AmaToltec ayengenye yempucuko yaseMesoamerica ekwazile ukuguqula izakhiwo ngesikhathi sazo, okwakuhloselwe ikakhulukazi izinjongo zezenkolo nezemikhosi, wawumkhulu umsebenzi wabo omuhle ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. I-Toltec Ceremonial Centers, ukuthi lezi zaba ugqozi kwezinye izimpucuko.
Izimpawu nemisebenzi yezikhungo zemikhosi zamaToltec
AmaToltec aqashelwa ngeqhaza lawo elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezikhathini zasendulo, lokhu kwaholela ekubeni abizwe ngokuthi abakhi abangochwepheshe. Ukwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi kanye nezikhungo zemikhosi zaseToltec, zasetshenzwa ngokuningiliziwe ezazikhona futhi ziqhubeka ziwuphawu lobuhle obuyingqayizivele, ekuthuthukisweni kwalezi zengeza imibono yazo yezinganekwane nezenkolo.
Izikhungo zemikhosi yamaToltec zaziyizindawo lapho ukukhulekela, inhlonipho nokuhlonishwa kwakunikelwa khona konkulunkulu. Lezi zazitholakala maphakathi namadolobha ale mpucuko, futhi ngokuvamile zazibonakala ngezikhala zazo ezinkulu ezimise okwesikwele, eziphakanyiswe endaweni eyidwala enezimbobo ezinhle, ngaphezu kokuba nezitebhisi ezithile ezazisetshenziswa ukuze zifinyelele phezulu kulezi . Ayenezindawo ezinkulu ezimboziwe, ezisekelwe ngemishayo yokhuni nezinsika zamatshe.
Amakholomu ayevame ukuqoshwa ngendlela yamaqhawe anezimpaphe noma amabululu, kanye nezigcawu ezesabekayo zabantu nezingebhezi. Ezizungeze lolu hlobo lokwakha kwakukhona neminye imisebenzi eyenziwa ngamatshe, okwakuyindawo lapho kwakuhlala khona umphakathi osezingeni eliphezulu, njengabaholi, abapristi nezikhulu zalo mphakathi.
Ezinye izindlu ezazisedolobheni futhi ezazimele umphakathi osezingeni eliphansi njengabalimi, izingcweti zezandla kanye nabathengisi, zazenziwe ngezinto ezingakwazi ukumelana nesikhathi njengezitini nodaka.
Ezikhathini zangaleso sikhathi, kuye kwaba khona izazi-mlando ezithile eziye zasikisela ukuthi impucuko yaseToltec iyinganekwane, ukuthi lokhu kwakumane kuwumbono wama-Aztec ukubiza igama lenzalo yabakhi abangochwepheshe. Nokho, isiko lesiNahuatl ligcizelela ukuthi amaToltec ayengabanduleli bempucuko nokuthi aba nethonya elikhulu kwezobuciko, izakhiwo namasiko.
Izikhungo Zemikhosi Ezibalulekile ze AmaToltec
Isungulwe ngokuyinhloko njengesikhungo semikhosi sase-Toltec. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi naphezu kokuthi amanye amathempeli okukhulunywe ngawo lapha ahlobene namanye amasiko angomakhelwane, ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zemikhosi kubonisa ithonya eliphawulekayo lesiko laseToltec. Okulandelayo, sizochaza ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ebabazekayo eyadalwa yile mpucuko, yilezi:
Ithempeli le-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
Eduze kwaseMexico City, amakhilomitha angu-80 ukusuka eTenochtitlán eqhelile, sithola iTula, cishe ngo-700 AD okwakuyidolobha elichuma kakhulu lamaToltec kanye nesifunda saseMesoamerican; kulinganiselwa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-85.000 XNUMX zazihlala lapho. Igama lokuqala le-Tula, leli dolobha elikude laseToltec laliyi-Tollan Xicocotitlan, okusho ngesiNahuatl "indawo ye-tul (isihlahla esikhulu) noma umhlanga".
