Kusimbisa kuri pakunzwa uye manzwiro mukati me Romanticism pendi. Kune nzvimbo yakawanda yevanyanzvi vane intuition uye fungidziro. Izvi dzimwe nguva zvaiita kuti pave nemabasa ounyanzvi anoshamisa ane mamiriro enhetembo akazara nemanzwiro.
romanticism pendi
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX, muEurope uye, kusanganisira vekuAmerica, tsika dzakasangana nekuzvarwa kwakange kwakasiyana zvachose kubva panguva yeKuvhenekerwa kufunga uye uzivi - nhanho yeRomanticism. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvichipinda kubva kuGermany kupinda mutsika nehunyanzvi zveEngland, France, Russia, nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, Romanticism yakapfumisa nyika yehunyanzvi nemavara matsva, nyaya, uye kushinga kwevasina kupfeka.
General maitiro eRomanticism
Romanticism yakatanga sesangano rekunyora muGermany, England, neFrance. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX (zana ramakore reChikonzero), vanhu vakaneta nekufunga kwerationalist kweChiedza uye classicism yezvidzidzo, mavaigara vachiedza kutevedzera yekare yekare.
MuRomanticism, muimbi akange asisiri mutevedzeri weiyo classical art, asi akava musiki pachake. Akashanda kubva pamanzwiro ega. Art yakava "kuratidzwa kwemunhu wega manzwiro." Mune mafungiro aya kuhupenyu muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, ruzivo rwemunhu rwakanga rwuri pekutanga. Kubva pane maonero asina kunaka enguva yake pachake neindasitiri, rationalism uye kuda zvinhu, zvakapfuura zvakaonekwa nenzira yakanaka.
Manzwiro aya aionekwa seakakwirira kune pfungwa dzakajairika, nekuti rudo rwakagara rusingagutsikane nenzanga: akatiza kubva pano uye zvino kune dzimwe tsika, kune yakapfuura, mune ngano kana mune zvakasikwa. Nekuora mwoyo vanhu vakashuvira kudzokera kuMiddle Ages, kune pfungwa yekuti hupenyu hwakanga huchiri hwakachena uye hwechokwadi kare ikako.
Muunyanzvi hwepurasitiki, kureba kwerudo kwaiva pakati pe1820 ne1850. Munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope makave nerumutsiriro rwekufarira ngano, sagas, ngano uye ngano dzenyika yavo pachavo uye mumabhuku anosimudzira kubwinya kwakapfuura. MuEngland, Sir Walter Scott vakanyora anopfuura makumi matatu enhoroondo zvinyorwa, imwe yacho yaive Ivanhoe. MuFrance, Victor Hugo akanyora Notre Dame de Paris, nyaya yekare umo Quasimodo, hunchback, ane basa guru.
Paive neshandurudzo dzeChiuru neManheru Imwe, nhevedzano yenyaya dzekumabvazuva. Vanyori vakafuridzirwa nenziyo dzakakurumbira, mabharadhi uye ngano dzekare. Franz Schubert akanyora asingasviki mazana matanhatu erudo Lieder. Ludwig van Beethoven akasarudza zvisikwa senzvimbo yekutanga yePastor yake. MuRomanticism kuwirirana kwakaonekwa mune zvakasikwa, mitemo yemusikirwo yaive muenzaniso. Munyori weGermany Goethe akatanga nzira yokudzidza zvinhu zvakasikwa zvichibva pakuona.
Goethe aivewo nesimba guru kuburikidza nedzidziso yake yeruvara, iyo yakatora misiyano inopindirana, kunyanya yebhuruu uye inodziya yero, sekutanga kwayo. Iyo melodrama yainyanya mune zverudo ballet uye theatre. Kunyanya kuita kwemitambo yemitambo, ine zvipfeko zvakanyanyisa uye seti dzakanaka, ndiko kwainyanya kufarirwa.
Vazhinji maartist vakatiza nemadingindira avo mune zvakapfuura kana ramangwana, mune exoticism, mune fungidziro, mune "musango," hunhu husina kukanganisa, kana kuchengeta rudo rwerudo rwerudo rusingaite. Romantic artists dzimwe nguva vanotiza kubva pachokwadi sekushuva rufu, sekusunungurwa kubva mukutambura.
Madingindira ese aya akasvikirwa nemunyori, achifungidzira kuti manzwiro emunhu kana zano rinomutsa manzwiro nemazano epasirese. Mutariri uyu aionekwa semupristi mukuru wemukuru kana wemweya, semuzivi wevakuru. Nekufungidzira kwake, mugadziri chete ndiye akakwanisa kushandura manzwiro emunhu kuita hunyanzvi, chiitiko chakanyanya chehupenyu hwemukati.
Kunyangwe iwo anotangira erudo (Johann Heinrich Füssli naFrancisco de Goya uye vanyori veSturm und Drang zvinyorwa zvekufamba) vakataura nezvemanzwiro sechitubu chechiitiko chekunaka, kunyangwe ivo vasina kusiya kutyisa uye kutya, pamwe nekuyemura uye kushamisika. , uye naizvozvo mubatsiri we "Black Romanticism".
Kufungidzira kwemunhu, kukwirisa uye kunaka kwezvisikwa zvakakurukurwa sezvikamu zvitsva zvekunaka. Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, realism inopesana nerudo.
Historia
Kana tichitaura nezve romanticism tiri kutaura nezvenguva yenhoroondo kubva 1815 kusvika 1848 umo nzanga yese inobatwa nemhepo yave kutovhuvhuta kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye icharamba ichivhuvhuta muzana rinotevera. iyo inosimbisa hutsva hwemagariro evanhu.
Zvirokwazvo mumweya wezana ramakore rechigumi nesere yakanga yatova nezvinhu zvinozivisa zveRomanticism, asi kubva pane zvatinowana kubva muzvinyorwa zvenguva iyoyo, zvaionekwa setsika dzisina kunaka, zvekuti dzakaonekwa sechiratidzo chekukanganisika kwepfungwa kunokonzerwa. "Kuipa kwezana remakore" kwakatsanangurwa nokukurumidza nachiremba wechiFrench uye muzivi La Mettrie (1709-51) mu "De la folie."
Pakati pevatangiri vakuru vesangano rerudo ndiFrancisco de Goya, uyo, achikunda pfungwa dzakapararira neoclassical, akasimbisa kuravira kwekufananidzira kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kuti awane rusununguko rutsva rwekutaura rwakafanana nerudo, kubva kwaakatarisira neushingi rima fantastic motifs.
Romanticism, sechiitiko chemagariro, yakatanga kutaurwa muGermany, asi yakave nemhedzisiro yakakura muFrance, uko maitiro ehunhu hwemagariro aive akasimba zvekuti Romantic artists vaigara vari voga, vakadzvinyirirwa nepfungwa yakadzika yekusagadzikana uye mhosva.
Mukupenda kwerudo kunoreva mafambiro etsika neuzivi, zvaive zvakakosha muAmerica neEuropean States mumazana emakore gumi nemasere, gumi nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri. Rudzi urwu rwakatangira kuGermany, rwakatanga kuzviratidza mumabhuku, ndokuzoenda mukupenda uye rwakapararira kuEngland, rwakakanganisa France, Spain, nedzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka muEurope neAmerica.
Nguva yerudo inowira munguva yenhoroondo pakati peChimurenga cheFrance cha1789 neEuropean bourgeois-democratic revolutions ye1848, shanduko muhupenyu hwevanhu vekuEurope.
Kukura kunokurumidza kwecapitalism kwakashatisa nheyo dzegadziriro youdzvinyiriri, uye kwose kwose ukama hwenzanga, hwakachengetwa kwamazana amakore, hwakavamba kuparara. Kumukira uye kuita kwakazunguza Europe, mepu yakadhirowewa patsva. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya anopokana, kuvandudzwa kwemweya kwevanhu kwakaitika.
Romanticism yakatanga kukura (1790s) muuzivi uye nhetembo muGermany, uye gare gare (1820s) yakapararira kuEngland, France, nedzimwe nyika. Romanticism inoisa pahwaro hwemaonero ehupenyu kupokana pakati pezvakanaka uye zvechokwadi, manzwiro epamusoro uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Rudzi rwekupendiwa kwerudo rwakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma, pakutanga gamba rerudo rakaonekwa. Nechokunopera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, muitiro wacho wakatanga kuzviratidza umene. Zvinangwa zvikuru nedzidziso: kusimbaradza kungoerekana kwaitika, kutenda mune zvakanakisa zvevanhu uye kutsvaga kwekururamisira. Chimiro cherudo chinoratidzirwa nehukuru hwemadingindira engano, kurongeka kwenguva dzakapfuura, kurambwa kwedzidziso dzekare uye chiono chine musoro uye mifananidzo yenziyo.
Imwe neimwe muimbi akaona mhando yerudo mukupenda nenzira yake, saka dingindira, chimiro uye ruzivo rwakasiyana zvakanyanya. Iwo akakosha maficha egwara akabatsira mukuvhurwa kwezvikoro zvakati wandei, pakati pavo: iyo Norwich Chikoro cheLandscape Painters, Chikoro cheBarbizon, nezvimwe. Saizvozvowo, chimiro chaive nehumwe kukosha mukuratidzwa kwechiratidzo uye aestheticism, uye nekuda kwemupiro wevanonyanya kupesvedzera maartist, iyo Pre-Raphaelite movement yakaumbwa.
Romanticism mumifananidzo yekuona yainyanya kubva papfungwa dzevazivi nevanyori. Mukudhirowa, semamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi, vanodanana vakakwezvwa kune zvese zvisina kujairika, zvisingazivikanwi, ingave nyika dziri kure netsika dzavo dzekunze uye zvipfeko (Delacroix), nyika yezviono zvisinganzwisisike (Blake, Frederick, Pre-Raphaelites), mashiripiti. , zviroto (Runge) kana subconsciousness yerima rakadzika (Goya, Füssli).
Nhaka yehunyanzvi yekare yakave sosi yekurudziro yevazhinji maartist: iyo Ancient East, Middle Ages uye Proto-Renaissance (Nazarene, Pre-Raphaelites). Kusiyana ne classicism, iyo yairumbidza simba rakajeka rekufunga, vanodanana vakaimba manzwiro erudo uye madutu ayo akabata munhu wese.
Yekutanga kupindura kune maitiro matsva aive mufananidzo uye mamiriro, ayo ari kuve aidiwa emhando dzerudo rwekupenda.
Kubudirira kwemhando yemhando yemifananidzo kwaisanganiswa nekufarira kwevaRoman muhunhu hwakajeka hwevanhu, runako uye hupfumi hwenyika yavo yemweya. Hupenyu hwemweya wemunhu hunokunda mumufananidzo werudo pamusoro pekufarira kunaka kwemuviri, mune yenyama yepurasitiki yemufananidzo. Mufananidzo werudo (Delacroix, Gericault, Runge, Goya) unogara uchiratidza kusarudzika kwemunhu wega wega, unoburitsa masimba, kubatikana kwakanyanya kwehupenyu hwemukati, kupandukira chido.
The romantics vanofarirawo dambudziko remweya wakaputsika: ma heroes emabasa kazhinji vanhu vanorwara mupfungwa. Vanodanana vanofunga kuti nzvimbo iyi ndiyo mufananidzo wemweya wepasirese; zvisikwa, semweya wemunhu, zvinotaridzika zvine simba, zvinogara zvichichinja.
Iwo akarongedzerwa uye ennobled nzvimbo dzechinyakare dzakatsiviwa nemifananidzo yekungoerekana, recalcitrant, ine simba, inogara ichichinja hunhu, inoenderana nekuvhiringidzika kwekunzwa kwemagamba erudo.
Hunhu nemaitiro
Mukati mechikamu chakanaka chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, iyo neoclassical yazvino yakadzora pendi, zvakanyanya kufemerwa nezvinotemerwa kurongeka, kuenzanisa, kurongeka, uye kujeka. Kune vapendi venguva iyoyo, chinyorwa chinomiririrwa chinowana kukosha kwakakosha, icho chinowanzo kurongedzerwa maererano nemaitiro ekukosha uye mashoma uye mashoma emhando dzemhando.
Nekudaro, pakati penguva yerudo, tinopupurira kukanganisa kwezvese zvakakanganisa iyo neoclassical artic inoraira kuti ibatsirwe maitiro matsva zvachose. Muchokwadi, kupenda inova ivhu rakaorera rezvisina musoro, zvekunzwa, zvechido, zvesimba, mhedziso uye chakavanzika.
Kunyanya, mupendi anomira kuita basa rakagara ragara rasimbiswa rakabatana nemamwe maprotocol ehunyanzvi uye anove mabhunu akareruka uye akajairwa sevazhinji vanovavarira kugadzira hunyanzvi uye fungidziro yavo yehunyanzvi chimiro.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti, muvezi anotanga kunongedzera kune mumwe munhu, kune zvinongoerekana zvaitika uye zvakasununguka zvemashoko ake ekugadzira. Mune maonero aya, saka, chero mutemo uye chibvumirano chinorambidzwa zvachose muchikamu chekusika kuti ipe mahara kuzviisa pasi pemupendi.
Zvisinei, munguva yerudo, kwete chete mitemo yemifananidzo yakashanduka, asiwo chinangwa chekugadzira. Kana mune yakazara neoclassicism, kutaura zvazviri, basa rega rega ndiro muromo wechinangwa chedidactic, chechinangwa chekudzidzisa, munguva yerudo (sezvatakasimbisa kare) basa reunyanzvi ingori kuratidzwa kwemukati wemupendi izvo zvisisanongedze. kutevedzera zvisikwa zvakatenderedza asi kumiririro yekukonana nenzanga, yehumwe hunopesana nezvisikwa kunze kwayo.
Kubva pamaonero aya, chidzidzo chemufananidzo chinomira kuita basa rekutanga nekuti izvo zvinonyatso fambisa meseji yehunyanzvi inova nzira yakasarudzwa yekuratidzira. MuEngland, semuenzaniso, pendi yerudo yainyanya kutaridzika, asi isina ruzivo rwakadzama.
Nzvimbo yacho inomiririrwa sezvainoratidzika, pasina frills kana magungano semumifananidzo yaConstable kana yakazara nemutambo, ine simba rinokurudzira rinokurudzira, semumabasa aTurner, umo zvinhu zvemazuva ano zvinosanganiswawo, zvakadai sechitima, muchina, nokukurumidza. asi akaiswa muzvimiro zvisina kujeka, zvine simba, zvine nguva.
MuGermany, kune rumwe rutivi, kupenda kunoshandura kutarisa kwayo kune zvimwe zvinangwa zvehuzivi uye zvechitendero, semumifananidzo yaCaspar David Friedrich, semuenzaniso, umo dingindira rerudo rinoita nzira nekutarisa kushungurudzika kwemunhu, kusurukirwa, melancholy yakaratidza kutenda nekushandiswa kwechimiro chisina kupfeka uye chekufananidzira.
MuFrance, pendi yerudo inowana simba, inopomerwa mhirizhonga, kurwisana, kukakavara kukuru, zvinhu zvose zvakagadziridzwa naGéricault mumufananidzo "The Raft of Medusa", umo kuputsika kwechikepe kunorongwa panguva yeimwe yenguva dzinoshamisa.
Mweya we romanticism kupenda
Mudzimu werudo unoramba chirango chedzidzo uchifarira kudzoka kune chimwe chinhu chekare uye chakasununguka, chakanyanya chemunhu uye chekunze. Kuwanikidzwa kweHerculaneum nePompeii muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX kwakamutsa munyanzvi manzwiro echishuwo chenguva yakapfuura izvo zvakavaita kuti vaonezve uye vatorezve nzira itsva nedzekare dzekutaura.
Iyo yeMediterranean yepurasitiki yakanaka, yakamisikidzwa negamba rechiGiriki kana reRoma, zvishoma nezvishoma rakatsiviwa nekuravira kweNordic, Germany, Chirungu, Scandinavia uye Scottish budiriro. Painting ndiyo yekufananidzira art par excellence yeRomanticism uye inotora pamativi akasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenharaunda yayakagadzirwa.
nationalist manzwiro
Kumukira kweFrance, kwakakura kubva muKuvhenekerwa, kwaive kumashure kweRomanticism. Akazvarwa muChiedza chakanaka, 'rusununguko, kuenzana uye hukama' zvakapawo hwaro hwehugamba uye manzwiro echauvinistic. Romanticism yakakonzera manzwiro erudzi, umo nyika, mutauro uye nhoroondo uye tsika dzechinyakare uye tsika dzakakudzwa.
Mukati megadziriro yenyika uye yenyika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, urudzi hwakabudawo sepfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zviri mukati mezviumbwa zvakafananidza manzwiro aya erudzi nenhoroondo kana ngano dzekare. Zvinhu zvikuru zvounyanzvi zvomunguva iyoyo yekare zvakanyandurwawo zvikuru mumamiziyamu.
Kunyange zvazvo vapendi verudo vachiwanzodzokera shure munguva, Eugène Delacroix akaratidzira chinjo ya1830 gore rimwe chetero. Vapanduki vanotungamirwa naMarianne, chiratidzo chenyika cheFrance.
Semufananidzo werusununguko, ane mureza weFrance nepfuti muruoko rwake. Delacroix haina kupa pendi yacho dhizaini yevarnish, saka iyo ine guruva textures uye guruva mhute zvine matte pane canvas. Kushaikwa kwechigadziko chinopenya kunoita kuti kuita kuve kwechokwadi.
Pasinei nekunetsekana kwevanyori kuti vaone zviri mukati mebasa ravo ivo pachavo, kudiwa kwebasa mumhando yemhando yepamusoro kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi. Pasinei neChimurenga cheFrance, vanyori vezvidzidzo vaigona kurarama vachipenda mifananidzo yengano uye yechitendero. Mukati moKumukira kweFrance, machechi akatambura, asi dzinenge hurumende dzose dzeFrance dzakachengeta batano nechechi pashure pacho.
Uyewo vakanga vasingadi kukuvadza mirangariro yorudzidziso yavazhinjisa voruzhinji. Vechinyakare uye vanochengetedza vakapenda vakadai saDelaroche, Lourens Alma Tadema, uye Bouguereau vakapindura kudiwa kwemifananidzo yechitendero neyengano mutsika yezvidzidzo.
Exotic nzvimbo
Muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe raiva zana rekuwedzera. Izvo pakutanga zvaiita sezviri kure zvakaswedera pedyo nekuda kwechitima uye zvikepe. Zviratidziro zvepasi rose zvakaratidza hunyanzvi uye indasitiri kubva kumakondinendi "ekunze". Colonialism yakaunza nyika dzekunze uye "dzechinyakare" kuEurope. Orientalism uye exoticism mune art yakabva kune colonialism uye world fairs.
Mifananidzo yedzidzo yakaitwa naLawrence Alma-Tadema senge "Rufu rweDangwe" vakafadzwa nenyaya yechienzi yemufananidzo. Alma-Tadema akashanda mumaitiro echinyakare echinyakare, asi kuita kwake kwakadyisa fungidziro yerudo uye yekunze. Vanyori vakaita zvidzidzo zvakawanda uye zvikeche panzendo dzavo, zvaimboonekwa sezvisina basa zvekutanga zvidzidzo.
MuchiRomanticism pendi, mufananidzo wakava kutaura kwakangoerekana kwaitika kweunyanzvi, umo manyorerwo emunyori aionekwa.
Mweya wemurwi, wakakura neshungu dzeumambo dzaNapoleon, wakakunda mukuziva kwevanyori vakawanda. Kufamba kwemauto kwakatungamira mukutsinhana pakati pebudiriro dzakasiyana, kudzamisa ruzivo, hunhu hwenyika imwe neimwe hwakakosheswa.
Mishandirapamwe yeNapoleonic muMiddle East yakamutsa kufarira magariro echiArab nemaJuda, uye vanyori vakaita saGross naAuguste vakatanga kuunganidza zvinhu zvekumabvazuva, zvishongo nemakapeti, izvo zvakapfuura mumutauro wemifananidzo nekuda kweIngres, Delacroix naChassériau.
Romantic pendi munyika dzakasiyana
Kudzama kwezviitiko zvavo pachavo uye pfungwa dzavo pachavo ndizvo zvinotapudzwa nevanopenda kuburikidza nemufananidzo wavo weunyanzvi, unogadzirwa kubva muruvara, kuumbwa uye mataurirwo. Nyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope dzakange dziine zvadzo zvadzo mukududzirwa kwerudo rwekupenda. Zvese izvi zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi hwazvino, pamwe nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, kune iyo art ndiyo chete mhinduro yekurarama. Kupenda kwakanga kwakadaro.
Kufananidzira pendi mune romanticism inowana akasiyana siyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yainokura. Pakati pevatangiri vakuru vekufamba kwerudo ndiFrancisco Goya muSpain. MuFrance neEngland, kufarira munguva ichangopfuura yenyika yakadzoka zvakare, iyo yaifarira kuchinja kwekugadzirwa kwezvishongedzo uye zvishongedzo, kusvikira kusikwa kwe "Troubadour Style".
Kuravira uku kwakamuka kare muna 1770, kufarirwa muFrance nenhevedzano yezvidhori zvakatumirwa na Count d'Angiviller, vachirangarira maFrench anoyevedza. Nhetembo dzaMilton uye kuwanwazve kwemitambo yaShakespeare zvakaita basa rimwe chete mukunyandura kudzokera kumbiri yakapfuura.
German romanticism mukupenda
Panharaunda yeGermany, maitiro akazviratidza kare, maartist akaedza kugadzirisa zvakaitika kare - Middle Ages. Mabasa acho aiwanzo fungira uye asingaiti, achiomerera kune zverudo zvine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze nemifananidzo. Pakati pevamwe, Otto Runge akasimbisa, machira ake anosanganisa kushushikana kwehupenyu hwemukati achichengeta kudzikama mukuratidzwa kwekunze.
Runge akadhirowa mifananidzo yemhuka dzesango achishandisa mavara akajeka, nepo zvisikwa zvepasirese zvaiwanzovapo. Akashingaira kudzidza ruzivo pamusoro pekupa kwemavara, akanyora zvinyorwa pamusoro penyaya iyi, akakamura spectrum muzvikamu, uye akakwanisa kuwana kubudirira kukuru mukufambiswa kwemavara nechiedza. Mumachira ake akanakisa, akakwanisa kuwana pfungwa yenzvimbo nemhepo.
Pendi yerudo rwakazara rwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechiXNUMX rwakaratidzwa mubasa raCaspar David Friedrich, uyo ainyanya hunyanzvi mumabasa emamiriro ekunze. Akasarudza makomo ekumaodzanyemba kweGermany semusoro mukuru wekusika kwake. Tarenda remuenzi rakamubvumira kuendesa runako rwenzvimbo iyi, yakasanganiswa nekujeka kwe melancholy yemahombekombe egungwa. Aiwanzopenda nzvimbo nechiedza chemwedzi chiri pakati nepakati.
Dingindira rengano rakanga riri padyo nevazhinji maartist, kunyanya, kukosha kwerudo mumufananidzo waCarstens kunocherechedzwa.
Akagadzira mifananidzo inofambidzana nemabhuku akasiyana-siyana, akapenda dzimba dzehumambo. Nechekare panguva yebasa rake muRoma, akanyora achishingairira mugwara, kazhinji achiibatanidza neoclassicism. Nyanzvi yakakwanisa kuratidza manzwiro akavanzika, mutambo. Nenzira dzakawanda, kutungamira kwevanyori vemunharaunda muGermany's romanticism pendi yakabatsira mukuwedzera kupararira kwechimiro, kuratidza zvakanyanya maonero emukati kupfuura chaiwo chaiwo ezvinhu.
Rimwe bazi imhando yerudo mukupenda inonzi Biedermeier, inoratidzwa mumabasa ekamuri, kazhinji zviitiko zvemazuva ese. Chimiro chaive chakajairwa neAustria neGerman romanticism pendi, mumifananidzo yaidiwa yakapihwa kune idyllic mifananidzo. Chimiro chakamiririrwa naLudwig Richter, GF Kersting, Ferdinand Waldmüller uye mamwe maartist.
Chirungu romanticism mukupenda
MuEngland maitiro matatu ehunyanzvi akasiyaniswa: iyo oneiric yekuona ikozvino, ikozvino yepasi uye inoyevedza yazvino. Iwo maexponents makuru emumwe nemumwe wavo aive akateedzana William Blake, William Turner naJohn Constable. Mudetembi wechiratidzo William Blake akadhirowa mabasa ake emifananidzo kubva pamifananidzo yakagadzirwa nenhetembo yake, yakanyatsobatanidzwa nechiKristu.
John Constable ndiye aive wekutanga kumutsiridza nemavara ake mafaro uye akasununguka kunzwa kwechisikigo, akavhurwa muzana ramakore rakapfuura naJean Honorè Fragonard, asi akasiiwa munguva yeneoclassical, achiisa pasi pasi. Manzwiro ezvakaitika kare uye kufara kwekuenzanisira kunoshamisa kunonzwika muEngland, muenzaniso ibasa reBlizzard, umo William Turner anomiririra Hannibal nevarwi vake vachiyambuka Alps.
Nepo Thomas Gainborough aive nenguva yekuwana isinganzwisisike mashiripiti emavara neayo anenge ehurongwa, mvura, isingagoneki kubata zvine chekuita nedzidzo uye kushandiswa kwemvura yega uye inopenya musanganiswa.
Panharaunda yeEngland, chimiro zvakare chakadzika midzi, pendi yeChirungu romanticism inonyanya kuoneka mumabasa aJohann Heinrich Füssli. Aifarira magirafu uye pendi, achichengeta romanticism munheyo dzayo. Akakwanisa kusanganisa iyo idealization yemufananidzo mune yekirasi fomu neakanakisa zvirongwa.
Nyanzvi yakaratidza kutya kwevanhu, kusanganisira kutya midzimu yakaipa iyo inonzi inodzipa vanhu muhope dzavo. Kunyange zvazvo muimbi akaberekerwa muSwitzerland, akapedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake muEngland.
Nekuda kwechiratidzo chake cherudo muEngland, pendi yakawana hunhu husinganzwisisike. Zviono zvinoshamisa uye hope dzinotyisa dzinoratidza mamirioni avanhu anotitarisa kubva mumachira. Kwenguva yakareba, nyaya yacho yakanga isina kutaurwa uye nekuda kwaFüssli vakakwanisa kukakavara paruzhinji. Akabatanidza ngano, ngano uye kufungidzira.
Zvakare, iyo yakakosha yerudo muEuropean pendi yakaratidzwa naWilliam Turner, akave nemukurumbira wekufambisa kwechiedza kumhepo uye kuratidzwa kwemimvuri. Chimwe chinhu chinonzi phantasmagoria, chakaratidza madutu, dutu, njodzi. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mimvuri yakasviba yakanyangarika kubva mumabasa emuimbi, uye nzvimbo huru mavari yakagoverwa kuvhenekera nemhepo. Yairatidza kufamba, nuances uye kupenya kwakakosha.
Mumiriri anozivikanwa zvikuru weEuropean romanticism pendi aive William Blake, mamwe emabasa ake akapesvedzerwa nekudzidza kwakadzama kweBhaibheri, asi art yakakwezva mugadziri kubva paudiki. Akashanda mu tempera uye watercolors, achitaura kuti zviratidzo zvinouya kwaari. Achiona zvinhu zvisingadaviriki, akaratidzira hunhu hwake mumabasa ake, achitenda kuti vanyori vese vanoshanda nenzira iyi.
William Blake akabudirira chete mumakore gumi ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, paakawana vanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana uye akatanga kutengesa mabasa ake nenzira inobatsira. Hunyanzvi hunotongwa nemifananidzo yechikadzi, vanamwari, mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana, uye zvidzidzo zvisiri zvakajairika.
John Constable aive nechimiro chekupenda mukurerutsira, akagadzira chimiro nekurohwa kwakakora, kazhinji achinzvenga ruzivo. Akapenda mifananidzo yekurarama kwake, uye akafunga nezvenyika kupenda kudanwa kwake, kudzidza runako rwechisikwa uye mitemo yeruvara asati azivisa kutungamira pakati pevaImpressionists.
Mugadziri aifarira kupenda runako rweChirungu, achigadzira mifananidzo yakawanda kuitira kuti awedzere kuumbwa. Kazhinji mifananidzo yaiva nekutaura kwakakosha uye simba, asi pakupedzisira ivo havana kuratidzwa mubasa rakapedzwa.
Kazhinji kazhinji nzvimbo yacho yaipendwa nerusaruro rusinganzwisisiki. Kunyange zvazvo musimboti webasa racho uchiparidzirwa nenzira yerudo, akatsvaka kuratidza migumisiro yemhepo, pakati pavo akakwanisa kutora hunyoro hwepamusoro, kufamba kwezvakatipoteredza. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mitsetse yakaputsika yakashandiswa kwairi, inobata nebhurashi nependi yakareruka kuti ipe mhedzisiro yekupenya.
Constable akaratidza kushatirwa kwemamiriro ekunze, aiwanzomirirwa nemiraraungu, zvivakwa zvakanaka, kusanganisira macathedrals. Aiziva kuwedzera humbowo nenzira yekuti awane mutsauko chaiwo, kugadzira kureruka uye kukwevera ngwariro kumachira.
French romanticism mukupenda
MuFrance, rudo rwekupenda rwakagadzirwa maererano nemisimboti yakasiyana. Hupenyu hwemadutu hwemagariro evanhu pamwe nekushanduka-shanduka kunoratidzwa mukupenda nekukwevera kwevapendi kuratidza zvinhu zvekufungidzira uye zvenhoroondo, zvakare nekunakidzwa kwekutya uye nzira, izvo zvakawanikwa nekupenya kwemavara akasiyana, kumwe mhirizhonga, kuratidza mafambiro. , pamwe chete nezvinongoerekana zvaitika.
Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekuchinja kwemaitiro zvinogona kuonekwa muFrance mumakore ekuma 1810. Munguva yekutonga kwaNapoleon, Jacques-Louis David akaumba mufananidzo wezvidzidzo nemifananidzo yenyika uye nhoroondo yemifananidzo.
Iyo nhoroondo yekupenda yave kutanga inoratidza yakasarudzika, kazhinji madiki-mafomati enziyo kubva kuMiddle Ages uye Renaissance, inonzi troubadour maitiro. Izvo zvirimo zvinowanzo hukama uye anecdotal, asi kune zvakare zviitiko zvinoshamisa.
Hupenyu hwevaimbi vanoremekedzwa vakaita saRaphael kana Leonardo da Vinci, pamwe neaya evatongi kana vatambi vengano, anovakwa patsva. Théodore Géricault, Eugène Delacroix, Ingres, Richard Parkes Bonington, Paul Delaroche ndivo vakanyanya kukosha verudo rwekupenda maartist muFrance.
Munyori anokosha wechiFrench, Victor Hugo, akazvipira kudhirowa paainyora, chaizvoizvo "pakati pemavhesi maviri." Mamiriro ake akaomesesa mu sepia (inki yebrown yakasviba) neingi nhema inoratidza mamiriro ezvinyorwa zvake asingataure nezvawo maererano nemotif. Iyo yerudo inogona kuwanikwa kunyanya mumadingindira: nhare dzegothic, matongo anoora, zvisikwa zvemusango, gungwa rinotinhira nengarava, nezvimwe. André Bretón akatotenda basa raHugo nezvisingatarisirwi, kutsvaga kwake kusinganzwisisike.
William Bouguereau pakutanga akasarudza madingindira engano uye zvidimbu zvemhando, gare gare zvakanyanya madingindira echitendero. Aive nemhando yevirtuoso yaikwanisa kuburitsa zvinoyevedza zveganda uye maumbirwo. Kunyangwe manyorerwo ake ari edzidzo zvakanyanya, ane maumbirwo uye akajeka mitsara uye mavara eNeoclassicism, miratidziro yakawanda inofambirana nemanzwiro erudo rwekupenda.
Basa rake rinoratidzawo kupukunyuka kubva muchokwadi, kutiza kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Kusaziva, kufungisisa, uye mutambo mubasa rake remifananidzo yevatsvene uye vanhu vengano zvakafadza vanhu vazhinji, kusanganisira vakadzi nevarume vakafananidzirwa nePre-Raphaelites vachipindura kuchinja kwekukurumidza munharaunda. Vapendi vakaita saDante Gabriel Rossetti aisada kuzivisa shanduko yemifananidzo.
Kune maFrench, romanticism zvakare zvinoreva zvinoreva hupenyu hwemazuva ano uye kuedza kunzwisisa uye kuenzanisira nhasi. Saka Classicism yakasiiwa, Eugene Delacroix ndiye mutungamiri weFrench yerudo pendi: pendi yake ine mukurumbira "Liberty Leading the People" inoonekwa sechikamu chekutanga chezvematongerwo enyika munhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwazvino.
iyo troubadour style
Chimiro chinogona kutorwa sechikamu cheRomanticism, vhezheni yependi yenhetembo dzaWalter Scott uye zvinyorwa, uye yakatsanangurwa se "maitiro mukati memaitiro". Yakakurumbira kunyanya muFrance, vapendi veiyi yazvino vanomiririra zviratidziro zvakafemerwa neMiddle Ages uye Renaissance, nehembe dzine mavara, nyaya dzerudo uye chivalric exploits.
Troubadour style pendi kazhinji idiki muhukuru, nekusimbisa pane zvakadzama. Mazhinji maartist akakosha akatarisana nemhando iyi, semuenzaniso Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres muRufu rwaLeonardo da Vinci (1818, Petit Palais, Paris).
Romantic painting artists
Romanticism yakaratidzwa zvizere mukupenda. Zvinoonekwa pasi rose, mamwe mapikicha emifananidzo ye'romatic age' 1790-1850 aive: muvengi weGerman Caspar David Friedrich, muRungu John Constable uye muFrench painter Eugène Delacroix. Kusiyana kwavo pakati pavo kunoratidza kuti boka reRomanticism raive rakasiyana sei.
Eugene Delacroix 1798-1863
Delacroix akasiya basa rakakura, akaita mazana emifananidzo, mavara emvura, murals, mifananidzo, lithographs uye engravings. Mukuita kudaro, aiwanzosarudza mimiririro ine manzwiro kana zvinoshamisa zvemukati, zvinoratidzira zviitiko zvenhoroondo, ngano, uye zvinyorwa. Akakwanisa kuedzesera mitambo yake nemisiyano yakasimba yechiedza-yakasviba. Kusiyana nevanyori vezvedzidzo veNeoclassicism, Delacroix haina kutarisa kune "inotonhorera" maumbirwo nemitsetse, asi paruvara nemhepo.
Kunyangwe zvinyorwa zveDelacroix zvichifungidzirwa zvakadzama, maitiro eruvara aive akakosha kwaari, akazvikurukura naConstable naTurner. Munzendo dzake dzekuMorocco, pakati pevamwe, akagadzira akawanda masketches uye watercolors.
Delacroix yakasarudzawo madingindira ekunze, akanyanya kukurudzirwa nenzendo dzake dzekuNorth Africa. Muna 1824 akakonzera manyawi nekupenda kwake kwemamita mana kukwira The Chios Massacre. Musoro wacho waiti: Chiitiko chekupondwa kwevanhu vakawanda muChios; Mhuri dzechiGiriki dzakamirira rufu kana huranda.
Mariri akaratidzira kuponda kunotyisa kwakanga kwaitika pachitsuwa cheKios makore maviri akanga apfuura. Pamusoro pazvo, maGreek zviuru makumi mashanu zvakaurayiwa neOttoman Turks uye vazhinji vakatorwa senhapwa. Delacroix, ainyatsoziva Géricault's Raft yeMedusa nekuti anga ari muenzaniso wayo, akagadzirawo chimiro chine manhamba akaturikidzana mumatatu. Nekuda kwemufananidzo uyu, Delacroix yakakurumidza kuonekwa semuvengi akakosha wenguva yeRomantic.
Muna 1827 Delacroix yakaratidza chinyorwa chenhoroondo Rufu rweSardanapalus, nyaya yamambo wekare weAsiria. Mushure mekunge muzinda wake wakombwa, sultan uyu anonzi akaurayisa madzimai ake nemabhiza uye midziyo yavo ndokupiswa asati azviuraya. Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza kuurayiwa kunoshamisa kweavo vaisazonwa chepfu, paine musiyano wakadzama unoenderana pakati pekudziya dzvuku uye mimvuri yerima umo utsi hwave kutokwira.
Théodore Gericault 1791–1824
MuGéricault, zvakare, mutsara wakaoma uye chimiro, saka hunhu hweiyo neoclassicals, hwakanyangarika. Akabata nemibvunzo yehupenyu kuburikidza nemadingindira enhoroondo, asi akatarisawo pachokwadi chemazuva ese. Kanivhasi yakakurumbira yaGéricault, Iyo Raft yeMedusa, yakavakirwa panhau yechokwadi.
Géricault akasimbisa nguva inoshamisa kwazvo mune iyi: panguva iyo raft yave kuda kunyura uye vanenge vanhu vese vaive muMedusa vafa, vamwe vakawana ngarava pakatarisana. Ndiyo ngarava yakaponesa vakapona ava.
Francisco Goya 1746-1828
Semupendi wedare, Goya akapenda mifananidzo yemhuri yehumambo yeSpain. Goya akanga ararama nehurombo huzhinji muhudiki hwake, uye kune anonyatsocherechedza munhu anogona kuona kubva pamifananidzo iyi kuti akanga achiri nekufungidzira kwevakuru. Akaratidzawo kutya kwehondo, udzvanyiriri uye mhirizhonga mune etching nemifananidzo ine mifananidzo inotyisa.
Vanhu veSpain vakapandukira mushure me1808 vachipokana nemauto eFrance eNapoleon, avo vakaita hutsinye hwakaipisisa panguva yekugara. Mhirizhonga inotyisa yakatanga muSpain. Izvi zviitiko zvinotyisa zvakasarudza basa raGoya kusvika 1815. Basa rakakurumbira kubva panguva ino ndiMay 3, 1808, iyo inoratidza kuurayiwa kwevanhu.
Goya akanyatsoratidza kupererwa mumutsara wemifananidzo nhema. Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, fantasy yakaita basa rinokosha, mifananidzo yake yerima yekufungidzira inomiririra rutivi rwakaora rwemunhu. Goya anotora nzvimbo yakakosha, sedare uye portraitist aifanira kuchinjika zvishoma kune vepamusoro, asi zvakare akasiya pakanyorwa kusafarira kwake maitiro emunhu. Basa raGoya, saka, rakabatana neiyo yekupedzisira baroque, asi zvakare yakazivisa pendi yerudo.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1828-1882
Muna 1848, maartist akati wandei echiRungu akatanga iyo Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Mumwe wevanyori muboka iri aiva Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Vaida kudzokera kune zvakasikwa uye vazviendese kure nehunyanzvi hwedzidzo. Pendi yekutanga yeItaly pamberi paRaphael (pre-Raphael) yaive kurudziro yekupenda kwake. Funga nezvevanyori vakaita saBotticelli, Titian naGiorgione.
Chinangwa chemaPre-Raphaelites chaive chekugadzira nyika iri nani nekumisa mechanism yaive ichiitika yaive yakazadza Victorian England. Zvitendero nemagariro evanhu zvakaita basa rinokosha mubasa rake.
Caspar David Friedrich 1774-1840
Caspar David Friedrich aive, mukupenda, muturikiri akanyanya kukosha weGerman yerudo mweya. Mumabasa ake, muvendi anoratidza kusurukirwa, kusuruvara, kushungurudzika kwemunhu pamberi pe arcane uye chimiro chekufananidzira, icho chisingatauri chakavanzika cherufu. Zvisikwa zvinomiririrwa naFriedrich mukusakwana kwayo kwese, sekunge kuratidza kunzwa kwekushaya simba kwemunhu, munhu ane magumo, pamberi pezvakasikwa, kuratidzwa kusingagumi.
Chirevo chinowanzo shandiswa kutsanangura chiGerman Romanticism chinogara muizwi Sehnsucht, iro rinogona kushandurwa se "chishuwo chechido" kana "chakaipa chechishuwo", manzwiro ekusagadzikana nguva dzose uye kukakavara kunorwadza, manzwiro anobata nyaya uye anosundira ku. kuenda mhiri kwemiganhu yechokwadi chepasi, kudzvanyirira nekukachidza, kutizira mukati kana muchikamu chinodarika nzvimbo-nguva.
Francesco Hayes 1791-1882
MuItaly, mumiriri mukuru wekupenda kwerudo aive Venetian Francesco Hayez, anonyatso kuzivikanwa mufananidzo uye muturikiri mukuru wenhoroondo yekupenda muItaly. Dingindira renhoroondo raive reHayez nzira yekuburitsa chokwadi uye zvishuwo zveRisorgimento.
Kusiyana naDelacroix, airatidza zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika zvazvino munyika yake, Hayez akadhirowa madingindira ake kubva muzvikamu zvakapfuura (kunyanya medieval) nhoroondo yeItaly, kwaaiti ukoshi hwemadimikira emazuva ano. Basa rake Il bacio rinoonekwa sechiratidziro cheItaly yerudo art.
Joseph Malord William Turner 1775-1851
Chirungu Joseph Mallord William Turner ndomumwe wevanyori vekutanga vemazuva ano. Turner akatanga kupendesa masoni uye akadzidza paRoyal Academy muLondon kutanga muna 1789. Pakutanga, aifarira kupenda nzvimbo.
Munguva yekufamba kwake muEngland neWales, akaita mifananidzo uye watercolors edzimba dzekare, macathedral uye nzvimbo dzegungwa. Akasika mapendi ake ekutanga emafuta muna 1796. Mumakore akatevera akasika nzvimbo uye nzvimbo dzegungwa, dzaaigara achiwedzera kune dzisiri dzechokwadi nemifananidzo yengano uye dramatic motifs.
Turner's landscape pendi inotangira kuImpressionism, Expressionism, uye Informalism. Anoonekwa seakawana mamiriro emuchadenga, uye saka aive wekutanga kugadzira gwara mupendi yepasi iyo isingadi kuratidza zvinhu zvacho, asi fungidziro yavanoita mune mamwe mamiriro ekuvhenekesa. Kuonekwa nenzira iyi, ndiye anofanotungamira veImpressionists uye zvimwe zvizvarwa zviviri pamberi peFrench.
Mapendi aTurner anounza modhi nematinji matsva kupendi yezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe. Akapenda nzvimbo dzake, nguva dzezuva, mamiriro ekunze, magadzirirwo emakore ane yakanyungudika uye isina kujeka maratidziro, aine akapinza mukati. Mufananidzo wake wa1844 "Mvura, Mhepo, Kumhanya" ndeimwe yemifananidzo yekutanga yenjanji: injini yesimbi inobuda kubva mugore rakasviba reruvara; kushata nekunaka kwenyika yakashandurwa nemaindasitiri kunoyevedza.
Emblematic mifananidzo ye romanticism
Kana zviri zverudo, pendi pasina mubvunzo ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakanakisa dzekunzwisisa mweya weiyi nguva yakaoma uye inosiyana yenhoroondo. Mamiriro makuru evaimbi panguva iyi aive kushuvira, rudo uye kusurukirwa, pamwe nekutyisa, kusinganzwisisike, kunonakidza uye kushambadzira, izvo isu vanhu hatigone kuramba. Mabasa eunyanzvi erudo anoumbwa nemweya wekuzvisarudzira uye anowanzo kuratidza kushushikana, kunyangwe kusuruvara.
Kutsvoda kwaFrancesco Hayez
(Pinacoteca di Brera -Milan) Mumwe haakwanisi kutanga kutaura nezvemifananidzo yerudo yakanakisa pasina kutanga kubva kuItaly shasha yakaitwa naFrancesco Hayez, mupendi wekuItaly ane huvepo hwakasimba muMilan, anokwanisa kubatanidza ngano dzezvematongerwo enyika nemifananidzo yerunako rwakanyanya. Hazvisi zvakangoitika kuti pendi iyi yave manifesto yerudo muItaly uye muvendi pachake akazvikurudzira mumatatu matatu akasiyana.
Kana pakutanga tichiona vadikani vaviri vachitsvoda zvine rudo, vanokwanisa kurondedzera kushingairira kwepwere, kutaura zvazviri zvirevo zvepasi zvakadzika zvakanyanya: kubatana kwenyika, kuzvipira kwenyika, kuzvipira kwezvematongerwo enyika nemauto, zvese zvinomiririrwa mumufananidzo uyu unoshamisa.
The Raft of the Medusa by Théodore Géricault
(Louvre -Paris) Yakakura muhukuru, Iyo Raft yeMedusa naThéodore Géricault pakutanga yaive chikonzero chekunyomba uye mhirizhonga yehumambo. Mufananidzo uyu unorondedzera chiitiko chinosuwisa chakaitika chaizvo: kuputsika kwechikepe muna 1816 kwakauraya mazana emasoja. Chiitiko ichocho chakashamisa nyika yese apo vanhu zana nemakumi mashanu vakakwira chikepe, asi gumi nevashanu chete ndivo vakakwanisa kupona nekununurwa.
Mupendi, panguva iyoyo ari mudiki kwazvo, akarondedzera nezve njodzi iyi neinoshamisa yechokwadi panguva iyoyo, achidzidza mitumbi yakananga kurarama, kusanganisira morgue. Kubva panguva yeNeoclassicism, iyo ichiri kuratidza hunyanzvi muFrance zvakanyanya, akapinda murudo rwakanyanya. Saka, basa racho rainyatsonzwisiswa chete mumakore, sezvinowanzoitwa nevatambi vakuru, asi, apo yakabuda, manzwiro aivapo kwaiva kurambwa.
Mudzungairi Pamusoro peGungwa reMakore naCaspar David Friedrich
(Hamburg Kunsthalle -Hamburg) Uyu ndiwo mufananidzo unosanganisira humwe hunokosha hwekupenda kwerudo. Chimiro chacho chinoita kuti mufambi asafa ari shure uye pamberi pegungwa rine dutu.
Zvinotaurwa nemufananidzo uyu unoshamisa haisi nyaya, sezvinoitika mune mamwe mapendi akaonekwa kusvika ikozvino, asi mamiriro emanzwiro: pfungwa yekusingaperi, kudzungaira uye kusakwana kwemweya uye manzwiro ayo. Iye anofamba pamusoro pegungwa remakore chiratidzo cheGerman romanticism, yakasiyana kwazvo neFrench neItaly.
Daredevil achidhonzwa kunzvimbo yake yekupedzisira yekuraswa kwaWilliam Turner
(National Gallery -London) Kuburikidza nemifananidzo yake, William Turner anokwanisa kurondedzera mamiriro emanzwiro, manzwiro uye pfungwa dzerudo dzakadai seyepamusoro. Ichi chinyorwa chounyanzvi chinorondedzera rwendo rwokupedzisira rwengarava yeChirungu Temeraire, yakambokunda muhondo: kudhonzwa kuti iparadzwe, inoratidzirwa mureza muchena wakasimudzwa uye kunyura kwezuva shure, mufananidzo unokwanisa kubatanidza mirangariro yakavhengana nerevo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.
John Constable's Hay Wain
(National Gallery -London) John Constable ndomumwe wevanyori vakanyanya kukosha verudo rweChirungu uye, saTurner, akazvipirawo zvizere mukumiririra nzvimbo dzebucolic dzeDedham Vale, pedyo nekwaakaberekerwa. Hunyanzvi hwake hukuru ndiThe Hay Wain, canvas hombe, iyo panguva iyoyo yakakonzera kunyomba: nzira yakashandiswa, kutaura zvazviri, yairatidzika kunge inoshamisa nekuda kwezvidiki zvebhurashi zvinogadzira nyika.
Chinhu chitsva icho muLondon chairatidza kusaremekedza uye chinodenha nemaune, asi icho chaidiwa zvikuru muFrance, kunyangwe naGéricault. Zvisikwa zvechokwadi aive protagonist weiyi muimbi, asi yechimiro chakasiyana kwazvo neiyo inomiririrwa naFriedrich.
Rusununguko Kutungamira Vanhu naEugene Delacroix
(Louvre -Paris) Inomiririra rusununguko runotungamirira kuvanhu vakabatana, kurwisana nemudzvinyiriri, pfungwa huru yekuda nyika. Pano boka revanhu harina kuverenga, Delacroix inomiririra marudzi akasiyana-siyana evanhu sezvinogona kuonekwa mune zvipfeko uye ndicho chikonzero agara achionekwa sechiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Imwe yemuenzaniso wekutanga werudzi uye zvechokwadi imwe yemifananidzo inodiwa munhoroondo.
Vana veHuelsenbeck naPhilip Otto Runge
(Kunsthalle -Hamburg) Muimbi uyu ndeweGerman romanticism uye anosiyaniswa nezvinomiririra zvevana, izvo zvakamupa zita remadunhurirwa remupendi wengano. Icho chikamu cherudo nekuda kwezvinoreva zvirevo, sepamufananidzo wakasarudzwa pakati peakanyanya kunaka: Vana veHülsenbeck.
Iyo pendi, inomiririra kumberi mufananidzo wevana veshamwari padyo nesunflower uye inopa yakakwana chromatic kuumbwa, inoratidzira chirevo chekufananidzira chehudiki, kusava nemhosva uye zera rakarasika, iro iro romanticism inoona ne melancholy.
Dido anovaka Carthage naWilliam Turner
Imwe yekodzero yeartistic romanticism yaive kutarisa kune yakapfuura, kazhinji kushuvira nguva dziri kure uye kunzwa kushuvira kwakadzama. MuDido inovaka Carthage, Turner inomiririra iyi pfungwa zvakanaka.
Anoyemura vekare vaimbi Nicolas Poussin naCharles Lorraine, saivo, mupendi wechiRungu anoshandisa zvinhu zvekare, kutanga nedingindira rebasa racho pacharo, rakatorwa kubva kuVirgil's Aeneid. Asi kubata muoni kune chimiro chezvisikwa uye manzwiro ayo hunhu uhu hunofambiswa. Chimiro chakanyarara uye chehukuru chinotonga.
Kuputsika kweChikepe cheTariro naCaspar David Friedrich
Dingindira rekupunzika kwechikepe rinodzoka zvakare muFriedrich, asi panguva ino mugungwa rechando. Chinonyanya kucherechedzwa nependi yemunyori weGerman ndiko kuburitswa kwemanzwiro akasimba kuburikidza nemifananidzo yenzvimbo uye zvisikwa zvine zvimwe zvazvinoreva.
Kuputsika kwechikepe, kutaura zvazviri, kunomiririra kuenderera mberi kwerwendo rwemunhu uye kunomutsa kusasimba kwake kwakanyanya, kusasimba kwevanhu. Munhu, kunyangwe ari mukutsvaga nguva dzose, ari patsitsi dzezviitiko uye haagone kuita chero chinhu chinopikisana nazvo.
Chartres Cathedral naJean Baptiste Camille Corot
Mutariri wemamiriro ekunze pakutanga, Camille Corot ndomumwe wevatambi verudo nekuda kwekutarisisa kwake kune zvakasikwa uye hukama hwaanosimudzira nemurume, sezvinoonekwa mumufananidzo wakanaka uyu: Chartres Cathedral. Iyo pendi inomiririra kuvepo kwemunhu mumamiriro echisikigo akaumbwa nemiti, makore nemafuro. Kuvepo kwemunhu kunonzwikwa nenhamba dziri kumberi muchisikwa chemufananidzo chinoda kupa kukosha kwakaenzana kune zvese zvakasiyana zvinomiririrwa.
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