Umlando we-Chancay Culture nezici

Ogwini olumaphakathi enyakatho yeLima kwakuyindawo lapho kwasungulwa khona impucuko emele kakhulu futhi engafundile kangako emlandweni wase-Andean "Los Chancay". Kungakho, ngalesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana ne I-Chancay Culture kanye nezici zabo.

AMASIKO CHANCAY

Izici ezijwayelekile ze-Chancay Culture

Isiko lamaChancay lingumphakathi wangaphambi kwe-Inca owasungulwa phakathi kuka-1200 no-1470 AD ezindaweni ezisogwini olumaphakathi nePeru, ngemva kokubola kwesiko lamaWari.

Kunombono wokuthi leli siko laliwumphakathi onabantu abaningi ngokwemiphumela etholakala ophenyweni lwemivubukulo; Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kunezindawo eziningi ezisekela lokhu kugomela, njengamadolobha akhiwe iChancay ePisquito Chico naseLauri, eyayisebenza njengekomkhulu lezokuphatha nelemikhosi.

Kanye, iPancha La Huaca njengesakhiwo sezindlu, uhulumeni; Kwakukhona futhi i-El Tronconal, ngaleso sikhathi eyasungulwa njengedolobhana elincane. Ngakho-ke isethi yazo zonke lezi zindawo yagxilisa inani elikhulu lezingcweti ezizinikele ekukhiqizeni ngezinga elikhulu.

Umnotho wabo wawugxile kakhulu kwezolimo nezohwebo, lapho umnotho wakwazi ukuthuthuka kakhulu njengoba ukwazile ukuhwebelana namanye amasiko nemiphakathi engomakhelwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babengabadobi abasezingeni eliphezulu, ulwandle lwaba ugqozi ekuthuthukisweni kwemisebenzi yezandla yabo, abayithuthukisa ngokuluka, izitsha zobumba nezinye izinhlobo zobuciko.

Ngokusho kokwakhiwa kwalezi, beza bazokwakha amadolobha anezindunduma, kanye nezakhiwo zokwakha ezihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi emikhulu yobunjiniyela be-hydraulic, njengamathala amadamu nemisele.

Ekugcineni, isiko lamaChancay laqala ukwehla ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu, lapho abanqobi bebusa uhulumeni wamaInca. Ngo-1532, amathempeli alo ambozwa amasha, uphawu lwemvuselelo engokwenkolo eyabekwa yizifiki; kodwa kwakungowe-1562, elandela imiyalo kaViceroy Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, lapho uLuis Flores asungula idolobha laseChancay ngaphansi kwegama leVilla de Arrendó.

AMASIKO CHANCAY

Indawo yesiko le-Chancay

Isiko lamaChancay lalidlangile ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezigodi zaseChancay naseChillón. Nokho, waba nethonya kuze kufike eHuaura enyakatho, nosebe loMfula iRímac eningizimu, ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi esimaphakathi.

Kukholakala ukuthi insimu enkulu yasungulwa eChancay, okungenzeka ukuthi inhloko-dolobha yayo idolobha laseSoculacumbi (Pueblo Grande), njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amanye amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu aleli koloni kwakuyiPisquito Chico neLumbra.

I-Chancay Culture: Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle Nezombusazwe

Asikho isiqiniseko salokho ukwakheka kwenhlalo nepolitiki yesiko laseChancay, kodwa uphenyo lwe-anthropological kanye nemivubukulo yalaba bantu bomdabu luye lwanikeza ubufakazi bokuthi lo mphakathi wawusungule isakhiwo sezombangazwe esimaphakathi. Isiko laseChancay kukholakala ukuthi limelela izwe elincane lesifunda. Izinganekwane ze-Ethnohistorical zibonisa ukuthi uhlelo lukahulumeni lwanqotshwa uMbuso WaseChimú, njengengxenye yokwanda kwawo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, leli siko selifinyelele isakhiwo senhlalo-politiki esiphethwe yizigaba zobupristi emakoloni ahlukene. Okusho ukuthi, kwakungekho noyedwa umbusi, kodwa ababusi abambalwa, ababebusa ama-manor kuyo yonke indawo yaseChancay; amandla ombuso ayenobukhona obukhulu bezombangazwe, abelana ngawo nabathengisi nezikhulu zokwahlulela.

Abanye abantu bahlanganisa umkhakha omkhulu wezenhlalakahle obhekele ukukhiqiza izimpahla, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwamathempeli namadolobha; leli qembu ngokuvamile lakhiwa abalimi, abadwebi nabadobi.

Umnotho Wamasiko Chancay

AbakwaChancay basungula umkhakha wabo wezomnotho ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo, ukudoba kanye nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yabo nezinye izimpucuko.

Mayelana nezolimo, abakhi abangochwepheshe benza imisebenzi efana namathangi amanzi kanye nama-conduits, ayesetshenziselwa ukuchelela emasimini. Esikhundleni salokho, amadolobha aseduze nogu lwasePeruvia, anquma ukusebenzisa ukudoba ngendlela evamile ogwini lwamabhishi futhi ngezinye izikhathi adlulela kancane emanzini ngesikebhe esincane somuntu oyedwa, ababiza ngokuthi i-totora horse.

Maqondana nohwebo, lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu kulo mphakathi, ngoba ngokuxhumana nezinye izimpucuko bakwazi ukushintshanisa nokudayisa imikhiqizo yabo yezolimo, kanye naleyo eyenziwe ngezandla njengaleyo eyenziwe ngokhuni, izitsha zobumba nezinsimbi eziyigugu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abakwaChancay bazuze imigudu yabo yokuthengisa ngolwandle nasemhlabeni. Ngasolwandle basondela ngasogwini ngamahhashi anomhlanga, futhi ezweni bangena emahlathini nasezinkangala.

Amadolobha afana neLumbra, iTronconal, iPasamayu, iLauri, iTambo Blanco kanye nePisquillo Chico, yiwo ayenabantu abaningi bezandla abavela kuleli siko, abachaza kabanzi ngemisebenzi yabo ngobuningi ukuze bahwebe ngayo kamuva. Kodwa-ke, lo mphakathi wawunomuntu omele ophethe futhi olawula yonke imisebenzi yezentengiselwano kanye nemisebenzi yemikhosi, lezi zazimelwe njengama-curacas.

Izindwangu zezandla

Okuthile okwahlukanisa leli siko kwakuwukwenziwa kwezindwangu kanye nezindwangu ezithungwe ngoleyisi ngesandla ngezinaliti; Izinto abazisebenzisayo kulo msebenzi bekunguboya, ukotini, ilineni nezimpaphe zokuzihlobisa, imiklamo kanye nendlela ezakhiwe ngayo kubhekwa njengengavamile namuhla.

Baphinde bagqamisa amasu asetshenziselwa i-brocade, ilineni nezindwangu ezinemibala, futhi ehlotshiswe ngezinyoni, amaphethini wejometri nezinhlanzi.

Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi we-gauze, lezi zaziphonswa ukotini lapho izakhi ezinezikwele zesikwele ezinobukhulu obuhlukene zakhiwe, futhi zengeza izibalo zezilwane kule misebenzi. Ukwenza imininingwane enemibala egqamile ezindwangu, basebenzisa ibhulashi elithwebula ngokuqondile imiklamo nemidwebo.

Izindwangu ezakhiwe yilesi siko zazinezinjongo zenkolo nezingaqondakali, ngenxa yalesi sizathu zazisetshenziselwa ukumboza amakhanda omuntu oshonile, njengezigqoko zekhanda. Ngokwezinkolelo-ze zalezi zikhathi, imicu kufanele ingene kumodi ethi «S», iye kwesokunxele.

Le ntambo ebizwa ngokuthi i- lloque, yayinomfanekiso omlingo, owawusonga izingubo ngamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, njengoba kwakunenkolelo yokuthi ayevikela umufi ohambweni lwakhe lokuya ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.

Ngendlela efanayo, ngokusekelwe esicupheni sesitshalo, benza onodoli nezinto ezihlukahlukene zokusika ngezinsalela zezindwangu nemicu ehlukahlukene.

Ngokuphathelene nobuciko bezimpaphe, umsebenzi kanye nokubunjwa kwe-shading yalezi, kwakuguquke kakhulu kunalokho okwenziwa ekudalweni kwe-ceramics. Yile ndlela izingxube nemifanekiso eqoshiwe ebangelwa imibala yayo ekwenzeni amajazi kungavamile; izimpaphe zazifakwa entanjeni enkulu eyayibe ithungelwa phezu kwendwangu.

I-Cerámica

Ukuthuthukiswa mayelana nokucaciswa kwezitsha zobumba, kwakuyisici esivelele kakhulu kulo mphakathi. Le misebenzi edaliwe yatholakala ngokuyinhloko emathuneni esifundeni sase-Ancón, kanye naseSigodini saseChancay. Ukwakhiwa kwe-ceramics kwenziwa kakhulu, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwesikhunta.

Phakathi nezifundo zemivubukulo mayelana nalesi siko, kwatholakala izitsha zobumba ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi ezihlotshiswe ngemiklamo engaphezu kuka-400, kuze kube namuhla zisaqhubeka ziphenywa, ukuze kutholwe imfihlakalo ezungezile; lezi zibonakala ngokuba nendawo emagebhugebhu, zidwetshwe ngombala omnyama noma onsundu endaweni engemuva ekhanyayo noma emhlophe, ekhuthazwa yilokhu le misebenzi yaziwa ngokuthi omnyama nokumhlophe.

ISIKO LE-CHANCAY

Kulolu hlobo lwemisebenzi, i-amphorae ebunjiwe eyisiyingi enobuso bomuntu iyagqama, kanye nezithuthukisi ezimelela umkhawulo womzimba womuntu, kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-cuchimilcos, ezifanekisela i-anthropomorphically efana nezibalo zomuntu ezinomhlathi ophinyisiwe kanye namehlo amnyama. .

Ngokunjalo, zibonakala zivule izingalo njengokungathi zizondiza noma zigone; lezi zazivame ukutholakala emathuneni ikakhulukazi emathuneni ezicukuthwane Chancay, ngakho-ke, balandisa ngokuthi umoya owamukela oshonile, kanye uphawu ukuxosha amandla amabi.

Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezibalo, ama-cuchimilcos, nawo atholakala kwezinye izimpucuko ezifana ne-Lima ne-Chincha, ngaphezu kwalokho lezi zithombe zihlala zihambisana nombhangqwana, zenza samuntu ukuphindaphinda kwaphezulu lapho wonke amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian aqinisekisa khona.

Incazelo enazo lezi zibalo iphinde yaba nesandla konodoli abachazwa yilesi siko, phezu kokuthi ngenxa yokubukeka kwabo bekukholakala ukuthi ngeyemidlalo, iqiniso labo likude kakhulu nalo. Lezi kwakuyizinto ezinenani elingaqondakali, ngokuvamile zazisetshenzwa zinikeza isilinganiso empilweni yomuntu oshonile noma yabantu abasondelene naye nabathandayo kuye, ukuze bamphelezele ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.

Izinkuni ziyasebenza

Imisebenzi yokhuni olubunjiwe yayinezici ezilula, ezigcwele ukulinganisa kanye nemvelo ephelele ngezindlela zazo, ngokuphambene nemininingwane kanye nobuhle bokwenziwa kwezindwangu zabo. Njengempahla eluhlaza, lezi zazisekelwa amahlathi aseduze kwendawo egudle ugwadule abahlala kuyo, ngale nto baqopha izinto ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobujamo, ngokuvamile bengeza imiklamo ehlobene nolwandle, njengezikebhe, izinyoni nezinye.

Ukwengeza, baphinde bakha amathuluzi okusebenza ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza umsebenzi wendwangu, ezolimo nokudoba; kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zezinkolelo zabo zenkolo kanye nezimpawu zesimo senhlalo.

Isikhuhlu

E-Chancay, amakhanda omuntu aqoshwe ngokhuni athwesa imiqhele yendwangu yomngcwabo yezicukuthwane ezibalulekile avamile, ngokusobala eqokomisa isimo sonkulunkulu noma idlozi lenganekwane elatholwa yilezi zibalo ngemva kokufa. Izithombe zomuntu ezenziwe ngokhuni nazo zingaba izinkomba zamandla ezombusazwe, ikakhulukazi uma zibonakala ziqoshwe ezigxotsheni noma ezintini zomyalo.

Izakhiwo 

Isiko lamaChancay ngokwezolimo, le mpucuko igqama njengesisekelo samadolobha amakhulu ababesebenzisa kuwo izindunduma njengamaphiramidi nezakhiwo, amathuna abo nawo ayeyisithombe esibalulekile sabo.

Lezi zakhiwo (imibhoshongo nezakhiwo), zazihlelwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamadolobhana lapho ngalinye line-curaca yalo noma umholi oyinhloko, kulolu hlobo lwezakhiwo amadolobha agqama ngezakhiwo ezivamile zezikhumbuzo zenkolo yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezigodlo zokuhlala. Mayelana namaphiramidi, ukungena kulawa kwakumele kwenziwe ngerempu eyehla iqonde ngaphakathi kwayo.

Ukwenza lezi zakhiwo, izinto ezifana nezitini zobumba zazisetshenziswa, ezenziwe ngesikhunta, ukwenza ukubunjwa kwazo kuhlale isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile zixuba ubumba ngamatshe.

AMASIKO CHANCAY

amathuna

Amathuna aseChancay abaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yemvelo nobukhulu bawo kanye nenani elikhulu leminikelo eyafakwa ezigubhini ezibonisa ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi, njengoba kukhona namathuna anempahla yamathuna anothe kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo aphansi- imali engenayo, lapho phansi kuqukethe izindwangu ezilula kanye neminikelo embalwa kakhulu.

Kulabo abahlonishwayo, kwakukhona ama-mausoleum kanokusho ayenesimo esiyisikwele noma esingunxande, anezindonga zezitini ezinamekwe kahle ezinanyathiselwe ukusikeka komhlaba; ithuna lalingamamitha amabili noma amathathu ukujula linezitebhisi ezikhuphukela kulo futhi laligcwele iminikelo eminingi yezitsha zobumba, izindwangu, nezinto zesiliva.

Ngokuphambene, ukungcwatshwa kwabantu abahola kancane kwakucishe kubonakale obala. Izidumbu zazihlezi noma zigobile futhi zazitholakala oketshezini lwezicubu kanti kwesinye isikhathi zinekhanda elingelona iqiniso phezu kwenqwaba yokungcwaba.

Isigcini Sokuvubukula

Edolobheni laseChancay, i-Archaeological Museum of the Culture of Chancay itholakala eNqaba yedolobha laseChancay. Le mnyuziyamu iqukethe ifenisha esukela ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwekhulu le-23, kanye neqoqo lezilwane. Lesi sigcinamagugu sasungulwa ngoJulayi 1991, XNUMX, ekuphathweni kweMeya uLuis Casas Sebastián, inqaba endala yasetshenziswa njengekomkhulu lesikhungo.

Ukuze aqhubeke nalokhu, wathintana neNational Museum of Anthropology and History of Peru ukuze athole usizo, okuholele ekusayinweni kwesivumelwano sokusebenzisana kwezobuchwepheshe phakathi komnyuziyamu oshiwo ngenhla nalo masipala.

Ngakho, ekuqaleni kuka-1992, umvubukuli wathatha isikhundla sokuhlola nokulondolozwa, elungiselela uhlelo lokuthuthukisa isikhungo lwalo mnyuziyamu. Imnyuziyamu iphinde yathola iminikelo evela kwezinye izakhamizi zedolobha laseChancay eqoqweni layo elikhona.

Uma uthole le ndatshana ye-Chancay Culture ithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:


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