Vakararama panguva yake vaimuti mambo wevanyori uye nyanzvi yemadzimambo. Nekuda kwesimba retarenda nekusiyana-siyana kwaro, kudzika kwezivo uye simba rakakosha, Peter Paul Rubens ndiye mumwe weakanyanya kujeka manhamba eEuropean tsika yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Peter Paul Rubens
Mukurumbira weupenyu hwese hwaPedro Pablo Rubens hwakanga hwakakura zvekuti, nekupenya kwezita rake, kutonga kwaArchduke Alberto nemukadzi wake Isabel kwakatanga kuita senge nguva huru. Kubva ipapo, Rubens anotora imwe yenzvimbo dzinoremekedzwa munyika yemashiripiti yekupenda. Pedro Pablo Rubens akararama kubva muna 1577 kusvika muna 1640, nguva inowanzozivikanwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare seCounter-Reformation, sezvayaizivikanwa nokumutsidzirwa kweChechi yeKaturike, iyo yakaita nhamburiko dzokudzivisa migumisiro yeChinjo yePurotesitendi.
Yakanga iri nguva yekurwa kunotyisa, apo mweya nenjere dzevanhu dzakaita nhanho huru, asi inozivikanwawo nekukara kwayo kusingaenzaniswi, kusashivirira, uye hutsinye. Mumakore aigara Rubens, masayendisiti akadai saGalileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler naWilliam Harvey vakachinja pfungwa dzevanhu pamusoro penyika nechadenga nemabasa avo, uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu nemuzivi René Descartes aivimba nesimba repfungwa dzemunhu. izvo Zvakava nepesvedzero huru pakufunga kwake.
Asi zana rino ramakore rakavawo nerutivi rwakashata. "Kuvhima varoyi", hukuru hunoshamisa hwekushingaira kwechitendero, hwakavhenganiswa nekunyanyisa kweupofu uye kutenda mashura, kwakashandura XNUMXth neXNUMXth mazana emakore kuita chinotyisa chaicho: muEurope yose, zviuru zvevanhu, varume nevakadzi, vakagumisa hupenyu hwavo padanda. sechirango chenyaya yekuti vanonzi vakapara mhosva kuvanhu nezvisikwa.
Bvunzurudzo, yakamutsidzirwa kubva muMiddle Ages, yakatsvaka nokushingaira vavengi veChechi yeRoma, uko kwakatungamirira nenzira isingadzivisiki kukuponda kukuru nokutambudzwa kwavanhu vaifungidzirwa kuva vapanduki. Hondo dzechitendero, imwe pashure peimwe, dzakakanganisa rugare rwakavapo muEurope. Akanyanya kukuvadza pane zvese, ane makore makumi matatu, akashungurudza Germany mumakore apo Rubens akawana budiriro yake huru yekusika.
Nyika yokumusha kwaPedro Pablo Rubens, Netherlands, yakaparadzwa muupenyu hwake hwose nokurwira rusununguko kubva kuSpain. Yakatanga makore gumi asati aberekwa uye yakaguma makore masere pashure pokunge afa. Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti Rubens aigona kupenda mifananidzo yake inopenya, yengochani muzera rakasviba kudaro, apo mhirizhonga uye kuparadza zvakakunda kwese kwese.
Mabviro, hudiki uye hudiki
June 28, 1577 Maria Peypelinks anosunungurwa kubva pamutoro wemwana wechitanhatu. Zita rake ndiPetro Pauro. Panguva iyoyo, Jan naMaria Rubens vaigara muSiegen, muruwa rweWestphalia kuGermany. Makore mapfumbamwe asati aberekwa, Jan naMaria vakatiza taundi rokumusha kwavo reAntwerp vachitya kutambudzwa nechitendero. Baba vependi vakadzidza zvemutemo muRoma nemamwe maguta eItaly. Achidzokera kumusha kwake, akagadzwa kuva gurukota reguta. Kwemakore anoverengeka akaita mabasa aya anokosha.
Kunyange zvazvo Jan agara ari muteveri weChechi yeRoma Katurike, akazofarira dzidziso dzechiPurotesitendi dzaJohn Calvin (1509-1564), dzaionekwa senhema dzine ngozi munyika yaidzorwa namambo weSpain weKaturike. Jan Rubens nemhuri yake vakatiza kubva kuFlanders kuenda kuguta reCologne, kudare raWilliam weOrange, rainzi Silent. Ikoko akave charge d'affaires kumudzimai waWilhelm, Anne weSaxony, uye gare gare mudiwa wake.
Dare rakakurumidza kuziva nezverudo rwavo. Maererano nemitemo yaJan Rubens, kuurayiwa kwakanga kwakamirira. Asi Maria akarwa asinganeti kuti asunungurwe. Akabhadhara mari kuti asunungurwe pabheyili uye akatotsvaga kutaura nemuchinda pazviitiko zvinoverengeka, pamberi pazvo akadzivirira murume wake. Tsamba dzaakanyorera kujeri humbowo hunogutsa hwekuzvipira kwevanhukadzi. Mavari, anokumbira murume wake kuti asaora mwoyo uye anomuudza kuti akanga amuregerera kare.
Pashure pemakore maviri achikumbira, Maria akakwanisa kuita zvaaida, muna 1573 Jan akabudiswa mujeri nebherouti, uye vaviri vacho vakagamuchira mvumo yokugara mutaundi duku reSiegen. Muna 1579 Jan akabvumirwa kudzokera kuCologne uye pakupedzisira, muna 1583, akawana ruregerero rwekupedzisira uye rwakakwana. Pasinei nekuvhiringidzika kwese kwekutapwa uye kukanganisa kwababa vake, mhepo ine mutsa, yakadzikama uye kuwirirana kwemhuri kwaigara kuchitonga mumba umo Pedro Pablo Rubens akakurira.
Mutsamba dzake dzakazotevera, acharangarira Cologne seguta raakapedza achiri mudiki achifara. Rubens akakwanisa kuona unhu hwakanaka hwevabereki vake. Kubva kuna amai vake akagara nhaka hunhu hwake hwakanaka uye hwakadzikama, kugona kuda uye kutendeka, uye zvakare, pamwe, maitiro ake egodo kune nguva nemari. Kubva kuna baba vake, runako rwake runokurumidza uye rwakareruka. Jan Rubens pachake akazvipira kune dzidzo yemwanakomana wake uye akapfuudza rudo rwake rusingazununguki rwesayenzi nemabhuku.
