Uyazi ukuthi iyini iNcwadi Engcwele yobuBuddha?Uma ungayazi, lapha sizokutshela yonke into ngeBuddhavacana noma iPali Canon, incwadi engcwele kunawo wonke amaBuddha futhi enezimpande ezijulile. ukubaluleka kweminyaka eminingi.
Incwadi Engcwele yeBuddhism
Incwadi engcwele yamaBuddha noma uBuddhavacana yaqala ukudluliselwa ngomlomo kuqala ngabapristi ababengabalandeli bakaBuddha, kamuva izimfundiso zabo zaqala ukuqanjwa nokuhunyushwa ngezilimi zesigodi ezihlukahlukene zaseNdiya, zahunyushelwa kwezinye izilimi ngendlela efanayo. ukuthi ubuBuddha babuyanda.
Indlela ababefuna ngayo le ncwadi ibonakale yasungulwa kusukela lapho imibhalo yabo iqala ukuklanywa, kuhlanganise neDharma okwakukholelwa ukuthi ikhulunywa uBuddha kuphela. Ngaphakathi kwale mibhalo ungathola ezinye izincwadi ezahlanganiswa kuyo, njengeMahāsāṃghika kanye neMūlasarvāstivāda ezaziyingxenye yezinkulumo ezanikezwa uBuddha nabafundi bakhe abaningi.
Kukhona futhi ama-sutra ayingxenye yalezi zinkulumo eziqhathaniswa neVinaya futhi okufanele zibonakale ngendlela ebalulekile mayelana neDharma, wonke akha iBuddhavacana, eyaziwa ngokuthi zonke izimfundiso uBuddha azinikeza. kuSamgha noma abalandeli bakhe.
Manje, kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Theravada Buddhism, kwenziwa ukuhlanganiswa kweBuddhavacana, okubizwa ngokuthi i-Pali Canon, okukholelwa ukuthi ezinye zezingxenye zayo kanye nama-Agamas angase abe nakho kokuqukethwe kwawo izifundo zangempela ezingase ziqinisekiswe, lezo ezikaBuddha uqobo. KuBuddhism obutholakala eMpumalanga Asia, iBuddhavacana iqoqwa eBuddhism baseShayina inguqulo yayo edume kakhulu iTaishō Tripiṭaka.
KumaShayina, kunezidalwa ezinhlanu ezinekhono lokukhuluma ngama-sutra angamaBuddha: uBuddha, umlandeli othembekile kaBuddha, uDeva, umRsi noma ukusakazeka kwesinye sazo. Kodwa bonke bafingqa ukuthi i-Dharma yangempela ivela kuBuddha. KuBuddhism baseTibet, iBuddhavacana ingaqoqwa emibhalweni kaKangyur, okuthi, ngaphandle kokuqukatha iVajrayana, sutras kanye nevinaya, ihlanganisa ne-tantras.
Gautama Buddha kanye Buddhism
UbuBuddha buyindlela yokukholelwa ohlotsheni lwefilosofi nengokomoya, lapho kungekho Nkulunkulu, okusho ukuthi buphika ubukhona boMdali wendawo yonke, futhi lwenza ubuhlobo bomndeni wama-dharmic obuvela eBrahmanism naseVedism. Umsunguli wayo kwakunguSiddharta Gautama, insizwa yaseNdiya evela ezicukuthwaneni eyayiphila cishe ngo-600 BC, futhi ngemva kokuphila impilo egcwele ukunethezeka, unquma ukushiya futhi alahle yonke into ukuze abe nobuhlobo nezwe langaphandle.
Wayengumuntu onobuntu obulula, waba umuntu ozincishayo ukuze athole ukuphelela kokuziphatha nokungokomoya. Wafuna ukukhanyiselwa ngokucindezela, futhi ekuphileni kwakhe waba nezambulo zomoya ngaphambi kokuba uJesu waseNazaretha azalwe.
Njengoba kakade eseguqulelwe ekubeni u-Gautama Buddha, akazange afune ukubonwa njengomuntu waphezulu noma umprofethi, kodwa njengomuntu owenza imisebenzi emikhulu ukuze aguqule ingqikithi yakhe futhi ngayo wakwazi ukulawula ukulinganiselwa kwakhe njengomuntu ukuze abe umuntu. isidalwa esisha, ekukhanyeni.