Itholakala esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-Hidalgo futhi yakhiwe entabeni encane, eyenza kube lula ukuvikelwa kwayo kubanqobi. AmaToltec ayehlala lapho kwakungamasosha amaningi, kodwa futhi kwakuhlala abalimi abaningi.
I-Tula yayiyidolobha elikhulu elibalulekile kwezomnotho, elaziwa ngokulawula uhwebo lwe-turquoise ne-obsidian, ukubaluleka kwayo kwakukhulu kangangokuthi isiko layo lasakazekela eYucatan, lafinyelela e-El Salvador ngisho naseNicaragua. Ukuqhakaza kukaTula kwakungenxa yokuwa kweTeotihuacán, njengoba abantu abaningi bathuthela ezindaweni eziseduze.
Umlando wokuwohloka kwaleli dolobha awucaci kahle, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi kungenxa yezizathu zezenkolo. Amakholwa kankulunkulu uQuetzalcoatl ayelokhu ephikisana nabalandeli bakankulunkulu uTezcatlipoca, owanqoba futhi waxosha abafundi baseQuetzalcoatl edolobheni.
Njengamanje, idolobha laseTula liyipaki kazwelonke lapho izakhiwo zasendulo zivikelekile futhi okuheha kakhulu izivakashi yizikhungo zayo zemikhosi, njenge:
Ithempeli le-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli lasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1100s, liwumsebenzi olinganayo futhi ohlotshiswe ngokuphelele. Ithempeli lezitebhisi elingamamitha angu-43 ukuphakama liphelela e-altare; imininingwane yaleli thempeli ibonisa ukukhathazeka kwalesi siko ngezenzakalo zezinkanyezi.
Izindonga zamakamelo ayo elanga angu-5 ziqoshwe ngamafrieze amaningi abonisa iqembu elithukuthele lama-ocelots, ama-coyote nezinkozi ezishaya izinhliziyo zabantu, kanye nezithombe zeplanethi uVenus ezihlotshaniswa nonkulunkulukazi wothando ngesiko lamaGreki, uVenus uboniswa lapha njengoTlahuizcalpantecuhtli , uNkulunkulu wokusa unkulunkulu onesimilo esinamandla.
Ithempeli elingamamitha angu-9 ukuphakama livale ikamelo elide elimbozwe ngemishayo yokhuni futhi lihlezi phezu kwezinsika zamatshe ezifanekisela amaqhawe aseToltec, kuyilapho izibani zethempeli ziyalwa ngeVenus.
Huacapalco
Yonke indawo yase-Huapalcalco yaziswa njengenye yezindawo ezidlulele kakhulu zempucuko yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, njengoba amaToltec okuqala azinza kule ngxenye. Kule ndawo esemthambekeni osentshonalanga weCerro del Tecolote, ehlanganiswe nama-ensembles wezakhiwo ezi-2. Ngaphezu kokumangazwa amathempeli nokunye okutholwe kudala, lesi sifunda sinemidwebo eminingi emigedeni esukela eminyakeni eyi-13.
Kwakuyisihlalo soMbuso Wesibili wamaToltec, ngaphambi kokufudukela eTula; Kule ndawo, isikhungo semikhosi esinezingxenye ezintathu sigqama nezici zeTeotihuacan, isisekelo saso silinganisa amamitha ayi-12 nokuphakama kwawo ngamamitha ayi-8. Ngokunjalo, kukhona i-altare lapho kukholakala ukuthi lalisebenza njengediphozithi yeminikelo, iqoqo lemidwebo emigedeni enomlando omkhulu njengoba sekushiwo, kwenza le ndawo ibe ngeyokuqala yezindawo ezinabantu abaningi ezwenikazi laseMelika.
Ithempeli Lamaqhawe - Chichen Itza
Ithempeli lamaqhawe eChichen Itza lakhiwa cishe ngonyaka we-1200 futhi lingomunye wemisebenzi emihle kakhulu futhi enakekelwa kahle kakhulu kule ndawo. Ikakhulukazi, ukwakhiwa kwayo kuveza izimfanelo ezifana nalezo zethempeli le-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli e-Tula, i-metropolis ye-transcendental ye-Toltecs; ikakhulukazi, ngesisekelo sayo cishe impucuko entsha ye-Mayan-Toltec eyakhiqizwa lapha e-Chichen Itza.
