Umsunguli weBuddhism: Umsuka, Ungubani? Futhi kwakungubani?

UbuBuddha buthathwa njengenkolo yesine ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, naphezu kokuba bengenaye uNkulunkulu. Umsunguli wobuBuddha ngokusobala unguBuddha ngokwakhe, omlando wakhe uyiqembu eliphakeme kakhulu eliphuma kuzo zonke izinto ezibonakalayo ukuze lifinyelele iNirvana elangazelelwa. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde lesi sihloko ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalo mlingiswa.

umsunguli webuddhism

Umsunguli weBuddhism

Nakuba impendulo ingase ibe sobala futhi iwubuwula, ubuBuddha badalwa uBuddha, nokho, ukungabaza kusekhona. Laliyini igama lawo langempela?Ubani ohola ubuBuddha namuhla?Buyini ubuBuddha namuhla?Inani labalandeli babo?

Buyini ubuBuddha?

UbuBuddha buthathwa njengenkolo yomhlaba wonke, kanye "nesiyalo sefilosofi nengokomoya", esingenaye uNkulunkulu futhi singesomndeni wama-dharmic. Kuhlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, izinkolelo zenkolo, kanye ne-praxis yokomoya ebizwa ngokuyinhloko ku-Gautama Buddha. UbuBuddha buthathwa njengenkolo yesine ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, idlula abalandeli abayizigidi ezingama-500, into efana ne-7% yenani labantu emhlabeni..

UbuBuddha bavela eNdiya phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC, lapho basakazekela khona kakhulu eMpumalanga Asia futhi umkhuba wabo wehla ezweni lendabuko lapho kufika iNkathi Ephakathi. Iningi lamasiko obuBuddha anenjongo efanayo yokunqoba ukuhlupheka ( dukkha ) kanye nenkathi yokufa nokuzalwa kabusha ( samsara ), kungaba ngokuthola iNirvana noma ngokuthola ubuBuddha.

Ukuthambekela okuhlukahlukene kwamaBuddha kuyehluka ekuhloleni kwabo indlela eya enkululekweni, ukweqa okulinganiselwe kanye nokuba yingxenye yeBhayibheli okuye kwamiswa emibhalweni ehlukene yobuBuddha, kanye nezimfundiso zabo ezithile kanye ne-praxis. Phakathi kwama-praxis afakiwe agcwaliseke kakhulu yilezi: ukuphephela kuBuddha, i-Dharma kanye ne-Sangha, ukulalela izimiso zokuziphatha, i-monasticism, i-abstraction kanye nokutshalwa kweParamitas (ukuphelela noma ubuhle).

Kunemisinga emibili ehlobene eBuddhism: Theravāda (Isikole Sabadala) kanye ne-Mahāyāna (Indlela Enkulu). UbuBuddha beTheravāda budlangile eSri Lanka naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, njengaseCambodia, eLaos, eMyanmar naseThailand. I-Mahayana Buddhism, ehlanganisa amasiko e-Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, kanye ne-Tiantai (Tendai), itholakala kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Asia.

I-Vajrayana, okuyindikimba yezimfundiso okuthiwa zavela kubalandeli baseNdiya, ingabhekwa njengomfudlana ohlukile noma umkhakha weMahayana Buddhism. UbuBuddha baseTibet, obulondoloza izimfundiso zeVajrayana zaseNdiya zangekhulu lesi-XNUMX, buqhutshwa ezizweni zasendaweni yaseHimalaya, eMongolia, naseKalmykia..

umsunguli webuddhism

Umsuka weBuddhism kanye nomsunguli wayo

Njengoba kwaziwa kubo bonke, ubuBuddha bamukelwa kakhulu njengefilosofi yokuphila kunenkolo evamile, noma kunjalo, buhlala buyinkolo naphezu kokuntula uNkulunkulu, okungukuthi, akuyona inkolo. Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-India, lapho umsunguli wayo uSiddhartha Gautama, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi u-Gautama Buddha, angaba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokusabalalisa umlayezo wokuqala nokuhola iqoqo lakhe elisha labalandeli endleleni yobukhulu obungokomoya.

Kusukela ekudalweni kwayo, le mfundiso engeyona eyenkolo yenkolo iye yakha ingxenye yomndeni wama-dharmic futhi ngenxa yalokhu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yasakazeka kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Asia. Ngale ndlela yaba inkolo yezindawo eziningi esifundeni, kuyilapho eNdiya yaba ngokusemthethweni njengenkolo ngemva kokuba uMbusi u-Asaoka eyala futhi iqembu lezindela laqala ukudlulisa umlayezo walo, Wanezela ukuthunyelwa kwalaba phesheya kwezilwandle. izwe ngenhloso yokuthi inkolo yabo yaziwe emhlabeni.

