Funda mayelana nezici ze-Architecture yaseGibhithe

Kokuthunyelwe okulandelayo uzokwazi ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomlando, izici kanye nezici ezibalulekile ebeziyingxenye ye izakhiwo zaseGibhithe, enye yezinkulumo ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezihlaba umxhwele emlandweni wendawo yonke.

I-ARCHITECTURE YASEGibhithe

izakhiwo zaseGibhithe

I-Universal Architecture ibilokhu ibhekwa njengenye yezinkulumo ezithakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni ngoba inesibopho sokuhlanganisa izici ezahlukahlukene ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda eyisikhumbuzo. Kokuthunyelwe kwanamuhla sizobe sifunda okwengeziwe mayelana nezici ze-Egyptian Architecture.

Izakhiwo zaseGibhithe zingashiwo ukuthi zibonakala ngokwakha uhlelo olwakhayo ezakhiweni zalo eziyisikhumbuzo, zisebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nama-ashlar aqoshwe emabhuloki nezinsika eziqinile. Ukuze uqonde umthelela omkhulu wezakhiwo zaseGibhithe, kubalulekile ukucabangela izimo ezithile zemibono, ikakhulukazi amandla ezombusazwe.

Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi amandla ezombusazwe ngaleso sikhathi ayephakathi nendawo kanye nezigaba, okwakubonakala ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zangaleso sikhathi. Enye yezinhlobonhlobo zemibono eyathonya ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe kwakuwumqondo wenkolo wokungafi kukaFaro "kwenye impilo".

Kodwa ukuze uqonde ukuthi yini efanelekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe, kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela ezinye izici zokubeka isimo, ngaphandle kwalezo ezingokwengqondo. Izakhiwo zaseGibhithe zathonywa ezinye izithiyo zobuchwepheshe: ulwazi lwezibalo nobuchwepheshe, ngezinye izikhathi oluphazamisayo ngaleso sikhathi; ukuba khona kwamaciko nezingcweti ezinolwazi olunzulu; inala yamatshe alula kakhulu ukubaza.

Ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe kungenzeka ukuthola izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zokwakha, ngaleso sikhathi ezabangela umthelela omkhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Umlando usifundisa ukuthi esinye sezakhiwo zokuqala ezakhiwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezakhiwo ezinkulu zaseGibhithe kwakuyizizakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi amaphiramidi.

Ukukhuluma ngezakhiwo zaseGibhithe ukubhekisela kwezinye izinhlobo zezakhiwo ezifanele kakhulu, isibonelo, amathempeli namathuna, ubukhulu bawo buncike esigabeni senhlalo somlingiswa ozongcwatshwa. Amathuna amaningi oFaro akhiwe ngendlela yamapiramidi futhi abaluleke kakhulu yilawo okuthiwa yiSeneferu, uCheops noKhafre.

I-ARCHITECTURE YASEGibhithe

Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi i-pyramid kaKhufu ichazwa njengeyodwa yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zeZwe Lasendulo ekwazile ukuhlala ngesikhathi. Lo msebenzi ungesinye sezibonelo ezicacile zezinga eliphezulu lokuphelela elizuzwe kumasayensi asetshenziswayo.

Kuwo wonke umlando wabo, abaseGibhithe babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu ezinezinga elimangalisayo lokuphelela. Kulesi siko, izakhiwo zokuhlonipha onkulunkulu zazingenye yezinto ezaziwa kakhulu. Kule ndawo, eminye imisebenzi efana nekaKarnak noma ka-Abu Simbel ingashiwo, egqama kakhulu ngomthelela wayo omkhulu ongokomfanekiso.

Esinye isici esigqamayo kulawa mathempeli akhiwa abaseGibhithe ubukhulu balezi zakhiwo kanye nokuvumelana okukhulu nokusebenza kwezikhala zabo. Ngokwengxenye yabo, abaklami basebukhosini, besekelwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nokufunda kwe-physics ne-geometry, bakha izakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele futhi bahlela umsebenzi wamaqembu ahlukahlukene abadwebi, izingcweti nabasebenzi.

Ukwakhiwa kwalolu hlobo lwesakhiwo kwakungamele into elula kangaka kubakhi bezakhiwo bangaleso sikhathi, kunalokho, kwakudingeka ukuhlakanipha okukhulu nolwazi ukuze bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi walezi zici. Kwakumelwe banakekele ukuqopha, ukuthutha besuka ezinkwalini zase-Aswan, nokubeka amatshe asindayo egwadule noma izithombe ezinkulukazi.

Wonke lo msebenzi wawubonisa umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kubadwebi bezakhiwo baseGibhithe, kanye nezinga eliphezulu lolwazi. Babephethe futhi ukwakha izigodlo ezibalulekile ukuze oFaro bakhululeke, kodwa ukuphila kwasemhlabeni kwakungenayo intengo enkulu noma okungenani kungabi ngaphezu kokuphila kwangemva kokufa, ngakho ayenziwanga ngamatshe futhi awazange abe nesikhathi esifanayo. njengamathuna namathempeli.

Izici

Iminyaka yokuqala yezakhiwo zaseGibhithe yayibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokungabi bikho kwezinto zokwakha amathempeli nezikhumbuzo. Kungashiwo ukuthi enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi saseGibhithe lasendulo kwakuyi-adobe (izitini zodaka), nakuba itshe, ikakhulukazi i-limestone, lalisetshenziswa kakhulu.

I-ARCHITECTURE YASEGibhithe

Ukushoda kwezinto kwaholela abaseGibhithe lasendulo ukuba basebenzise lolu hlobo lwethuluzi ukuze bakwazi ukumisa izakhiwo zabo. Kwakuvamile futhi ukwazisa ukwakhiwa okusekelwe ku-sandstone ne-granite, okwakuvame ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi.

Kusukela esikhathini esaziwa ngokuthi uMbuso Omdala, izakhiwo zaseGibhithe zathatha izici ezintsha. Nakuba izinto ezifanayo zazisasetshenziswa, endabeni yamatshe, yayigcinelwe ukusetshenziswa emathuneni nasemathempelini kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-adobe yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, okuhlanganisa nezigodlo zasebukhosini, izinqaba, izindonga zezindonga zethempeli, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi.

Kwakukhona amadolobha amaningi aseGibhithe ayengakhiwa ngalolu hlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, noma kunjalo, ingxenye enkulu yalezi zakhiwo ayizange ihlale ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngenxa yendawo yazo. Masikhumbule ukuthi iningi lala madolobha laliseduze kakhulu nezindawo ezilinywayo zasesigodini saseNayile, ezazivame ukukhahlanyezwa yizikhukhula.

Esinye isizathu esenza amadolobha amaningi aseGibhithe lasendulo angahlali isikhathi eside ukuthi izitini ezakhiwe ngodaka zazisetshenziswa abalimi njengomanyolo. Zikhona nezinye izakhiwo okungangeneki kuzona njengoba lezi ezintsha zakhiwe phezu kwezindala.

Isici esasivuna i-architecture yaseGibhithe ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuziphatha kwesimo sezulu, esomile futhi esishisayo. Leli qiniso lesimo sezulu lavumela izakhiwo eziningi ezakhiwe eGibhithe lasendulo ukuba ziphile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Singaqamba idolobhana laseDeir el-Medina, idolobha loMbuso Ophakathi iKahun, noma izinqaba zaseBuhen naseMirgissa.

Kufanele futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi ingxenye enhle yezigodlo nezinye izakhiwo ezakhiwe eGibhithe lasendulo zikwazile ukuhlala ngesikhathi ngoba eziningi zalezi zakhiwo zazakhiwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukumelana kakhulu, isibonelo amatshe, noma ngenxa yokuthi zazizinze ezindaweni eziphakeme. , lapho kwakungenakwenzeka khona ukuthi izikhukhula zeNayile zibathinte.

Izakhiwo zaseGibhithe lasendulo zazibuswa kakhulu izikhumbuzo zenkolo, ikakhulukazi amathempeli anikezelwe konkulunkulu babo noma abantu benkolo. Lezi zinhlobo zezakhiwo zazibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngobukhulu bazo obuhlaba umxhwele. Kwakuyizikhumbuzo ezinkulu, ezinezindonga ezitshekile kancane nezimbobo ezimbalwa.

