambekele kancane futhi ngenxa yokuthi onjiniyela abaningi baseGibhithe nabadwebi bezakhiwo basebenzisa indlela yokuphindaphinda kuyo yonke imisebenzi ukuze bathole ukuzinza okukhulu esakhiweni ngasinye nasezindongeni ze-adobe.

Ngendlela efanayo, iqoqo lemihlobiso eyayenziwe ebusweni bezindonga zamathempeli kanye nezakhiwo zomngcwabo zazithathwe emhlobiso odongeni oluhlukile lwe-adobe. Kusukela i-arch eminyango yaqala ukusetshenziswa ebukhosini besine baseGibhithe.

Njengoba izakhiwo eziningi zinezinsika ezinkulu nezindonga ezibambile ngaphakathi futhi zazimbozwe ngamafulethi ayenziwe ngamatshe amakhulu amatshe ayebekwe ezindongeni zangaphandle nasezinsikeni ezinkulu.

Ezakhiweni ezihlukene zaseGibhithe izindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zaziqoshwe umbhalo we-hieroglyphs nemifanekiso yalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhululeka okuphansi nemifanekiso eqoshiwe enemibala eminingi egqame kakhulu. Ngobuciko baseGibhithe, imihlobiso eyayisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izindonga zamathempeli ahlukene kwakuyizici ezingokomfanekiso ezinikezelwe ezinkolelweni zabo zenkolo, njenge-scarab engcwele, i-solar disk kanye nenqe.

Eminye imihlobiso eyayisetshenziswa ebucikweni baseGibhithe futhi eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu amahlamvu esundu, isitshalo se-papyrus nezimbali ze-lotus. Wonke lawa ma-hieroglyphs ayenomsebenzi wokuxoxa indaba ethile empucukweni yesikhathi esizayo noma kwakuyizinganekwane zomlando mayelana namasiko nobuciko baseGibhithe.

Umfanekiso waseGibhithe

Obunye bobuciko baseGibhithe obuye bagqama izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe okuyisahluko esibaluleke kakhulu empucukweni. Isithombe esiqoshiwe saseGibhithe sizovela njengesifanekiselo somfanekiso woFaro nezindlovukazi zabo.

Yayibuye isetshenziswe njengobuciko baseGibhithe ukumela onkulunkulu abahlukene nomuntu owasuka endaweni engaphansi komhlaba waya ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Ngendlela efanayo, izithombe eziqoshiwe zazisetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhosi nemikhuba yenkolo.

Nakuba indawo ababenikeza izithombe eziqoshiwe ezihlukahlukene yayisemathempelini nasezigodlweni ezahlukene lapho uFaro ehlala ndawonye nomndeni wakhe nabanye abalingiswa basebukhosini. Kwakuwucezu olwaluhlobise amathempeli nezigodlo.

Izici Zemifanekiso YaseGibhithe

Ngobuciko baseGibhithe, okwakuhamba phambili kwakuyimisebenzi yezakhiwo nemifanekiso, nakuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izithombe eziningi eziqoshiwe zaqhubeka zenziwa ngaphandle kokushintsha inqubo nezindlela, kodwa izinguquko ezincane zabonwa kuyo yonke imibuso yaseGibhithe eyayikhona phakathi kwezici eziyinhloko zezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe esingase sizisho. Okulandelayo:

• Yonke imifanekiso eqoshiwe yaseGibhithe yalondoloza isimo sayo esiqinile nobukhulu, njengoba yayifiswa ngesithombe esiqoshiwe esidlulisela unomphela emhlabeni wasemhlabeni. Kodwa uma kwethulwa iziqephu zazihambisana neziqephu ezidlulayo. Lokhu kugqama kakhulu ngezinceku, oFaro, nezikhulu.
• Eziningi zezithombe zaseGibhithe zenziwe ngezimo eziyindilinga ukuze zinikeze ibhalansi yesiqephu futhi zivimbele ukuba isithombe singaqhekeki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Zonke izingcezu zaseGibhithe zinomthetho owaziwa ngokuthi umthetho we-frontality, lo mthetho wasungulwa ngekhulu lama-XNUMX yi-Danish Lange. Zonke izithombe eziqoshiwe zingaphambili kakhulu futhi zilinganisa ukuze kube nokulinganisela nokuvumelana esiqeshini futhi sihlala iminyaka eminingi.
• Umfanekiso oqoshiwe waseGibhithe ukhuluma ngendiza evundlile neqondile kodwa isisekelo sawo sinokuma kwe-orthogonal.
• Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izithombe zaseGibhithe kwakuyi-basalt, i-granite kanye ne-limestone. Nakuba izithombe eziningi eziqoshiwe nazo zazenziwe ngokhuni. KuFaro, kwakusetshenziswa izinto eziphakeme ezinjengophondo lwendlovu ukuze enze umfanekiso wakhe oqoshiwe.
• Lapho kusetshenziswa ukhuni netshe le-limestone ukuze kwenziwe izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe ezihlukahlukene, abadwebi babefaka isithombe esiqoshiwe nge-polychrome ukuze sibonise ukuthintana okugqamayo emsebenzini wobuciko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabekwa amatshe ayigugu ukuze ayithinte ngokuphawulekayo.
• Imifanekiso eqoshiwe yaseGibhithe inobukhulu obuhlukile, wawungekho umthetho othize wokuyenza njengoba imisebenzi eminingi yayiyisikhumbuzo futhi eminye yayilingana nomuntu ofanayo owayala ukuba yenziwe. Kodwa okugqama kakhulu ukuthi ayikho ingxenye yomfanekiso eyayingahambisani nokuvumelana nokulinganisela kwesiqephu.
• Yonke le mifanekiso eqoshiwe yayingokoqobo kusukela ezilwaneni kuya nakubantu uqobo kwazise le mifanekiso yayingokoqobo kumuntu.
• Izithombe zaseGibhithe zenziwa ngenjongo yokudlulisela ukuthula nokuzola kumuntu obona isithombe, bakwenza ngenjongo yokukhombisa ukuthi umuntu uzoba nokuthula.

imisebenzi emikhulu yobuciko baseGibhithe

Miningi imisebenzi eyayenziwa uMbuso WaseGibhithe phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka ubukhona, nakuba lezi zikhumbuzo zazinomfanekiso ongokomfanekiso njengoba abaseGibhithe babenezinkolelo eziningi ezingokwenkolo, kulesi sihloko sizosho imisebenzi eminingi esekhona futhi edonse ukunaka kwabaseGibhithe. abaningi, phakathi kwabo abanazo:

• Iphiramidi Yesinyathelo se-Djoser e-Saqqara
• Amaphiramidi amathathu eSeneferu eMeidum naseDahshur.
• I-Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) e-Giza.
• Iphiramidi Yendlulamithi (Kephren) eGiza.
• Iphiramidi yaseMenkaura (Mycerinus) eGiza.
• Ithempeli elikhulu lika-Amun eKarnak.
• Ithempeli laseLuxor. (Amenhotep III / Ramses II).
• Ithempeli likaHatshepsut eDeir el-Bahari.
• Amathempeli kaRamses II e-Abu Simbel.
• Hypogea of ​​the Valley of the Kings.
• Ithempeli laseKhnum e-Esna
• Ithempeli likaHorus e-Edfu
• Ithempeli likaSobek neHaroeris e-Ombos
• Ithempeli lika-Isis ePhilae
• Ithempeli likaHathor eDendera

Izimpumelelo zempucuko yaseGibhithe

Isikhathi eside impucuko yaseGibhithe yayinezimpumelelo eziningi kakhulu kwezobuciko bayo njengoba yafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lobunzima nokukhiqiza.

Njengoba ubuciko kanye nobunjiniyela baseGibhithe kwahlangana ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo ezinhle ezinesimo sezulu esihle njengoba eziningi zalezi zakhiwo zinendawo eqondile nelanga nenyanga.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi abaseGibhithe babengabantu bokuqala ukusebenzisa udaka ekwakhiweni kwethempeli nepiramidi. Baphinde basebenzise izingozi kwezolimo futhi ngaleyo ndlela basebenzise amanzi oMfula iNayile ekudleni kwabo.

Kwezinye zezimpumelelo zayo kwaba yimpucuko yokuqala ukukhiqiza okusanhlamvu kwayo kokuqala futhi iwasindise ukuze abe abakhiqizi abakhulu bokusanhlamvu bezwe lasendulo.

Abacwaningi abaningi baye baqagela ukuthi oFaro bobukhosi beshumi nambili baseGibhithe basebenzisa amanzi avela eLake Fayum ukuze bawafake emathangini amakhulu ayindilinga ukuze ahlale ehlinzekwa ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngezinkathi zokushisa okuphezulu futhi umfula wehla uze ufike kokuncane.

Eziningi zezithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nobuciko baseGibhithe umbala we-turquoise wawusetshenziswa kusukela abaseGibhithe bathola izimayini zalesi sici futhi baxhaphaza izimayini ukuze bakwazi ukukhipha wonke amaminerali akhona.

Uma uthole le ndatshana yobuciko baseGibhithe ibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo:

• Amaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye ne-Funerary Architecture
• umfanekiso waseGibhithe
• i-sphinx yaseGibhithe