Ukuzalwa kukaGautama Buddha kwenzeka endaweni eseduze ne-Himalayas endaweni ngaleso sikhathi eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-republic yaseShakya, engasekho namuhla. Akabhekwa njengoNkulunkulu noma uBuddha ophakeme wale nkolo njengoba, ngokuvamile, lowo oye wazuza ukuphaphama okugcwele okungokomoya ngaphansi kwemikhuba yakhe yenkolo angaziswa njengoBuddha.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kwasungulwa kahle ngaphakathi kweBuddhism ukuthi abantu kuphela abangafinyelela lesi simo futhi uGautama Buddha ngokwakhe wayengubufakazi empilweni yomqondo kaBuddha, emqaphela njengoBuddha womlando. Okuhloswe yile nkolo ukucindezela ukuhlupheka okubangelwa imizwa etholwa umuntu njengokujabula kwezinzwa, inkanuko noma izifiso.

Yingakho umuntu engabhekwa njengoBuddha, okungukuthi, lapho esefinyelele isimo sokuzola kwengqondo okuphelele futhi esevukile ngokomoya noma esekhanyiselwe ngokugcwele. Ngaphambi kukaSakiamuni (elinye lamagama uGautama Buddha aziwa ngawo) kwakunabanye oBuddha abangu-28 njengoba belandiswa kuPāli Canon efanayo (iqoqo lemibhalo yamaBuddha yasendulo ebhalwe ngolimi lwesiPali).

Inkolo yendabuko yasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya yayikhula kwaze kwaba yilapho ilinganiselwa njengenye yenombolo enkulu yabalandeli emhlabeni, ilandela ubuKristu kuphela, kunjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, yayinobukhona obuphawulekayo kulo lonke elase-Asia lapho yafinyelela khona emazweni anjengeShayina, iTaiwan, iJapane, iVietnam, iCambodia, iMongolia, iThailand, iSouth Korea, iSingapore neLaos (amazwe okuyinkolo evelele kuwo).

Namuhla umlayezo wakhe waziwa emhlabeni wonke futhi nakuba kungeyena wonke umuntu owenzayo, minyaka yonke uyathakazelisa kumakhulu abalandeli abenza uhambo olungokomoya emathempelini amaningana aseNdiya. Ngokuphathelene nokuzalwa nokufa kukaGautama Buddha ongokomlando, usuku olunembile noluqondile akwaziwa, kodwa kuye kwalinganiselwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthi kuye kwaba nezinkathi ezintathu ukuphila kwakhe okungenzeka ukuthi kwaqala ngazo.

Esokuqala esasibhekwa njengezinsuku eziphakathi kuka-563 BC no-483 BC, usuku lwakamuva lwalinganiselwa njengenkathi yakamuva kakhulu, kusukela ngo-486 BC kuya ku-483 BC futhi isikhathi sokugcina kukholakala ukuthi siwusuku oluseduze oluhlanganisa phakathi kuka-411 BC no-400. Kodwa-ke, le nkolelo-mbono yagcinwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1988, lapho icutshungulwa ithimba lezazi-mlando ukuthi ubukhona bayo baphela eminyakeni engu-20 ngaphambi noma ngemva konyaka wama-400 BC.

Njengoba kungase kubonakale, kunokungabaza okuningi ngokuzalwa nokufa kukaBuddha womlando futhi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi akukho mbhalo oye watholakala owenziwe nguye ekuphileni, nanoma yimuphi omunye olandisa ngokufa kwakhe. Futhi ukwenza lolu suku lungacaci, muva nje kutholwe indawo engcwele yamaBuddha yasendulo eyahlehlela kuma-550 BC, ngakho-ke kucatshangwa ukuthi cishe yazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa.

Ngokuphathelene nemibhalo yokuqala, iqoqo lemibhalo yesandla eyaziwa ngokuthi imibhalo yamaBuddha yaseGanghara isanda kutholwa, okubhaliwe kwayo kwenziwa phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala nelesi-XNUMX BC. .

Ubani owasungula ubuBuddha?

Mayelana negama elithi Buddha, singakhuluma ngababili ikakhulukazi, eyokuqala yileyo eyasungula imfundiso neyesibili yegama elithi Buddha. Kulula ukuqonda ukuthi iyini incazelo yazo ngayinye, kanye nokwazi ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuze uzuze ukuze uthathwe njengoBuddha.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ubuBuddha basungulwa nguSiddhartha Gautama okwathi ngemva kokuthola ukukhanyiselwa waziwa ngokuthi uGautama Buddha. Incazelo yebuddha ilandela kusukela lapho, njengoba kuphela umuntu ovuswe ngokugcwele ngokomoya ongafinyelela leli zinga, njengokungathi isakhiwo senhlangano.