UBuddha akazange ashiye umbhalo walokho ayekufundisa, njengoba yonke into yayisenziwa ngomlomo njengoba kwakunjalo isiko laseNdiya, ngakho akukho neyodwa kuyo eyabhalwa nguye, kodwa yonke imibhalo yaqala ukubhekwa njengengcwele lapho kwenziwa khona ukufundisa amasiko amaningi. nezimfundiso zikaBuddha. Imibhalo yokuqala yeBuddhism ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lokuqala BC.
Ngokufanayo, abekho kulaba babhali bemibhalo yobuBuddha abaziwa, njengoba bonke bengaziwa, behlukile kulokho okungatholakala ezincwadini ezingcwele zaseNtshonalanga. Umoya wengokomoya kanye nenkolo udlangile kubo lapho ukungaziwa kwakuwukutuswa kakhulu. Nokuhlaziya okugxekayo noma komlando akunakutholakala kuzo lapho kungenzeka khona ukwazi ukuthi zibhalwe ngubani noma ngamuphi unyaka.
Lapho uBuddha efa, zonke izimfundiso azishiya kwakuyilezo ezalotshwa enkumbulweni yabalandeli bakhe beSangha, futhi ukudluliselwa kwazo kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye kwakungokuphindaphinda nokuphindaphinda okwenziwa ezindlini zezindela ezihlukahlukene zaseNdiya, lokho. yingakho baqoqwa ngeCanon.
Okusobala ukuthi le Canon noma incwadi engcwele ayinazo nje kuphela izimfundiso ezaqoqwa kuBuddha, kodwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kwenezelwa kuyo izindaba ezintsha noma izinganekwane, izimfundiso ezaguquguquka futhi zamisa umkhuba wempilo nemithetho yempilo entsha yezindela. .
Ngakho, ukwanda okushesha kakhulu kwenziwa eningizimu yeNdiya naseCeylon, lapho kwafika khona eminyakeni engu-200 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, okwenza lendawo ibe iqoqo elikhulu neliphelele lazo zonke izimfundiso zikaBuddha. Kuwo wonke lawa maqoqo amakhulu futhi aphelele singajabulela i-Pali Canon kanye ne-Sanskrit Canon. Yebo, ngokuhamba kweminyaka lezi zincwadi zasabalala emhlabeni wonke futhi izinguqulo sezivele zenziwa ezilimini zesiNgisi, iSpanishi, isiFulentshi nesiJalimane.
Imayelana nani iNcwadi Engcwele yobuBuddha?
Incwadi engcwele yamaBuddha noma iBuddhavacana iyimibhalo yenkolo eminingana ebhalwe ngezigodi ezihlukahlukene nokuqukethwe, enezimfundiso uBuddha azinikeza bonke abalandeli bakhe.
amasiko ombhalo
Ngokwesiko, imibhalo yokuqala yobuBuddha yayidluliselwa ngomlomo, eyayingezilimi zesigodi zase-Indo-Aryan ezaziwa ngokuthi amaPrakrits, phakathi kwazo kwakukhona izilimi zesigodi zaseGāndhārī, isiMagadhan sakuqala nesiPali, lezi zamuva zasebenzisa ukuphindaphinda noma ukuphindaphinda kwazo esidlangalaleni ngabasizi benkumbulo. Futhi lapho isakazeka kuyo yonke indawo, kwavela ezinye izilimi noma izilimi zesigodi ezinjengesiShayina nesiTibet.
ISri Lanka yaba ngeyokuqala ukusekela uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli kanye nombhalo wayo wokuqala we-Theravadan Pali ophrintiwe. Emhlanganweni wePali waseSri Lanka ngakha izincwadi zokuhlela ukuze zinyatheliswe, ngaphezu kwezinye izincwadi ezinjenge-Abhidhamma, ezingatholakala zibhalwe ngezilimi ezinjengeTibet, Chinese, Korean dialects nezinye eziningi. izifunda zase-East Asia.
Kule Canon ye-Pali labo abangagunyaziwe nge-Visuddhimagga ka-Buddhaghosa lapho kufingqiwe khona izifundo ze-Theravada ne-Mahavamsa. Amakhophi aziwa njengasondelene kakhulu namaBuddha atholakala eGandhara, esenyakatho yePakistan, eduze kakhulu ne-Islamabad, abhalwa kusukela ngekhulu lokuqala futhi athola ukuthi amasiko e-Gandharan Buddhism ayenjani, okuyi- inguqulo ye-Indian and East Asian Buddhism.
Lapho amaKushan eqala ukubusa eNdiya, ukubhala kweSanskrit kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ukurekhoda imibhalo yobuBuddha. Lo mbhalo yiwona owawubaluleke kakhulu futhi wawudlangile eNdiya, kwaze kwaba yilapho ubuBuddha buyehla kulelozwe. Kakade enkathini yobuKristu baqala ukubhala ngezinye izindlela ngakho konke okwakuhlobene nendlela yokucabanga yeBodhisattva eyayaziwa ngokuthi iMahayana Sutras.
Lezi zaqala ukubhalwa ngesiSanskrit futhi kusukela lapho kwafika imithetho yeTibet neBuddhism yamaShayina ezaziwa ngamagama kaKangyur kanye neTaisho Tripitaka, ezibhekwa namuhla njengezincwadi zokubhala. Kuma-Mahayanists, ama-sutras ayinkulumo yasekuqaleni kaBuddha, ukudluliselwa kwakhe okwakuyimfihlakalo ngezidalwa zesibhakabhaka, ezizibiza ngokuthi amaNagas. Ezinye zazo zazidluliselwa ngamaBuddha noma ama-bodhisattva ahlukene. Angaphezu kuka-60 ama-sutra aseMahayana atholakala ngesiSanskrit, isiShayina noma isiTibetan.
Amasiko e-Mahayana yimisebenzi ebizwa ngokuthi ama-Shastras awuhlobo lwemibhalo yokufunda ama-sutra, uwagcine evikelekile futhi uwathuthukise, lezi zachazwa amaBuddha anengqondo aseNagarjuna, Vasubandhu kanye neDharmakirti, kodwa lezi zibhalwe nangesiSanskrits.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwavela olunye uhlobo lwemiyalezo yamaBuddha ebizwa ngokuthi iTantras, lapho kwasungulwa khona imikhosi ehlukahlukene nezindlela ze-Yoga, ukusetshenziswa kwama-mandala, ama-mudras kanye nezinhlawulo zoMlilo. I-Tantras iwuhlobo lomlayezo ukuze ukwazi ukungena eVajrayana Buddhism, okuyiyona etholakala eTibet.
I-Garbhavakranti Sutra ijoyina i-Vinaya Pitaka, kwesinye sezikole zokuqala zeBuddhism njenge-Ratnakuta. Imibhalo eminingi yaseMahayana inohlobo lweTantra, ikakhulukazi leyo etholakala ku-Perfection of Wisdom.
Eminye yemibhalo yamaBuddha ikwazile ukufinyelela ekuthuthukisweni ukuze kwakhiwe iqembu elisha ngokwalo futhi laziwa ngokuthi yi-vaipulya noma ama-sutra abanzi, phakathi kwawo kukhona i-Flower Garland Sutra, okuyiSutra eyedwa enama-sutra ambalwa ngaphakathi kwayo. yiGandavyuha Sutra.
KuBuddhism baseTibet kukhona uhlobo lwezincwadi eziyingqayizivele ezibizwa ngokuthi i-gter-mama noma i-terma eyakha imibhalo eyamukelwa njengoba idalwe ochwepheshe be-Tantra futhi esesimweni samakhodi, afakwa ngezindlela ezihlukene yizazi zezinduna ze-tantras.
Lawa maBhavu atholakala ngabakwa-gTer-stons noma abakwa-tertöns, abangongoti ekutholeni le mibhalo, evame ukutholakala emigedeni, phakathi kwabo kutholwe lapho kuthiwa izithandani ziyizindawo zokugeza ingqondo ezitholakala endaweni ye-psyche terton. . Esikoleni iNyingma kanye neBön Convention miningi yalemibhalo ekhona
okukholakala ukuthi yaqanjwa nguPadmasambhava, enye yalezi zincwadi zamagama ezaziwa kakhulu yiTibetan Book of the Dead noma uBardo Thodol.
Imibhalo Yezikole Zokuqala ZamaBuddha
Izikole zokuqala zeBuddhism zinemibhalo eminingi, eyahlanganiswa ukuze kugcinwe ulimi lwesigodi lwase-Middle Indo-Aryan olwaziwa ngokuthi i-Tripitaka, oluhunyushwa ngokuthi ibhokisi eliphindwe kathathu lesikole saseTheravadin. Ezinye izinhlobo zokujwayela ezihlukile zalawa ma-Tripitaka zenziwe ezikoleni zakuqala lapho zikwazi khona ukuhlanganisa i-Agamas, egcwele imilayezo ehambisana ne-Sarvastivada kanye ne-Dharmaguptaka.