Maria achine imwe nzvimbo munharaunda yake yeAntwerp, saka anosarudza kudzokera ikoko. Atendeukira kuchiKaturike, anogamuchira mvumo yokudzokera navana vake kunyika yokumusha kwake. Hapana chaimudzivisa kuita izvi, sezvo akakwanisa kuyananisa hama dzake neChechi yeRoma. Angave asina kutongogoverana zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvechiPurotesitendi zvomurume wake, kunyange zvazvo vanakomana vavo vaviri, Philip naPedro Pablo Rubens, vakabhapatidzwa mumutambo weLutheran.
Mumiriri weItaly Lodovico Guicciardini akasiya tsananguro yeAntwerp panguva yayo. Muguta racho makanga mune zvikoro zvishanu, vakawanda vaidhirowa mifananidzo vaigara imomo, uye kwaiva nomuchina wokudhinda wakatangwa muna 1555 naChristopher Plantin. Yaive imwe yeakanakisa muEurope uye yaizivikanwa nekuda kwezvigadzirwa zvayo uye pedantic uye yakanyatso ongororo yesainzi. Asi nekupinda kwemauto eSpain munyika muna 1566, Holland yakava nhandare yehondo kwemakore mazhinji.
Kune rumwe rutivi, veSpain, kune rumwe, United Provinces, avo vakarwira rusununguko rwavo. Kukomba, hondo, kupamba, nhamo dzisingatauriki - ichi ndicho chikonzero chemakore anosuruvarisa. Muna 1576, gore Pedro Pablo Rubens asati aberekwa, Antwerp yakabatwa nemasoja aipandukira eSpain. Nharaunda dzose dzakapiswa, zviuru zvevanhu zvakafa. Hutsinye uhwu hwakawana zita rakashata re "Spanish fury." Antwerp yakatambura kupfuura mamwe maguta echiDutch kubva pajoko reSpanish uye kubva pakumukira kwakasimudzwa kwairi.
Maria Rubens paakadzokera kumba nevana vake muna 1587, mamiriro ezvinhu muLow Countries akagadzikana pahwaro hwekukamukana pakati pematunhu akazvimirira kuchamhembe. Panguva iyo Pedro Pablo Rubens akatanga kusvika muAntwerp, guta racho rakanga riri mumamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa. Huwandu hwayo hwadzikira kusvika ku45.000, hafu yezvayaive makore makumi maviri apfuura.
Kumutsiridzwa kweguta kwakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Hurumende yeSpain yakashandura Antwerp kuita muzinda wezvemari uye nzvimbo yekutsigira kuti igovere zvese zvaidiwa nemauto ayo. Hupenyu hwetsika uye hwemweya hweguta hwakamutsiridzwawo. Muchina wokudhinda waPlantin wakazowanazve kubva pakuderera kwemakore anoverengeka, uye nyanzvi dzokuAntwerp dzaiva mumasitudhiyo avo dzakatangazve kurayira machechi nemasangano ezvitendero kuti dzitsive zvose zvakanga zvaparadzwa mumakore okunyanyisa nehondo.
Nokudaro, Pedro Pablo Rubens akapedza huduku hwake muguta rakadzokera zvishoma nezvishoma kuhupenyu hwayo hwekare. Pakutanga, akadzidza pachikoro cheRombuth Verdonk, musayendisiti ane mukurumbira wakakomba, uyo akaramba achiumba pfungwa uye kuravira kwemukomana mumakwara ababa vake Jan Rubens. Ikoko, Pedro Pablo akasangana nomukomana akaremara, aiva mukuru kwaari nemakore anoverengeka, uye kuzivana uku kwaifanira kuva ushamwari hwakasimba hwoupenyu hwose. Moretus akanga ari muzukuru waPlantin, uye nokufamba kwenguva akazova mukuru weimba yasekuru vake yokudhinda.
achitsvaka nzira
Amai vake vakamuisa kwenguva yakati peji rekuverenga chirikadzi yaPhilippe de Lalen, Marguerite de Lin. Iyi ndiyo nzira yejaya kubva kumhuri yakanaka ine zviwanikwa zvishoma kazhinji yakatanga, kuti pakupedzisira iwane nzvimbo yakakodzera munzanga. Peji ine ruremekedzo ine tsika dzakanaka inogona kuvimba nekusimudzirwa, uye nezera, yakakosha uye ine mutoro chinzvimbo kune chero munhu anokudzwa uye, nekudaro, rimwe basa muhurumende yenyika. Uku ndiko kwaiva kutanga kwebasa rezvematongerwo enyika rinopfuura rimwe rakakurumbira.
Pedro Pablo Rubens akadzidza tsika dzakanaka dzedare kumba kwaCountess Lalen, asi kunyangwe ipapo aida kuzove muimbi uye mwedzi mishoma gare gare akanyengetedza amai vake kuti vamubvise pabasa remukuru uyu uye vamuite seanodzidzira mhizha. Vanotsvaka shasha inobvuma kuenda naye kumusangano wake. Uyu ndiTobias Verhaert. Pedro Pablo anogara mumba make. Mudzidzisi wekutanga waRubens akanga ari mufananidzo wepasi asingashamisi: akapenda nzvimbo duku, iyo yaigara ichidiwa, asi Pedro Pablo aisagona kudzidza zvakawanda kubva kwaari.
Nenguva isipi akatamira kusitudiyo yeanonyanya kuita zvakasiyana-siyana muimbi Adam van Noort, waakadzidza naye kwemakore anenge mana. Pazera remakore gumi nemapfumbamwe, Pedro Pablo anochinja vadzidzisi zvakare ndokuva mudzidzi wemumwe wevatambi veAntwerp vane mukurumbira, Otto van Veen. Akanga ari murume akadzidza ane kuravira kwakanakisisa, mumwe weboka rakakwirira revanyanzvi “vanodanana” vakambodzidza muItaly, avo mabasa avo akanga akazadzwa nomudzimu wohunhu weRenaissance. Basa raOtto van Veen raifunga, rine chinangwa, asi rinenge risina hupenyu.
Zvakadaro, muimbi uyu aive nesimba guru padzidzo yaRubens yerunako, achiisa mumudzidzi wake chidzidzo chakakwana chekuumbwa, achikurudzira kufarira kwake muhungwaru hwebasa ravo rakajairika. Otto van Veen ainyanya kuzivikanwa neruzivo rwake rwezviratidzo - mifananidzo yakadaro yehunyanzvi nerubatsiro rwaikwanisika kuburitsa pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki. Zivo yakakura yezviratidzo zvakaunganidzwa muhupenyu hwake hwose yakashumira Rubens sehuni inogona kupisa mafungiro ake.
Hapana chaakamubhadhara kuti ataure pfungwa dzake (kana dzemubatsiri wake) muunganidzwa wemifananidzo inooneka. Nheyo dzeruzivo urwu dzakaiswa mumusangano wemudzidzisi waaigara achiyemura. Otto van Veen akaramba ari shamwari yakazvipira yaRubens muhupenyu hwake hwose.
Apo Pedro Pablo Rubens anotendeuka makumi maviri nerimwe, anogamuchirwa semudzidzisi muSt. Luke's Guild, Antwerp Association of Artists and Craftsmen, uyo mukuru wake aimbova tenzi wake, Adam van Noort. Kunyange zvazvo akanga asati ava nestudio yake uye akaramba achishanda naOtto van Veen kwemakore maviri akazara, akanga ava kubvumirwa kutora vadzidzi, izvo zvaakaita, achitora Deodatus Del Monte, mwanakomana weAntwerp mupfuri wesirivha. mudzidzi.
Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvebasa raRubens panguva ino. Zviri pachena kuti aiva nemukurumbira mukuru, dai zvisina kudaro angadai asina vadzidzi. Panguva ino, amai vake vakatochengeta akawanda emifananidzo yake, sezvaaitaura achizvikudza mukuda kwake. Asi pane basa rimwe chete rakasayirwa naye kwemakore ose aya: mufananidzo wakakwana wejaya, iro chiso chake, chakapendwa neruoko rwakasimba, chinoratidzika sechipenyu.
Mugore rekupedzisira rekugara kwaRubens naVan Veen, studio yakagamuchira komisheni inoshamisa: kushongedzwa kwenzvimbo yekugara yeAntwerp yekugashira vatongi vatsva veNetherlands, Archduke Albert naArchduchess Elizabeth. Kubva panguva yevatongi veBurgundian, mumaguta makuru ose eNetherlands, tsika yakagadziridzwa yekuronga kugashira kwakanaka kwevanhu kune vatongi vavo, iyo inonzi "mukova unofadza".
Kubva pakuona kwekukura kwetsika, kutonga kwaAlbert naErizabheti kwaibatanidzwa nevose neRenaissance huru. Mu "zera regoridhe" rino, kana kuti "golden twilight" yeFlemish art, Rubens akarongerwa kuita basa rinotungamira.
Zvichakadaro, paAuven University padhuze neBrussels, munun'una wake Firipi akazove mudiwa wemukuru wevanhu Justus Lipsius uye zvishoma nezvishoma akawana mukurumbira semusayendisiti wekare. Pedro Pablo angangodaro airamba achingoonana naye, achitsvaka mazano nerubatsiro nguva dzose. Akanyatsoteerera mutauro wechiLatin uye haana kurasikirwa nekufarira munyika yekare. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, kazhinji kazhinji akatendeudzira kutarira kwake kuRoma, iri Guta Rakanaka Risingagumi iro, semagineti, rakakwezva vanyori vose navasayendisiti.
KuItaly kune ruzivo
VaDutch artists venguva iyoyo vakagutsikana kuti chiedza chechokwadi cheunyanzvi chakauya chete kubva kuItaly. Ikoko chete kunogona kunzwisiswa zvakavanzika zvechokwadi zveunyanzvi. Vese vaizviona sebasa ravo kufamba rwendo nemumakomo eAlps. Vanoyemura vekuItaly vanoyevedza havazive tsika dzevakuru vekare veFlemish, pasina kunze kwavan Eyck, van der Weyden kana Memling. VaDutch artists vaiwanzoita rwendo urwu kamwe chete muupenyu, asi vaigara muItaly kwemakore akawanda, saka kugara kwavo munyika iyi kwakaita kuti vapfume.
Muna May 1600, Pedro Pablo Rubens, asati ava nemakore makumi maviri nematatu, akaenda kuItaly. Aive mudiki, akanaka uye akadzidza. Aiziva Chirungu, Spanish, French, Italian uye Latin. Diploma renyanzvi kubva kuSan Lucas Guild uye chikwama chaamai vake chakamubatsira kutenda mune nyeredzi yake. Pamwe, Pedro Pablo aive nemamwe akakosha kurudziro naye. Hazvizivikanwe kuti ndedzipi, asi simba rake rinoshanda rinoonekwa: musi wa5 Gumiguru, 1600, aivepo muFlorence pakuroora kwaMarie Médicis naMambo weFrance, uye pakupera kwegore akapinda mubasa rehurumende. dare reMantua.
Rubens akawana pfuma muunganidzwa weDuke. Iyo Gonzaga mhuri yekuunganidza ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa muItaly. Kune mabasa naBellini, Titian, Palma Mukuru, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, Raphael, Pordenone, Correggio, Giulio Romano. Rubens anonyatso kukopa Titian, Correggio, Veronese. Yakava tsika yevateresi venguva iyoyo kuchinjanisa makopi: kana pasina yepakutanga, munhu anogona kunge achiyemura kuratidzwa kwayo.
Gonzaga anogutsikana nebasa raRubens uye nokukurumidza anotumira tenzi wechidiki kuRoma kuti aite makopi emifananidzo yevanyori vakuru. Mutsamba yakanyorerwa Kadhinari Montaletto, mutsigiri wehunyanzvi, Duke anokumbira dziviriro "kuna Pedro Pablo Rubens, Flemish, mupendi wangu." MuRoma, Pedro Pablo akanakidzwa nemukana wekuziva zvisikwa zvevatenzi vakuru vakaita Roma nzvimbo yekufambira: Raphael naMichelangelo.
Kutarisa hunyanzvi hwevamwe maartist uye kunyange kuakopa, unogona kukoshesa zviroto zvinoshamisa, asi kana iwe uchida kubudirira, unofanirwa kuzvipenda. Zvisinei, nyanzvi inoda maodha. Nezviitiko zvinofadza, Pedro Pablo Rubens anogamuchira kurongeka kwemifananidzo yeatari mitatu muchechi yeSanta Elena yeChechi yeHoly Cross yeJerusarema muRoma.
Iri basa rakaramba riripo kusvikira nhasi, kunyange zvazvo, chokwadika, rakura zvikuru kubva pazera risingachinjiki. Asi zvichiri kuratidza simba rekufungidzira kwake uye nzira iyo nyanzvi yakashandisa mukuzadzisa hurongwa. Pakati peatari, Rubens akaisa Saint Helena, uyu munhu chaiye weumambo muhembe regoridhe rebhurodhi. Kurutivi rworudyi rweatari, yaimiririra Kristu, akashongedzwa korona yeminzwa, uye kuruboshwe, kusikwa kweMuchinjikwa. Kwenguva yekutanga, akashandisa noushingi ruzivo rwake rweItaly.
Zviri pachena kuti achiri kusava nechokwadi: mufananidzo une simba waMichelangelo, ruvara runoshamisa rweTintoretto. Uyezve, achiri kudzorwa nendangariro dzeFlanders. Asi, pasinei neizvi, basa racho rinofanirwa kutarisirwa. Rubens akadarika zvakanyanya mwero weFlemish fans muItaly. Apedza kurongeka kweChechi yeMuchinjikwa Mutsvene, Rubens akadzokera kuMantua, uko muna Kurume 1603 mutongi akamupa basa rakakosha uye rine mutoro - kuendesa zvipo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodhura kuna mambo weSpain.
Zvipo zvacho zvaisanganisira ngoro yakagadzirwa zvakanaka ine mabhiza matanhatu, mafirework matsva uye anonakidza, mapefiyumu uye rusenzi mumidziyo yakakosha, uye makopi akati wandei emifananidzo, zvisinei, kwete naRubens pachake, asi nenyanzvi dzakakurumbira dzeRoma. Dzapashure dzaiitirwa sechipo kumutungamiriri wehurumende uye aidiwa namambo, Mutongi weLerme, aiita somusande aitsigira unyanzvi. Rubens aifanira kuperekedza zvipo uye kuona kuti zvasvika panguva yakakodzera kuna mambo nemufundisi wake.
Kuenda kuSpain
Rwendo rwokuSpain, zvisinei, rwakanga rusiri nyore. Mugwagwa wakapfuura nemumakomo, uyezve, akatora rwendo rurefu rwegungwa, uye Rubens akanga asina mari yakakwana yakagoverwa nokuda kwayo. Mafashamo muFlorence akanonotsa rwendo rwake kwemazuva akati wandei, uye aifanira kutarisana nezvinetso zvakakomba mukuhaya ngarava. Mavhiki mashomanana gare gare, akakwanisa kuzivisa kusvika kwake kwakachengeteka padare remambo weSpain ane zvipo zvose zvakanga zvakachengeteka zvakakwana, kusanganisira "mabhiza akajeka uye akanaka."
Asi imwe nhamo yakamumirira pakaitwa makopi emifananidzo yemukwende. “Nhasi taona kuti mifananidzo yacho yaparara zvekuti ndapererwa. Ini handina simba rekuzvidzosera. Canvas inenge yaora zvachose (kunyangwe machira ose aive mubhokisi rezinc, akaputirwa kaviri nemucheka wemafuta ndokuzoiswa mubhokisi rehuni).
Sezvineiwo, dare rehumambo rakatamira kuCastle yeAranjuez. Kubva ipapo achaenda kuBurgos. Mambo haasi kuzodzokera kuValladolid kusvika Chikunguru. Mwedzi miviri iyi ingori godsend. Pedro Pablo Rubens akagadzirisa machira akakuvadzwa aFacchetti uye akatsiva mabasa akange aparara nemachira maviri ebasa rake. Sezvo akapiwa rusununguko rwekusarudza rangano, akapenda Heraclitus naDemocritus kuti vasiyane.
Mumiriri weDuke weMantua mudare reSpain, murume aizvikudza uyu ainyatsochengeta zvese zvaiitwa, akazvitora pachake kuendesa zvipo kuna mambo. Zvisinei, akabvumira Rubens kuti avepo pakuendeswa kwemifananidzo kune Duke weLerme. Muchinda akaaongorora achigutsikana, achikanganisa kuti makopi aiva epakutanga. Rubens akanga akangwarira zvikuru zvokusagona kuedza kumupwisa. Mifananidzo yaRubens pachake yakarumbidzwa zvikuru.
Pashure penguva yakati, akagamuchira murairo wakatora mweya wake kure: aifanira kupenda mufananidzo wemuchinda pachake, akagara pabhiza. Rubens, makumi maviri nematanhatu, akapenya nebasa iri. Akasarudza kusarudza chimiro chakanyanya kuoma chemukuru ari pabhiza. Uyu mufananidzo wakada chaizvo kwete chete hunhu pachake, asi dare rose reSpanish. Makore mashoma gare gare, mukurumbira wake wakapfuura miganhu, uye mamwe maartist akaedza kushandisa chimiro chakafanana uye hunyanzvi vachishandisa spiral inokwira (zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera).
Nekuda kwekubudirira kwake kukuru, Rubens akateerera zvishoma nezvishoma kune zvikumbiro zvenguva dzose zveDuke weMantua, achiramba kupenda mifananidzo yevakadzi vakanaka. Mutsamba ine ruremekedzo, akakumbira kusunungurwa pakuenda kuFrance kunopenda tsvarakadenga dzedare ikoko; asi zvakadaro, achiteerera mudzidzisi wake, muiti wemifananidzo akaita mifananidzo yakawanda yevakadzi vakanaka veSpanish panguva yekugara kwake kuSpain.
kudzokera kuItaly
Pakudzokera kuMantua, Rubens akamira muGenoa, guta raaizoshanyira kanopfuura kamwe chete mune ramangwana, uye kwaakapenda mifananidzo yakawanda yevatungamiri vemunharaunda. Achizadzikisa mirairo iyi, Rubens akaratidza kugona kwake kwakasiyana-siyana semuimbi akafamba nekusununguka kunoshamisa kubva kune zvechitendero kusvika kune zvenyika, kubva pamifananidzo kusvika kune zvinyorwa zvenhema. Kwapera gore mushure mokudzoka kwake kubva kuSpain, Rubens akawana kubudirira kwake kwekutanga kwechokwadi nemufananidzo wechitendero wakagadzirirwa aritari yepamusoro yechechi yeJesuit muGenoa.
Rubens, gare gare muupenyu, aiwanzoshandira vaJesuit, sezvo iye akwezvwa nokutenda kwavo kukuru, kwakafanana nehondo uye shingairo yorudzidziso yakarangwa. Mumufananidzo weatari yake inonzi "Kudzingiswa", Rubens zvakare akashandisa musanganiswa wepfungwa dzakasiyana dzakagarwa nhaka kubva kune vamwe vanyori. Kushuvira kukwira kumusoro kunooneka mukuumbwa, kwaakatora kubva kuCorreggio mumifananidzo yake muParma Cathedral.
Kubva kuna tenzi mumwe chete, akakwereta pfungwa yekupa mwana nenzira yekuti chiedza chibude maari. Inokwereta zvakanyanya kuTitian nekuda kwekupfuma kwemavara uye kukora kwemutsara. Iyo inokudzwa chimiro cheMukadzi Wedu inogadzirwa pahwaro hwechifananidzo cheRoma. Asi vese vakakwereta uye vakagamuchira pfungwa dzakaunzwa naRubens mukati mehurongwa hwechiono chake. Amai vake vaMwari vanosanganisa huchokwadi hwemanzwiro nechimiro chakasarudzika icho Chechi yakasimbirira.
Azere nechiremera chekare, asi, achinzwa tsitsi dzevanhu, anofuratira kuti asaone kuti Kristu anotambura sei. Kuita kwake kwechienzi kunokwevera kutarisisa kwomuoni kumusoro, uko zvimiro zvomunhu zvakasviba zvakakombana nekamwana kaduku-duku kanobudisa chiedza, kunobudira chiedza chokudenga, uye uko boka guru rengirozi. Uku ndiko kutaura kukuru muunyanzvi hwenguva yechiKristu cheKaturike: nyika yavanhu nenyika yokudenga, zvose zviri zviviri zvinooneka nezvisingaoneki, zvakabatanidzwa zvisingaparadzanisiki nechibayiro choumwari.
Rubens anofamba achipfuura neItaly nechinangwa chekuzvidzidzisa, kana ari mubasa remukuru, akatora makore masere akareba. Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzake dzisingagoni kudzokororwa zvakarurama, zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti akashanyira Florence neGenoa, Pisa, Padua neVerona, Auca neParma, Venice kakawanda, zvichida Urbino, asi zvirokwazvo Milan, kwaakagadzira penzura sketch yemufananidzo " Kudya Kwemanheru Kwokupedzisira" naLeonardo da Vinci. Akagarawo muRoma kaviri kwenguva refu. Vashoma vashoma vanyori venguva iyoyo vanogona kuzvirumbidza nekuziva Italy zviri nani kupfuura Rubens.
Tsamba dzake kubva panguva ino dzakanyorwa muItaly yakajeka uye yakarurama, uye akazvisaina "Pietro Paolo" sezvaakasaina kwehupenyu hwake hwose. Makore akapedzwa muItari akazadzwa kwete chete nebasa remifananidzo yeatari yekereke dzeRoma, Mantuan neGenoese, asiwo pamifananidzo ("Self-portrait with friends from Mantua", 1606, Wallraf Richartz Museum, Cologne; "Marquise Brigida Spinola Doria", 1606-07, National Gallery, Washington), asiwo kudzidza kwemabasa echivezwa chekare, Michelangelo, Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese, Correggio uye Caravaggio.
Kufanana nevazhinji vechidiki vanyori venguva yake, Rubens akatsvaka kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekushandisa zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa nevanomutangira. Pakutanga, aifanira kudzidza kunyange zvinyengeri zvezvose izvo basa rake raigona kudzidzisa maererano nechimiro, ruvara uye unyanzvi hwemifananidzo. Kusvika kumwero wakati, hukuru hwake hweramangwana hunotsanangurwa nekugona kwake kunoshamisa kubatanidza pesvedzero dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzisingaenzaniswi, dzekare uye dzemazuva ano, uye kuvaka pane iyo synthesis chiono chake chehunyanzvi.
Chakavanzika chehungwaru hwake husingaenzaniswi hwaive hupenyu hwakasimba uye hwakapararira uye kufamba kwakasimba. Pakati pese pesvedzero inoumba kutungamira kwehunyanzvi hweItaly panguva ino, pamwe chakanyanya kukosha uye chaive nenharo yaive basa raCaravaggio (1573-1610), yakaoma, isingafungidzirwe, isingadzoreki muimbi wechidiki aive pakakwirira mukurumbira wake apo Rubens. akatanga kusvika muRoma. Caravaggio, anobva kuchamhembe kweItaly, aingova nemakore mana kupfuura Rubens.
Rubens aiziva nezvemifananidzo yaCaravaggio, asi hazvigoneke kuti maartist aya akambosangana. Zvisinei, Rubens akafadzwa nemifananidzo yake, uye akatoita makopi akawanda. Mugadziri weItaly aive shasha mukushandiswa kwechiedza nemumvuri, aiziva nzira yekuwana zvinyoro-nyoro chiyero chakakodzera pano kuti aratidze zviri nani manhamba, aratidze manyorerwo akajeka, anyatso kutsanangura pamusoro pechifananidzo.
Asi pamusoro pezvose mubasa raCaravaggio akashamiswa nehuchokwadi hwayo, iyo yakaenda kure kupfuura izvo vaiti venguva yake vakaedza kuzvibvumira. Caravaggio haana kufungidzira mavara ebhaibheri mumifananidzo yake yechitendero, asi akangopenda vanhuwo zvavo mumufananidzo wavo. Nokudaro, mumufananidzo wake wakakurumbira "El Entierro", zviso zvevatatu Marias naNikodimo zvinotorwa zvakananga kubva muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Asi uchokwadi hwaCaravaggio, unyanzvi hwomupendi, kutamba kwechiedza nemumvuri pamachira ake zvaiorora kwazvo zvokuti zvakava nepesvedzero huru paunyanzvi hwenyanzvi dzomuzana ramakore rechi 1560 muEurope yose. Pamusoro pazvose, Rubens akaziva hunyanzvi hwemumwe muimbi wekuItaly, aive padyo naye zvakanyanya kupfuura maitiro aCaravaggio. Muimbi uyu akazove tenzi weBolognese Annibale Carracci (1609-XNUMX), akashanda muRoma pakushongedzwa kwake kwakanaka kwePalazzo Farnese.
Carracci akagadzira nzira yekukurumidza kugadzira maketi echoko, ayo Rubens akabva atora kubva kwaari. Maitiro aCarracci aive akasiyana zvakanyanya neaCaravaggio. Akaparidza pfungwa dzechinyakare uye kuumbwa kwake kwakasiyaniswa nehukuru hwechivezwa neakasiyana-siyana anoratidza echinyakare zvinhu. Rubens aifunga kuti kuzvitaura kwakadaro kunoenderana nemaitiro ake ekugadzira.
Zvechokwadi, mashoma emabasa ekutanga aRubens muItaly akapona kusvika nhasi. Asi munguva ichangopfuura mufananidzo wake "Kutongwa kweParis" wakawanikwa, unoratidzika kunge uripo kubva panguva ino yehupenyu hwake. Akadhakiswa nerunako rwechivezwa chekare uye mufananidzo weRenaissance, muimbi wechidiki akaedza kuita mumufananidzo uyu izvo zvaipfuura simba rake.
Uyu mufananidzo muhombe unoratidza vamwarikadzi vatatu vasina kupfeka vakadungamidzana kuratidza runako rwavo mu "makwikwi". Zvifananidzo zvake zvinofadza zvikuru muoni. Iko kuumbwa kwacho kwacho kwacho, asi kwakati kuomarara. Mamiriro acho, zvisinei, ane kungwaririra kwenhetembo, uye kunyange kukanganisa kwependi yacho kunonongedza kune zvakavanzwa.
Zvimwe muchirimo cha1605, Rubens akanzwa kubva kumunun’una wake akadzidza Philip wokuNetherlands, akanga auya kuRoma kuzowana doctorate yake yomutemo. Chishuvo chakasimba chekudzokera kuItaly chakaita kuti Firipi arambe mukana wekugara nhaka chigaro chemudzidzisi wake ane mukurumbira Justus Lipsius paYunivhesiti yeLeuven. Rubens akakwanisa kugonesa mutsigiri wake ane rupo kuti aifanira kuvandudza ruzivo rwake muRoma, uye mukupera kwa1605 hama dzakarenda imba nevaranda vaviri paVia della Croce pedyo neSpanish Steps.
Kugara kwechipiri kwaRubens muRoma kwaive kwakareba kupfuura kwekutanga kwake. Yakagara nekudzongonyedzwa kupfupi kweanoda kusvika makore matatu, mazhinji acho aive akazvipira kudzidza nezvekupenda uye zvekare. Mumunhu waFiripi, Rubens akagamuchira nyanzvi yechokwadi yenhoroondo yeRoma yekare.
Zvido zvake zvakabva pamatombo anokosha ekare kusvika kune zvivakwa zvemazuva ano, kubva pakunyatsokopa zvidhori zvechinyakare pabepa kusvika kumifananidzo yezviono zvemazuva ese, kubva mukati medzimba dzeRoma dzakaoma kunzwisisa kusvika kunzvimbo dzevafundisi dzakatenderedza Roma uye matongo erudo ePalatine. Akakwanisa kukudziridza ndangariro yakanaka kwazvo yekuona.
Mumatsutso a1606, akagamuchira imwe yemirairo inoyedza zvakanyanya kubva kuRoma: kupendwa kweatari yepamusoro yekereke yeSanta Maria, iyo yakanga ichangobva kuvakirwa vaOratorian paWallisellen, kana, seizvo vaRoma vachiri kuidaidza, chechi itsva. Basa racho rakanga risiri nyore. Nzvimbo yeatari yakanga yakareba uye yakamanikana, uye madzibaba eOratorian aida kumiririra vatsvene vatanhatu mumufananidzo.
Kuziva kweRoma yekare kwakakurudzira kufarira kwaRubens muhurongwa uhwu. Pakati pevanofungidzirwa kuti vasande pakanga pane vakafira kutenda, kusanganisira Saint Domitilla, mudzimai anokudzwa uye mwana womunun’una wamambo weRoma, ane zvisaririra zvitsvene zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura pakuchera matongo eRoma.
Rubens akapenda vatsvene ava nekungwarira kukuru, achiratidza Pope Gregory Mukuru akapfeka nguwo dzinopenya, uye akapa Mutsvene Domitilla chimiro chekutonga, achimuratidza nebvudzi regoridhe, akapfeka satin inopenya, yakashongedzwa nemaparera. Akagumbuka sei pakamiswa aritari. Kupenya kwechiedza chairatidza kwakaita kuti chifananidzo chive chisisaonekwe. Akabva apenda atari itsva pabhodhi kuti kuderedza chiedza.
Mukupera kwe1608, Rubens akagamuchira nhau kubva kuAntwerp kuti amai vake vairwara zvakanyanya. Pasina kana kuzivisa Duke weMantua, asina kumirira kuvhurwa kweatari yake muChechi Itsva, akatanga rwendo rurefu rwekuenda kumba. Ichokwadi kuti akanga asingatarisiri kugara kwenguva refu, asi haana kunyevera munyori wamambo kuti aizoedza kudzoka nokukurumidza sezvaaigona. Zvisinei, musi waOctober 28, 1608, mupendi wedare reFlemish weDuke weMantua akabva muRoma, haana kufunga kuti urwu rwakanga ruri rwendo rwake rwokupedzisira kuItaly.
Kusara
Pedro Pablo Rubens akanga achikurumidzira pasina: Maria Peypelinks, chirikadzi yaJan Rubens, akanga afa. Musi waOctober 19, akazorora muhope dzisingagumi uye, maererano nechido chemushakabvu, mutumbi wake wakavigwa muabbey yeSt. Rubens akarwadziwa zvikuru nerufu rwaamai vake. Mukurangarira amai vake, Pedro Pablo akaiswa muguva re "vanaamai vakanaka" sechiyeuchidzo cheatari yakanaka kwazvo yaakasika, iyo yaakagadzirira Chechi Itsva uye yaaiona sechisikwa chake chakanakisa panguva iyoyo.
Dzimwe shamwari dzekare dzinomunyengetedza kuti aende kuBrussels uye ikoko vanosuma muimbi kudare, Infanta Isabel uye Archduke Albert. Rubens akangwara uye akadzidza zvinoshamisa akauya kudare. Nenguva isipi akagamuchira zita romupendi wedare, mugove wegore negore wamagilda zviuru gumi nezvishanu, uye, sechiratidzo chengwariro chaiyo, ngetani yendarama. Mushure mekuita mhiko yekuvimbika kuna Albert naElizabeth, Rubens akazviona sebasa rake kubatsira mukudzoreredza nyika yake. Chaiva chishuwo chake chaipisa.