Kunamagama amathathu anikezwe uBuddha womlando, yilawa: Siddhartha Gautama, Gautama Buddha noma Sakiamuni kodwa, ngokuvamile, angabizwa nje ngokuthi Buddha. Wayeyingxenye ebalulekile ekusakazeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwale nkolo. Kamuva lokhu kwakuzosabalala, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kamuva isithakazelo kuyo sasizokwehla eNdiya kuyilapho sasizothola abalandeli ngokushesha kwezinye izifunda zezwekazi lase-Asia.

Amazwe amabili aqokwe njengezindawo zokuzalwa komsunguli weBuddhism. Ngalo mqondo, izindawo ezithile eNepal yanamuhla nakwezinye eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNdiya ziye zacatshangelwa, kodwa, ngokuvamile, kuseNdiya lapho kulinganiselwa khona ukuthi wazalwa ngaphansi kwenyanga egcwele phakathi kwezinyanga zika-April no-May. Ubaba uBuddha uyena owabusa iRiphabhulikhi yaseSakia, ngakho-ke kukholakala ukuthi wafundiswa ukuba yinkosana yaleso sizwe. Ukhokho wakhe kwakunguNdlovukazi uMayadeví, oshade noSudodana, uyise kaSiddhartha.

Ukudideka mayelana nokuzalwa kukaGautama Buddha kuvela eqinisweni lokuthi ngaleso sikhathi unina kwadingeka ayobelethela ezweni likayise. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngaphambi kokubeletha, uyahamba ukuze afeze lo msebenzi. Ngobusuku obudlule uphuphe indlovu emhlophe enamazinyo ayisi-6 imgwaza ngakwesokudla. Kwakwaziwa futhi ukuthi uBuddha uzozalwa ngesikhathi sohambo oluya ezweni likakhokho weNdlovukazi yaseMaya engadini ngaphansi kwesihlahla seSala phakathi kwamadolobha aseLumbini naseKapilavastu.

Wayezokhuliswa u-anti wakhe ozala umama futhi lapho eseneminyaka engu-16 uyise wayesevele ehlele umshado wakhe nomzala kaGautama owayelingana naye. Okwaziwayo ngoBuddha ukuthi wayengeyena umlandeli wanoma iyiphi yezinkolo ezazidlangile ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho wayezoqala owakhe ukucwaninga ngenkolo.

Isiphi isizathu esasingabangela ukufuna okunjalo? Kulinganiselwa ukuthi bekuyoba indlela yakhe yokuqonda isintu kuze kube manje. Uyise wayefuna ukuba abe yinkosi ebabazekayo, yingakho futhi amqhelelanisa nemfundo yezenkolo yangaleso sikhathi kanye naseDuka (ukuqonda ukuhlupheka).

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Sudodana (uyise) wazama ukumnikeza konke ukunethezeka futhi yini ayengase ayidinge njengoba inkosana Sakia republic. Ngokwemibhalo, uGautama waqaphela ukuthi wayengayidingi ingcebo, kodwa okwakumelwe kucetshiswe umphefumulo, okungukuthi, ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo yayingadingeki.

Ngokuba khona kwayo, yenza inqwaba yezingqungquthela ukuze isabalalise futhi idlulise izimfundiso zayo. UBuddha wafundisa ngeBuddhism ngaphandle kokugxila esimweni senhlalo, ngale ndlela wayezuza abalandeli nabafundi. Kusukela kumalungu ezicukuthwane kuya kubaqoqi bemfucumfucu futhi kuhlanganise nabantu abangafunwa ngaleso sikhathi lapho kugqama khona amazimuzimu Alavaka kanye no-Angulimala obulalayo.

Lapho efinyelela eminyakeni engu-80 ubudala nangemva kwalokho okwakuwukudla kwakhe kokugcina, uBuddha womlando wabamba iqhaza ngokuthi isikhathi se-paranirvana yakhe sase sifikile (umzuzu lapho umzimba, ukuba khona kwasemhlabeni, ushiywe ukuze uqalise ukungafi). Kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi ukufa kwakhe kwakungenxa yesimo esihlobene nokuguga, okungukuthi, i-infarction yamathumbu.

Ngaphambi kokuhamba kwakhe, uBuddha wacela u-Ananda, umsizi wakhe, ukuba athonye umkhandi wensimbi uCunda ukuthi umnikelo wakhe (isidlo sakusihlwa sokugcina sikaBuddha) awuzange ubangele ukufa kwakhe nokuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwakufanele azizwe ekufanelekela ukumnika ukudla kwakhe kokugcina. .

Umholi wamanje weBuddhism

Njengamanje kunabaholi abaningana bezikole zamaBuddha emazweni ahlukene ase-Asia abamukele lefilosofi yokuphila njengesivumokholo. Kodwa ogqamayo nowaziwa emhlabeni wonke umholi wobuBuddha baseTibet, owaziwa ngokuthi iDalai Lama. Unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa abaphathi baseTibet emaphakathi ngakho-ke uthathwa njengomholi ongokomoya weBuddhism yaseTibetan.