Kusukela ezicini eziphathelene nezakhiwo zamanye amathempeli aseToltec, singanquma ukufana okulandelayo:
- Umqondo ophelele wethempeli, osekela indawo engcwele ephezulu ephezulu.
- Kukhona ukumelwa okufanayo kwe-Chac Mool emnyango.
- Kuwuhlobo olufanayo lomhlobiso, njengamankozi kanye ne-ocelot phansi kwezitebhisi.
- Inezinsika ezimise okwenyoka, ikhanda layo liphansi nomlomo wayo uvuleke, kuyilapho umzimba wayo wakha i-eksisi nomsila wayo uphakama ukuze usekele umphetho wokungena.
- Phansi kwethempeli, uhlangana nohlobo olufanayo lwamakholomu aqoshiwe amaqhawe.
Ithempeli lamaqhawe laliqanjwe ngokuthi El Castillo, ngenxa yomsebenzi wasekuqaleni owatholwa ngaphakathi kwethempeli elikhona. Ithempeli langempela lalibuye libe ne-Chac Mool ngaphakathi kanye namafomu angama-arched asetshenziswa amaMeya.
Lesi sakhiwo siqukethe isiteji esinesakhiwo esiyisikwele esingamamitha angaba ngu-40 ohlangothini ngalunye. Inemizimba enezitebhisi ehlanganisa umthambeka kanye nokhozo oluhlotshiswe ngezithombe eziqoshiwe lapho sibona khona amaqhawe, izinkozi nama-ocelots edla izinhliziyo zabantu.
Izitebhisi zibheke ngasentshonalanga futhi zifaka izithombe ezipholile zezinyoka ezinamakhanda angaphandle. Kukhona ithempeli elimise okwesikwele elinesisekelo esingamamitha angu-21 ohlangothini ngalunye, elishiya inkundla ebanzi ngaphambili enezinsika ezihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yonkulunkulu namaqhawe aphakamisa imishayo ophahleni.
Ngaphambili kwethempeli kuhlanganiswe udonga oluthambekile nolunye oluqondile, njengepulangwe elingaqhubeki lokufinyelela kokuqala, futhi lihlotshiswe endaweni ngayinye ngephaneli enamaski amathathu e-Chac ahlotshiswe phezulu, 1 anomfanekiso kankulunkulu uKukulkan ophuma ethempelini. umlomo wenyoka enolimi oluyimfoloko, nezinye izifihla-buso ezi-3 ze-Chac ekhoneni, eyodwa phezu kwesinye futhi enamakhala agobile nagqamile. Khona-ke enye i-plinth ebushelelezi phakathi kwama-cornices amabili abunjiwe, egcina ngezinqaba ophahleni, okungekho lutho kuwo.
Emsamo naphambi komnyango omkhulu kukhona i-Chac Mool, kudala yabonakala njengonkulunkulu osebenza njengomlamuleli phakathi kukaNkulunkulu oPhezukonke kanye nesintu, ukuze athathe izipho abazenzile.
tzompantli
Leli kwakuyi-altare lapho amakhanda anegazi ezithunjwa ezibulewe ayebethelwa phambi komphakathi ukuze akhazimulise onkulunkulu bawo. Kuwukusabalalisa okuvela esikweni phakathi kwabaseMesoamerican lokunquma izisulu zeminikelo yabantu nokugcina izingebhezi zabo ohlotsheni lothango lwamapulangwe. Lolu hlobo lwama-altare lungabonakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zaseMexico njengeChichen Itza, Tula kanye neMeya yeTemplo emaphakathi neDolobha laseMexico.
Uma uthole le ndatshana mayelana ne-Toltec Ceremonial Centers inentshisekelo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye izihloko: