Ngaphezu kokukhulisa izithombe eziqoshiwe ezinkulu kanye nemisebenzi emangalisayo yezakhiwo, babebhekwa njengabadali bempucuko kanye nokudalwa kwabo isamba sokuphelela, lapha sizofunda okwengeziwe mayelana nalesi siko kanye nesiko. Inhlangano yezenhlalo yamaToltecs.
Inhlangano yezenhlalo yamaToltecs
Ama-Toltec kwakuyisiko langaphambi kwe-Columbian lase-Mesoamerica elathuthukiswa ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisenyakatho ye-Mexico phakathi Nenkathi ye-Postclassic phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX lenkathi yethu. Izikhungo eziyinhloko zesiko lamaToltec kwakuyiHuapalcalco edolobheni laseTulancingo kanye nedolobha laseTollan Xicocotitlan, elisedolobheni lamanje iTula de Allende, elisesifundeni saseHidalgo. Leli dolobha lidume ngezithombe zalo eziyingqayizivele zamatshe, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-Atlanteans.
Umsuka wamaToltec
Igama elithi "Toltec" livela olimini lwesiNahuatl futhi lihunyushwa ngokuthi "abakhi abakhulu", leli gama libangelwa ukuthi ezinganekwaneni zesiko lesiNahuatl kuthiwa amaToltec angumsuka wayo yonke impucuko, ama-Aztec, ukuze baqinise ukuphakama kwabo, bathi inzalo yamaToltec.
AmaToltec ayinzalo yabantu abayimizulane okuvela kuyo amaChichimeca. Cishe ngonyaka amakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi amahlanu leli dolobha laphanga iTeotihuacán. Kamuva bahlala ethafeni elimaphakathi endaweni njengamanje ehlala izifundazwe zanamuhla zaseMexico iTlaxcala, Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos kanye nePuebla. I-Tula, inhloko-dolobha yayo yanqotshwa amaChichimecas ngonyaka we-1168.
Kukholelwa ukuthi inkolo yabantu baseToltec yayingeye-shaman futhi yayingadingi amathempeli noma izindawo eziqondile ezihlala njalo zokukhulekela kwabo. Onkulunkulu bamaToltec babeyi-cosmic futhi bemelela isibhakabhaka, amanzi, umhlaba, njll. Nokho, embonweni wakhe ongokwenkolo kuvela umfanekiso omkhulu kaQuetzalcóatl, ukuzalwa kwenyoka enezimpaphe noyedwa wonkulunkulu abaphakeme kunabo bonke bonkulunkulu baseMesoamerican.
AmaToltec ayesungule uhlelo lwezinkolelo ezimbaxambili. Okuphambene noQuetzalcoatl kwakunguTezcatlipoca, okukholakala ukuthi wathumela uQuetzalcoatl ekudingisweni. Olunye uhlobo lwenganekwane luthi wahamba ngokuzithandela egibele izinyoka, ethembisa ukubuya maduze.
Ama-Aztec, angamasiko alandela amaToltec, agcina ukuthi ayizindlalifa zamasiko nezihlakaniphi zamaToltec, futhi aphinde aqinisekise ukuthi isiko eliphuma edolobheni laseTollan (igama ngesiNahuatl edolobheni laseTula). ) iyingqikithi yokuphelela empucukweni. Isiko lama-Aztec lomlomo nesithombe sezithombe liphinde lachaza umlando wombuso wamaToltec ngokufaka ohlwini ababusi bawo kanye nezenzo zabo.
Phakathi kwezazi zesikhathi sethu, umbuzo odala inkulumo-mpikiswano ngowokuthi ama-akhawunti ama-Aztec omlando weToltec anikezwa njengezincazelo zezenzakalo zangempela zomlando. Nakuba zonke izazi zivuma ukuthi kunenganekwane enkulu ekulandiseni, abanye bathi ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuqhathanisa ebucayi, izinga elithile leqiniso lomlando lingakhishwa emithonjeni, kuyilapho abanye bephikisana ngokuthi ukuhlaziya izindaba ezixoxwayo njengemithombo yomlando wangempela kwenza kube nzima. ukufinyelela ulwazi lweqiniso isiko Tula.
Ubuciko Namasiko
Ubuciko bukazwelonke be-Toltec, ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwe-ceramics esetshenziswayo, ukwakhiwa kwezithombe zamatshe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezindwangu, kwakuwukubulawa kwezinto ezihlotshiswe ngezimpaphe ezinemibala eminingi. AmaToltec enza indwangu, ama-mosaic, nezingubo ngezimpaphe zezinyoni ezihlukahlukene ezinokwakheka nobukhulu obungavamile. Ngokwezinkolelo zamaToltec, unkulunkulu wabo ophakeme kwakunguQuetzalcoatl, inyoka enomjuluko. I-Quetzalcóatl yigama elinikezwe umbusi omkhulu wenhloko-dolobha yaseToltec, idolobha laseTula, maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Amathempeli anikezelwe kunkulunkulu ophakeme abelokhu ehlotshiswe kakhulu: ngegolide, isiliva, i-turquoise, i-emerald. Kwelinye lamathempeli konke kwakuhlotshiswe ngezimpaphe; amagumbi amane ethempeli ayebheke ezinhlangothini ezihlukene zomhlaba: enezimpaphe eziphuzi ngasempumalanga, nezimpaphe eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngasentshonalanga, nezimpaphe ezimhlophe ngaseningizimu, nezimpaphe ezibomvu ngasenyakatho.