Ibinzana elithi Dalai Lama lihunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi ngokuthi "Ocean of Scholarship" futhi kuze kube namuhla, unyaka ka-2020, ungumholi wamanje weBuddhism eTibet, ogama lakhe langempela ngu-Tenzin Gyatso futhi owafika emhlabeni ngomhla ka-6 July 1935. Eneminyaka engu-83 ubudala. iminyaka yobudala, i-Dalai Lama yamanje isivele ikwazile ukuzuza ukulawula okuyingxenye noma okuphelele phezu kokufa futhi uyazi futhi ukuthi iyiphi indawo elandelayo lapho ezoya khona ngemva kokuphindukuzalwa, okungukuthi, indawo ezozalelwa kabusha kuyo.

I-Dalai Lama yanamuhla isiyaziwa emhlabeni wonke hhayi nje ngomsebenzi wayo wobuntu kanye nokuvuna amalungelo abantu, kodwa nangemiklomelo ehlukahlukene ayitholile ngale mikhuba impilo yakhe yonke. Phakathi kwazo, kugqame indondo yeNobel Peace Prize ka-1989, nokwenze ukuthi aziwe ngomzabalazo wakhe. Ubuye waba yingxenye yamafilimu namamuvi amaningana ngakho isithombe sakhe sesidume njengomuntu onethonya emkhakheni wezenkolo futhi waba ngomunye wabaholi abafaneleka kakhulu emhlabeni.

Kube yingxenye yemicimbi ebalulekile efana nokugcotshwa kukaMengameli waseMelika uBarack Obama okwenzeke eWhite House ngo-2008, kanye nokuba khona kwakhe ezophatha imikhuleko esiqhingini sase-Asia, iTaiwan ngemuva kochungechunge lwezinhlekelele zemvelo ezikhungethe. inani labantu.

Kuzo zombili izikhathi, ukubonakala komholi wamaBuddha kwabangela ukungakhululeki kuhulumeni waseShayina, okokuqala ngenxa yomzabalazo wezombangazwe ne-United States futhi okwesibili ngoba indawo yaseTaiwan kuthiwa umbuso wamaShayina njengeyawo. Ukuba khona kuleso sizwe samaDalai Lama kwathathwa yiShayina njengokugqugquzela.

Kukhona isiko, elisekhona nanamuhla, futhi libhekisela ekukhethweni kwe-Dalai Lama entsha.Yenziwa kanjani? Uma umholi wamanje eshona, i-Panchen Lama iphethe ukuqaphela ukuthi uDalai Lama omusha usephinde wazalwa engubani. Ngokuvamile, futhi ngokwalokho okushiwo, kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-49 ukuphindukuzalwa, ngakho-ke umholi omusha weBuddhism yaseTibetan ngokuvamile ungumfana.

I-Panchen Lama kufanele ibone lowo ozelwe kabusha ngokwezimpawu ezimiswe ngaphambili futhi uma esetholakele, uba iDalai Lama. Lo mkhuba ubuye usebenze ngokuphambene, okungukuthi, njalo lapho i-Panchen Lama ifa, yiDalai Lama enesibopho sokuthola indlalifa yakhe ezelwe kabusha.

Imibhalo yamaBuddha

UbuBuddha, njengazo zonke izinkolo zaseNdiya, babuwumkhuba odluliselwa ngomlomo ezikhathini zasendulo. Izimfundiso zikaBuddha, izimfundiso zokuqala, imiqondo nezincazelo zadluliselwa kusuka kubaba kuya endodaneni ngomlomo ezindlini zezindela hhayi ngemibhalo ebhaliwe. Imibhalo yokuqala yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli yobuBuddha cishe yabhalwa eSri Lanka, eminyakeni engaba ngu-400 ngemva kokufa kukaBuddha.

Imibhalo yakha ingxenye ye-Tripitakas futhi izinguqulo eziningi ziye zavela zithi zingamazwi kaBuddha. Imibhalo yezazi yokuchithwa kwamaBuddha ngababhali abaziwayo yavela eNdiya cishe ngekhulu lesibili AD. Le mibhalo yayibhalwe ngesiPali noma isiSanskrit, ngezinye izikhathi ngezilimi zendawo, njengemibhalo yesandla enamaqabunga esundu, imibhalo yesandla ye-birch-crust, imiqulu ependiwe, njll. eqoshwe ezindongeni zamathempeli, futhi kamuva ephepheni.

Ngokuphambene nalokho iBhayibheli elikushoyo ebuKristwini kanye neQur'an ku-Islam, nokho njengazo zonke izinkolo ezinkulu zasendulo zaseNdiya, akukho ukuvumelana phakathi kwamasiko ahlukahlukene obuBuddha ngokuthi yini eyakha imibhalo engcwele noma indikimba yeqiniso. eBuddhism. Inkolelo evamile phakathi kwamaBuddha iwukuthi umzimba we-canonical mkhulu.