Iningi lalezi zikhumbuzo zenkolo ezaziyingxenye yezakhiwo zaseGibhithe lasendulo zazakhiwe ngendlela efanayo noma umbhalo. Kukholelwa ukuthi abaklami besikhathi baphinda baphinda indlela evamile yokwakha futhi yayikwazi ukunikeza ukuzinza okukhulu ezakhiweni ezinezindonga ze-adobe.

Ngokufanayo, ukuqoshwa okungaphezulu kanye nephethini yezakhiwo zamatshe kungase kuvele ohlotsheni nokuhlobisa kwezakhiwo zodonga lwe-adobe. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-arch kwenziwa phakathi nobukhosi besine, zonke izakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo zakhiwe ngamapulangwe anezindonga nezinsika.

Zonke izakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo zangaleso sikhathi zazinophahla oluyisicaba olwakhiwe ngezinti ezinkulu zamatshe ezisekelwe izindonga zangaphandle nezinsika ezinkulu eziqhelelene.

«Kokubili izindonga zangaphandle nezangaphakathi, kanye namakholomu nophahla, kwakumbozwe nge-hieroglyphics futhi kuboniswe ngama-bas-reliefs nemifanekiso ependwe ngemibala egqamile. Ingxenye enhle yemihlobiso emhlobiso waseGibhithe ingokomfanekiso, njenge-scarab engcwele, i-solar disk kanye nenqe».

I-ARCHITECTURE YASEGibhithe

Ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe kwakujwayelekile futhi ukubona ngeso lengqondo ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlobisa, isibonelo amahlamvu esundu esitshalo se-papyrus, kanye nemiqumbe nezimbali ze-lotus. Ama-Hieroglyphs abeyingxenye yokuhlobisa kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe ezilandisa ngezenzakalo zomlando noma ezihumusha izinganekwane zezinganekwane.

Indlu

Esinye sezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe kwakuyizindlu kanye njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, lezi zindlu zazakhiwe kakhulu ngodaka, njengoba itshe laliyinto egcinelwe ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezincane ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye.

Mayelana nezindlu eGibhithe lasendulo, lezi zakhiwe amakamelo ahlukene. Ngaphakathi kwalawa makamelo kwakhiwa ihholo elikhulu elinezinsika nokukhanya ngaphezulu. Izindlu zaseGibhithe nazo zazinezitezi, izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nengadi enkulu ngemuva kwendlu.

Kwakukhona izindlu ezazakhiwe ngendlela ehlukile, okungukuthi, zengeza ezinye izakhi zokuhlobisa, isibonelo ama-patios angaphakathi. Ukukhanya kwavela kulawa mavulandi angaphakathi, nawo wonke amagumbi afakwe nxazonke, futhi engenamafasitela ngaphandle, ngenxa yesidingo sokuzivikela elangeni.

Isitayela sokwakha sezindawo zokuhlala zaseGibhithe sasifana kakhulu, uma singafani, nesezindlu zasemaphandleni ze-fellah zekhulu lama-XNUMX: izindonga zezitini ze-adobe kanye namasimu ayisicaba eziqu zesundu ezihlanganisiwe. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi izakhiwo ezithandwayo zazibonakala ngokuzivumelanisa kahle nesimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo saseGibhithe.

Njengamanje kungenzeka ukuthola ezinye izinsalela zezindlu zaseGibhithe futhi zisesimweni esihle kakhulu sokulondoloza. Okulondolozwe okuhle kakhulu kungabonwa e-Deir el-Medina nase-Tell el-Amarna.

Ithempeli

Esinye sezakhiwo eziphawuleka kakhulu ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe amathempeli. Kwakuyizakhiwo ezinikezelwe konkulunkulu noma abantu benkolo balesi siko. Phakathi nenkathi ye-predynastic, iningi lala mathempeli lalingenazo izinto ezikhangayo ezikhangayo, okungukuthi, kwakuyizakhiwo ezilula.

Amathempeli okuqala akhiwa phakathi naleso sikhathi ayemane nje ezindlu zokukhonzela ezinosilingi onamakhothamo akhiwa ngezinto zezitshalo. Kwakungezikhathi zobukhosi bokuqala lapho amathempeli okuqala akhiwe nge-adobe aqala ukuvela.

Umlando wembula ukuthi kwakungu-Imhotep, isazi saseGibhithe esivelele soMbuso Wasendulo, owayephethe ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sokuqala esiyisikhumbuzo samatshe aqoshiwe, esenganyelwe umbhoshongo oyisitebhisi, ngaleyo ndlela kwavela amathempeli okuqala amatshe, elingisa izindlu zesonto. ngesakhiwo semifino, nakuba ingokomfanekiso.

Zazingokomfanekiso njengoba wawungakwazi ukungena kuzo. Emadolobheni ahlukahlukene anjengeGiza kungenzeka ukuthola izinsalela zamatshe zamathempeli kaCheops, uKhafre noMycerinus, oFaro bohlanga lwesine. Lezi zakhiwo beziyingxenye yezakhiwo zokungcwaba ezivelele ezinganyelwe imibhoshongo emikhulu.

Ngemva kweminyaka kwazalwa iThempeli leSolar, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Userkaf, owayebhekwa njengoFaro wokuqala wobukhosi bakwa-V, ukumela amasiko abapristi abavela eHeliopolis kuya kunkulunkulu uRa. EMbusweni Ophakathi, inkimbinkimbi eyisikhumbuzo yaseHawara nayo igqamile, e-El Fayum, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-labyrinth".

I-ARCHITECTURE YASEGibhithe

Yaqanjwa ngesazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus, owaba nethuba lokuyivakashela. Namuhla azikho izinsalela zaleli thempeli elingokomlando lezakhiwo zaseGibhithe. Nakuba ayeyizakhiwo ezibalulekile, amathempeli amakhulu kunawo wonke azalelwa eMbusweni Omusha. Ngokwe-typological, zenziwe:

  • I-avenue enama-sphinxes nhlangothi zombili: ama-dromo
  • Ukufinyelela, phakathi kwama-pylons amabili (izindonga ezinkulu ze-trapezoidal) ezihlotshiswe nge-polychrome bas-reliefs, ama-obelisk amabili, izifanekiso namabhanela.
  • Ivulandi elivulekile elinamakholomu amile noma amavulandi akha amapherimitha: igumbi le-hiptra
  • Ihholo elikhulu elinamakholomu, elimboziwe: ihholo le-hypostyle
  • Igumbi elingcwele elincane, elincane, elikhanya kalufifi: indlu engcwele
  • Ichibi elingcwele elalisetshenziselwa ukwenza imicikilisho kanye nechibi lamanzi okuphuza
  • Amathempeli amancane anamathiselwe, anikezelwe konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene, njenge-mammisi "izindlu zokuzalwa kukaNkulunkulu"

Kula mathempeli kwakuyisiko futhi ukwakha indawo yokuhlala yabapristi, amagumbi okufundela ababhali, ama-archives-mitapo yezincwadi kanye nezitolo zokudla nezinto zokwakha. Isakhiwo sasivikelwe ngodonga oluyipherimitha. Lezi zindawo zazilungele ukwenza amasiko enkolo abaluleke kakhulu esikweni laseGibhithe.

Indlela amathempeli akhiwa ngayo yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona ngokucacile ukuhlukana komphakathi okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi. Abantu babengafinyelela ezinsikeni kuphela, izikhulu eziphakeme namasosha ayekwazi ukungena ekamelweni le-hippetra; umndeni wasebukhosini wawungangena ehholo le-hypostyle, kuyilapho abapristi noFaro bekwazi ukungena endaweni engcwele.

Ngesikhathi soMbuso Omdala, amathempeli ayeyingxenye ye-pyramid complex, noma amathempeli e-Sun. EMbusweni Omusha amathempeli amakhulu akhiwa eDeir el-Bahari, eKarnak, eLuxor, e-Abydos, naseMedinet Habu; kamuva ku-Edfu, Dendera, Kom Ombo kanye ne-File.

ama-speos

Kungenzeka ukuthi awukaze uzwe nge-El Speos, kodwa kufanele wazi ukuthi ingesinye sezakhiwo ezidume kakhulu zomngcwabo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezakhiweni zaseGibhithe. Yakhiwa njengethempeli lomngcwabo, eliqoshwe edwaleni, lilandela uhlobo lwe-hypogeum.

Izakhiwo eziningi zalolu hlobo zakhiwa, nokho ezaba nomthelela omkhulu nokubaluleka yilezo zangesikhathi sikaRamses II e-Abu Simbel, ezakhiwe ngezithombe ezinkulu ngaphandle nehholo elikhulukazi elinezinsika, indlu engcwele kanye ne-crypt.

U-Ramses umelwe njengonkulunkulu oyedwa, ohlezi phakathi kwabo endlini engcwele, ekhudlwana exhunywe ezinsikeni zekamelo elikhulu futhi ngobukhulu obukhulu emnyango, izithombe ezine zobukhulu obumangalisayo ezizungezwe abantu abancishisiwe bomndeni wakhe.

izakhiwo zomngcwabo

Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngezici zezakhiwo zomngcwabo, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya isixhumanisi abaseGibhithe lasendulo ababenalo nabafileyo babo, ukuze baqonde kancane ukubaluleka kwalolu hlobo lokwakha. Ngokwezinkolelo zabaseGibhithe, isidumbu sasiyingxenye ebalulekile futhi kwakufanele sigcinwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila komuntu oshonile “emva kwalokhu”.

Ngale ndlela, ukuvela kokucwiliswa kwezidumbu kungachazwa. Kodwa-ke, ukwenza lezi zinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngaphandle kwendawo ezinzile nephephile yokugcina umama, ngeke kube nengqondo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izakhiwo zemingcwabo kwakudingeka ziguquke njalo ngokusekelwe ezinhlosweni ezintathu ezibalulekile:

  • Lula uhambo lukamufi
  • Khulumela inganekwane ethile yenkolo
  • Gwema ukungena kwabaphangi okwakukhanga kakhulu kubo amagugu nama-trousseaus.

Ngesikhathi se-predynastic kanye ne-protodynastic, amathuna akhiwa ngendlela elula kakhulu. Kwakuyizimbobo nje ezimise okweqanda, ngezinye izikhathi zifakwe izikhumba, lapho isidumbu sikamufi sasijikijelwa khona kanye ne-trousseau encane ezitsheni. Ekugcineni lase limbozwe indunduma yesihlabathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi siduli sokungcwaba saqala ukuthathelwa indawo isakhiwo sezitini esibizwa ngokuthi iMastaba.

umastaba

IMastaba yakhiwe njengesakhiwo sezitini esafika esikhundleni salokho okwakuthiwa iqhubu. Yazalwa ngesikhathi se-protodynastic futhi ihlanganisa uhlobo lwezakhiwo oluhlotshaniswa nobuhle obusezingeni eliphezulu. Ifomu layo eliyisisekelo liqukethe i-superstructure esesimweni sephiramidi encishisiwe, enesisekelo esingunxande esenziwe ngezitini ze-adobe eluhlaza kanye notshani.

Umnyango wawunikeza indawo yokungena endlini yesonto lapho izihlobo zomufi zazikwazi ukubeka khona iminikelo kwabafileyo, ngemva kwalokho kwakunomnyango wamanga ohlotshiswe ngezithombe eziqoshiwe ezazibhekisela “emnyango ongalé kwawo”: Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esikhulu kwakukhona nesitebele. igumbi elibizwa ngokuthi iSerdabi.

Kuleli gumbi bekugcinwe isichuse ebesimele "ka" kamufi. Ngaphansi kwalesi sakhiwo, umthombo, ngokuvamile ovalwe ngezinguzunga, wavula indawo yokungcwaba equkethe i-sarcophagus. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo lwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kwanezelwa amakamelo angaphansi komhlaba, ama-nobler coatings, ezinye izidumbu zenziwe nge-limestone esikhundleni sezitini.

Ngokuqondene nemihlobiso eyayenziwe ngaphakathi kwalawa makamelo, cishe njalo yayisetshenziselwa ukumelela izingqikithi ezihlobene nempilo yansuku zonke yomuntu oshonile, kanye nemibhalo engcwele, konke okuthunyelwe kokuqinisekisa ukuchuma ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.

Amaphiramidi

Impela ama-mastaba ayebhekwa njengamathuna asebukhosini anesithunzi nokubusa okukhulu, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, kwakuyimibhoshongo eyakha esinye sezici ezifanekisela kakhulu zomngcwabo kafaro. Kwakuyizakhiwo ezimangalisayo zezakhiwo ezavela eMbusweni Omdala.

Ukuzalwa kwemibhoshongo kwaqala njengesifiso sokumelela isitebhisi sasezulwini noma irempu eyenziwe ngamasunbeam, okwakufanele uFaro akhuphukele ezulwini. Ngokufanayo, isiqongo sawo sihlongozwa njengesifanekiselo segquma langempela, njengoba kwakunjalo ngomamastaba kanye nemingcwabo yakudala kakhulu.

Omunye woFaro ababaluleke kakhulu bozalo lwesithathu kwakunguDyser futhi ukhunjulwa ngokuyala ukwakhiwa kwePiramidi yaseSaqqara. Lo msebenzi waphathiswa umakhi u-Imhotep. Kubhekwa njengenye yamaphiramidi anezifanekiselo kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngoba kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezitini zobumba ezibhakiwe kwathathelwa indawo ngamabhuloki e-limestone.

Kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo esinezitebhisi lube noguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, luzama ukuthola ipiramidi enama-geometrically ekahle. Le nhloso yayizofezwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi be-IV, ngemva kokwakhiwa kwePyramid of Cheops, eyayiphelele kunazo zonke.

Umthelela nokuphelela kwePyramid of Cheops kwakukhulu kangangokuthi yaziwa njengenye Yezimanga Eziyisikhombisa Zomhlaba futhi kuze kube manje iyona yodwa yalezo eziyisikhombisa ekwazile ukuhlala esikhathini naphezu kweminyaka yayo eminingi ikhona.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, futhi kucatshangelwa ukuphuthuma kokunciphisa izindleko, imibhoshongo yaqala ukwakhiwa ngendlela elula nengabizi kakhulu. Zazakhiwe njengegobolondo le-limestone elinengaphakathi lezitini ze-adobe. Ubukhulu bala maphiramidi nawo ancishiswa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo alwakhiwe lodwa, kodwa imibhoshongo yayiyingxenye yesakhiwo esikhulu. Lesi sakhiwo ngokuvamile sakhiwa osebeni olusentshonalanga yeNayile, futhi kumelwe ukuba sasiseduze nenkwali ye-limestone eyayizoyihlinzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi sokwakhiwa.

Inhloso eyinhloko yonjiniyela nabakhi bangaleso sikhathi kwakuwukwenza imibhoshongo engabonakali, nokho lezi zakhiwo zaqhubeka zikhanga kakhulu kubaphangi bamathuna, ababelokhu bebeka engozini ukuzinza komama. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, oFaro boMbuso Omusha banquma ukubuyela ekungcwatshweni kwemizimba, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwavela iSigodi Samakhosi.

i-hypogeum

Ngemva kokuba inhloko-dolobha ithuthele eThebes ngesikhathi soMbuso Omusha, oFaro bambiwa amathuna abo eSigodini Samakhosi futhi bahlukaniswa nayo yonke indawo yomngcwabo. Kwakuyimipheme evulekile edwaleni, enezivikelo ezinamathele emhubheni omkhulu, oholela egumbini le-sarcophagus.

Lezi zemibukiso ezingaphansi komhlaba zazibizwa nge-Hypogeum. Kuwo wonke umlando ziye zasetshenziswa imiphakathi emikhulu, ngesikhathi seChalcolithic yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia; eGibhithe lasendulo; noma ngabeFenike.

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