Ngokwemithetho ethile yobuBuddha bamaShayina singathola inani elikhulu lama-sutra okuqala abaluleke kakhulu njengalawo ohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli ngokwawo, afana kakhulu ngemininingwane yawo kodwa hhayi emfundisweni ngayinye enayo. Amanye amazinga esiwathola ku-Dharmaguptaka ayatholakala nasemibhalweni yama-Gandharan Buddhist futhi singathola eminye yemibhalo ye-Vinaya Pitaka ohlwini lwezincwadi lwesiShayina noma lweMahayana.
i-vinaya
Umbhalo wasendulo okhuluma ngezingxenye ze-ascetic order, uhambisana ne-dharma (Dhamma-Vinaya) okusho umyalo nokulawula.
Lo mbhalo unemibhalo eminingi ekhuluma ngezinkambiso zenkolo, ukuthi bangahlangana kanjani ngokuhle, ukuthi badalwa kanjani nokuthi baxhumene kanjani. Iqukethe futhi imibhalo yezimfundiso eyahlukene ekubhaleni okusemthethweni nokujwayelekile, izindaba eziningi ezingajwayelekile kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Jatakas noma izingxenye zezindaba zokuzalwa.
I-Pratimoksha iwukuqukethwe okuxhunyaniswe kakhulu ne-Vinaya futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu, kungatholakala amaviyana aqedayo ayisithupha:
- ITheravada, ebhalwe ngesi-Pali
- I-Mula-Sarvastivada engesi-Sanskrit futhi ihlala injalo ngokuhumusha kwesi-Tibetan.
- I-Mahasanghika, i-Sarvastivada, i-Mahishasika, ne-Dharmagupta, ekuqaleni okwakuyizilimi zesigodi zaseNdiya, kodwa ukuhunyushwa kwesiShayina kuphela okwaziwayo.
Ngendlela efanayo ukwahlukanisa kungatholakala njengoba amaviyana atholakala ngezilimi zesigodi ezahlukene.
sutras
Ama-sutra, abizwa ngokuthi i-Pali Sutta ngesiSanskrit, ayinhlanganisela ebanzi yezinkulumo noma izingxoxo eziningi ezishiwo kuBuddha, kwabanye babafundi bakhe abaseduze.
Okuthakazelisayo ngabo ukuthi bonke ababengaveli kuBuddha batholakala eBuddhavacana, noma kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkulumo kaBuddha, izinkulumo zakhe ekuqaleni zaxazululwa ngokwendlela ezazisakazwa ngayo. ekuqaleni babeyi-9 kodwa kamuva bafika ku-12. Lawa mafomu eSanskrit:
- I-Sutra: yizinkulumo ezichazayo noma ezichazayo zikaBuddha.
- I-Geya: Kuyinkulumo exubile ebizwa ngokuthi inkulumo yesigaba, ihlobene ne-Sagathavagga ehambisana ne-Samyutta Nikaya.
- I-Vyakarana: Lezi izincazelo noma izivivinyo futhi zibhekisela ezingxoxweni eziza nemibuzo nezimpendulo ezihleliwe.
- Gatha: yizigaba.
- Udana: yizinkulumo ezivusa amadlingozi.
- Ityukta: nalabo abaqala isigwebo sabo ngokuthi "Usho kanjalo uBhagavan."
- Jataka: yibo laba abakhuluma ngempilo edlule.
- I-Abhutadharma: iphathelene nokucabanga nezinto ezingenayo incazelo.
- I-Vaipulya: ziyizingxoxo ezibanzi futhi ezinye ezikhuluma ngezihloko ezinikeza injabulo.
- I-Nidana: Izifundo eziphathelene nezimo zendawo yokuzalwa zifakiwe.
- I-Avadana: Imayelana nezindaba ze-adventure.
- I-Upadesha: iphathelene nemihlahlandlela.
Eyokuqala eyisishiyagalolunye yazo ibhalwe kuma-Agamas ahlala njalo, amathathu okugcina engezwe kamuva. OkweTheravada lezi yimibhalo eyayihlelwe emibhalweni engcwele.
Abhidharma
Ngolimi lwesiPali u-Abhidharma usho i-dharma eyengeziwe, futhi lokhu kusekelwe ekuphenyweni kwezimangaliso. Kukholakala ukuthi ekuqaleni yenziwa ngokuhlelwa ezifundweni ezahlukene, futhi isekelwe ekuhloleni izimanga nokuthi zixhumene kanjani. Ku-Theravada Abhidhamma itholakala ku-Pali Canon, kodwa kweminye imiphakathi yezenkolo yaseTheravada le mibhalo ayibonakali.
Nakuba i-Abhidhamma Theravadin ingesinye sezinakekelwa kakhulu futhi saziwa kakhulu, okufanayo kwezinye zezikole eziyi-18 zobuBuddha ngeminyaka yawo-80s babeneqoqo labo elingenakuqhathaniswa le-Abhidharma elinezinto eziningi zokufunda ezingaba ukwabelana. Nakuba kungezona zonke izikole ezikubheka njengokuvunyelwe, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi iSautrantika yanqamuka neqembu leVinaya kanye nama-sutra.
eminye imibhalo
Phakathi kokunye okubhaliwe kukhona iMilinda pañha ehunyushwa ngokuthi Imibuzo kaMilinda, kutholakala ukuthi kukhona ukushintshana phakathi kukaNagasena kanye nenkosi yase-Indo-Greek uMenander, lo msebenzi uqukethe isifinyezo sezimfundiso nezinye izihloko eziningi ezahlanganiswa ICanon. pali.
Okunye okutholakala njengeminye imibhalo yamaBuddha egunyaziwe yiNettipakarana kanye nePetakopadesa. Ngendlela efanayo i-Dhyana sutras okuyimibhalo yobuBuddha yokubonisa lapho ukuzindla kwesikole saseSarvastivada kubonakala ngokubonisa kwe-proto-mahayana, le mibhalo yenziwe ngesandla ababhali abangamaBuddha beyoga eKashmir futhi kukholakala ukuthi iyingxenye yeBuddhism yaseShayina. .
Imibhalo Yesiko LaseTheravada
Imibhalo etholakala ku-Pali inombhalo wokuphawula okuningi, kodwa okungakakwazi ukuhunyushwa kakhulu, lokhu kubhekiselwa kubacwaningi abavela eSri Lanka, futhi phakathi kwabo kukhona imibhalo:
- U-Buddhaghosa owaqala ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX emva kukaKristu, lona wayengumqambi we-Visuddhimagga eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "Indlela Yokuhlanza", incwadi yomhlangano nomsebenzi lapho amasiko e-Mahavihara eSri Lanka, i-Vimuttimagga kanye ne-Abhidhammattha-sangana ikhonjiswa khona. kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX noma le-XNUMX futhi ibeka isifinyezo se-Abhidhamma.
- I-Dhammapala
U-Buddhaghosa wenza umsebenzi wakhe ngesisekelo sezinhlelo zokuhlela zamaBuddha ngolimi lwesiSinhala, ezingatholakali namuhla. Emibhalweni yezilimi zomdabu zaseSri Lankan iyatholakala ngemisebenzi eminingi yobuBuddha efana neMuvadevavata ekhuluma ngendaba yeBodhisattva njengeNkosi uMukhadeva ngekhulu le-XNUMX kanye neSasadavata ekhuluma ngendaba yokuzalwa kukaBodhisattva ngesimo sikanogwaja endaweni. Ikhulu le-XNUMX. Ikhulu le-XII.
Kukhona nomsebenzi wombukiso othi Dhampiyatuva gätapadaya noma Commentary on the Blessed Doctrine okhuluma ngamagama nezinkulumo.
I-Pali Literary Convention ifinyelele e-Biormania nase-Thailand lapho i-Pali iqhubeka khona, lokhu kubhala kusukela enkathini ye-avant-garde. Kukhona nemibhalo ye-Tantric Theravada esetshenziswa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, umhlangano waphinde wachuma eCambodia ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kweRama IV ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ukubhala kwamaBuddha eBurma kwakhiqiza izakhiwo eziningi ezinhle kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1450, kuhlanganise nezincazelo ezinde nezihlotshisiwe zezincwadi zesiPali zobuBuddha ezaziwa ngokuthi amaJatakas, kuhlanganise nevesi likaPyui'o Kui khan pyui′. Izinkulumo zesiBurma ezaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ama-nissayas zaqala ukusetshenziselwa iziyalezo ze-Pali.
Kungakho ekhulwini le-1345 kwaba nokuchuma okukhulu kwalombhalo okwaholela ekubhalweni okungokwenkolo, ukubhalwa kwezomthetho, nokubhala okucatshangelwayo. Futhi eThailand kukhona ukubhalwa kweMihlaba Emithathu ngokusho kweNkosi uRuang, eyabhalwa ngo-XNUMX, okuthiwa i-Phya Lithai lapho ungabona khona umbono omkhulu wendawo yonke kanye nemicabango yendawo yonke yobuBuddha eThailand.
Imibhalo yaseMahayana
Baziwa ngokuthi ama-prajña noma izivumelwano zobuqili nokuqonda. Ubuqili buyindlela iqiniso elibhekwa ngayo njengento ebonakalayo ngempela.
Ayinayo imibono yefilosofi kepha ikhombisa ukuthi uyini umbono wokuqala wezwe, isungula indlela kukho konke, iziphike ngokusobala lapho ibona izinto, okungukuthi, bathi azikho, kodwa futhi ukuthi. azikho, kodwa ukuthi zisesikhaleni semvelo yaphakade eyisisekelo.
Saddharma-Pundarika
I-Lotus Sutra, i-White Lotus Sutra noma i-White Lotus Sutra ye-Sublime Dharma, umbhalo owaziwa ngezindlela ezintathu kodwa ukuthi yonke into inenjongo eyodwa noma inhloso eyodwa. Izifundo zakhe zihilela ukuthola indlela yokukwazi ukunikeza usizo ezidalweni ezinemingcele elinganiselwe. Kuyagqama ngoba kuvela uBuddha Prabhutaratna, owayesevele efile kaningi ngaphambili, okungukuthi, izimpilo ezedlule.
Iqinisekisa ukuthi uBuddha akaphumi emikhawulweni ngemva kwe-parinirvana yakhe, ukuthi ithemba lokuphila aliqondwa uma kubhekwa lokho umuntu anakho noma akuthola ekuphileni okudlule, ngaleyo ndlela akha isisekelo sanoma iyiphi imfundiso ye-Triaka eyalandela, ngilandisa eminyakeni kamuva nayo. I-Tien tai e-China, isikole saseJapane saseTendai kanye nezikole zaseNichiren zaseJapane.
Imibhalo ye-Sutra
Emibhalweni ye-sutra kungatholakala ezintathu eziphawulekayo ekuhlukaniseni kwazo:
- I-Sutra Yokuphila Okungapheli noma i-Sutra Yomhlaba Omkhulu Ohlanzekile
- I-Amitabha Sutra noma i-Little Pure Land Sutra
- I-Contemplation Sutra noma i-Visualization Sutra
Kuzo kumiswa ukuthi yonke into iqala kanjani futhi njengemvelo yeZwe LaseNtshonalanga Elihlanzekile lapho uBuddha Amitabha ehlala khona, lapho kubalwa izithembiso ze-48 ze-Amitabha njenge-bodhisattva eyenziwa, futhi kusukela lapho ifektri yomhlaba ehlanzekile yazo zonke izidalwa ukuthi bangenza ama-eseyi ku-Dharma ukuba nezinkinga noma izithikamezo.
AmaSutra ngokwawo enza izinkulumo zokuthi izidalwa zingavuswa ngomthofu ongaxutshwe nalutho nangemikhuba, kubhekiselwa ku-Amithaba njengomuntu omdala, lapho egqamisa khona ubuhle bakhe futhi esho njalo igama lakhe. Lawa ma-Sutras Omhlaba Ohlanzekile aba izitatimende zobuBuddha ngokugxila ekusindiseni amandla okuthembela esithembisweni sika-Amithaba.
I-Pali Canon
Eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Tipitaka noma i-Tripitaka, okusho ngesi-Pali Ti, obhasikidi abathathu kanye ne-pitaka noma ubhasikidi, iqoqo lezincwadi zasendulo noma imibhalo yobuBuddha ngolimi lwesi-Pali, lapho kutholakala khona indikimba yezimfundiso kanye nesisekelo se-Theravada Buddhism. Le canon ye-Pali yaziwa ngokuthi i-Tripitaka noma "Amabhasikidi Amathathu" njengoba ayebhalwe emaqabunga esundu omile futhi agcinwe kumabhasikidi amathathu ahlukene.
Umbhalo wayo wawungonyaka I ngaphambi kukaKristu, ngemva kokuba isiko elidluliselwa ngomlomo iminyaka engaphezu kuka-400. Le canon yesi-Pali yenziwe ngokukhethwa kwazo zonke izimfundiso zamaBuddha zaseTheravada:
I-Vinaya-pitaka: ebizwa ngokuthi ubhasikidi we-Monastic Discipline, iyisigaba sokuqala se-Pali canon lapho ukusekelwa kokuphila kumiswa ezindlini zezindela ze-Sangha, kuzo kunezinkambiso ezilawula ukuphila kwezindela noma amaBhikkhus nezindela noma amaBhikkuni, njengoba kufanele. ukuhlalisana esigodlweni sezindela futhi yimiphi imithetho yokuziphatha noma yemfundo okufanele babe nokuzwana hhayi nje phakathi kwamalungu abo ngaphakathi kwesigodlo, kodwa futhi ekuphileni namakholwa.