Lo mzimba uhlanganisa i-Suttas yasendulo ehlukaniswe yaba i-Nikayas (ivolumu), ingxenye yesibili yamaqoqo amathathu emibhalo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Tripitakas. Lonke isiko lamaBuddha lineqoqo lalo lemibhalo, iningi layo okuwukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo yakudala yamaBuddha ngolimi lwaseNdiya lwesiPali nesiSanskrit.

Ngaphakathi kweTheravada Buddhism, uchungechunge olujwayelekile lwemibhalo engcwele lwakha i-Pali Canon. I-Pāli Tripitaka, okusho ukuthi "obhasikidi abathathu", ikhuluma nge-Vinaya Pitaka, i-Sutta Pitaka kanye ne-Abhidhamma Pitaka. Lezi zenza izincwadi ezindala kunazo zonke eziphelele zohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli ngolimi lwesi-Indo-Aryan lobuBuddha. I-Vinaya Pitaka ihlanganisa imithetho elawula impilo yezindela zamaBuddha.

I-Sutta Pitaka ihlanganisa iqoqo lezintshumayelo ezishiwo kuBuddha ngokwakhe. I-Abhidhamma Pitaka ihlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo lapho izimiso zezimfundiso zabanye "obhasikidi" ababili kubhekiselwa kuzo, zombili ezihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezikole zamaBuddha.

Uhlu lwezincwadi zamaBuddha zaseChina luhlanganisa imibhalo engu-2184 55 emiqulwini engu-1.108, kuyilapho uhlu lwezincwadi zaseTibet luhlanganisa imibhalo engu-3461 40,000, ngayinye ebhalwe uBuddha, neminye engu-1900 XNUMX yezazi zaseNdiya ezazihlonishwa ngokwesiko laseTibet. Umlando wemibhalo yamaBuddha ube mukhulu; imibhalo yesandla engaphezu kuka-XNUMX, iningi labo okungamaBuddha, amanye angewona amaBuddha, atholakala ngo-XNUMX kuphela eDunhuang Cavern eChina..

UbuBuddha Emhlabeni

UbuBuddha abukhiwe enhlanganweni yokuncika okuqondile. Igunya lenkolo lisekelwe emibhalweni engcwele: amaSutra, okuyizintshumayelo zikaGautama Buddha namaproselithe akhe. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kunenani elikhulu lezinto zokuhumusha lapho ongcweti nezibalo kuwo wonke umlando oye wachaza futhi wahlaziya ukubambisana.

Umphakathi wezindela uhlelwe ngokomlando ngemigqa yokudlulisela ngesikhathi futhi ezikoleni ezithile amaketango okuxhumanisa phakathi kwamakhosi namaproselithe abalulekile. Amakholwa anendima ehlukile njengoba ancike emagatsheni amabili abaluleke kakhulu, iTheravāda ('isikole sabadala') kanye ne-Mahāyāna ('Indlela enkulu').

KuBuddhism baseMahayana, ukuba khona kwabantu abavamile kuthathwa njengokuwusizo ekuzuzeni iNirvana njengokuphila kwezindela, kuyilapho eTheravada kugcizelelwa kakhulu ukuba khona kwezindela. Okunye ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile kusungula igatsha lesithathu; i-Vajrayāna (noma i-Tantric), engalinganiselwa njengengxenye noma ingxenye yamaMahayana.

Lokhu kuhlelwa kokusabalalisa kwenze kwaba khona ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwemibono, ukuhlukahluka nezindlela. Ukuhlukahluka kobuBuddha kwenzeka ngokuhlukana ngesikhathi samaphuzu empikiswano yezimfundiso, kanye nezimo ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo nezendawo, njengesihlahla esinamagatsha..

Izikole Ezinkulu zamaBuddha

Ngokuvamile, ubuBuddha bamiswa ezizweni eziningi ngaphandle kokungqubuzana okuqondile nezinkolo zendawo, kodwa ezikhathini eziningi, ngokushintshana kwamathonya. Ngokungafani nezinye izinkolo, ubuBuddha abazi ukuthi iyini impi engcwele, ukuguqulwa ngempoqo, futhi abubheki ngisho nombono wokuhlubuka njengento evame ukulimaza.

Nakuba kuye kwenzeka iziqephu ezithile ezingokomlando zokungqubuzana okunobudlova ezindabeni zemfundiso noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwabantu abahlukene noma abathile abambalwa, lezi azivamile enkolweni eyaba inani elikhulu labalandeli eMpumalanga Asia ohambweni olungokomlando lweminyaka engu-2500 XNUMX.

Ubuningi bezindlela kanye nokubekezelelwa kwemibono ehlukene yezimfundiso, emlandweni wayo, kube yinto eyabiwe futhi yavunywa emphakathini wamaBuddha, okuye kwaveza inani elikhulu kakhulu lezincwadi zenkolo nezefilosofi. shintsha kakhulu ngokuya ngemithombo ehlukene etholakalayo, kanti abalandeli abaningi abaphakathi kwezigidi ezingama-200 nezingama-330.

Ingosi yamaBuddha ethi Buddhanet ilinganisela ukuthi izigidi ezingu-350 zingase zibe inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuvumelana, elingahlanganisi abantu abazwelayo noma abasekeli bobuBuddha kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izimfundiso ezifana nobuTao, ​​ubuShinto, noma ubuKristu. , into engavamile. Iwebhusayithi i-Adherentes.com ibeka inani lamaBuddha ezigidini ezingama-375 (6% yenani labantu bomhlaba).

Kunoma iyiphi yalezi zibalo, ubuBuddha buvela njengenkolo yesine enabalandeli abaningi emhlabeni, emva kobuKristu, ubuSulumane nobuHindu, futhi bulandelwa yinkolo yendabuko yaseShayina. Ezinye izilinganiso ezingaguquki kangako zibeka inani lamaBuddha ezigidini ezingu-500, kodwa inani eliqondile ngokuvamile liyangabazeka futhi kunzima ukulisho ngenxa yesimo esithile sobuBuddha nezizwe obusakazeke ngazo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuBuddha bungenye yezimfundiso ezinkulu zesintu ngenani labalandeli. Lezi zibalo zikhule kakhulu ngemva kokuhoxiswa kwemali ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi emazweni afana neShayina izibalo ziqale ukuboniswa ngemva kokuvulwa kwazo kwezombusazwe.

Ngokufanayo, eNdiya kuye kwaba nokuguqulelwa koquqaba kubuBuddha kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ababeyingxenye yesigaba sabangathinteki (amaDalits). Inani elikhulu lamaBuddha litholakala e-Asia. Ekunqumeni isibalo esinembe kakhudlwana somhlaba wonke, ubunzima obuyinhloko buza ekubikeni isibalo saseShayina.

UbuBuddha bunezimpande zomlando ezibalulekile kulelo zwe, nokho, buyisizwe esingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu ngokusemthethweni, lapho kwenziwa khona inkolo yendabuko ehlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ehambisanayo, okuthi, phakathi kokunye, ihlanganise izici zobuBuddha, ezivame ukufakwa ohlwini ngokwehlukana. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga inani lamaBuddha liye landa kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1960.

ENtshonalanga Yurophu inabalandeli ababalelwa ezigidini ezingama-20 futhi yenza u-5% wabantu namuhla. E-United States, ubuBuddha bunabantu abaningi, obunabalandeli abangaba yizigidi ezine. Esinye isithiyo ekunqumeni inani lamaBuddha sisekelwe ekucaciseni ukuthi inani libhekisela kubantu abangamaBuddha kuphela noma labo abaqhuba ubuBuddha ngesikhathi esisodwa. enye inkolo ngokuvumelana, njengoba kwenzeka eShayina naseJapane.

Umlando weZen Buddhism

Isiyalo seZen Buddhism savela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi inkomba yokuqala yomlando itholakala eShayina maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Lena ibheka ukuhlangana kwe-erudition kodwa ibheke ekuzindleni futhi ingafaki ulwazi lwethiyori nolusebenzayo.

Sekunqunyiwe ukuthi iphuma ezikoleni ezahlukene zamaBhuda kodwa kwavunyelwana ngokuthi yavela eShayina, nokho, igama lesiJapane elithi zen lisho umlandeli, ngayiphi incazelo? Okuvunywa kulo njengenkomba yezikole nezimfundiso ezahlukene ezafundiswa kuzo.

Njengoba kwaziwa kahle, ubuBuddha baqala eNdiya, yingakho umsuka wabo, kodwa ukuze bazivumelanise nobuBuddha beZen, bethola izimfundiso eziningi futhi befuna izinga eliphakeme lolwazi, iminyaka eminingi yayidingeka kwaze kwaba yilapho ekugcineni bamukelwa eShayina. I-posteriori, i-Zen Buddhism ingafinyelela kwezinye izizwe zase-Asia njengeNingizimu Korea neVietnam, kukhumbula ukuthi le nkolo inenani elikhulu labalandeli kulawo mazwe.

Ngokwalokho osekuphenyiwe, umlando weZen Buddhism uqala ngazo zonke izinzalamizi zamaChan futhi ngokusobala izimfundiso zabo zisekela izimfundiso zabanye oBuddha abathintekayo njengomdali weBuddhism: uGautama Buddha nabanye abafana no-Ananda, uKashiapa, njll. Imikhuba yokuzindla emathempelini e-Chan yayihlala newabo kodwa kuwo wonke umthelela wombono nokuqonda komhlaba kungabonakala. Isizathu esenza ukuthi yonke le mikhuba inqobe ngaphakathi kwamathempeli afanayo kwakungenxa yombono onjalo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kweZen Buddhism kwakuzofinyelelwa ngenkathi imibuso ehloniphekile yase-Asia iphumelela. Ngaphezu kokuthonywa ngokunamandla ubuTao, ​​le nkolo entsha nayo yayiyothonywa kakhulu ubuBuddha. Ngale ndlela, amathempeli amasha ayezokwakhiwa ukuze kubhekwe futhi iziyalezo zale filosofi “zizopheleliswa” ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

UbuBuddha beZen obuthonywe umkhuba we-Chan buzoqala ukuduma kancane futhi lapho ubukhosi bamaTang buthatha izintambo, buvame ukunyamalala. Lapha bekuzoqala ukucatshangelwa okusha kweBuddhism lapho kwakhethwa khona umkhuba wokuthula, lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sobukhosi beNgoma. Okwakufunwa ngokuzindla buthule ukuthi othwasayo noma umfundi uyazifeza.

EJapane, umkhuba wokungasho lutho wawuzoqhubeka wenziwe futhi wawuzokwaziwa ngokuthi i-Zazen, okuyinto okwamanje eyaziwa kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga. Nakuba i-Chan Buddhism yayisiqale ukwehla ngasekupheleni kobukhosi bamaTang, le mfundiso ayizange imiswe ngokugcwele eShayina kwaze kwaba sekhulwini leshumi nanye. Lokhu kwaba kanjani imfundiso eyinhloko yezwe futhi ukulandelana kwezindela namathempeli kwakhiwa ukufeza le njongo.

Ngokufanayo, uchungechunge lwezithombe zokukhulekela uBuddha ezinobukhulu obumangalisayo zingabonakala emathempelini athile amaBuddha. Futhi ukwakheka kwalezi zimelela ngokwezinga elikhulu isiko lasempumalanga kanye nezwekazi lase-Asia. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ziye zalondolozwa futhi okwamanje zithola ukuvakashelwa okuningi okuvela kubavakashi.

Kuye kwasungulwa amasiko ahlukahlukene azungeze amathempeli, njengalelo likaBuddha ojabulayo, isisu sakhe esiye sathintwa ngokwesiko ukuze ahehe inhlanhla. Kwamanye amathempeli lapho inhlanhla ifundelwa izivakashi, kukholakala ukuthi ngokuphinda ubeke kubo amabhadi afundwa kwabanye, kungenzeka ukubakhulula kuwo.

UbuBuddha beZen kwaba amakhulu eminyaka imfundiso yenkolo enganakwa emazweni aseNtshonalanga, nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngekhulu le-XNUMX izithunywa zevangeli ezithile zakwazi ukuhlangana nayo, ukwanda okuqinile kobuKristu kanye nokulinganiselwa okukhona eYurophu kwakwazi ukuthethelela ukuthi bonke impahla yahlolwa. Noma kunjalo amaKristu athile athola ulwazi ngemikhuba ethile yobuBuddha, nakuba cishe wonke ayengamaJesuit.

Ulwazi oluyiqiniso lobuBuddha beZen lwaluzoqala ukufika eYurophu phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX futhi lwaluzoqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ngemva komhlangano wezinkolo ezihlukahlukene edolobheni laseChicago, e-United States. UbuBuddha bungenye yezinkolo ezinenani elikhulu labalandeli emhlabeni, unyaka nonyaka buheha amakhulu abantu bezizwe ezehlukene ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekubalekeleni okungokomoya futhi bazifeze ngokuzindla.

Umbono kaGautama Buddha wokuphila ngaphandle kwengcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo uyifilosofi eholela abantu abaningi ukuba bathole kabusha futhi bacabange enye indlela yokuphila. Ngokufanayo, ubuBuddha businika indlela yokuphila ezolile, lapho sifuna ukuzikhulula ekuhluphekeni okubangelwa izinkanuko. Yingakho kuvamile ukuba abantu bazibuze ukuthi uthando lwezothando luyavunyelwa yini kule mfundiso.

Naphezu kokuthandwa kwayo, lobu Buddha abudluli ubuKristu, kodwa buyenza ibe ngenye yezinkolo ezinenani elikhulu labalandeli emhlabeni wonke, njengoba cishe zonke izakhamuzi zezwekazi lase-Asia ziyingxenye yale nkolo futhi ezindaweni eziningi. izizwe ezifana neShayina ziyinkolo esemthethweni.