AmaToltec ancoma iQuetzalcoatl ngokusungula isiphuzo saphezulu, esiholela enjabulo futhi siletha injabulo, ngaphezu kokuphuza kubhontshisi kakhokho. Izinganekwane zithi iQuetzalcoatl yayihlale imelene nemikhuba engokwesiko yamaToltec enemihlatshelo yabantu enegazi, kodwa omunye unkulunkulu, uTezcatlipoca, umoya wasebusuku, wabakhulumela. Abavubukuli baye bathola iminonjana yemikhuba eduze kwedolobha lasendulo laseChichen Itza, abapristi baseMaya babhala ngalokhu ezincwadini zesikhathi sabanqobi baseSpain.
Ngokwesiko labo, amaToltec athuthukisa amasiko eTeotihuacán kanye neXochicalco. Isiko lamaToltec laba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwama-Aztec. Izikhumbuzo ezisekhona zezakhiwo zase-Toltec nezibaziweyo ziyamangalisa ngobukhazikhazi bazo kanye nobukhulu obukhulu.
Iphiramidi enezitebhisi yayihlotshiswe ngemidwebo (amaqhawe, izinkozi, izingwe), futhi uphahla lwethempeli phezulu lwalusekelwa izithombe ezine ezinkulu zamaqhawe amatshe amamitha amane angamashumi ayisithupha ukuphakama ngamunye. Amatimu ezempi agqame kubuciko be-Toltec. Izibalo zikankulunkulu ohlezi ngesitsha somhlatshelo nazo zivamile.
Ama-Toltec angamaqhawe nawo ayengabasunguli kwezobuciko kanye nokubaza. Izinga lokubaluleka ama-Toltec anamathisela ngalo empini liyabonakala uma ebheka izinsalela zezikhumbuzo zawo ezimangalisayo. Amakholomu amane athwala imithwalo asekela uphahla lwephiramidi (eyaziwa ngokuthi Iphiramidi B) futhi ikholomu ngayinye iwumfanekiso oqoshiwe weqhawe laseToltec.
Ikholomu ngayinye emise okweqhawe inengubo yempi yaseToltec eklanywe ngezigqoko ezinemibala eminingi futhi ibambe i-atlatl, uhlobo lomkhonto weToltec. Ikholomu ngayinye iyafana ngokuyisisekelo, okubonisa ukuthi amaToltec ayejwayelene nokuphathwa kwesayensi nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi. Wonke amaphiramidi atholakala edolobheni laseTula aqukethe izingcezu zobuciko ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-friezes ahlanganisa izingxenye ezinde zezindonga ezihlotshiswe ngemidwebo nezithombe ezibaziwe ekukhululekeni ebusweni bazo.
Enye yalezi zinhlayiya ezithosiwe, ezitholakala kuphiramidi eyaziwa ngokuthi iPyramid B, yayingaphezu kwamamitha angamashumi amane ukuphakama futhi ihlotshiswe ngezithombe zama-jaguar nama-coyote, izimpawu zempi esikweni lamaToltec.
Izimpaphe ezinkulu nezinemibala esetshenziswa amaToltec kanye nama-Aztec ekuhlobiseni kwawo kwakuyizimpaphe zequetzal futhi kwakuyinhlonipho yokubaluleka okunikezwa yila masiko ezimpapheni ezinemibala eminingi. Izimpaphe zeQuetzal yizo futhi ezazihlobisa izigqoko zamaqhawe aseToltec futhi ikakhulukazi izigqoko zezikhulu zaseToltec. Ngisho nonkulunkulu babo noma bahlotshiswe ngezimpaphe zequetzal, njengoba kwenzeka kunkulunkulu uQuetzalcóatl ohlale emelelwa ngezimpaphe zequetzal ezibizwa ngegama lakhe.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Njengamasiko amaningi aseMesoamerica, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yamaToltec yanikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu empumelelweni yezempi. Izicukuthwane enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yamaToltec zakhiwe amaqhawe okwathi ngenxa yokunqoba kwawo kwezempi, akhuphuka izikhundla ukuze afanelekele leso sikhundla. Kanye namaqhawe kwakungamadoda aqotho ayengaba amaqhawe nawo.
Ngokwesiko lamaToltec, imihlatshelo konkulunkulu yayibalulekile. Ubufakazi balokhu yi-Tzompantli, okuyishalofu elenziwe ngezikhakhayi zezitha kanye nalezo zemihlatshelo yabantu. Izikhulu zezempi nabaholi benkolo kwakuyodingeka bacele imvume konkulunkulu ngaphambi kokuzama ukuhlasela. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, isigaba esiphezulu se-Toltec kuzodingeka sihlanganise abaholi bezempi nabezenkolo abasebenza ndawonye kuhulumeni, ezempi, nangokwezenkolo.
Ama-Artisan nabanye abaculi babeyingxenye yesigaba esiphakathi enhlanganweni yezenhlalo yamaToltec. Abalimi, ababhekele ukutshalwa kwenani elikhulu lommbila nokotini onemibala ehlukahlukene, nabo babezoba yingxenye yesigaba esiphakathi. Izazi zezinkanyezi zabelane ngalesi sikhundla, zenza izengezo ekhalendeni le-Toltec ukuze zilandelele izikhathi zokutshala nokuvuna, kanye nokugubha imikhosi yezenkolo nemikhosi.
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