Umqondo Womlando Wezobuciko kanye nencazelo yawo

Funda nathi ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo konke okuhlobene Umlando wobuciko okuzokuvumela ukuthi wazi kancane mayelana nokuvela kobuciko emisebenzini ehlukahlukene eyenziwa abantu ngenhloso yobuhle noma yokuxhumana. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!

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Umayelana nani umlando wobuciko?

Kufanele wazi ekuqaleni ukuthi umlando wobuciko uyisiyalo esiphethe ukufundwa kobuciko kanye nokuvela kwabo emlandweni wonke wesintu njengoba siwazi.

Okunye okumele ukunanzelele ukuthi umlando wezobuciko awusiwo ophethe ukufundwa kwazo zonke imikhakha yezobuciko kodwa ugcizelela ubuciko obusezingeni eliphezulu obufana nokudweba, ukuqopha, ukuklama izakhiwo, imibhalo kanye nokudansa, okwaziwa nangetemu lobuciko. Ubuciko.

Ngakho-ke, imvelaphi yobuciko ayiqinisekile, kodwa ngokusho kophenyo olwenziwe, kuthiwa umlando wobuciko uqala e-Chauvet Cave.

Kukule ndawo lapho umdwebo omdala womhume oye wabonwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi ufakazelwe, ngokusho kwezifundo eziye zenziwa, kusukela eminyakeni engu-30.000 edlule.

Ngokulandelayo, izazi-mlando, ukuze zichaze umlando wobuciko, zinqume ukuhlukanisa ngezikhathi futhi lokhu kuhlukaniswa ngesitayela, namuhla lokhu kwaziwa njengezikole zobuciko noma imisinga yobuciko.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ngenxa yalokhu, ubuciko bomhume obuqala umlando wobuciko futhi ngokusho kwempucuko ebilokhu ithuthuka ngaphambi kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma, okwenzeka ngokwezifundo ezenziwa ngonyaka wama-476 ngaphambi kukaKristu.

Phakathi kwalezo zimpucuko ozobe uzwile emlandweni wobuciko mayelana neGibhithe, i-India, i-Armenia, i-China, i-Ancient Greece neRoma phakathi kwabanye, ngakho ungangabazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo lapho sizofunda khona lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo ndawonye.

Esikhathini sokuqala, sikumema ukuthi ufunde mayelana nesiteji se-prehistory kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwayo ngokomlando wobuciko ukuze uqonde ukuthi abantu benza kanjani izimpawu zabo ngokolwazi lwabo:

Umlando wobuciko kanye ne-prehistory

Njengoba wazi kahle, i-prehistory ihambisana nobuciko owenziwe ngumuntu kusukela ku-primitive, lesi sigaba sihlanganiswe ne-Stone Age, yona eyakhiwe nge-Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic ne-Neolithic.

Khona-ke izolandelwa yi-Metal Age njengoba sizobe imininingwane kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo emlandweni wobuciko, ngakho ungangabazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda ngalesi sihloko.

Ngokubonakaliswa kobuciko kwe-Homo Sapiens lokhu kubonakala ngokutholwa okuye kwaboniswa kusukela eminyakeni engu-25.000 kuya kweziyi-8.000 ngaphambi kukaKristu.

Kungalesi sikhathi lapho isintu siphila khona ngokuzingela, ukudoba nokuqoqa ukudla kanye nokuhlala ngaphakathi kwemigede.

I-Paleolithic

Njengoba lezi izindawo lapho imidwebo yemigede ibonwa khona futhi ivela lapho umuntu eyi-homo Neanderthalensis, isukela eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu edlule ngokusho kwezifundo eziye zenziwa ezingafakazela lokho imigede yaseMaltravieso eyikho. njengasedolobheni laseCaceres.

Njengoba nje umlando wobuciko ubonwa emhumeni wase-Ardales osedolobheni laseMalaga kanye nasePasiega edolobheni laseCantabria.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi okutholakele okuyinhloko okuhlobene nalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo kungokwe-Upper Paleolithic futhi kuyizimpawu ze-Homo Sapiens eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngaphambi kukaKristu.

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Ukuba ngokophenyo intuthuko enkulu kakhulu itholakala enkathini yaseMagdalenian cishe eminyakeni eyi-15.000 kuya kweziyi-8.000 ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi izinto zokuqala ezadalwa umuntu zibonakala eningizimu ye-Afrika eNtshonalanga yeMedithera, kanye naseYurophu. .

Ngokufanayo, eChibini iBaikal eSiberia, ngaphezu kweNdiya ne-Australia, kubonakala emlandweni wobuciko, izinsimbi ezenziwe ngamatshe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yitshe noma i-obsidian, nazo zenziwe ngamathambo nokhuni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bawafaka umbala besebenzisa upende, imibala elandelayo ibomvu ngokusekelwe ku-iron oxide, emnyama isebenzisa i-manganese oxide kanye nombala we-ocher usebenzisa ubumba.

Ngakho-ke, umlando wobuciko uqala ngalesi sikhathi ngokudweba emigedeni futhi utholwe esifundeni saseFranco-Cantabrian lapho ungabona khona imidwebo ehlobene nemilingo nenkolo ngendlela yemvelo usebenzisa izindonga zemigede ukumela izilwane .

Phakathi kwemigede egqamayo emlandweni wobuciko ohlobene nemidwebo yemigede kukhona imigede kaTito Bustillo, Altamira, Chauvet, Trois Frères kanye neLascaux.

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Ngokufanayo, izithombe eziqoshiwe ezifana neVenus zingabonwa kule nkathi, eyaziwa kahle, uzobe ubonile izithombe zayo ezincwadini nakumavidiyo, njengophawu lwesifazane lokuhlonipha inzalo, iVenus of Willendorf nayo imele lesi sikhathi. .

Indoda yaseBrno, i-Lady of Brassempouy, kanye ne-Mammoth yaseVogelherd, nabo baziwa kakhulu. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kuqala khona ukubonakaliswa kokuqala okuhlobene nokudansa nomculo.

Ngakho-ke, umuntu wasendulo waqaphela ukuvumelana okuthile ezwini lakhe siqu okwadlulisela imizwelo ejabulisayo kubantu futhi wavumela umlando wobuciko ukuba wenziwe kule misindo ayeyikhipha futhi ayihlukanise.

Njengoba umculo uyindlela yokudlulisela ngomzimba, uxhumana ngenhloso yokukwazi ukuveza imizwa kanye nokuhlanganyela amasiko afana nemishado, ukuzalwa noma imingcwabo.

Kusukela emlandweni wobuciko, umuntu wakudala usebenzisa amagobolondo, amathambo, iziqu, umhlanga namatshe ukwenza umculo ngokushaya kwenhliziyo enikeza ukuvumelana okuthile kumdanso noma umdanso.

I-Neolithic

Manje, le nkathi yenzeka kusukela ngonyaka wezi-8.000 ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi ubufakazi buboniswa emlandweni wobuciko eMpumalanga Eseduze ngenxa yekhwalithi yayo yokuzulazula iguqulwa ibe umuntu ohlezi.

Ukufunda ukulima umhlabathi ukuze kuzuze yena ngaphezu kokufuya izilwane ezithile ezazimnikeza ukudla nezingubo njengezinkomo nenkolo.

Umdwebo owaziwa ngokuthi i-Levanten uyabonakala emlandweni wezobuciko futhi ungowenkathi ye-Mesolithic ne-Neolithic lapho izibalo zabantu ezenziwe ngendlela yohlelo zibonwa.

Lapha ingabonakala ezindaweni ezifana ne-El Cogul, iValltorta, iMinada kanye ne-Alpera futhi zibonakala nakwezinye izindawo eNyakatho Afrika, ikakhulukazi eSahara kanye ne-Atlas, njengalapho namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi yiZimbabwe.

Kusobala emlandweni wezobuciko ukuthi lolu hlobo lomdwebo lunekhwalithi yokuthi luyi-schematic, ngakho-ke imigqa eyisisekelo ibonakala emele indoda njengesiphambano futhi owesifazane njengonxantathu.

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Ngaphezu kwalokho, eMelika, lolu hlobo lokudweba luyabonakala nasedolobheni lase-Argentina eMfuleni iPinturas emhumeni owaziwa ngokuthi iCueva de las Manos.

I-Cardial Ceramics ehlotshiswe ngombono wamagobolondo ibonakala lapha emlandweni wobuciko ngisho nobuciko bendwangu bufakazelwa futhi izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-amber, idwala elifana ne-quartz nejaspi, ngaphezu kwengilazi, faka.

Njengoba sasishilo kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo, umuntu wayeseqala ukunganyakazi futhi kunobufakazi bezinto ezitholwe eTell as-Sultan eseJeriko kanye nasezweni lase-Iraq eJarmo nasezweni elaziwa ngokuthi i-Anatolia edolobheni lase- I-Catalhövük.

Ubudala bezinsimbi

Ukuqeda inkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Prehistory sizokhuluma ngeNkathi yezinsimbi emlandweni wobuciko lapho usizo lwezinye izakhi ngabantu lwenziwa, njengethusi, ithusi.

Ngaphandle kwensimbi, ebonwa ku-Chalcolithic, i-Megalithic yenziwa lapho izikhumbuzo zomngcwabo zenziwa khona ukuvalelisa kubathandekayo, i-dolmen iqashelwa ngaphezu kwe-menhir.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Singakhohlwa i-English cromlech enemininingwane e-Stonehenge. Esizweni saseSpain, isiko elaziwa ngokuthi amaMillares lingafakazelwa, lapho ikhwalithi iyi-ceramic emise okwensimbi futhi izibalo ezimele abantu zinikezwa ngamehlo amakhulu.

Edolobheni laseMalta, ngokomlando wobuciko, kunobufakazi bezindawo ezingcwele eziningi eMudajdra, Tarxien naseGgantija, kanye naseziqhingini zaseBalearic, lapho isiko le-megalithic elinezikhumbuzo eziningi libonakala futhi.

Enye yazo i-naveta, okuyithuna elinesimo sepyramidal esinqanyuliwe lapho ungathola khona igumbi lokungcwaba lisesimweni eside, ngaphezu kwe-taula, okungamatshe amabili amakhulu abekwe abheke phezulu, bese kuba amadwala amabili avundlile.

Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa i-talabot, engumbhoshongo ngaphakathi, kunekamelo elinomugqa ofana ne-dome yamanga. I-Iron Age igqamile emlandweni wezobuciko, okufakazelwa emasikweni ase-Hallstatt esizweni sase-Australia esihambisana nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C., kanye neLa Tené eSwitzerland ngekhulu le-V BC. kwe C

Ngokwalokho okubhekwa njengekhwalithi yalesi sikhathi i-necropolis engamathuna efreyimu lapho igumbi lokungcwaba lenziwe ngokhuni njengokungathi yindlu futhi baze babeka inqola namasondo ayo amane.

Ngokuphathelene ne-ceramics yalesi sikhathi emlandweni wezobuciko, kubonakala ukuthi i-polychrome, izethulo zejometri zibhekwa ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ezisebenza njengomhlobiso owenziwe ngokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi.

Mayelana nedolobha laseTène, lakhula phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu, lapho lahlangana khona nesiko lamaCeltic. Ngenxa yabo, izinto ezenziwe ngensimbi ziyabonakala, njengemikhonto, izihlangu, imicu kanye nezinkemba ezakhiwe ngokuvumelana nokuguquguquka kwesiko.

Kulezo zindawo phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka I, II kanye no-III kodwa kamuva bathola amathonya avela kwamanye amasiko afana ne-Etruscan Greek kanye nobuciko bamathafa.

Umlando wobuciko ezikhathini zasendulo

Lapha ungakwazi ukubuka izinto zokuqala zobuciko emlandweni wobuciko kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kokubhala futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwempucuko enkulu ikakhulukazi e-Near East kubonakala khona.

Phakathi kwabo, iMesophothamiya neGibhithe, kodwa kufanele futhi sicabangele ukubonakaliswa kwezobuciko kwamanye amazwekazi, njengoba ukuhlaliswa kwamadolobha amakhulu kubonakala emlandweni.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye amadolobha ahlukaniswa imifula emikhulu eyaziwa kakhulu emlandweni wendawo yonke, njengeNayile, iTigris, i-Ewufrathe, i-Indus kanye nomfula ophuzi, okubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wobuciko.

Njengoba kuyintuthuko enkulu yalesi sikhathi ukubhala okwakwenziwa ekuqaleni ukuze kugcinwe amarekhodi ezomnotho nokuthengiswa kwezentengiselwano, ngakho eyokuqala yalawa marekhodi asuka embhalweni we-cuneiform edolobheni laseMesophothamiya ngonyaka wama-3500 BC. kwe C

Lo mbhalo wenziwa yilesi siko ezibhebheni ezenziwe ngobumba futhi wawuqukethe idatha ye-pictographic kanye ne-ideographic kwase kuthi elinye isiko elaziwa ngokuthi amaSumerians laliphethe ukwenza isijobelelo se-syllabic esizovumela iphonology kanye ne-syntax yolimi lwesiSumer.

I-Egypt nayo yaba nengxenye yayo emlandweni wobuciko ngokuthuthukiswa kokubhala kwe-hieroglyphic futhi kufakazelwa yi-Narmer Palette ngo-3.100 BC. kwe C

Isiko lesiHeberu nalo langenelela ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu zamagama ezakhiwe ngonyaka we-1.800 BC. ka-C., okwaziwa ngokuthi i-abbad kanye nophawu oluvezwayo kufonimu ngayinye luvela kulolu limi olukhipha izinhlamvu zamagama ezimbili ezaziwa kakhulu njengesiGreki nesiLatini.

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Mesopotamia

Ihambisana nalokho okwaziwa namuhla ngokuthi iSyria ne-Iraq kusukela ngekhulu lesine BC. kaC. lapha ukungenela kwamasiko amaningana okukhona kuwo amaSumeri, ama-Amorrita, ama-Akkadian, amaKhaledi nama-Asiriya.

Lapha ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kufakazelwa njengengxenye yomlando wobuciko, ukusetshenziswa kwezitini kusetshenziswa ngaphezu kokudalwa kwesistimu eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-lintels.

Ngaphezu kokuqaliswa kwezakhi ezivumele ukwakhiwa okufana ne-arch ngaphezu kwe-vault. Ukuze wenze ama-ziggurats, okuyizindawo ezingcwele ezinkulu ezinomumo we-pyramidal ngokusho kwezinsalela ezitholakele.

Ngakho umlando wezobuciko ufakazela amathuna enziwa emhubheni onekamelo elizungezwe udonga olukhohlisayo futhi abonwa edolobheni lase-Uri.

Baphinde bagqama ekunakekelweni kwezigodlo ezinodonga olukhulu ngendlela yamasimu anezingadi ezinkulu, esinye sezibonelo ezinkulu iziNgadi ZaseBabiloni, esingesinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa eziyingxenye Yomhlaba Wasendulo.

Enye yezimfanelo zomlando wobuciko kulesi sikhathi kufakazelwa emifanekisweni eqoshiwe noma ewusizo lapho ungabona khona izigcawu zemvelo yenkolo, ukulwa kwezempi noma ukuzingela lapho abantu, izilwane noma izidalwa zezinganekwane zingamelwa.

Kulokho okuhambisana nenkathi yamaSumeri, izifanekiso ezincane ezazivame kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zazo zibonwa emlandweni wobuciko, ngaphezu kokuqaliswa kwetshe elinemibala noma unamathisele umklamo wamehlo angenazo izinwele nezandla zawo abekwe. ekuphakameni kwesifuba.

Ngenkathi besesikweni lama-Akkadian bagqoka izinwele ngaphezu kwentshebe eningi ezithombeni zesilisa, esinye sezethulo zabo ezibaluleke kakhulu yiNaram-Sin.

Ngokuqondene nesiteji se-morrita, izimpawu ezizungezile inkosi yaseGudea de Lagash zibhekwa lapho egqoke khona isigqoko ngaphezu kwesembatho futhi ngokuphathelene nezandla ezibekwe esifubeni sakhe ngokubusa kweBabiloni, kungashiwo isikhumbuzo sikaHammurabi.

Enye yezithombe eziqoshiwe yi-Asiriya lapho izibalo ze-anthropomorphic zichazwe khona lapho kufanekiselwa khona izinkunzi noma izihlakaniphi ezinamaphiko, ezingabonakala eminyango yezigodlo futhi okufanayo emifanekisweni lapho kukhona izigcawu zokuzingela noma ukulwa kwezempi, isibonelo esicacile se i-Obelisk emnyama yaseShalmaneser III.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Imininingwane ecacile yomlando wobuciko iwukuthi ngokusungulwa kokubhala, izincwadi zivela njengendlela yokuveza ubuciko bobuciko bomuntu futhi ezincwadini zamaSumeri inkondlo ebizwa ngokuthi uGilgamesh yangekhulu le-XNUMX BC igqamile. kwe C

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo eminingana yenziwa cishe izinganekwane ezingamashumi amathathu mayelana nonkulunkulu baseSumer kanye nempucuko yama-Akkadian, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi Ukwehla kuka-Inanna esihogweni kanye nezinye izinganekwane ezihlobene nonkulunkulu u-Enki noTamuzi.

Enye inkondlo egqamayo yaziwa ngesihloko esithi Imisebenzi kaNinurta lapho izenzo zokuziphatha nezokufundisa zichazwe ngokuphathelene nesiko lama-Akkadian, i-Atrahasis ehlobene nozamcolo iba yinto efanele futhi emasikweni aseBabiloni inkondlo ethi Enúma Elish ehlobene nokudala umhlaba uyanaka..

Umculo uyingxenye yomlando wobuciko futhi kulesi sifunda phakathi kwenkulungwane yesine neyesithathu BC ngokusebenzisa amasiko ezindaweni ezingcwele zaseSumeri lapho izingoma ezaziwa ngokuthi amahubo noma amahubo ezihlotshaniswa negama elithi ersemma eliqondiswe konkulunkulu.kulawa masiko.

Ngakho-ke, amaculo okukhulekela ayeculwa lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-responsories, okuyiculo lapho abapristi nekhwaya beshintshana khona, kanye nama-antiphone, okuyiculo eliculwa amakhwaya amabili.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi eziningi ezifana ne-tigi noma umtshingo, i-balag, okuyisigubhu, iminduze, uhlobo lwama-archaic lwe-kettledrum, i-algar, okwakuwuhlobo lwehabhu, i-zagsal, okuyihabhu, futhi ekugcineni ithamborini eyaziwa ngokuthi i-adapa.

I-Egypt

Ingenye yezimpucuko ezinkulu ezabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu emlandweni wezobuciko ngemikhiqizo yazo eyinkimbinkimbi eyenziwe ngabadwebi bayo.

Kwakuhlobene nemfihlakalo nenkolo, okwakungokomfanekiso kuphela futhi incazelo yezombangazwe yanqoba ngombuso kaFaro owayengafi futhi ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa imisebenzi yobukhosi obukhulu, okubhekwa ukuthi yenziwe kusukela ngonyaka. 3.000 BC.

Kubalulekile ukugcizelela emlandweni wobuciko ukuthi ithonya laseGibhithe lafinyelela esikhathini sikaCharlemagne livumela ukubusa kwayo kwezobuciko beCoptic neByzantine. Ngokuqondene nesakhiwo, itshe lalisetshenziswa emabhuloki amakhulu futhi ukwakhiwa kwakusetshenziswa ngendlela ye-lintel kanye namakholomu amakhulu.

Emdwebeni waseGibhithe, imisebenzi yomngcwabo ebabazekayo iyagqama, lapho kubhekwa khona lokhu okulandelayo: I-Mastaba, okuyithuna elingunxande, bese kuba namaPyramid, anyathelwe phansi kanye negama lawo elithi Saggarah, izakhiwo ezishelelayo ezaziwa ngokuthi iGizeh. futhi zigqame.

Ngaphezu kweHypogea, okungamathuna ambiwe phansi noma ezindongeni eduze kwamagquma anjengeSigodi Samakhosi.

Esinye sezakhiwo ezinkulu ezibonakala empucukweni yaseGibhithe futhi eziyingxenye yomlando wobuciko yizindawo ezingcwele ezinikezelwe konkulunkulu bakhona abaningi ezandulelwa ama-sphinxes amakhulu kanye nama-obelisk amabili.

Ekungeneni kukhona izindonga ezimbili ze-trapezoidal kanye ne-patio engenalo uphahla futhi ilandelwa yikamelo elibizwa ngokuthi i-hypostyle lapho kukhona inani elikhulu lamakholomu anophahla oluyisicaba futhi ekugcineni indawo engcwele enikezelwe konkulunkulu.

Isiko laseGibhithe liqokomisa onkulunkulu abambalwa abanjengoKarnak, u-Edfu kanye noLuxor, ngamunye wabo wayenendawo yakhe engcwele, kwakukhona namanye amathempeli omngcwabo aziwa ngegama elithi speos, okungamakhaya omngcwabo angaphansi komhlaba emigedeni.

Ibizwa nge-hypogeum eyimibukiso engaphansi komhlaba futhi igqamisa u-Abu Simbel okuyindawo yemivubukulo eNubia eningizimu yeGibhithe kanye neDeir el-Bahari okusho ukuthi indawo yezindela yasenyakatho futhi kuneqoqo lezindawo ezingcwele namathuna omngcwabo osebeni olusentshonalanga ye Umfula iNayile.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Umlando wobuciko uboniswa ngokudweba nokuqopha lapho kukhona imifanekiso engokomfanekiso lapho ukuqina nokuklama kubonakala emisebenzini yabo. Ngomfanekiso oqoshiwe, ukumelelwa koFaro nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene kwaqala kusukela ebukhosini bokuqala bale mpucuko.

Ukuphakama okukhulu kwempucuko yaseGibhithe mayelana nezithombe eziqoshiwe kugqanyiswa ebukhosini be-IV lapho izithombe ezinhle eziqedwe kahle ngokupholishwa kwazo kubonakala futhi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyi-granite ngaphezu kwe-diorite.

Umthetho we-frontality njenge-hieraticism uyabonakala emlandweni wobuciko balesi siko, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezibalo zejometri ezaziyizimpawu ezimele ukuphila ngemva kokufa.

Okunye okuqokonyiswa kule mpucuko eminye imifanekiso emincane eyenziwe ngomhlaba obhakiwe noma ngokhuni eyaveza iqiniso elikhudlwana ezicini zayo ngokuphathelene nezithombe eziqoshiwe zomngcwabo.

Zazifanekisela izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke zalowo mzuzu womlando, zaziwa ngegama elithi ushabti futhi zafakwa ngaphakathi kwemigede yomngcwabo, ezibaluleke kakhulu zaziqoshwe nge-lapis lazuli.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ngokuqondene nokudweba emlandweni wobuciko empucukweni yaseGibhithe, inekhwalithi yokumelela izibalo ezihlanganisiwe ezindizeni ezibekwe phezulu.

Lezi zithombe ezimelelwe ezindongeni zibekwe ngokwezikhundla kusukela ufaro wayemkhulu maqondana nabalandeli bakhe noma izitha ezaziseduze kwakhe.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi lezi zithombe zadwetshwa futhi zabekwa kuphrofayili kodwa amahlombe namehlo abalingiswa abekwe ngaphambili.

Kule mpucuko, ukwakhiwa kwekhabhinethi nokwakhiwa kwegolide kwavela, bagqama efenisha eyenziwe ngokhuni olubizwa ngokuthi umsedari, okugqame kakhulu kwe-ebony nophondo lwendlovu eyabekwa emathuneni kaYuya naseTuyu.

Ukuthi ezinye izingcezu ezivelele zingabonakala eMnyuziyamu waseCairo zingezethuna likaFaro Tutan Khamen.Kubalulekile futhi ukugqamisa izincwadi emlandweni wobuciko balesi siko.

Hhayi-ke, babengamavulandlela ekwenzeni ifomethi yemibhalo esaziyo njengamanje ukuthi iyincwadi futhi abaseGibhithe babenomthwalo wemfanelo ngokudalwa kwayo.

Phakathi kwezindaba noma izinganekwane ezinhle kakhulu ekaSinuhé owayeyinceku ka-Osiris I futhi le nganekwane isuka maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu. Ube eseqokomisa omunye umsebenzi wobuciko owaziwa ngokuthi yincwadi yabafileyo obhalwe kuyi-Papyrus of Ani futhi ohambelana nekhulu leshumi nantathu BC. kwe C

Umculo ubalulekile futhi kulesi siko laseGibhithe emlandweni wezobuciko, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wenkolo, futhi isenzo sezwi sinemininingwane, ngakho minyaka yonke babegubha imikhosi lapho lezi zingoma zimelwe khona, zaziyingxenye yenkolo yamaJuda neyobuKristu.

Bagqamisa ngokwesiko labo ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezifana ne-sistrum, okwakuyinsimbi endala kakhulu efana nesicathulo sehhashi esasiwelwa ngezinye izinti futhi kuzo kwakunamapuleti ensimbi okwakuthi uma enyakaziswa kuzwakale umsindo womculo.

Ezinye izinsimbi kwakuyisigubhu esasingumanduleli wethamborini, umtshingo owawufana nehabhu, umtshingo owaziwa ngegama elithi seba, icilongo igama elithi sneb.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ngaphandle kwe-clarinet eyayaziwa ngegama elithi met, baze bakha isitho se-hydraulic futhi ethuneni likaTutankhamun kwatholakala amacilongo amabili esiliva.

América

Ngokumangazayo, ezwekazini laseMelika, ukuguquka kwezakhamuzi okwathi, ngokuba yizihambi, zahlala phansi futhi zaqala ukulima umhlabathi, umkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu ummbila, wenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo cishe ngenkulungwane yesikhombisa BC. kwe C

Izimpucuko zokuqala zadalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme zesizwe esizazi namuhla njengeMexico, kulesi sifunda kwathuthukiswa isigaba sabapristi esibaluleke kakhulu, babenolwazi oluhle kakhulu lwezibalo nezinkanyezi.

Ukuqala kwayo emlandweni wobuciko kuboniswa ngonyaka we-1300 BC edolobheni laseXochipala, okwamanje elaziwa ngokuthi iSifundazwe saseGuerrero.

Kule ndawo, kwabonakala imifanekiso eqoshiwe eyenziwe ngobumba eyayibonisa ubuhlakani obukhulu ekuklanyweni kwayo. Mayelana nempucuko, eyokuqala kwakuyi-Olmec, eyayisendaweni yezwe namuhla ehambisana nezifunda zaseMexico okuthiwa iVeracruz neTabasco.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ukuba enye yezimfanelo zayo eziqoshiwe zamatshe lapho imvelo enkulu ibonakala khona njengoba kufakazelwa omunye wabo owaziwa ngegama likaLuchador elatholakala edolobheni laseSanta María Uxpanapa, ezinye zezithombe zayo eziqoshiwe ezingavamile ziyizinhloko ze-monolithic ezilinganisa cishe i-3,5. XNUMX amamitha ukuphakama.

Kulokho okufanelana namaZapotec ahlala edolobheni lase-Oaxaca, idolobha lamathempeli eliyingxenye yomlando wezobuciko elise-Monte Albán futhi engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-America yaqokomisa amanye amasiko aziwa ngokuthi amaHohokam. , Anasazi kanye namaMogollon .

Ngokuphathelene nesizwe sasePeruvia, amathempeli amakhulu noma izindawo ezingcwele zibonwa ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwezitsha zobumba ngenkulungwane yesithathu BC. C. Ihambisana ne-Sechín Alto kanye ne-Kuntur Wasi futhi enye evelele kakhulu kulesi sikhathi yi-Chavín de Huántar ngonyaka ka-900 BC.

Kuyindlu engcwele enkulu eyakhiwe ngezigaba futhi ukwakheka kwalesi sakhiwo senkolo kusesimweni sika-U, esinesikwele esinamathayela okusiza lapho kungabonakala khona ama-jaguar amahle nezinye izilwane ezivela ezinganekwaneni zale mpucuko.

Indawo engcwele yakhiwe kusukela ezitezi ezintathu lapho ungabona khona amagalari kanye ne-monolith ephakathi nendawo eyenziwe ngegwala elimhlophe elinobude obungamamitha angu-4,5.

Ngokunjalo, ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekwalukeni kuyabonwa, kuba ngeyokuqala emhlabeni, njengoba cishe imibala engamakhulu amabili yaphothwa emshinini wokweluka futhi iziphuku zoboya zaseParacas zigqama, kuyinkampani enkulu yezindwangu.

Kuyadingeka futhi ukuqamba amanye amasiko esifundeni saseMelika, njengeMoche kanye neNazca, lapho kubonwa khona ama-Nazca geoglyphs okungenzeka ukuthi uwabonile kumavidiyo nasezithombeni.

Endaweni yase-Amazon, isiko elaziwa ngokuthi i-Barrancoide liyagqama, elethula i-ceramics ngemiklamo ecijile, kanye nesiko laseSan Agustín, lapho kungabonakala inani elikhulu lezithombe eziqoshiwe ze-monolithic zesifunda saseColombia.

Afrika

Kumelwe ucabangele isici sezenkolo esimangalisayo esidlula umlando wobuciko obuhlobene ne-Afrika ngenxa yemikhuba ehlukahlukene kanye nemikhosi ebonisa inani elikhulu lonkulunkulu ngaphandle kwenjongo yobuhle kodwa inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yokuhlobisa liyabonwa.

Ukuze kufezeke izithombe zabo eziqoshiwe basebenzisa izinkuni, izinyo lendlovu namatshe ukuze kufezeke imaski ye-anthropomorphic lapho ikhwalithi inhloko enkulu esekelwe emzimbeni oqondile futhi izitho zifushane.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ezinye izihloko ezihlobene nomlando wobuciko ubucwebe, izitsha zobumba nezindwangu ngisho nezinye izinto ezenziwe nge-metallurgy njengoba insimbi yaziwa kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC.

Esinye sezithombe eziqoshiwe ezaziwa kakhulu zalesi siko yiNok ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC. C. kwakusendaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi iNigeria lapho kwatholakala khona izithombe eziqoshiwe ezenziwe nge-terracotta.

Ukubonisa izibalo zomuntu kwabaningi babo, kubhekwa ikhanda kuphela, njengasezilwaneni ezinjengezinyoka, izinkawu nezindlovu, ngakho-ke umuzwa wemvelo uyabonakala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa izithombe eziqoshiwe ezinezinwele zazo nezici zazo, okuhlanganisa imigexo namasongo, kuyilapho eSudan, lapho kubonakala khona amanye amasiko okuthiwa uKerma noMeroe, aveza izithombe eziqoshiwe ezinkulu ezenziwe ngobumba njengekhwalithi, ngaphezu kwezitsha zazo zobumba kanye izikhali ababezisebenzisa.

Mayelana ne-Ethiopia, elinye lamadolobha adonsela ukunaka emlandweni wezobuciko i-Aksum, eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba walo ekhulwini lesine, ibonisa umbhalo ngolimi olwaziwa ngokuthi ge'es nohlelo lwezimali, eqokomisa insika yensika ye-monolithic. ezimele indawo yokungcwaba amamitha angamashumi amabili ukuphakama.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Asia kanye Art

Leli zwekazi elikhulu lingafakazelwa ngamasiko amakhulu athuthukile futhi ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo sizosichaza kabanzi ukuze ukwazi ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokuziphendukela kwayo kulesi sikhathi emlandweni wobuciko.

India

Kuleli siko umkhakha wenkolo ubusa futhi uye wavumela umsuka wezinkolo ezihlukahlukene ezaziwa namuhla njengobuHindu, ubuSulumane, ubuBuddha, nobuKristu. Enye yezimfanelo zayo ukuhlanganiswa kwemvelo emlandweni wobuciko njengengxenye yokujwayela endaweni yonke.

Izakhi zemvelo kuleli siko ziwukusekelwa okuyisisekelo, njengemifula, izintaba, izihlahla zingcwele kule mpucuko.

Iqala ngesiko lama-Indus, impucuko yokuqala eyakhula ngekhulu lama-1920 nele-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu ngokuvubukula okwenziwa abavubukuli kusukela ngonyaka we-XNUMX.

Bese kulandela isikhathi samaVeda phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC, kanye nesiko langaphambi kukaKarian elihambisana nekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX BC. C. lapho abantu base-Aryan bangena khona emasikweni enkolo alesi siko lase-Asia.

Kuphawulwe emlandweni wobuciko ukuthi ubuBuddha nobuJain baqala ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu, ngaphezu kwethonya lamaPheresiya, futhi kwakungu-Alexander Omkhulu owavumela ukuxhumana phakathi kobuciko bamaGreki baseGreece ngezindlela zamaGreco-Buddhist ezitholakala izindawo ze-Archaeological.

Kubalulekile ukuthi sikhulume ngozalo lwaseMaurya lwemfundiso yamaBuddha lapho isitini sithatha indawo yetshe, njengoba kwenzeka ngesigodlo sika-A'soka esise-Pātaliputra futhi sigqamisa izigcawu zempilo kaBuddha emlandweni wobuciko eStüpa of Sänchi.

Mayelana nobuciko beGandhära, ingxubevange yamaGreco-Buddhist ibonakala ezithombeni zikaBuddha, ishintsha i-stupa phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu.

Kulandelwa ubuciko bukaMathurä, lapho kuxutshwa khona amasiko amaGreki namaRoma, kodwa kunezethulo ezimbalwa ezingatholakala ngenxa yokuhlasela kwamaSulumane.

Izincwadi ezithuthukiswe kulesi siko kusukela ngonyaka wezi-25.000 BC futhi ukubhalwa kwazo kuyiSanskrit, ngamagama okuqala aziwa ngokuthi amaVeda futhi abhekisela eqinisweni njengoba kubhekiselwa kuwo emlandweni wobuciko. Izindikimba ezifana nenkolo nezimpi zivuswa esimweni somlingo.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Baphinde basebenzisa incwadi engcwele kuleli siko elivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini ngaphezu kokucula, umculo nokulingisa okuhlobene nezinganekwane ezibhekisela konkulunkulu. Mayelana nomculo wale mpucuko, ukhombisa inhloso ehlukene ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezizwe ezitholakala kuleli.

China

Ngokuqondene nesizwe saseShayina, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaso mayelana nomlando wezobuciko kuye kwafana kakhulu ngokusho kwamakhosi ayebusa ngezikhathi ezahlukene.

Ngokufanayo, umthwalo ongokwenkolo ubonakala ezimfundisweni zobuBuddha, ubuTao nobuConfucian, ngaphezu kwesithakazelo ebuhlotsheni nemvelo.

Okwabonwa ku-calligraphy yakhe, i-ceramics, usilika kanye ne-porcelain kanye nezakhiwo zakhe, izithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nokudweba njengefilosofi yokuphila. Ubukhosi bakwaShang obenzeka phakathi kweminyaka ye-1600 kuya ku-1046 ngaphambi kukaKristu bubonwa okokuqala.

Kuyabonakala kule nkathi emlandweni wobuciko izitsha zayo nemifanekiso eyenziwe ngethusi lapho izibalo ze-anthropomorphic ziboniswa khona ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwe-jade nezinyo lendlovu ezikhungweni zokungcwaba eziye zatholakala ezikhungweni zemivubukulo.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ngokuqondene noBukhosi bukaZhou obaqala ngonyaka we-1045 kuya kowama-256 ngaphambi kukaKristu, kubhekwa isitayela sezibalo ezibhalwe ngesitayela futhi sinamandla njengoba sibonwa kule nkathi yomlando wobuciko.

Ngaphezu kokungena kobuTao nobuConfucian okwathonya imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ehlobene nobuciko, ukugqamisa umsebenzi nge-jade kanye nomhlobiso wokusiza kanye nokubukeka kwe-lacquer ngezinjongo zobuhle.

Olunye ubukhosi yi-Oin phakathi kuka-221 no-206 BC ngalesi sikhathi i-China yayihlangene futhi lokho okwaziyo ngokuthi i-Great Wall yakhiwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe, ingamakhilomitha angu-2400 ubude futhi inobude obungamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye ngaphezu kwemibhoshongo yonogada ekalayo. amamitha ayishumi nambili ukuphakama.

Ngalesi sikhathi, ibutho le-terracotta elitholakala e-Mausoleum yaseQin Shi Huang libaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wobuciko, owenziwe ngesilinganiso semvelo kanye namahhashi nezinqola lapho kufakazelwa khona imvelo enkulu ngaphezu kwe-physiognomy enhle kakhulu. nokunaka imininingwane.

Kukhona futhi uBukhosi bakwaHan ngeminyaka yama-206 kuya ku-220 ngemva kukaKristu, okwakuyisikhathi lapho kwakubusa ukuthula nokuchuma kulesi sizwe.

Inkolo yamaBuddha yethulwa kancane kancane kodwa ikhuphuka kakhulu, yakha inqwaba yezindlu zokungcwaba lapho kungabonakala khona izibalo zezinganekwane zezilwane ezinamaphiko njengamangwe, amabhubesi namahhashi.

Maqondana nokudweba kulesi sikhathi somlando wobuciko, kuyabonwa intshisekelo enkantolo yombuso, okuhlanganisa izikhulu nezicukuthwane, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa indlela yokusiza ezindaweni ezingcwele nasemakamelweni ukuze kunikelwe ngezici zeConfucianism ngendlela elula futhi eqondile.

Esinye sezinkathi yiZizukulwane Eziyisithupha ezihambisana neminyaka engama-220 kuya kwengama-618 ngemva kukaKristu lapho ubuBuddha babugcwele khona kanye nezindawo ezingcwele ezinkulu ezinezithombe ezibaziwe zikaBuddha ezinkulu zenziwa futhi noSilk Road wathonywa yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iNtshonalanga.

Ukudweba emlandweni wobuciko kubonakala ukwakhiwa kwezimiso eziyisithupha ezishiwo ngu-Xie He ezathuthukiswa ngekhulu lesithupha futhi i-calligraphy yaqalwa ngendlela yobuciko ngokusebenzisa isibalo senganekwane sika-Wang Xianzhi.

Ngokuqondene nezincwadi kule mpucuko, zathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa izihlokwana zezenkolo kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC futhi zaziwa ngokuthi Ama-Five Classics emlandweni wobuciko.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Kukhona nomculo onekhwalithi ye-pentatonic kusukela amanothi omculo amahlanu asetshenzisiwe, ngokungafani neNtshonalanga lapho kusetshenziswa amanothi omculo ayisikhombisa.

Ngokuphathelene nenkathi yangaphambi kokuzalwa kombuso, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene kuyaphawulwa, njenge-ch'ing, okwakuyitshe elinomsindo, umtshingo, okwakuthi hsüan, isigubhu esinegama elithi ku, ngaphezu kwensimbi enensimbi. igama lika chun..

Japan

Leli siko liphinde lathonywa ezinye izimpucuko njengoba zigqanyiswa emlandweni wezobuciko, ikakhulukazi iShayina neKorea. Ingxenye enkulu yobuciko babo iqokomisa isici esingokwenkolo sobuShinto esakhiwa ekhulwini lokuqala nesahlala sikhona kulesi sizwe.

I-Jömon Period ibonwa kulesi sizwe phakathi kweminyaka engu-5000 kuya kwengama-200 ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi ibonwa kusukela ku-Mesolithic ngaphezu kwe-Neolithic, amathuluzi enziwa ngamathambo namatshe aphucuziwe kanye nezitsha zobumba lapho kubonwa khona izibalo ze-anthropomorphic.

Lesi sizwe sahlala sisodwa kuleli zwekazi, ngakho-ke imikhiqizo yaso ingeyaso kodwa ayibalulekile kangako. Kufanele wazi mayelana ne-ceramics yalesi sikhathi, yiyona endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni, yenziwa ngesandla futhi izimbobo noma okuvelayo kwabonwa ngezintambo.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Bese kulandela inkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Yavoi phakathi kuka-200 B.C. kusukela kuKristu kuya ku-200 emva kukaKristu lapho impucuko yezwekazi yangena esizweni sesiqhingi ngobudlelwane obenzeka neShayina neKorea.

Ngakho-ke, yayisetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa amathuna amakhulu lapho ikhamera ibonakala khona futhi isiphithiphithi sihlotshiswe ngamasilinda asekelwe ku-terracotta.

Enye yezinkathi kwakuyi-Kofun phakathi kweminyaka engama-200 kuya kwengama-600 ngemva kukaKristu futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho amathuna ababusi base-Oun kusukela eminyakeni engu-200 kuya ku-310 kanye namaNintoku phakathi kweminyaka engu-310 kuya ku-399 agqama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kobucwebe, izikhali, izitsha zobumba kanye nezibalo ze-terracotta ezaziwa ngokuthi i-haniwa ziyavela. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izimpawu zokuqala zokudweba emathuneni aseKyüshü zibonwa emlandweni wobuciko kanye nalokho okuhambisana nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX emva kukaKristu.

Ukungcwatshwa kwasebukhosini kwe-Otsuka kufakazelwa futhi i-Isa shrine igqamile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Mayelana nezincwadi, kuthonywa isiko lamaShayina ngenxa yokuqala yokwamukelwa kokubhala kwesiShayina.

Ku-Kojiki, okuyindaba yezinto zasendulo mayelana nomculo kule mpucuko, ukubonakaliswa kwayo kokuqala kutholakala ku-honkyoku, okuyizinto ezivamile zekhulu le-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu.

Ngokufanayo, izingoma zomdabu ziyabhekwa futhi ngokwezici zenkolo, i- kagura iyatholakala futhi ihlobene nenganekwane ebhekisela ku-Amaterasu, owayengunkulunkulukazi welanga, naphakathi kwezinsimbi zomculo, i-oboe, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-hichiriki, kanye. njengezigubhu ezibizwa ngokuthi o-kakki no-o-daiko.

Oceania

Maqondana nalobu buciko, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo eziqhingini eziningi ezithatha ingxenye yePacific Ocean, phakathi kwazo i-Australia igqama ngaphezu kweNew Zealand ngaphandle kokukhohlwa iziqhingi ezifana nePolynesia, Melanesia neMicronesia.

Isiko elaziwa ngokuthi iLapita ligqama phakathi kweminyaka ye-1500 kuya ku-500 BC, bangabase-New Caledonia futhi bangabonakala naseNew Guinea naseSolomon Islands, eTonga, eFivi naseSamosa engaseWestern Polynesia.

Ikhwalithi yayo enkulu kakhulu i-ceramics ehlotshiswe ngama-toothed motifs enziwe ngama-combs noma ama-spikes, kanye nezinto ezenziwe nge-obsidian namagobolondo. Ngokuphathelene ne-Australia, imidwebo yomhume iyabonakala, ewuhlelo futhi ekhombisa ukwenziwa lula kwejiyomethri.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

ubuciko be-classical

Maqondana nobuciko be-classical, ihlobene neGrisi neRoma lasendulo, isekelwe emlandweni wobuciko ngokusebenzisa imvelo kanye nomuntu njengezwe elivumelanayo nelinokulinganisela kanye nokucabangela kobunjwa kanye namavolumu futhi sizokuchaza kabanzi lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.

Greece

Ngokuphathelene nalesi sifunda, inkathi ye-classical ihambisana ne-V kanye ne-VI emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu, eyaziwa ngokuthi ikhulu leminyaka likaPericles, futhi ukwakheka kobuhlakani kuyabonwa.

Lapho okwakudala kwamaGreki njengemfundo enkulu ehlobene ne-humanism futhi yayicebile ngamasiko, umnotho kanye nepolitiki yenza ubukhazikhazi obukhulu benhloko-dolobha yayo i-Athens.

Hhayi-ke, lo sombusazwe omkhulu uyena owayephethe ukuyisa iGrisi esikhathini sayo esihle ngokwesiko njengoba kubonakala emlandweni wezobuciko nasemkhakheni wezombangazwe futhi ngenxa yalesi siko imvelaphi yempucuko yethu yamanje.

Ubukhazikhazi obukhulu buyabonakala emlandweni wezobuciko emikhakheni eyahlukene efana nezincwadi lapho kugqama khona uSophocles, Aeschylus kanye no-Euripides. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPhidias wagqama kwezobuciko bepulasitiki neParthenon.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ngakho ithonya layo liyabhekwa ukuze kufundwe amandla amakhulu okukhuluma kuSocrates owayenguthisha kaPlato kamuva owaba uthisha kaSocrates lapho umcabango wezwe laseNtshonalanga wawubhekwa khona.

Esinye sezisekelo eziqinile zaseGreece kwaba ukuqala komlando njengoba benomthwalo wemfanelo wokubhala nokulandisa ngezenzo zomlando zikaHerodotus owayengumfundi kaSocrates.

Mayelana nezakhiwo njengengxenye yomlando wobuciko, kuhloswe ngazo ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli nokwakhiwa kwemvelo yomphakathi, njengoba kwenzeka ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zamaGreki, ebaluleke kunazo zonke i-Epidaurus.

Ngokuqondene nesiteji esaziwa ngokuthi iDoric, ukumelela kwaso okukhulu kunakho konke ithempeli elenziwe kuhlonishwa unkulunkulu u-Athena Parthenos enhloko-dolobha yase-Athene lapho umfanekiso oqoshiwe wenziwe nguPhidias ngokwakhe ngegolide nezinyo lendlovu.

Ubani futhi ophethe ukuthosa ezinye izithombe ezimelela ukuzalwa kuka-Athena kanye nokulwa kwama-centaurs. Ngokuqondene nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi isitayela se-Ionic, sibonwa ethempelini lika-Arthemisi e-Efesu.

Imelela esinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba okusekhona amanxiwa athile ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ithempeli lika-Athena edolobheni lase-Athene.

Ngokuphathelene nesitayela saseKorinte, kulapho kubhekwa khona ukusetshenziswa kwamakholomu aqoshiwe ahlotshiswe ngamaqabunga e-acanthus, isibonelo salokhu iLantern of Lisícrates eyasungulwa ngonyaka wama-335 ngaphambi kukaKristu, yilesi sitayela esizosetshenziswa kamuva isiko Roman.

Ngomfanekiso wamaGreki waziwa ngesiko lamaRoma ngoba eziningi zalezi zithombe zalahleka umbono wobuKristu ngenhloso yokucindezela ubuqaba.

I-Naturalism ifakazelwa ngobuciko bamaGreki ukuyiyisa esiqongweni sayo sezombangazwe futhi ivumela ukuphelela ekuguquleni inkathi yamaGreki, ibe uphawu lokulinganiswa kwezwe laseNtshonalanga. Ngokwesiko lamaGreki, umuntu uyisizinda sakho konke, ngakho idolobha kufanele libe phakathi kwabantu abazohlala lapho.

isiko lamaRoma

Yathola ithonya elikhulu kwezobuciko bamaGreki ngenxa yokwanda koMbuso WaseRoma, yafinyelela ezifundeni eziningi zezwekazi laseYurophu kanye naseNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Eseduze.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Mayelana nokwakhiwa kobuciko bamaRoma, ngokomlando wobuciko, kwakungohlobo lwe-utilitarian, ngakho-ke babengonjiniyela abahle kakhulu mayelana nezakhiwo emkhakheni womphakathi, njengokwakhiwa kwamabhuloho, imisele yamanzi ukuze ikwazi ukuthutha. isici saManzi esibaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini.

Baphinde bakha izindawo ezingcwele, izigodlo, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ama-amphitheatre, amasekisi, amakhothamo okunqoba kanye namabhati abangezelele ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamaGreki ukusetshenziswa kwama-vaults nama-arches kanye nama-masonry, i-ashlar masonry nezitini.

Phakathi kwezincwadi zakhe ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu iColosseum, iPantheon of Agrippa, imisele yaseSegovia, izindawo zokugeza zaseCaracalla, umbhoshongo waseHercules, phakathi kwezinye.

Ngokuqondene nomdwebo ophathelene nesiko lamaRoma ngokomlando wobuciko wawungumuntu ongaphezu komuntu, bengenandaba nokukhombisa amaphutha noma amaphutha isiko lamaGreki elifihlekile.

Isithombe singafakazelwa njengohlobo oludume kakhulu embusweni waseRoma olwabonisa ukwethembeka okuthile phakathi kwesithombe nomuntu owayedwetshwe ngobuchule be-chiaroscuro.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi bagqama emidwebeni yakhe futhi okubaluleke kakhulu yizithombe ezenziwe ngababusi besikhathi ngokwezinguqulo ezintathu, eyokuqala yazo i-togata esicini sikaPatrick.

I-Thoracata njengombusi ibonakala njengendoda enkulu yezempi kanye ne-strategist kanye ne-Apotheosis njengoba idonswa njengonkulunkulu lapho ukukhululeka emisebenzini yakhe kwakubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zombili izingqikithi zezenkolo nezomlando futhi phakathi kwazo kukhona Ikholomu kaTrajan, u-Ara Pacis. ka-Augustus kanye neKhothamo likaThithu.

Ngokuqondene nokudweba, ngokokutholwe kwemivubukulo, izitayela ezine zibonwa ePompeii, esinye sazo siwukunamathisela lapho kwenziwa khona okuthile okufana netshe lemabula.

Esinye isitayela sibizwa ngokuthi i-Architectural, lapho ukufaniswa kwezakhiwo zenziwa khona, bese kufika isitayela sokuhlobisa, lapho izakhiwo ezikhohlisayo kakhulu zafakazelwa lapho kwasetshenziswa khona amagoda ezimbali kanye nezinkomishi.

Ekugcineni, i-Fantastic, eyayiyingxube yezitayela ezimbili zangaphambilini, izindawo ezingaqondakali zenziwa ngezivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zezakhiwo kanye nezici zezinganekwane.

Esikweni lamaRoma, i-mosaic yayibaluleke kakhulu kusetshenziswa izibalo zejometri futhi ibonakala emhlatshelweni we-Iphigenia e-Ampurias, ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi zamaRoma nazo zathonywa isiko lamaGreki.

Kuyo bathatha ubuciko kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo, ukuqanjwa kwabo kuyisitayela futhi kusuka kuyo kwehla isiko lobuKristu kanye nalolo oluzobonwa ngesiko lasendulo njengoba isiLatini siwulimi oluzokhulunywa ezindaweni eziningi eYurophu. izwekazi. Bagqame kakhulu ezinkondlweni, kwiphrozi, ekukhulumeni nasekubhaleni umlando.

Nokho, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaRoma nayo yathonywa ubuciko bamaGreki, nakuba ekuqaleni yavela emibukisweni yase-Etruscan lapho ubuciko bemvelo babuxubene nomculo nomdanso.

Bese besebenzisa ukuphimisela kanye nokulingisa okwenza ukuhlekisa ngokomculo, okufanayo kwasetshenziswa esontweni lamaKristu lokuqala.

ubuciko benkathi ephakathi

Ngokuqondene nomlando wobuciko kulesi sikhathi, ungokwenkolo kuphela futhi ifa lawo livela emasikweni aseRoma, ngakho-ke lijoyina inkolo yobuKristu ngendlela yayo yakudala ngokwemibandela yamaRomanesque neGothic, kufanele wazi ukuthi banikezwa kamuva. futhi azizange zisetshenziswe ngalesi sikhathi.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Ihambisana nenkathi kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX ngemva kukaKristu, ngokusho kwezazi, ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezimbili zamaRomanesque, ezaqala eNtshonalanga Yurophu, enye yezimfanelo zayo isitayela sasemaphandleni, futhi yenziwa amaKristu okuqala eRoma.

Ngokuqondene namaGothic adabuka emadolobheni futhi igama lawo lihambisana nezinga lawo lakudala kuzo zombili lezi zikhathi ithonya lenkolo libonakala kulokho okuhambisana nomkhandi wegolide, izithombe eziqoshiwe, umdwebo, ama-mosaics, izakhiwo zezakhiwo futhi ikakhulukazi ama-frescoes.

Ukunotha okukhulu komlando wobuciko kubonakala ezindaweni ezingcwele ezehlukene ezazakhiwe kulesi sikhathi lapho ukubonakaliswa kobuciko kwakuwuhlobo lomxhumanisi phakathi kwabantu nezwe likamoya, okwenziwa ngalo iminikelo okholweni lobuKristu.

Ngokwe-Romanesque Period, kubhekwa ngokocwaningo ukuthi inani labantu, ikakhulukazi abaseYurophu, banda kanjani futhi isonto lifinyelela umvuthwandaba walo njengokuphela kwesikhungo esihleliwe.

Ngakho-ke, ngokwezikhundla, bandisa ukwanda kokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zenkolo njengoba bandisa inani lamakholwa ngaphezu kokuguqula izindela ezikhona.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Esikhathini samaGothic, kubonwa ithonya lezimpi zokholo ezenziwa amaKristu lapho ebhekene namaSulumane namaSaracens ngenhloso yokwandisa ukholo lobuKristu, ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli amakhulu amathathu emlandweni wobuciko njengesonto le-abbey. ibonwa nguSaint Dionysius ngu-Abbot Suger.

Ukuklanywa kweCathhedral of Notre Dame eParis kanye neCathedral of Chartres, ngakho ukwakhiwa kwale nkathi kwakubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kungabonakala kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo.

Esikhathini sokuqala, ukwakheka kweRomanesque kubonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezingcwele, izindlu zezindela, amasonto amakhulu kakhulu azohlala isikhathi eside, enye yezimfanelo zawo kwakuyizindonga zawo ezinkulu futhi izinqaba zawo zaziwa ngokuthi Izinqaba ZikaNkulunkulu.

Ukuze ubenze bagqame kakhulu, ama-vaults nama-semicircles asetshenziswa ngaphezu kokuhlobisa ngamatshe nemibhoshongo yaze yasetshenziswa ngaphezu kwezindonga zezilinganiso ezinkulu ezazinokuvulwa okuncane.

Ngokuphathelene nezithombe eziqoshiwe zangalenkathi, limelelwe eBhayibhelini, njengoba iningi lezakhamuzi zangaleso sikhathi lalingakwazi ukufunda nokubhala futhi ukubhekisela kweBhayibheli Letshe kwasetshenziswa ukuze kunyatheliswe izenzakalo ezaziboniswe eBhayibhelini. ngezithombe ezenziwe zaba ezibaziweyo.

Ngakho izibalo zilahlekelwa ubunjalo bazo njengoba ngokwendawo lapho ezazizobekwa khona zazizinde noma zibe zincane ngakho ihhashi lalingaba lincane kunomuntu futhi ngenxa yalokhu kwaba khona ukuntula iqiniso ngezibalo okufanele ziqoshwe ngaphezu kokubuka. ukulinganisa nokuqina emisebenzini yakhe.

Umdwebo we-Romanesque unethonya laseByzantium ngokomlando wobuciko kusukela uKristu ebekwe endaweni eyinhloko yesonto noma indawo engcwele futhi kubhekwa ukuthi umdwebo one-contour of silhouettes ubusa kanjani ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwemibala ngaphandle kokuxuba endizeni. .

Akukho ukujula emidwebeni yalesi sikhathi, ngaphezu kokungabi nevolumu, isihloko sezenkolo siwumthombo oyinhloko wokuphefumulelwa, okubonisa ukuvezwa okukhulu ezithombeni ezinkulu.

Ngokuphathelene nokwakhiwa kwesitayela seGothic, kwakuyizakhiwo ezinde kakhulu ezinencazelo engokomfanekiso futhi isibonelo esihle kakhulu salokhu ama-cathedrals, okwakufanele bawasebenzise, ​​ngokomlando wobuciko, ama-vaults lapho ama-arches amabili awela khona, i-arch. izinqe ezicijile nezindizayo.

Ngaphezu kokukhululwa kwezindonga ukubeka amafasitela ezingilazi ezinemibala endaweni yawo, ukwandisa ukukhanya ngaphandle kokukhohlwa izithombe eziqoshiwe ezihlaba umxhwele lapho kubonakala khona ukuthi amaqiniso akhona emisebenzini yakhe.

Abangcwele, izingelosi kanye nezibalo zeBhayibheli zibonisa imvelo enkulu ngemabula, itshe, ukhuni nophondo lwendlovu, okubonisa ubukhosi obukhulu emisebenzini yabo eqoshiwe noma eqoshiwe.

Amafasitela ezingilazi ezinemibala agqamile kule nkathi, kanye nemidwebo eqoshiwe namaphaneli ayebonisa lokho okwenzeka encwadini engcwele, njengoba inkolo kaNkulunkulu yayiwubuhle obuyinhloko bomdwebo wamaGoth.

Enye yezimfanelo zalesi sikhathi ukufuna iqiniso ngokusebenzisa izinkulumo zemizwelo futhi inombolo enkulu yemibala isetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukukhanya okwengeziwe endabeni yengilazi enemibala.

Ukuthanda ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwemvelo ngokusebenzisa amakristalu agcwele izithombe ezinhle ezisekelwe eBhayibhelini.

Nokho, kokubili okuqoshiwe kwe-Gothic kanye nomdwebo kubonisa imvelo ngemininingwane, okuvumela iqiniso elikhudlwana ukuthi libonwe ngenxa yendlela yokwenza ukuthungatha.

Art of the Modern Age

Ngokomlando wezobuciko, iNkathi Yesimanje ihambisana nenkathi ehambisana nokuphela kweNkathi Ephakathi lapho kuvela khona izinguquko, kuhlanganise nezombangazwe nezomnotho, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ngemva kukaKristu.

Kuyisikhashana emlandweni wobuciko lapho uguquko lwefilosofi lubonwa khona kanye nezombusazwe ezizalwa ngobuciko be-Baroque kanye ne-Renaissance.

Kuyaqashelwa kulesi sikhathi ukuqinisekiswa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokubaluleka komuntu kuvezwa ngokuvelele kumaciko alesi sikhathi, hhayi njengobuciko benkathi ephakathi obabuphila ngokungaziwa ngokuphelele.

Kule nkathi, ngokomlando wobuciko, kufunwa ukubuyisela ubuhle mayelana ne-Renaissance kanye ne-Baroque, imvelo izofunwa emisebenzini yayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ku-Modern Age symmetry ifunwa ekuqanjweni okumele kwenziwe, njengoba izilinganiso ziyinqaba ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi sikhathi sesikhathi.

Nakuba kuqashelwa ukuthi amathempeli enkolo asaqhubeka nokwakhiwa, awasenayo izilinganiso ezazibonakala ngeNkathi Ephakathi futhi kwaqala ukwakhiwa izakhiwo ezihloselwe umphakathi njengezigodlo, izibhedlela ngisho namahholo amadolobha.

Lapha kuyaqashelwa kulesi sikhathi somlando wobuciko ukuthi umklamo okufanele wenziwe uyazi futhi ukuze bawenze kufanele basebenzise iphrojekthi ngenhloso yokukwazi ukumela ngezithombe iqiniso abafuna ukulithwebula ngombono. .

Ngemuva kweRenaissance lapho kwakungenzeka khona ukubuyisela izindinganiso zakudala ngekhulu leshumi nane, kwadlula amakhulu amabili eminyaka futhi ekhulwini leshumi nesithupha indlela yokuziphatha ibonakala njengomkhiqizo wokukhathala kwezinhlobo zakudala phakathi kwabaculi, lapho lo mbono uguqulwa khona unikeza ushintsho. komunye umkhuba emlandweni wobuciko owaziwa ngokuthi i-Baroque.

Unjalo umzwelo wale modeli yobuciko entsha iFrance iguqula lobu buciko bube obusha obubizwa nge-Rococo bese kuthi ngekhulu le-XNUMX babuyele ezindleleni ze-neo-Gothic ezingaseyona ingxenye yeNkathi Yesimanje.

Isikhathi seNkathi Yesimanje emlandweni wezobuciko sihlanganisa kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu kuya ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho amanani omuntu wesimanje akhiwa khona.

Iqala ngezinto ezitholakele ngakho-ke kwadingeka kwenziwe indawo yokuhlala maqondana nobudlelwano bomnotho womhlaba lapho ukulawulwa kwatholwa yimpucuko yaseNtshonalanga.

Ngakho-ke, kufanele kube nokulandisa okungokomlando ekuqaleni futhi kuhloswe ukususa inkolelo-ze yenkolo yenkolo emcabangweni ophusile womuntu.

Lapha kulesi sikhathi somlando wezobuciko kubhekwa ukuthi umuntu uyisizinda sakho konke futhi uguquko lwezimboni luvela phakathi nekhulu le-1789 kanye nenguquko yaseFrance ngo-XNUMX lapho kubonwa indawo lapho kugcizelelwa khona umdwebo. .njengomnyakazo omusha womcabango.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqubulo soguquko lwesiFulentshi sagcizelela ukumenyezelwa kwamalungelo omuntu, okwathi ngenxa yawo kwabonwa uguquko embonweni wezombangazwe kuze kube yileso sikhathi, isiqubulo sesiFulentshi silandelayo:

“…ukulingana, ubuzalwane kanye nenkululeko…”

Ngenxa yabo, amanani aguqulwa eNkathini Yesimanje ngomqondo wegama elithi inqubekelaphambili, okuholele ekutheni izakhamizi zithole isayensi, ubuchwepheshe ezingeni lezimboni, zibe nomthelela esicini sezomnotho.

UMLANDO WOBUCIKO

Emkhakheni wesayensi

Ngokuphathelene nomkhakha wesayensi, ukutholakala kokukwazi ukwambula izimfihlakalo zemvelo ngaphezu kokukwazi ukungenelela kanye nokuzuza eminye imiphumela ngokuvumelana nesithakazelo somuntu kubonakala kulesi sikhathi.

Phakathi kwazo, ukuzungeza kweplanethi enguMhlaba kubonakala ngokukhuthala okukhulu ngenxa yenkolelo-mbono ye-heliocentric kaCopernicus kanye nencazelo yokuzungeza kwe-elliptical yamanye amaplanethi ngokusho kukaKepler, phakathi kweminye imininingwane yesayensi.

Kwaba kanjalo-ke ukumangala kwakhe ngenguquko yesayensi eyaphumela ekushushisweni kwesonto kwalabo ababebhekwa njengabahlubuki ngenxa yokungaqondi izinguquko ezintsha ezivela ezweni elimangalisayo lesayensi.

Ngokombono wepolitiki

Ngenxa yenkathi yeNkathi Yesimanje emlandweni, ubuciko baba nomthelela embonweni wezepolitiki, njengoba amakhosi anegunya kanye nalawo ephalamende kanye nalawo alalela izikhulu futhi aguqulelwa kwenye indlela entsha ngokwezenzo zomlando ababhekane nazo. lawo mazwe.

Yebo, amamodeli afana ne-absolutism adalwa, amanye afana ne-despotism ekhanyisiwe kanye nama-republic ngokwenkathi yeNkathi Yesimanje kuze kufike umqondo we-National State, lapho kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla omphakathi ngaphakathi kwawo.

Mayelana nesimo somnotho

KuseNkathini Yesimanjemanje lapho ukuguqulwa kwesikimu se-feudal esasifana neNkathi Ephakathi kubonakala ngomlando wezobuciko, siguqulela ekuzalweni koBourgeoisie. Kanye ne-pro-capitalism, i-mercantilism kanye ne-capitalism sibonga inkathi yezimboni.

Ngakho-ke eNkathini Yesimanje kubonwa ngomlando wobuciko ukuthi umdwebi ungungqondongqondo futhi akayena umdwebi obangela i-neoclassicism ne-romanticism ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ifilosofi efana ne-rationalism lapho u-Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza.

Khona-ke i-empiricism iyabonakala lapho abameleli bayo abakhulu kunguHume noBerkeley, ngaphezu kokukhanyiselwa, uVoltaire, uRousseau, uDiderot kanye nokugxeka kukaKant.

Ubuciko besimanje

Ihambisana nesethi yezinkulumo zobuciko kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX kuya kwekhulu le-XNUMX kanye negama elihambisana nesikhathi somlando elihambisana nabaphila ngaleso sikhathi, isibonelo uLeonardo Da Vinci wayephila ngesikhathi salabo ababephila ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Ngakho-ke, enye yezindlela okufanele isetshenziswe ukuze ikwazi ukusebenzisa igama elithi contemporary ivela ku-French Revolution eyaqala ngo-1789 futhi yaphela ngo-1799. Ngakho-ke, i-Contemporary Art iqala nge-romanticism lapho inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, imizwa kanye nokuzithoba.

Itemu elithi ubuciko besimanje libonisa ukuthi lihlanganisa okungaphezu kwalokho esikwazi njengesikhathi futhi lihlukana nobunye bobuciko obaziwa ngaphambilini emlandweni wobuciko ngenxa yomlando nenhlalo yomphakathi lapho iciko lisebenza khona.

Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ohulumeni be-absolutist beqedwa khona futhi nohulumeni wentando yeningi bamukelwe.

Mayelana nezakhiwo, kule nkathi yomlando wobuciko, izakhiwo ezintsha zasemadolobheni zathuthukiswa lapho kwakhiwa khona ukuthuthwa kwendle kanye nokuphila okunethezekile kwabantu, kanye nokudalwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuhamba kanye nokuvulwa kwezindawo eziluhlaza ukuze abantu baphile. amanani isikhala samahhala.

Romanticism

Kwakuwukuvuselelwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomlando wezobuciko, njengoba ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kwakunikelwe ezintweni ezingokomoya, imvelo, kanye nemicabango, okwakubaluleke kakhulu isiko elidumile. Manje ulwazi lwabantu luba lubaluleke kakhulu ngaphezu kwemidwebo ye-landscape kanye nezinkuni.

Emdwebeni, kwasetshenziswa izithombe ezikhuluma ngenkululeko eqondisa abantu, okwamanje eziseMnyuziyamu waseLouvre, futhi ngokuya ngezithombe eziqoshiwe, kuyabonakala ukuthi amafomu e-neoclassical asuselwa ku-romanticism aqala ukuvela kulesi sikhathi.

Maqondana nezincwadi, wasungula ukuthi ubuciko buvela kumuntu ohlakaniphe ngaphezu kwakho konke futhi aveze imizwa yakhe ngokubhala lapho uthando nedrama kugcwele khona njengasemidlalweni nasemculweni wangaleso sikhathi futhi yathuthukisa i-opera ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukubhekana Namaqiniso

Ubuciko buvuswa ngokubheka iqiniso lomuntu ompofu lapho ebhekene nenkathi yezimboni.Lesi sikhathi siwukulahla umphakathi, njengoba kubonakala emlandweni wobuciko.Isibonelo salokhu i-Angelus, okuwumdwebo okwamanje eMusée d'Orsay edolobheni laseParis.

Izithombe eziqoshiwe nazo zibonakala ngabasebenzi nabalimi, ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo yabancishiwe iyagqanyiswa futhi ezincwadini isuka ezweni elicatshangelwayo le-romanticism ukuze igcizelele iqiniso elinemininingwane ngokuqina okukhulu.

Indlela le mnyakazo eyamelelwa ngayo bekuyinoveli ebhaliwe lapho izehlakalo zilandiswa ngokombono weqiniso labalingiswa.

Mayelana neshashalazi, kungalesi sikhathi ngenxa yokukhanya kukagesi ukuthi abalingisi baseshashalazini bakhanyiswa futhi izibukeli zishiywe ebumnyameni, njengoba kufakazelwa emlandweni wobuciko.

Mayelana nomculo, umlando wesizwe wesizwe ngasinye wabuyekezwa futhi wavela emazweni amaningi njengezikole zomphakathi ukuze abantu bathole imfundo.

Nge-ballet, kwakungenzeka ukuxoxela izibukeli indaba lapho kwasetshenziswa khona imidlalo efinyelela kwemihlanu ukuze isibukeli sijabulele umculo nomdanso wakudala, isibonelo sawo okwakuthi Sleeping Beauty ngo-1889.

Impressionism

Kwakungenye inhlangano emisha eyaphula uhlelo lwangaphambilini emlandweni wobuciko, yayiphefumulelwe ngokwemvelo futhi ibonakala emidwebeni ukusetshenziswa kwemibala ehlukahlukene lapho ukukhanya kugcizelelwa khona, imidwebo yokuqala ye-bohemian ibonakala.

Wasuka lapho waya ku-neo-impressionism lapho okugcizelelwa khona ku-optical phenomena.Enye yamasu alesi sikhathi emlandweni wezobuciko i-pointillism, i-divisionism eyaba nomthelela kamuva kwi-futurism yase-Italy.

Ngemva kwalokhu kunyakaza, i-post-impressionism iqala lapho bethola khona okusha mayelana namasu okuthuthukisa ukudweba lapho izigcawu zesekisi ne-cabaret zibonwa ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izibalo zejometri njengoba kwenzeka kuPaul Cezanne.

UVan Gogh owenza imidwebo ngedrama eqinile eyahlanekezela iqiniso. Mayelana nomculo, kuyabonwa ushintsho, njengoba kugqama ukuvumelana kunomculo.

Emidwebeni, umbala unqoba imigqa, ovumela umbukeli ukuthi akhe kabusha ukwakheka komculo ngokusebenzisa ukuvumelana kwemisindo.

Symbolism

Kungumlingani wemvelo futhi kugcizelelwa emhlabeni wamaphupho lapho umlingo nokwesaba kubonakala, kufinyelela ukuhlanekezela, ngakho ubuhle kulesi sitayela kuwumgomo omkhulu umdwebi afisa ukuwuthola futhi kuwukuphila kwakhe. yobuciko.

Izincwadi ezingokomfanekiso zazizungezwe i-aestheticism efuna intshisekelo kokubi nokumnyama njengezimo ezingavamile lapho umlingo omnyama ukhona.

Isimanjemanje

Esinye sezikole zakhona eziyinhloko sasiseCatalonia, sigqugquzelwe izimo zemvelo kodwa ezidabukisayo, saklanywa ngomklamo nemifanekiso, sasungulwa ngomklamo wephosta njengohlobo olusha lokudweba emlandweni wobuciko, okunikeza indawo yokukhangisa.

Ngakho-ke, yasungulwa ngokujwayelana nezingcweti ukuze kamuva zifunde ukwenza ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial, ibeka ekucabangeni kwabo ukuthi ubuciko kufanele bube bubuhle futhi busebenziseke kubantu.

Ngokuqondene nemibhalo, ulimi oluhle kakhulu lubonwa ngengcebo enkulu ngolimi oluhlelekile kanye nokuhlotshiswa ngezimpawu.

Isithombe

Kungekhulu le-XNUMX lapho kuvela khona ibhokisi lomlingo omnyama elivumela ukuthwebula izithombe nokuvela kwezithombe ezithi nhla kuleyo nkathi yomlando wobuciko njengokubonakaliswa kobuciko ngobuhlakani nobuchule bomdwebi ukuze bakhe isithombe esigcwele ukuqonda nokuklama. .

Ukuthwebula izithombe kwaduma futhi namuhla kuyinto yansuku zonke kubantu abaningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, izitudiyo zezithombe zadalwa lapho izithombe zenziwa khona, kwaphinde kwadalwa ama-photomechanics.

Ukushicilelwa okunezithombe kwaqala ukwenziwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthwebula kwezithombe kwadalwa futhi kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthwebula ngezithombe ukungqubuzana okunjengempi okufana neMpi YaseCrimea kanye neMpi Yombango YaseMelika ukuze kuthwetshulwe ngaleli thuluzi elisha lobuchwepheshe.

Ubuciko bekhulu lama-XNUMX

Mayelana nobuciko bamanje bekhulu lama-XNUMX, yakhelwe ukufuna izisusa ezintsha kumbukeli noma kumsebenzisi, ngakho-ke umdwebi usebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, kungaba zobuchwepheshe, i-elekthronikhi, indaba noma ukukhiqizwa kabusha endaweni ye-mechanics, imisebenzi yakhe, imisebenzi ingahlanganisa izitayela zobuciko.

Ngoba yini kulo mzuzu wekhulu lama-XNUMX ephula izindinganiso zendabuko, ukugxeka kanye nokuhlola kusetshenziswa emhlabeni wobuciko njengoba kuphawulwe emlandweni wobuciko.

Ukunyakaza kobuciko okuhlobene kakhulu kubonakala, njengeDadaism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Neoplasticism kanye ne-Surrealism.

Ngakho-ke, isiqalo salokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-postmodernity kuthathwa njengesiqalo, sikubeka phakathi kokuphela kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha noma ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II ngo-1945.

Ngakho esinye sezici zalesi sikhathi igagasi lesibili le-avant-garde ngokuphathelene nomlando wobuciko lapho ubuciko be-pop, ubuqiniso besibili baseFrance, ubuciko bomqondo, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa i-minimalism kanye ne-abstract expressionism.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hyperrealism, i-neo-configuration kanye nobuciko basezindaweni zasemadolobheni kugqama kulesi sikhathi, ichaza ukuthi iwukubonakaliswa komphakathi ngokuvumelana nokwazi kwamasiko lapha futhi manje ngokusho kwesithakazelo somuntu. Umcwaningi wezobuciko uJacob Burckhardt ucabanga ngomlando wezobuciko njengalokhu:

“…Njengesixhumanisi emlandweni wamasiko… ubuciko benkathi ngayinye buwukubonakaliswa okuphelele komoya lapho bukhiqizwa khona, hhayi okuhlukile enkolweni, kuhulumeni noma ezithakazelweni zemali…”

"...yonke into ithonya ukubonakaliswa kwayo, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nesibopho sokuziphendukela kwemvelo komlando..."

Ubuciko bekhulu lama-XNUMX bubonisa lokho umphakathi wamanje ozizwayo, yingakho kuhluke kakhulu ngokuvumelana nezithakazelo, izingxabano, amaqiniso ahlala umculi ngamunye, ephula ama-paradigms endabuko.

avant-garde

Lapha amathiyori esayensi, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezengqondo aqala ukugxila emhlabeni womlando wobuciko futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho izwekazi laseYurophu.

Amaciko ayo angakwazi ukwazi ubuciko bezizwe zezinye izimpucuko lapho athatha khona imibono emisha ukuze aveze imizwa yawo. Okwazuza inqwaba yokunyakaza eminyakeni yamuva kanye noguquko lwamaciko.

I-Fauvism

Kwakuyinhlangano yokuqala ye-avant-garde yekhulu lama-XNUMX, izama imibala ngokuzithoba emidwebeni eyenziwe lapho imele khona imvelo.

Ukuchazwa

Lokhu kunyakaza kwavela njengomlingani we-impressionism, enye yezimfanelo zayo ubuntu futhi enembile ngokusho kombono wangaphakathi womdwebi, okuyinkulumo ngokusho kombono weqiniso ngalokho okuboniswa emidwebeni. Isibonelo salokhu nguFrida Khalo.

I-Cubism

Kulo mnyakazo, ngokomlando wobuciko, iqiniso likhubazekile ngombono wendawo ongumkhiqizo wenkathi yeRenaissance kanye nesakhiwo sejometri sivela ukuze sibheke izinto ezimbalwa endizeni efanayo.

Ngalokhu kunyakaza kobuciko i-paradigm yalokho okubonwe ngaphambili iphukile, imibala evelele i-opaque futhi iyingxenye yohlu olubandayo, i-collage nayo yanezelwa, ummeleli wayo omkhulu kwakungu-Picasso.

Ikusasa

Le nhlangano ngokomlando wobuciko yazalelwa e-Italy futhi, ngokungafani nabanye, inikeza i-manifesto eyabhalwa nguFilippo Tommaso Marinetti, lapha amanani enqubekelaphambili nobuchwepheshe bamenyezelwa ngesenzo, yingakho kungumbono onengqondo. futhi lalibonisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwemikhakha eyahlukene.

Kukhona ezinye izici eziningi zomlando wobuciko ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, ngakho-ke ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda ukuze uthole mayelana nalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo esakhe ukunyakaza okuningi kobuciko.

Okuthrendayo kwakamuva kule nkathi yomlando wobuciko

Ngakho-ke lapha, ukudweba, ukubaza, kanye nezakhiwo kwengezwa kwezinye iziyalo, ezifana nobuchwepheshe obuvuna umlando wobuciko, njengevidiyo, imifanekiso, ikholaji, ukuthwebula izithombe zedijithali, phakathi kokunye, ukuzuza umbono ongabonakali wokuqukethwe.

Abamele lesi sikhathi esiguqukayo emlandweni wobuciko bahlanganisa uJeff Koons, Ai Weiwei, Yayoi Kusama, Yoko Ono, Damien Hirst, Dalí, Theaster Gates, Picasso, Andy Warhol, Van Gogh noMarcel Duchamp.

Abacwaningi abaningi baphawula ukuthi kusewubuciko, mhlawumbe akuyona into enhle kakhulu njengasezikhathini zangaphambilini, njengoba kuboniswe emlandweni wobuciko, ngoba ukubonakaliswa kobuciko kuyindlela yolimi lwendawo yonke, yingakho luguqulwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zobuciko. indoda.

Ubuciko obungabonakali okuthi ezikhathini eziningi bufinyelele emehlweni omsebenzisi futhi budide ezinye izinzwa, yingakho umdwebi ekhohlisa ngendlela yakhe entsha yokuguqula isici sokudweba.

Ubuciko bunjalo bumahhala futhi namuhla sibona inqwaba yemisebenzi ukuthi kunezinyuziyamu ezimbalwa zokuzigcina, nakuba kukhona abaculi abafuna ukusebenzisa izitayela zabo ezintsha, bathola ukuthi amathuba avaliwe.

Hhayi-ke, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuvumele ukwazi izinkulumo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezinjengesi-Afrika, isi-Asia ngokusebenzisa izilimi ezintsha ezikhombisa ukuhlangana okusha kanye nama-symbioses ezobuchwepheshe nezobuciko.

Lapho kuqashelwa khona inani elikhulu lemisebenzi kodwa ingenawo umyalelo njengoba kubonisiwe ezinye izinkathi zomlando wezobuciko, ngakho ubuhlakani bunyamalala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ekudalweni kwemisebenzi yobuciko kubonakala ngokusebenzisa amasu ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni ngisho nokuhlanganiswa kwemisinga yobuciko eyahlukahlukene ngaphambili eyayiyingqayizivele emlandweni wobuciko ngenhloso yokufuna ukuqala kulo mqondo omusha wobuciko. . .

Yebo, kwezobuciko bekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukuguqulwa komphakathi ngendlela yezinto ezibonakalayo kubonakala, ngakho-ke isithakazelo saso siwukudla, ngakho-ke umlando wobuciko ugxile ezinzwa, ekuboneni hhayi ekuhlakanipheni.

Konke kusatshalaliswa ngokuya ngalokho umphakathi okusebenzisayo ngesikhathi esithile, uzicacisa ngemodeli ezosetshenziswa. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana kokuxhumana ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, i-avant-garde ivela njengenhlangano evumela ukuthi ubuciko buhlanganiswe emphakathini wabathengi.

Ukuze kube nokusebenzelana phakathi kweciko nesibukeli okunguyena othi ngokubona kwakhe aqonde futhi ahumushe umsebenzi owenziwe.

Ukuthola incazelo okungenzeka ukuthi iciko eliyidalile angayazi, njengoba igcizelelwa kubuciko obusebenzayo njengoba ivumela isenzo ekudalweni kwayo njengoba inomsebenzi othile oyisibukeli.

Isiphetho

Njengoba ubona, inani elikhulu lokunyakaza kobuciko noma ukubonakaliswa okukhona namuhla kubanzi kakhulu ngenxa yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezobuciko ngokusebenzisa imidiya eminingi namuhla ekuvumela ukuthi ungagcini nje ngokubona kodwa ulalele futhi uhlanganyele nobuciko. .

Ukubonakaliswa okwenzekile kuningi, hhayi nje ekudwebeni kuphela kodwa nasezincwadini, emidlalweni nasemidansweni, ngaphezu kwenani elikhulu legolide nezitsha zobumba ezingatholakala, ngayinye inobuhle bayo obenza ihluke futhi ibe munye. .

Kusekhona ukunyakaza okusazotholwa kanye nempucuko ukuthi iqhubeke nokufunda ngokwezinkulungwane zezikhungo zemivubukulo ezisivumela ukuthi sifunde ngokhokho bethu nangendlela abaziveza ngayo ngomlando wobuciko.

Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa umculo, umdanso, ukuthwebula izithombe, i-cinema, amahlaya kanye nobuciko besikhathi esidlule obuhlobene nemfashini obushintshashintsha ukusuka lapho kufanele igama layo ngoba ngokwendikimba ethathwayo kuzoba nokuqhakaza lapho izokwehla iqale kwenye imfashini ukusetshenziswa komphakathi wanamuhla.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi obunye ubuciko besikhathi esidlule emlandweni wobuciko buhambisana neziqhumane kanye namakha, ukugunda izinwele, izinwele zezinwele kanye nesitsha esithile esingesohlobo oluthile lwe-gastronomy noma ubumnandi ukuze uvuse engqondweni yakho ezinye izinkumbulo ezihlobene nalokhu kunyakaza kobuciko be-ephemeral. .

Ngakho-ke uma nje umuntu esekhona, kuzobhekwa izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko ezizovumela isimanjemanje somphakathi ukuthi sibonakale ngomlando wobuciko ukuze uhlanganyele nale nqubo ngokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo:


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