Ngokuphathelene nokuthuthuka kobuBuddha, kancane kancane yakhulula imikhuba ehlukene futhi eminye yasungulwa njengebaluleke kakhulu yobuBuddha. Phakathi kwazo ukuzindla buthule umuntu ngamunye azithole ngakho bese efinyelela ukuphakama kancane. Lapho umuntu efinyelela ekukhanyeni okungokomoya futhi ekwazi ukubusa ukufa kwakhe futhi azi ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe okulandelayo kuyoba njani, usengabhekwa kakade njengoBuddha.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ubuBuddha abuyona imfundiso yendabuko lapho uNkulunkulu ebalwa njengomholi ophakeme njengoba nje kukhona abaprofethi, njengoba lena inkolo engakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, okungukuthi, ayilandeli noma yimuphi unkulunkulu.

Umlando kaBuddha waseShayina

UBuddha waseShayina waziwa nangokuthi "uBuddha Ojabulisayo" futhi siyabona ukuthi usitholile leso sidlaliso ngenxa yesithombe sakhe senjabulo engapheli ngokumamatheka okukhulu ebusweni bakhe kanye nesisu esikhulu esimchazayo, ngokungafani nezinye izithombe zamaBuddha ezikhona. ngaphakathi kwalenkolo.

Isizathu salesi sihloko sisekelwe endelaneni yaseShayina eyaba umholi onethonya elikhulu kubuBuddha eJapane. Kuleli zwe wayaziwa ngelikaHotei, kwathi eChina wayaziwa ngelikaPu-Tai.

Ezweni lokugcina wayaziwa njengoBuddha Onobungane nakwezinye izifunda njengoBuddha Onothando. U-Pu-Tai wayephana kakhulu, enomusa futhi emnandi. Esikhathini esiningi sokuba khona kwayo nangemva kwayo, yaziwa ngokuthi iMatreya, eqondwa ngokuthi uBuddha wesikhathi esizayo, futhi maqondana nencazelo ka-Happy Buddha, lokhu kwakuwumphumela wokumamatheka kwakhe okuphikelelayo.

WayenguZen Buddha, owayenomsebenzi wokusabalalisa injabulo yomsebenzi owakhiwa usanta kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe ohambweni oluningi ukusuka edolobheni ukuya edolobheni ukuze afeze umgomo wakhe. Inganekwane ezungeze lo Buddha isuselwe kulokho: injabulo ayilethe kuwo wonke umuntu ngobukhona bakhe. Elinye lamaqiniso agqama kakhulu kuBuddha waseShayina ukuthi wayephethe isaka elinoswidi.

Wayebathanda abantwana futhi engumuntu onothando olukhulu, owayeheha uquqaba lwabantu, njalo uma efika edolobheni noma edolobheni elihlukile futhi izingane zikleliswe eduze kwakhe, wayephonsa amaswidi ambalwa acabange isibhakabhaka esibonisa uhleko olukhulu oluthelelayo. wonke umuntu okhona. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kwenzeka lokhu, wayekuthatha njengophawu lokuthi injongo yakhe isifezekile kuleyo ndawo nokuthi wayeseqala uhambo olusha lokuya kwenye indawo.

Ngokusho kokwaziwa, uBuddha waseShayina wasulela wonke umuntu ngenjabulo yakhe, ngakho-ke kwakuyinto evamile ukuthi isixuku sabantu sibuthene eduze kwakhe lapho efika edolobheni. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho enza isenzo sokuhleka noswidi, wayekwazi ukudlulisela injabulo nokukhanyiselwa kulabo ababekhona. Indlela abeyiyo yiyona eyamenza wathola leso sibongo.

Ifilosofi yokuphila yale monki yayisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi lapho uhleka, konke kulula, izinkinga ziba zincane futhi ungakwazi ukuphefumula kalula. Nakuba ayengumuntu ongasho lutho, wayevame ukujabulisa abantu.

Isizathu sokuthwala isikhwama esinamaswidi kwakuwukuthi (njengoba wake wakuchaza) ukuthi ufanekisela izinkinga abantu abanazo, ngakho uma ephonsa amaswidi wayeshiya isikhwama phansi futhi noma nini lapho ekude avele ahleke. Futhi mayelana namaswidi, uchaza nokuthi kuwumfanekiso nje ukukhombisa ukuthi lapho upha kakhulu, uthola okwengeziwe.

Ngale ndlela wayedlulisela isigijimi sendlela yokwenama, indlela yokucabanga ngezinkinga. Futhi njengokungathi lokho akwanele, washiya neqhinga elinesizotha elilungele umzuzu wokufa kwakhe. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wacela ababekhona ukuba isidumbu sakhe sishiswe noma nini lapho ehamba emhlabeni.

Lokhu, ngaphezu kokwesaba, kwakumangaza, njengoba kwakungeyona inkambiso eBuddhism. Kunoma yikuphi, isifiso sakhe sokugcina sagcwaliseka futhi lapho umzimba wakhe uthintwa amalangabi, kwaqala umbukiso weziqhumane. Kwatholakala ukuthi ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wayefake izinto ezinjalo ezingutsheni zakhe ukuze labo ababedabukile ngokufa kwakhe bajabule.

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