Ingabe anazi zonke izimfihlo ukuthi umfanekiso waseGibhithe? Ungakhathazeki, ngoba ngalokhu okuthunyelwe uzokwazi ukufunda zonke izimfihlakalo, imisebenzi emikhulu nokunye okuningi. Ngaphambili, isisekelo samanani amakhulu ahlobene namasiko omngcwabo.
umfanekiso waseGibhithe
Sekuyinkambiso ukuthi izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe ziyinkomba ecacile yesakhiwo sezombangazwe ezizungeze uFaro, kanye nazo zonke izindaba ezihlobene nokufa. Ngokuqondene nempumuzo, ziyimisebenzi ehluke ngokuphelele namathempeli omngcwabo. Futhi, i izithombe zamaya banezitayela ezingapheli cishe ongathanda ukuzithola.
Kukhona izinto zokwakha eziningana izazi-mlando eziye zazithola ekulungiseni kwayo. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zamatshe zihamba phambili, njengokhuni lwe-polychrome. Kamuva, lo mkhuba wethula izibalo ngodaka, igolide noma ubumba. Amatshe ayigugu noma acishe abe yigugu akha izakhi zokukhiqiza ezengeziwe, ukuze alingane kahle nethempeli ngalinye.
Ngenxa yamathuna amaningi angazange aphulwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwale misebenzi kubhekisela ebukhuni, okwenza kucace ukuthi ukumelana kungaphezu kwesilinganiso. Uma itshe limelana kakhulu, ukhuni lwe-polychrome lunikeza okusanhlamvu kwalo kwesihlabathi ngenxa yezinsalela ezihlaziywe abacwaningi.
Ikhasimende elizimisele uku-oda ukwakhiwa kwezithombe zabo lizohlala linezizathu eziqinile zokukhetha izitayela zomngcwabo. Kuvamile ukukhuluma ngezithombe eziqoshiwe ze-cube, ukuveza amadoda amakhulu esesimweni sokuma.
Umfanekiso oqoshiwe waseGibhithe unesitayela sangaphambili se-bulge, okungukuthi, umsebenzi ungabonakala kuphela kusukela ngaphambili ukuze ujabulele yonke imininingwane. Inokukhululeka okuphezulu, okuvuna kakhulu umbono bonke ababukeli abanawo wemisebenzi.
Ukunambitheka kuhlukahluka, yingakho izithombe ezithinta i-idealized zikhona. Ubuso buzohlala bubonisa i-hue eqinile. Ezethulweni zeqembu, kunesibalo esigqama ngaphezu kokunye. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona uFaro ekanye nomphakathi wakubo. Njengoba eyigunya eliphakeme kakhulu laseGibhithe, isibalo sakhe sizoba phezulu kunezinye, ukuphoqelela ubukhosi.
I-canon yeNkathi Ephakathi izikhulumela ngokwayo mayelana nobuso bezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe: ukuqina, i-hieraticism kanye nombono. Akekho umbhali ongakwazi ukuphuma kwejwayelekile lapho ebaza izithombe ngalesi sikhathi. Kuwo wonke umlando we-pharaonic waseGibhithe, isifiso sokugqamisa ubuso begunya eliyinhloko sagcinwa.
Kubaqophi baseGibhithe, umsebenzi wokusiza wawuhlala ubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izibalo. Ngokuvamile, le nqubo ibilokhu iseduze nomzimba, ngoba yenza umdlalo ongavamile ekuhlobiseni amathempeli namakholomu. Phakathi kwalezo zisusa ezihlala zithuthukisa umphakathi waseGibhithe ziqukethwe eNcwadini Yabafileyo ngemidanso, isivuno, impilo yansuku zonke kanye nephrofayili yonkulunkulu.
Predynastic ebaziwe-inki
Kule misebenzi, i-palette yezimonyo enesibambo segolide ivelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane eziningi zivela ngezimpawu ezidlulele esikweni laseMpumalanga. Izibambo zegolide zazisekela upende owawugcotshwa ebusweni bemifanekiso eqoshiwe yaseGibhithe, egcizelela amehlo.
iphalethi Ukuqamba
Njengamanje iseMnyuziyamu waseCairo - Egypt. Ngokunokwenzeka yindodana yeNkosi yokuqala kaFezela, okuhlonzwa kwayo kuphathelene noFaro wozalo lokuqala lukaMenes. Kubhekwa njengama-unifiers okuqala e-Egypt. Kwesinye sezibhebhe lo mlingiswa ubonakala ene-tiara emhlophe, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi une-tiara ebomvu njengophawu lwe-Lower Egypt.
Lesi sithombe esiqoshiwe saseGibhithe siyisibonelo esicacile sokuthi i-Lower Egypt yakwazi kanjani ukunqoba umhlabathi omningi ukuze ibhekane ne-Upper Egypt. Ngomfanekiso ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuthi omunye waMakhosi uhambisa kanjani umphikisi wakhe ngezinwele. Ngokufanayo, uHorus wenza okufanayo kwenye indoda ephethe isitshalo se-papyrus.
Itshe leNkosi Inyoka
KuseLouvre Museum eParis. Ukuba khona kwalesi silwane esihuquzelayo kugxilisa inhlonipho, ukubusa kanye nobungozi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yisibalo seKing Get or Set, abalandela ubukhosi bokuqala bakwaMenes. Ngokwesibili uHorus uvela kunxande ukuze avale igama legunya eliphakeme kakhulu likapharaonic. Ngokufanayo, isigodlo sasebukhosini sivela lapho kuhlala khona i-Falcon enkulu. Uma leli gama libunjwa ngosizo lweFalcon, lisho umthelela uFaro ozoba nawo esikhathini esizayo.
Isifanekiso esidala soMbuso
Uma kukhona okumele kugqanyiswe ngale misebenzi, yisimo esihlekisayo sabameleli bayo. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Ukuthi isithombe ngaso sonke isikhathi sasigxile kubantu abasha, hhayi kubantu abadala.
Djoser ehlezi ebaziwe
Uma ufuna ukuxhumana nalo msebenzi, ungawenza useCairo Museum, e-Egypt. Ukubaluleka kwawo kulele ekwakhekeni kobukhosi be-III obathutha inhloko-dolobha eMemphis. Ukubonakala kokuqala kwalesi sithombe esiqoshiwe kwenzeka embhoshongweni, ukuze kulandelwe ukwakhiwa okusekelwe ku-limestone enobukhulu obuvamile. Okuxakayo ukuthi unewigi ezimboze ubuso, okukhombisa ukuthi uFaro akakaze akhulume phambi kwabantu ngaphandle kokuveza ukuthi ungubani.
Kuhlezi isithombe sikaKhafre
Umsebenzi usemnyuziyamu ofanayo nowesithombe esiqoshiwe sangaphambilini. Uma uthi nhlá uyisithombe esiqine kakhulu, esenziwe etsheni le-diorite. Umlingiswa unamadolo ahlangene, izandla zakhe zihlezi emadolweni akhe. I-frontality iwuhlelo losuku, ngakho-ke uma kuyisibukeli, kuzodingeka ujabulele umfanekiso waseGibhithe nge-angle eqondile yombono ukuze ubone yonke imininingwane.
UMikerinos, unkulunkulukazi uHathor kanye nommeleli wobunkulunkulu besifundazwe
Lapha ungabona lelo canon of idealization kanye nesigaba sokugqamisa abantu ababalulekile ngaphezu kwabanye abalingiswa besibili. Itshe le-slate liyimpahla eluhlaza yalo mfanekiso waseGibhithe, ongenalutho ngokuphelele esondweni. Umsebenzi wakhe ohlobene isihloko sakhe siphendula "uMikerinos nomkakhe" useMnyuziyamu Yezobuciko Ezinhle eBoston, e-USA.
Kuhlezi isithombe sikaRahotep noNofret
Njengamanje itholakala eCairo Museum, eGibhithe. Yakhelwe phezu kwesisekelo se-limestone e-polychrome, enye yezinto ezihamba phambili zokunikeza ukumelana nokuqina engxenyeni yomlando womphakathi waseGibhithe. Ilandela i-canon njengenhlalayenza, nesikhumba esimnyama somyeni kunkosikazi. Uma iphimbo lomuntu kulezi zicucu ze-altare licacile, kusho ukuthi imvelaphi yabo iseMpumalanga ngokuphelele.
Umhloli wababhali uRaherka nomkakhe I-Meresankh
Lezi zinhlamvu zichazwe phakathi kozalo lwe-IV-V. KuseLouvre Museum, eParis. I-silhouette yowesifazane, futhi, incane kunephrofayili yomyeni wakhe. Ngenxa yale mininingwane, umbukeli ubuza ukuthi ubukhona besilisa buzoba nokugcizelelwa okukhulu kombono.
USeneb omncane nomndeni wakhe
Emnyuziyamu waseCairo, e-Egypt, omunye wemisebenzi “yemvunulo” yalesi sizwe ukhona, ekhombisa amadoda nabesifazane abanokuthambekela kwasemaphandleni. Futhi igcizelela indima yomuntu njengomvikeli negunya eliphakeme kakhulu.
Umbhali uMorgan
KuMnyuziyamu waseLouvre, eParis, kukhona esinye isithombe esibaziwe esisukela embusweni wesi-XNUMX ukuthi sibe ncamashi. Ekhiqizwe ngetshe le-polychrome, uMorgan unaka yonke into ayilalelayo ukuze adlulisele imibono ku-papyrus.
Kulesi senzakalo, uMorgan wethula amehlo esici, ngaphandle kokuklama isiko laseGibhithe ngokugqamisa amakhonsathi awo. Ngaphezu kokukhombisa ingxenye yobunqunu bakhe, amehlo akhe agcina ukubonakala okumise okwe-alimondi, okushiya ukusebenza okufanayo ekhaleni lakhe.
Ushabti, inceku enezimfanelo ezifanayo noMorgan isesimweni esifanayo, ngaphansi kokwakhiwa kobumba noma udaka. Yomibili le misebenzi ithatha kalula isimo sengqondo esihle sokusebenza abanaso bobabili abalingiswa, esimweni somngcwabo.
Izithombe zoMbuso Ophakathi
Kusukela kulesi sikhathi, izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe ziba noshintsho oluthile, njengokwakhiwa kwezinye izindawo zokusebenzela eThebes, ngaphansi kwethonya elincane elivela eMemphis. Umsebenzi olandelayo kuphela ovela lapha.
Inhloko kaFaro Sesostris III
Emnyuziyamu waseCairo, isibalo sikaFaro esaphawula ukuzalwa kobukhosi be-XII siyatholakala. Umlando waseGibhithe utshela ukuthi lo mlingiswa usevele enephrofayili engokwengqondo noma enobuntu obuncane. Nokho, lo Faro akanazo izici ezijabulisayo noma umbusi, uyawazi izithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe nezimiso zazo eziye zaphathwa kahle. Ubuso bakhe bukhomba ukukhungatheka, ngenxa yezinkinga zezombusazwe ezaqubuka kulobu bukhosi.
Babuyela emifanekisweni eqoshiwe yaseGibhithe emise okwekhiyubhu, imilenze ibanjwe ngezandla ukuze ibe umzimba owodwa. Lesi sici sifinyelela iphuzu eligcizelela imilenze kuphela, lithuthukisa izandla noma livele libonise ubuso ngokuningiliziwe. Ingabe wazi konke mayelana Ubuciko be-Kinetic? Uma kungenjalo, kuwumqondo omuhle ukufunda zonke izici zencazelo.
Isithombe esisha soMbuso
Kuyizimbali ezintsha kulokho ukumelelwa kwemifanekiso eqoshiwe yaseGibhithe, inhloko-dolobha yayo kube yiThebes. Izimo ziyekile ukushajwa kabusha ukuze zibukeke ngokwemvelo. Ngenxa yalesi sixhumanisi esisungulwe nesiko lase-Asia ezikhathini zamuva nje, baqonda ukuthi ngokwemvelo kukhona umuzwa wobuhle noma ukuvumelana.
Umbala wesikhumba wezifundo uyeke ukuba nendaba. Lolu daba lucatshangelwa ngenxa yokungalungi. Ngakho-ke, amadoda nabesifazane bazobukeka bemangalisa kakhulu. Omunye umkhuba owengeziwe ubukhulu bemisebenzi, emikhulu kunokuvamile, ngenxa yokunambitheka okumangalisayo kofaro.
Isithombe sika-Amenophis III
Iphawuleka ukuhlobisa noma yiliphi ithempeli eliya kulo, nakuba okwamanje likhona eMnyuziyamu waseGibhithe eCairo. Ilukuluku elihlanganisa lesi sithombe esiqoshiwe saseGibhithe umbala wokuzisola ovame ukuboniswa ubuso bakhe lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kwehla kuwo. Kodwa-ke, ukuwohloka ngokuhamba kweminyaka kubangele ukuthi lesi sici silahleke ngokuphelele.
Indlovukazi uHatshepsut
Igwadle eliphinki liyingxenye yalo mfanekiso otholakala kuMnyuziyamu waseGibhithe eCairo. Uwukuphela kwendodakazi kaTutmosis I no-Ahmosis. Lona wesifazane wayeyingxenye yobukhosi be-XVIII, waba yedwa indlalifa yonke ingcebo ephethwe umyeni wakhe oshonile.
Okukhethekile okudonsela ukunaka okukhulu yikhono abadwebi bepulasitiki ababenalo lokuguqula ubuso bakhe bube into yamadoda (ngisho enentshebe encane esilevini). Ngaphezu kwalokho, unezifaniso ezimbalwa ngendlela ye-sphinx.
Ubuso buka-Akhenaten
U-Akhenaten ubhekisela kuNdlovukazi u-Amenophis IV. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, ubuciko obungokomfanekiso buthatha igxathu elibalulekile ekuguquleni imizimba, njengoba nje zikhona ezibonelweni zangaphambili zezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe. Manje inhloko-dolobha yayo isi-Armaniac art. Uma izethulo ezishiwo ngenhla ziyisibonelo semvelo, abaculi bangaleso sikhathi babekhathazeke nakakhulu ngokuthola imiphumela emihle.
Izinkolelo zamasiko zazigxile ekukholelweni kuNkulunkulu oyedwa, ngomfanekiso ka-Amun noma u-Aton okuwukuphela kwawo owayekhulekelwa phakathi kwabo bonke ababekhona. Ngenxa yalesi sikhala sesikhashana, iNdlovukazi u-Amenophis IV yayeka ukuba yingxenye yehlelo ukuze igxile ku-Aton, inzalamizi entsha.
Ngokuqondene nobuso bakhe, ugcina leyo mfanelo ye-Negroid yoFaro bezikhathi ezedlule. Yaqala ukuvela kwelinye lamathempeli amaningi akhiwa u-Aton. Emnyuziyamu waseGibhithe eCairo kukhona isithombe sendlovukazi, eduze nomzimba kaFaro okhubazekile.
Inhloko yeNefertiti
Wayengowozalo lwe-XVIII, engunkosikazi wokuqala owaziwayo ka-Akhenaten. Ukuba khona kwalo wesifazane kwashintsha ama-paradigms athile ukuze kuvuse ubuhle nokuhlangana kombhangqwana ukuze babe izithandani. Wayehlala ebukeka esimanjemanje embusweni wakhe, emamatheka kancane. Ngokungangabazeki, izici zakhe zithatha umlingiswa ozacile, ohluzekile, onephrofayili ebabazekayo.
Umlando we-Nefertiti usaqhubeka nokuba yimpicabadala kubo bonke abacwaningi besiko laseGibhithe. Indlovukazi yanyamalala kungazelele muntu. Ukuqhubekela phambili, wanyamalala kuwo wonke ama-papyrus omlando mayelana nezenzo zakhe ngesikhathi somyalo wakhe. Mhlawumbe ufe kabuhlungu, okwadala ukuthi umyeni wakhe avimbele umphakathi ukuba ubaze igama lakhe.
Ukukhuluma ngomfanekiso wakhe oqoshiwe waseGibhithe, umbhali wawo kungenzeka ukuthi wayenobudlelwano bothando obuyimfihlo naye. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, impatho emangalisayo ayithola kuye. Ehlale emuhle, emamatheka futhi enenhlonipho enkulu kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngokuphambene, ubuso bomyeni wakhe buhlala bubonakala bukhubazekile kangangokuthi buyihaba.
Kukhona esinye isithombe sikaNefertiti esingenakhanda, kodwa ngokukhululeka okuhle emzimbeni ukuze kuphakanyiswe ukulinganisa kobuhle bomzimba wakhe. Akungabazeki ukuthi indlovukazi isebenze njengesisusa kwabesifazane abaningi kamuva ukuhlenga ubuhle bomzimba wakhe kanye nobuso obuhle, uma uthanda.
Ukumelwa kwendodakazi ka-Meritatón ka-Amenophis IV
Uma kufanele kushiwo okuthile ngalo mfanekiso oqoshiwe waseGibhithe, kuyihaba lobu buso obuvezwayo, hhayi nje ngenxa yokuguquguquka kogebhezi lwaso, kodwa nangenxa yesilevu esimakiwe. Impumuzo iphinde ibe i-protagonist kulolu hlobo lomsebenzi, ukukhombisa izici zansuku zonke inkantolo yamapharaonic eye yabhekana nayo kusukela ekusekelweni kwayo.