I-vinaya-pitakano iyimithetho kuphela kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nezindaba ezabangela ngayinye yazo, futhi inikeze imininingwane yokuthi uBuddha wasifuna kanjani isisombululo sezinkinga ezavela eSangha ukuze alondoloze ukuzwana kuyo, azi ukuthi yayikhula. kanye nokuhlukahluka. Lo msebenzi unemiqulu eyisithupha.
Sutta-pitaka: noma ebizwa ngokuthi Ubhasikidi Wezinkulumo, kuleli iqoqo lezinkulumo nezintshumayelo, okukholakala ukuthi zivela kuBuddha ngokwakhe noma kubafundi bakhe abaseduze kakhulu, ngamanye amazwi kuyo zonke izimfundiso zikaBuddha, ezinde kakhulu ama-suttas. equkethe imiqulu emi-5 noma i-Nikayas.
Ngemva kwalezi ezimbili, okuyizona eziyinhloko, kuza okulandelayo:
- I-Digha Nikaya: iqukethe izinkulumo ezinde ezingama-34 zeBuddha ezinemiqulu emithathu.
- UMajjhima Nikaya: Iqukethe izinkulumo ezimaphakathi eziyi-150.
- I-Samyutta Nikaya: Leli iqoqo lezinkulumo ezihlobene ezingu-7762, ezihlanganiswe zaba izihloko ezakhiwe izigaba ezingu-56 noma ama-sanyutta.
- I-Anguttara Nikaya: Unezinkulumo ezingu-9950 zesihloko esisodwa ngohlelo olukhuphukayo.
I-Khuddaka Nikaya: iqukethe Imibhalo emincane eyi-15 eqoqwe yaba imiqulu engama-20 enezihloko ezahlukahlukene, ezibhalwe ngevesi, futhi equkethe izinto ezindala nezintsha kakhulu zesi-Pali. Lokhu kwakhiwe:
- Khuddaka-patha: "Izinkulumo Ezimfushane" ezimfushane okufanele zishiwo.
- I-Dhammapada: "Amavesi e-Dhamma", ahlanganiswe namavesi okuziphatha angama-423, athandwa kakhulu njengoba iwona ahunyushelwa kakhulu ezilimini zaseNtshonalanga
- I-Udana: kunama-sutta amafushane angama-80 asekelwe kuma-Verses of Inspiration.
- I-Itivuttaka: zingama-sutta amafushane aqala ngokuthi “futhi njengoba kushiwo.
- I-Sutta-nipata: ebizwa ngokuthi "Iqoqo Lezinkulumo", lapho kukhona ama-suttas angama-71 ngendlela yevesi.
- I-Vimana-vatthu: noma "Izindaba Ezimayelana Nezindlu Zezindlu" ezikhuluma ngokuzalwa kwaphezulu.
- I-Peta-vatthu: "Izindaba Zabafileyo" noma izinkulumo mayelana nokuzalwa kabusha kwemimoya.
- I-Thera-gatta: noma "Amavesi Asendulo" isitshela ukuthi izindela zokuqala zakwazi kanjani ukuzuza ukukhanyiselwa.
- I-Theri-gatta: yincwadi efanayo yangaphambilini kodwa lokhu kubhekisela endleleni izindela zokuqala zakwazi ukuzuza ukukhanyiselwa.
- I-Jataka: iqukethe izindaba ezingama-247 zokuzalwa, noma izimpilo zesikhathi esidlule zikaBuddha, zokwenza imibhalo ngokuziphatha. Lesi sigaba sekwephuzile kakhulu kuCanon ye-Pali lapho izinganekwane eziningi ezivela eNdiya kukholakala ukuthi zahlanganiswa, futhi zisetshenziswa ezintshumayelweni namuhla.
- I-Nidessa: ukuphawula kwenye yezingxenye ze-Sutta-nipata.
- I-Patisambhida-magga: noma ukuhlaziywa kuka-Abhidhamma kwemfundiso.
- I-Apadana: Izindaba zokuphila ezidlule zezindela nezindela ezitholakala ezincwadini ze-Thera-gatta kanye ne-Theri-gatta.
- I-Buddhavamsa: ebizwa nangokuthi iChronicle of the Buddhas, lapho kuxoxwa khona indaba yamaBuddha angama-24 edlule.
- I-Cariya-pitaka: ebizwa ngokuthi "Ubhasikidi Wokuziphatha" lapho ukuziphatha kuka-Gotama ezimpilweni zakhe zangaphambilini kuxoxwa ngakho nalapho ekwazi khona ukuqongelela ukuphelela ukuze abe i-Boghisatta.
Abhidhamma-pitaka: o Ubhasikidi Wezimfundiso Ezengeziwe” lapho kutholakala khona imibhalo ekhuluma ngezimiso zezimfundiso ezikubhasikidi ababili bokuqala, lapha ingatholakala ihlelwe kabusha futhi isesimweni esingcono ngohlelo olwenza uphenyo ngemvelo yomqondo. ne-matter, inemibhalo yasendulo engu-7 eqoqwe ngohlelo olunemiqulu engu-7.
Ngokwezinganekwane zamaNdiya, uGautama Buddha washumayela ngesimo sefilosofi, ayibiza ngokuthi iDhamma Ephakeme noma u-Abhidhamma, mayelana nonkulunkulu bokuqala kanye nomfundi wakhe nomlandeli wakhe wokuqala uSariputra, omunye wabalandeli abayishumi bakaSakyamuni Buddha noma uBuddha. U-Sari Putra usho ukuthi indodana kaSari, lona nguye owatshela abantu abafayo ukuthi i-Dharma yayiyini, ebalethela izincwadi zezenkolo nezefilosofi ukuze babe nokuqalwa kokuqonda kwabo.
Lo msebenzi unefilosofi eminingi, i-psychology kanye nokuziphatha. I-Psychology akuyona leyo esiyaziyo eNtshonalanga, kodwa yiyona ehlobene nomphefumulo, obonakala njengenqwaba yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezakhi zengqondo ezishintsha njalo.
I-Sanskrit Canon
Leli igama elinikezwe iqoqo lobuBuddha elibhalwe ngalolo limi, futhi elasuka enyakatho yeNdiya.Ekuqaleni lalinokwehlukana okufana ne-Trpitaka, kodwa kamuva lahlukaniswa izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye noma amaDharma ezaziwa ngokuthi Incwadi ka iMithetho, kulezincwadi ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli nezingezona ezohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli iyatholakala, njengasohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zesiPali, kodwa inegunya elikhulu enkolweni.
Phakathi kwazo singathola ukupheleliswa kokuhlakanipha, Impilo Emangalisayo kaBuddha, iLotus yoMthetho Omuhle, Ukungaqondakali komhlaba kulabo abangeyena uBuddha, iNkosi Yezizwe Eziyishumi, I-Treatise on Mystic Concentration, Ukushumayela Lanka, Funda Ngemvelo kaBuddha kanye Nezinganekwane Eziphakamisayo.
Phakathi kwezincwadi ezingezona ezeBhayibheli kukhona amaCommentaries on Nirvana, The Nothingness of Life, Ukwakheka Kwendawo Yonke noma uBuddha wasendulo owazalwa kuyena, Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigaba Zomuntu Ngamunye, Ukuguqulwa Kwesela Anguli, I-Lotus of Mercy, incwadi. yezokuziphatha kanye ne-metaphysics, Amandla Ayisimangaliso OBuddha, Ukuguqulwa kukaBodhisattva Manjushri, Isingeniso solwazi lwamaBuddha, Isigubhu Esikhulu kanye namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuzindla.
Ezingezona ezohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli yilezi: IZwi Lesisa, Eligcwele Inganekwane, Amacala Avela Ekuphileni kukaBuddha, ICanon ye-Pali, kanye ne-Udana ye-Pali Canon.
Amaqoqo e-Chinese kanye ne-Tibetan
Lezi zincwadi zohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zinamazwana asekuqaleni futhi zinenani elikhulu njengoba zingolimi lwesiPali noma lwesiSanskrit oluye lwalondolozwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngesiShayina nesiTibetan, inguqulo yohlu lwamanje lwezincwadi zesiShayina lusukela ngonyaka ka-1924 no-1929, lapho lunyatheliswa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi. igama likaTaisho Issaikyo futhi umbono wakhe wokuqala usukela ngonyaka wama-972 wenkathi yethu. I-canon yase-Tibet inezigaba ze-Kanjur ne-Tanjur.
Ezinye izixhumanisi esingaphakamisa ukuthi uzazi noma uzifunde yilezi ezilandelayo: