Amaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye ne-Funerary Architecture

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokudalwa kwesintu, kuye kwaba nezimpucuko ezingenakubalwa ezibe nomthelela emasikweni omhlaba, umGibhithe ungomunye wabo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela Amaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye ne-Funerary Architecture. Hlala nathi futhi sonke sifunde ngakho ndawonye!

AMAPHIRAMIDI ASEGIBHAYITHE KANYE NENDAWO YOKUGCINA

Amaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye ne-Funerary Architecture

Ngokungangabazeki, impucuko yaseGibhithe yanikeza sonke isintu iminikelo engapheli ngokwesayensi namasiko, enye yalezi kwakuyizakhiwo. EGibhithe lasendulo, izakhiwo zazibonakala ngokusungula uhlelo lonke lokwakha ezakhiweni zalo eziyisikhumbuzo.

Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lama-ashlar aqoshwe emabhuloki amakhulu namakholomu aqinile. Ukuze kuqondwe ubukhulu bawo, izici ezithile zokwakheka kwemibono kufanele zicatshangelwe, njengamandla epolitiki agxile endaweni eyodwa kanye nesigaba saphezulu, kuhlanganiswe nomqondo wenkolo ogxilile wokungafi kukafaro kulokho okucatshangwa ukuthi "enye impilo". ".

Mayelana nezithiyo zobuchwepheshe, okungukuthi, ulwazi lwezibalo kanye nemishini, ngezinye izikhathi okuphazamisa kakhulu isikhathi, ukuba khona kwamaciko nezingcweti ezinokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlaba umxhwele kungashiwo, kanye nobuningi bamatshe aqoshiwe kalula.

Ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo eziyizifanekiselo ezinkulu zezakhiwo zaseGibhithe eziyisikhumbuzo, sithola imibhoshongo engavamile, amathempeli amahle kanye namathuna ahloniphekile, ubuhle bawo obahlukahlukene ngokusekelwe esigabeni somphakathi somuntu owayezongcwatshwa. Eqinisweni, amathuna amaningi oFaro babo akhiwe njengohlobo lwepiramidi.

Aziwa kakhulu kuthiwa avela kuFaro Seneferu, Cheops kanye noKhafre. Ngokuqondene nephiramidi yaseKhufu, ebizwa nangokuthi "I-Pyramid Enkulu YaseGiza", yaziwa njengeyodwa yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zeZwe Lasendulo ezisekhona. Lesi isibonelo esicacile sezinga lentuthuko efinyelelwe abaseGibhithe endaweni yesayensi esetshenziswayo.

AMAPHIRAMIDI ASEGIBHAYITHE KANYE NENDAWO YOKUGCINA

Ngendlela efanayo, izigodlo ezinkulu nazo zazakhiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe uFaro owayebusa, kuphela lokho kuphila kwasemhlabeni kwakubhekwa njengokungabalulekanga kangako uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okwenzeka ngemva kokufa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, itshe alizange lisetshenziswe njengento eyinhloko kulezi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, abazange babe nesiphetho esifanayo esihlala njalo.

Kodwa-ke, ukuze uqonde okwengeziwe ngamaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye nezakhiwo zomngcwabo, kuyadingeka ukuphenya ngobudlelwano abaseGibhithe ababenabo nokufa. Ngokwezinkolelo zabo, isidumbu sasibhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphila, ngakho kwakufanele silondolozwe ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuthi ukuphila komuntu oshonile kuphephile ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.

Kusuka lapho kuvuka isiko lokucwilisa izidumbu. Kodwa-ke, lezi kwakungezona izinqubo ezilula ekuqaleni, njengoba isitebele futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwakudingeka indawo ephephile, lapho umama wayengagcinwa khona. Uma kungenjalo, bekungeke kube nengqondo.

Yingakho izinhlaka zayo zemingcwabo zaba nenguquko eqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokwezinjongo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukwenza uhambo lomufi lube lula, ukubhekisela enganekwaneni ethile yenkolo nokuvimbela ukungena kwamasela, athola ingcebo yabafileyo ilinga ngempela. .oFaro

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi izakhiwo zaseGibhithe phakathi neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu ezinde zikhona zazineziqondiso eziqinile kakhulu, lokho akusho ukuthi ezinye izinguquko azizange zaziswa kuyo phakathi neminyaka. Ngakho-ke, singahlukanisa umlando wayo ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni zayo zokwakha.

AMAPHIRAMIDI ASEGIBHAYITHE KANYE NENDAWO YOKUGCINA

Kusukela kweyakudala kakhulu, i-mastaba, idlula edume kakhulu, iphiramidi, neyokugcina, i-hypogeum efihliwe. Okulandelayo, sizothuthukisa ngayinye nemisebenzi yayo emele kakhulu:

amastaba

Ekuqaleni, phakathi kwenkathi yangaphambi kwe-dynastic kanye ne-proto-dynastic (4000 BC - 3200 BC), amathuna abantu baseGibhithe ngokuyisisekelo ayeyimigodi elula emise okweqanda. Ngokuvamile, lezi zimbobo zazimbozwa ngesikhumba sesilwane futhi umufi ufakwa enkampanini ye-trousseau encane esakazwa phakathi kwezitsha ezahlukene.

Lapho yonke inqubo isiqediwe, umzimba wawumbozwe indunduma enkulu yesihlabathi, konke lokhu kubhekisela egqumeni lokuqala le-cosmogony yaseGibhithe. Kancane kancane*, lesi siduli sokungcwaba sathathelwa indawo izakhiwo zezitini eziqanjwe ngokuthi “Mastabas”, elisuselwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu, futhi incazelo yalo ngeSpanishi ithi ibhange.

Le modeli yethuna, endala kunazo zonke eGibhithe, ithathwa njengesibonelo sezakhiwo esixhunyaniswe ngokwethembeka nezicukuthwane zempucuko: oFaro, abapristi, izikhulu zombuso eziphakeme, njll. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, lapho kungcwatshwa uFaro Menes Wobukhosi Bokuqala, ithuna lakhe lasabela kulo mfanekiso.

Izibonelo zokuqala zazakhiwe ngezitini ze-adobe eluhlaza kanye notshani, kodwa ngokushesha zakhiwe ngokuphelele ngamatshe. Ngokwayo, baphefumulelwe ukuma kwezindlu zaseGibhithe lasendulo, babewuhlobo lwezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana ne-trapezoid enesisekelo esingunxande kanye nezindonga ze-talus.

Ukungenwa komaskandi kunikeze ithuba lokungena endlini yokukhonzela encane lapho izihlobo beziphethe khona ukunikela ngeminikelo eminingi kubafi bazo, ukuze bazijabulele kwamanye amazwe. Ngemva kwakhe kwakunomnyango wamanga ohlotshiswe ngemidwebo nemifanekiso eqoshiwe emelela umnyango ongokomfanekiso wokuphila kwangemva kokufa.

AMAPHIRAMIDI ASEGIBHAYITHE KANYE NENDAWO YOKUGCINA

Ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo bekukhona negumbi elibizwa ngeSerdab, obekubekwe kulo isichuse somngcwabo kamufi, esidume ngelika “Ka”. Ngaphansi kwawo sathola umthombo, ngokuvamile, owawuvalwe ngemiphetho futhi uvunyelwe ukungena ekamelweni lomngcwabo elalivikela i-sarcophagus.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ngayinye yalezi zakhiwo kancane kancane yaba into eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okungukuthi, amakamelo angaphansi komhlaba amaningi, ama-nobler coatings, futhi indikimba eyodwa noma enye yenziwa nge-limestone esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kwe-limestone.

Yonke imihlobiso yangaphakathi yayivame ukumelwa kokubili ngezihloko zempilo yansuku zonke yomuntu oshonile, kanye nemibhalo engcwele. Ngale ndlela, yayifuna ukuvikela ukuchuma kwabantu abangaphandle kwale ndiza. I-Mastabas yahlala enkundleni yezakhiwo zomngcwabo zaseGibhithe kwaze kwaba yilapho kusungulwa uMbuso Omusha.

Ayeyisici esivelele sobuciko se-Lower Egypt, njengoba singabonakala eDolobheni Labafileyo noma eCairo Necropolis, eseduze kakhulu nendawo eyake yaba inhloko-dolobha yabo, iMemphis. Kuphela, kusukela ebukhosini besithathu, oFaro bayeka ukuzingcwaba kubo, ngoba amakhosi ayefuna ukuphawula umehluko wezomnotho phakathi kwabo nezikhonzi zabo.

Amaphiramidi

Nakuba ngokusobala ama-mastaba ayengamathuna omphakathi ophakeme kakhulu, imibhoshongo ngokungangabazeki yayiyingxenye yomngcwabo emele kakhulu yababusi baseGibhithe. Amaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye nezakhiwo zomngcwabo kwavela kanjalo enkathini yoMbuso Omdala.

Lokhu kwakungenxa yesifiso esikhulu sokuthi impucuko kwakufanele imele izitebhisi zasezulwini (noma amarampu njengoba zaziwa kanjalo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo) ezakhiwa emisebeni yelanga, futhi ngazo oFaro babezokhuphukela endaweni yabo, izulu.

Ngokufanayo, esikhathini esidlule, isiqongo sawo sasihlongozwe njengomfanekiso ocacile wegquma lokuqala, njengoba nje kwakucatshangelwa ama-mastaba nezinye izindlela zokungcwaba zakudala. Ngokuyisisekelo bakhulelwa njengohlobo lwezimpawu zezenkolo futhi ngokungangabazeki zezombangazwe, ngenhloso enkulu yokuthi zizohlala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngokuqondene nomfanekiso wayo ongokwenkolo, sibhekisela kunkulunkulu welanga “Ra” kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bawo. I-Ra itholakala phezulu kwalezi futhi ifinyelela phansi ngezinhlangothi zayo, futhi ihlanganisa yonke indawo yaseGibhithe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, usopolitiki kungaba ubuhlobo esibuthola phakathi konkulunkulu abahlukene kanye noFaro.

Kuwo ngokwawo, imibhoshongo yayingenayo i-façade, futhi ngaphakathi sasingawatholi amaphaseji alandelanayo ayenqamula izakhiwo ezinkulu zamatshe, ezazivuleleka emagumbini omngcwabo amancane. Lapho sekungcwatshiwe, womabili la maphasishi neminyango yawo yavalwa futhi yafihlwa.

Ochwepheshe abaningi namuhla bazibheka njengenqwaba evalwe ngokuphelele, izakhiwo ezingenalo uhlobo lweminyango noma ukubonakaliswa ngaphandle. Phansi kwamaphiramidi amaningi asendulo, ama-complex noma amathempeli akhiwe lapho izikhala ezithile zakhiwe khona.

Ngayinye yayinomsebenzi othize, njengokuthi: ukunakekela uFaro ongasekho, ukwenza amahlelo nemikhuba yenkolo, nokugcina ingcebo namanzi akhe ukuze “aphuze”. Ngaleso sikhathi, eGibhithe kwakunendlela yodwendwe emboziwe eyayihlanganisa zonke lezi zindawo ezincika ngomkhumbi, eduze koMfula iNayile.

AMAPHIRAMIDI ASEGIBHAYITHE KANYE NENDAWO YOKUGCINA

Imibhoshongo yokuqala eyenziwe emlandweni waseGibhithe yileyo kaFaro Djoser wozalo luka-III, kanye naleyo kaSeneferu wobukhosi be-IV. UZoser, owaziwa nangokuthi uDyeser, ube ngomunye wababusi abayizifanekiselo kakhulu zaseGibhithe lasendulo. Lokhu, ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, kugunyaze ukwakhiwa kwePyramid yaseSaqqara kumakhi ofundile, u-Imhotep.

Kwakungokokuqala ngqa ukuba izitini zobumba zithathelwe indawo ngamatshe e-limestone. Lokhu kunezinyathelo eziyisithupha ezikhuphukayo, nobude obuzungeza amamitha angama-60. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihloko sesandulela emkhakheni wamaphiramidi ohlobo olunyathelwe sishiwo kuso, okukweleta ukuma kwawo ngenxa ye-superposition yama-mastabas.

Ukushintshela kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi umbhoshongo weqiniso, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kwenzeka ngesikhathi sikaFaro Seneferu, eDahshur necropolis. Lona bekuyiPhiramidi eBent edumile, eyaziwa emhlabeni njengenye yamaphiramidi okuqala ejometri eyadalwa.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi akukaze kube njalo, ngoba ngaphezu kwesigamu sokwakhiwa, i-angle yayo yokuthambekela yancishiswa. Omunye umbhoshongo ofanayo nalowo Faro owakhiwa emsebenzini wakhe kwakuyi-Meidum, eyisifinyezo kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ukumboza kwayo okubushelelezi kwasuswa kudala.

I-Red Pyramid yanikezwa isihloko sokuqala esakhiwe ngendlela ye-geometrically iphelele futhi ku-ramp, senziwa futhi nguSeneferu. Uyingxenye ebalulekile yesakhiwo sonke sezakhiwo zomngcwabo, umqondo wawo owaba isiko ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe.

AMAPHIRAMIDI ASEGIBHAYITHE KANYE NENDAWO YOKUGCINA

Ngokuyisisekelo yayinezingxenye ezine ezibalulekile: iThempeli lesiGodi, indawo lapho amanzi ezikhukhula oMfula iNayile afika khona, i-Causeway, okuyindawo lapho kwakhiwa khona, iThempeli Lomngcwabo, isakhiwo esiseduze namathuna asebukhosini futhi, ekugcineni, Iphiramidi kanjalo.

Lo mkhuba wokwenza amaphiramidi e-geometric aphakeme, wafinyelela umgomo wawo nakakhulu ngokufika emhlabeni wePyramid of Cheops, efakwe phakathi kwezimangaliso ezingu-7 zomhlaba wasendulo. Njengamanje, lena iyodwa kuphela kweziyisikhombisa eseziqhubeke isikhathi.

Uma sikhuluma ngakho, sibhekisela kokubaluleke kunazo zonke, ngesilinganiso esingamamitha angu-146 ubude. Indawo yokungena yayo icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-18 ukuphakama. Ukwengeza, eduze kwawo kukhona amanye amaphiramidi amathathu oFaro abathathu abahlukene bobukhosi be-IV: uCheops, uKhafre noMicerino.

Ngokuqondene nohlangothi olusempumalanga, kunezinsalela zethempeli kanye nedolobha lokungcwaba, ikakhulukazi elenzelwe abasebenzi, abapristi, phakathi kwabanye. Cishe akukho lutho oluye lwalondolozwa phakathi neminyaka edlule. Ukuze kwakhiwe leli tshe elikhulukazi, kwadingeka kususwe amatshe angamatshe angaba yizigidi ezingu-2.3, anesisindo esiphakathi kwamathani angu-2.5 nama-45.

Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukukucacisa ukuthi wuhlobo lwesithathu lwephiramidi, futhi olujwayeleke kakhulu kunawo wonke, yilo olunomthambeka oqondile. Phakathi kwabameleli bayo abadumile singabala imibhoshongo emikhulu yamaphiramidi aseGize, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Giza Necropolis, etholakala cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili ukusuka edolobheni laseCairo.

IMIPHIRAMIDI YASEGIZEH

Kamuva, ngenxa yesidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa izindleko, amaphiramidi akhiwa ngendlela efanayo negobolondo le-limestone elinengaphakathi elenziwe ngokuphelele ngezitini ze-adobe. Lokho okwakusetshenziselwe ukwenza, isibonelo, ubukhulu obukhulu bezakhiwo zabo, kwadingeka kuncishiswe ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho kwandiswa khona imidwebo esezindongeni ezihlukahlukene ezazakhayo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakulapho imibhalo eminingi emibhoshongweni iphakama. Ngendlela efanayo, abaphangi bamathuna baqhubeka behlambalaza ingaphakathi labo, ngakho-ke, eMbusweni Ophakathi, uhlelo olubanzi noluyinkimbinkimbi lwama-labyrinths, izicupho kanye namakamelo ayimfihlo wethulwa ezinhlelweni zabo zezakhiwo.

Izinto ezisetshenziswayo azitholakalanga ngempela kulezi zakhiwo, ngokulandelana zafinyelela ezandleni zezisebenzi nabakhi bezakhiwo ngokusebenzisa ichweba lendawo, elitholakala ukuze ukufika kwabo kuphumelele futhi kusheshe ngangokunokwenzeka kuwo wonke umuntu.

Eqinisweni, uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwezakhiwo zayo zemingcwabo, bobabili uFaro nemindeni yakhe babevame ukuvakashela noma bahlale ezindaweni ezizungezile, ngakho ukuba khona kwezindawo zokuhlala zasebukhosini noma izigodlo kwakungeyona into engavamile. Futhi, naphezu kwemizamo eminingi yonjiniyela nabakhi, imibhoshongo yayisamangalisa kakhulu.

Yingakho abaphangi bamathuna beqhubeka nokubeka uzinzo lwabashonile engcupheni. Ngenxa yalokho, oFaro abasafufusa boMbuso Omusha bakhetha ukuphinda kungcwatshwe izidumbu. Ngale ndlela, ukusungulwa kweSigodi Samakhosi kwaqala.

ISIGODI SENKOSI

i-hypogea

Njengoba kuchaziwe esigabeni esandulele, ngenxa yokuphangwa okuqhubekayo kwamathuna kapharaonic asendulo, nokuthi kwachithwa malini ekwakhiweni kwawo, kwadingeka kwenziwe izinqumo ezisheshayo nezinamandla. Ngenxa yalokho, i-hypogea yavela futhi yanqoba kalula kakhulu.

Lolu hlobo lokungcwaba ngokuyisisekelo lwaluhlanganisa ithuna elagujwa emadwaleni. Nakuba yayivele isetshenziswe ngesikhathi soMbuso Ophakathi e-Beni Hassan necropolis, kwaze kwafika uMbuso Omusha lapho kwakungenzeka khona ukungcwatshwa kwamakhosi ahlukahlukene esifundeni saseThebes, ngaphesheya koMfula iNayile.

Indawo okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla, leyo ndawo ewugwadule ehlaba umxhwele, yaziwa ngokuthi Valley of the Kings and Queens. Ekuqaleni, i-hypogea yokuqala yayilula kakhulu, yayinephaseji kanye negumbi lokungcwaba kuphela. Kwake kwaba lezo zobukhosi oFaro kanye noFaro boMbuso Omusha, lezi zaziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zazihlotshiswe ngemidwebo engapheli yokunethezeka nemangalisayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, futhi babenezakhiwo zabo zokungcwaba, ezitholakala kuphela ngaphesheya kwezintaba, eduze nomfula iNayile owaziwayo futhi obanzi.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, naphezu kwemvelo efihlekile yendawo, ehambisana nomfula. ukubhekwa ukuthi oFaro babebekwe yi-necropolis yaseThebes, noma kunjalo wonke amathuna athathwa ngeNkathi Yasendulo.

Kuphela ukutholakala okucishe kuphelele ngo-1922 kwethuna i-KV62, likafaro wobukhosi be-XVIII, uTutankhamun, umvubukuli wamaNgisi kanye nesazi saseGibhithe, uHoward Carter, yikho okwavumela umhlaba ukuba wazi ingcebo engenakubalwa le mpucuko eyayinayo, nokuthi zagcinwa emangcwabeni abo.

ITHUBA KV62

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