Archduke nomudzimai wake vanotova vaKaturike vanoshingaira zvikuru kupfuura vatongi veSpain. Hazvishamisi kuti, mukutonga kwake, nyika inotsvairwa nefungu idzva retsitsi. MaKatorike anotambudzwa anodirana kuBrussels kubva kumativi ese, aine chivimbo chekuti achawana dziviriro netsigiro pano. Dzimba dzokunamatira dziri kuvakwa, machechi ari kuvakwa. Chechi yeKatorike nedare zvinonyatsoziva kuti simba nekutenda zvinoda halo, temberi huru, zvidhori nemifananidzo mikuru. Uye pano Rubens irreplaceable.
Nzira yake itsva, ine simba uye inosimbisa hupenyu yekupenda, chishuvo chake chekuzadza canvas nekufamba kwakapfuma uye kune dutu kunofadza vatsigiri vemifananidzo. Hapana kushomeka kwemaodha. Muhupenyu hwake hwose Rubens akapenda vaviri vehumambo kakawanda. Akaratidzira Archduke semurume aikoshesa uye ane chiremera, waairemekedza pasina mubvunzo uye waakaratidza kuonga kwake; pakupedzisira, Alberto akamupa rairo yokutanga inokosha muupenyu hwake kupenda atari muRoma.
Asi akaratidza kuzvipira kukuru kune Archduchess, ruremekedzo uye rudo rwaakakurira kwemakore. Mifananidzo yake yapashure, yakapendwa naRubens netsitsi nenzwisiso, inotibetsera kuona mavara ose akakwirira namano muuso hwake hunoorora uye hwakaisvonaka, hunoitwa nemwero wakakwana wekokorodzano.
Mumakore ose mushure mekugadzwa kwaRubens semupendi wedare, haana kungoita basa raakapiwa mudare, ndiko kuti, mifananidzo yakapendwa yevakuru vedare uye akabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwekushongedza kwedzimba dzeumambo nemachechi, asiwo Haana kukanganwa. tora maodha kubva kune vamwe vatengi, vese kubva kuSpanish Netherlands uye kunze kwenyika. Vatambi vedare vaimbogara mukati kana padyo nemuzinda muBrussels, asi Rubens akahwina kodzero yekugara muAntwerp. Sezvaakanyorera shamwari yake muRoma: "Handidi kuva dare zvakare."
Hazvizivikanwi kuti Rubens akakwanisa sei kuomerera ari oga, sezvo muzana remakore rechiXNUMX zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuwana nzvimbo inokosha nevaridzi vayo korona. Zvisinei, kune uchapupu hunogutsa hwokuti muupenyu hwake hwose Rubens aiziva nzira yekubatanidza maitiro akanaka uye ane chiremera nekutsungirira kwakanakisisa munyaya dzine chokuita nebasa rake remangwana. Zvichida kugona kwake kugadzirisa zvinhu zvake makore mashoma gare gare kwakatungamira maArchduchess aigamuchira kushandisa muimbi ane tarenda semumiriri. Nokudaro yakatanga basa risingawanzoitiki rezvematongerwo enyika raRubens.
Hupenyu hwega nemabasa
Musi wa3 Gumiguru, 1609, akaroora Isabella Brandt ane makore gumi nemasere, mwanasikana weguta regency mabharani. Nyanzvi inotenga imba huru paWatter Street, iyo yava nezita rake. Mubindu, anovaka girazi-domed rotunda, kwaanoratidza mabasa uye zvitoro zvakaunganidzwa. Rubens akapemberera muchato wake nekupenda kaviri mufananidzo wechinhu chisingawanzoitiki.
Iye naIsabella, vakabata maoko, vanogara pakatarisana neseri kwegwenzi rinoputika rehuchi. Akarova sloppy pose, rimwe gumbo riri musokisi yesirika pamusoro perimwe; anogara padivi pake pachituru, mipendero yerokwe rake reumbozha rakatambanudzwa. Maoko avo akabatana ari pakati pekuumbwa. Vese vanotarisa veruzhinji nemufaro une chivimbo. Vose vari vaviri majaya ane utano, anokwezva, akapfeka zvakanaka, anogutsikana zvikuru noupenyu uye nomumwe nomumwe.
Uyu mufananidzo unoyevedza usinganei nechokuita nekuratidzwa kwepamutemo pa canvas yemurume nemukadzi, iyo yakagara iri mutemo wakasimba kare. Rubens haana kupenda chero chinhu chakadai pamberi uye shure. Vazhinji vevadzidzi vanoshanda muchitoro chake, asi vazhinji vari kukumbirwa kuti vaende navo. Zuva rebasa raRubens rakazara kusvika pamuromo. Muitiro wake wezuva nezuva wakaoma zvikuru. Anomuka naXNUMX mangwanani otanga basa. Kuzorora kupfupi kwekudya kwemasikati uye kudzokera kubasa. Shanda nekuzvipira kuzere.
Mejasitiriti weAntwerp anoronga kushongedza horo yetaundi. Vanyori vaviri, Rubens naAbraham Janssens, vakapiwa basa rokupenda Imba Yehurukuro yeHurumende yakanga ichangobva kugadziridzwa. Rubens anoita "The Adoration of the Magi." Uyu mukana wakanaka wekuratidza vagari vaunogara navo izvo zvawakadzidza panguva yekugara kwenguva refu muItaly. Nenzira yakanaka, ukuru hwebhokisi rakarongedzerwa rakakura. Ndipo panotanga danho rekunamata.
Vanhu vakapfeka nguo dzoumbozha, mabhiza, ngamera, zvipo zvakapfuma, miviri ine mhasuru, mazhenje anopfuta - zvinhu zvose zvinopa kubwinya kwechifananidzo. Iyo yakasviba kumashure nekusiyanisa kwakasimba inosimbisa mwenje zvikamu zve canvas. Mune izvi, pasina mubvunzo, maungira endangariro dzeItaly anonzwika, uye zvakanyanya, pesvedzero yeCaravaggio. Nenguva isipi anogamuchira murayiro waanochiva. Nekukumbira kweshamwari yake Cornelis van der Geest, mutungamiriri nemifananidzo yechechi yeSint-Walburg vakamutuma kugadzira triptych hombe yekushongedza atari yepamusoro.
Nemari inopiwa kuti ishande, mhuri yose inogona kugara zvakanaka kwemakore anoverengeka. Rubens anopenda The Rising of the Cross, izvo zvinogadzira manzwiro. MuThe Adoration of the Magi, yakamira muhurongwa hwayo, kufamba raive basa rechipiri kune muimbi. MuKusimuka kweMuchinjikwa, nekusiyana, chirongwa chiri kuita. Nekudaro, kufamba hakufanirwe kutsvakwa mukumisikidza kwakadzama kana kupeta kwembatya. Iwo horizontals uye verticals echifananidzo ane static, asi diagonals akazara nemasimba.