Ukusho ukuthi, isici se-anatomical semizimba sikhubazekile ngandlela-thile. Iyunithi yokuqamba ifika nesu elithile: ukwelula izintamo ukwenza ubuso. Ingxenye yomndeni iqokonyiswa ezindabeni zokukhulula, ebonisa wonke umndeni ka-Amenophis IV kanye nazo zonke izingane zaseNefertiti.
Tutankhamen
UnguFaro wokugcina wozalo lwe-XVIII, isikhathi esifanayo lapho iNdlovukazi uNefertiti yahlala khona. Enye yamafilosofi akhe ayinhloko kwakuwukugcina isiko lokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa ukukhulekela unkulunkulu oyedwa (kuye, yena ngokwakhe njengegunya lenhlonipho). Imibono yakhe eminingi yathathwa abantu bamaJuda njengoba ihlobene nesimiso sabo senkolo namuhla.
Ngokufika kukaMose emphakathini waseGibhithe, kwaba nokushuba okukhulu mayelana nezinkolelo. Ingcindezi enjalo yaguqula ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe zaba esikoleni sasendulo saseTheban. UTutankhamun wabhekana nesiphetho esidabukisayo ezandleni zabapristi ababesekela ukukholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi ukukhulekela onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene. Ithuna lakhe belingelinye lambalwa eliye latholwa liphelele, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ziningi izinto zokucwaninga eziphathelene noFaro.
Ekugcineni wayehlale efuna ukuba ngaphansi kwezinhlangothi zombili, ngokwakhiwa kabusha kwamathuna amaningi acekeleke phansi esikoleni saseThebes amakholwa athembekile enkolo yonkulunkulu oyedwa. Abapristi ababulala uFaro babenamandla anele okubuyisela inkolo yezithixo nazo zonke izibani zayo.
Kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe wayenokukhubazeka ngokomzimba noma kunalokho ukukhubazeka onyaweni lwesobunxele ngenxa ye-osteoporosis. Ngaleso sizathu wayehlale ehamba esekelwe ngezinduku, engomunye woFaro abancane bohlanga lwakhe.
Unyaka we-1922 unyaka obalulekile ngosizo lomlingiswa ovelele owamaka umlando wamanje we-Tutankhamun ngenxa yokutholakala kwethuna lakhe elicishe liphelele. U-Howard Carter uyingxenye yezincwadi ezinkulu zomlando wendawo yonke ngokufeza lo msebenzi awuphathisiwe ngu-Lord Carnarvon.
Into ngayinye etholakala ethuneni lakhe ineminyaka engaba ngu-5000 ubudala. Imaski yakhe njengamanje ibekwe kuMnyuziyamu waseGibhithe eCairo, ivusa isasasa lazo zonke izibukeli zokubuka lo mbukiso.
Ngenxa yalokhu kutholakala, abaningi ababehlanganyele kulo mcimbi bafa ngenxa yezimo ezingajwayelekile. Kumakholwa e-karma, bahlobanisa ukufa nesiqalekiso sikaFaro ngokungcolisa ithuna lakhe ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
Ingxenye yazo zonke izesekeli ezihlobene ne-Tutankhamun ziye zahamba kude nasemhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokuthi uFaro onomlando omude, ngisho nalabo abangazi ngezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe (ingxenye enkulu eyenziwe ngokhuni lwe-polychrome) bancoma ukuba khona kwengubo ngayinye ehlobene nalo mlingiswa.
I-Egypt yanikeza igunya lokudalula konke ukubonakaliswa okuhlobene neTutankhamun. I-Louvre Museum iyindawo yokuqala yokwazisa kakhulu zonke izitsha ezafika nazo zivela kuFaro.
Kusukela ngo-1979 kuya ku-2005 akukho mibukiso emisha eyenziwa kwingqalasizinda enjalo. Isici esiqiniseke kakhulu izigidi zezivakashi ezethulwa yiMnyuziyamu eminyakeni yokuqala yombukiso.
Lesi sifihla-buso sikaFaro siye sazungeza umhlaba wonke lapho siveza igolide elakhiwe ngesiliva, namatshe ayigugu.
Lalisethuneni lesithathu lombusi. Kuyingxenye yefa elingokomlando kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseGibhithe ezituswa yiwo wonke umuntu. Uyazi ukuthi uthuthuke kanjani Umlando Wezobuciko kuze kube manje? Ungayeki ukuyithola.