Mune iri basa risingadzoreki, zvese zvinoramba zvichifamba. Uye mune mufaro mune zvose. Uyu ndiwo mufaro wehupenyu husingafi, kusiyana nerufu. Urwu ndirwo rudo rwehupenyu runoshandura zvese, kunyangwe nyaya yerufu. Sezvo Rubens akafanoona, mushure mokudzoka kwake kuAntwerp, yakanga iri nguva inofadza yevanyori. Mukati memakore akaropafadzwa erunyararo, kubva muna 1609 kusvika 1621, Rubens akapenda maatari eAntwerp Cathedral uye nemachechi makuru eguta, ekare neatsva, pamwe chete nematemberi epurovhinzi muMechelen neGhent dziri pedyo.
Vazhinji vanyori vane tarenda, vamwe vavo vakajeka, vakabatsira mukukudzwa kwechikoro cheAntwerp chekupenda chenguva iyoyo. Mukuwedzera kuna Jan Brueghel, Franz Snyders akashanda ikoko, nyanzvi yaiziva kupenda mhuka nounyanzvi. Muduku zvishoma akanga ari Jacob Iordan, uyo, kufanana naRubens, akadzidza naAdam van Noort. Akapenda mifananidzo yakasimba uye inoyevedza yehupenyu hunofadza hweFlemish, pamwe chete nemifananidzo yengano ine mushwi unobvumwa. Pakati pavo paive naAnthony Van Dyck nekurohwa kwake nekukurumidza uye nerwiyo.
Jan Brueghel akaonekwa naRubens semukoma mukuru. Vakapenda mifananidzo yakawanda pamwe chete. Rubens aibata nevanhu uye Bruegel nemaruva ekushongedza nemichero. Muna March 1611 mwanasikana akaberekwa Pedro Pablo Rubens, ainzi Clara Serena. Godfather wemusikana uyu aiva mukoma wake, Firipi, uyo akafa kamwe kamwe muna August wegore rimwe chetero akarova Rubens. Mazuva gumi namashanu mushure mokufa kwake, chirikadzi yomunun’una wake yakabereka mwanakomana. Mukomana uyu, uyo ainziwo Firipi, akarerwa naPedro Pablo naIsabella.
Mufananidzo we "Four Philosophers" wakagadzirwa naRubens kune imwe nzvimbo sechiyeuchidzo cheshamwari uye hama. Pano Justus Aipsius anoratidzwa akagara patafura pasi peSeneca; kumativi ose ake kune vadzidzi vaviri vepamusoro: Jan Vowerius naPhilip Rubens, uye shure kwake, kwete semutori wechikamu muhurukuro yezvidzidzo, asi semuoni anoda kuziva, Pedro Pablo Rubens pachake.
Iyo Archduke haakanganwi muimbi kubva kuAntwerp. Muna 1613 akapa basa "The Assumption of Our Lady" yeChechi yeNotre Dame de la Chapelle muBrussels. Gore rakatevera, Isabella Brant aiva nemwanakomana: Archduke anobvuma kuva mutsivi wemwana, anonzi Albert. Zvemumba nevaRuben zvakabudirira, uye basa reunyanzvi raPedro Pablo rakakura nekukurumidza.
Pendi yake yeatari, yakagadzirwa munguva kubva 1611 kusvika 1614 yeAntwerp Cathedral, yakasangana nekubudirira kunoshamisa. Yakatumirwa nemuimbi we "arquebusiers", imwe yehama dzakawanda dzemauto muNetherlands, kune chapero yepadivi yaakapihwa kuti anamate muchechi iyi huru yeguta. Rubens akakumbirwa kuti apende triptych nemifananidzo ina chete: jira repakati rine rutivi "mapapiro" akabatana naro pamahinji, nemifananidzo kumativi ose eSaint Christopher, uyo akambotakura Kristu mhiri kwerwizi, aripo pamufananidzo.
Rubens akafananidzira Mutsvene Christopher muchimiro chehofori Hercules aine Mwana Jesu, akagara pafudzi rake. Kurongeka kwechifananidzo kwakaenderera mberi kumashure kwemapuranga emativi, kuitira kuti chifananidzo chose chinzwisiswe ne 'mapapiro' e triptych akavharwa. Mufananidzo mukuru waive 'Kudzika kubva paMuchinjikwa', kuruboshwe 'Kara's Underwear', uye kurudyi 'Performance at the Temple'. Munamato waShe neMharidzo muTembere zvinyorwa zvenyasha zvisingawanzo, zvakapendwa nemavara anodziya, zvichiri kuyeuchidza nezvesimba remuimbi wekuVenice.
Asi chikamu chepakati "Kudzika kubva kuMuchinjikwa" chinoratidza kusunungurwa kwakajeka kwaRubens kubva kuItaly kutsamira, mairi tinoona kushanduka kwekutevedzana kwemavara akareruka, inova chiitiko chinowanzoitika cheDutch pendi. Pachitunha, mumipendero yejira, pazvimiro zvechikadzi, zvinopenya zvichena-chena zvinopenya, amber akajeka uye mavara egirinhi-ebhuruu anosiyana neakawanda echinyakare matsvuku uye ebrown echirume.
Muoni ainyanya kufadzwa nemufananidzo waKristu akafa. “Uyu ndomumwe wemifananidzo yake yakaisvonaka,” akanyora kudaro munyori wemifananidzo ane mukurumbira wechiRungu Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) apo, sokunge akanga aroyiwa, sokunge kuti pamberi pechishamiso, akamira pamberi pouyu mufananidzo makore ane zana pashure pokuoneka kwawo. Kutamiswa kwemuviri wese kunotipa pfungwa chaiyo yekuipa kwerufu zvekuti hapana mumwe anogona kuikunda. Kutaura zvazviri, "huremu hwerufu" hunoratidzwa pano, asi mumufananidzo pachawo hapana uremu hunonzwika.
Nekunaka kunoshamisa, Rubens akakwanisa kuendesa nguva iyo muviri unosunungurwa kubva pamuchinjikwa, usati watsvedza pasi pehuremu hwayo mumaoko akasimba eSt. John, uyo anomira, achizarura maoko ake kuti agamuchire. Mufananidzo uri kuruboshwe unobata zvishoma ruoko rworuboshwe rwaKristu, uye kurudyi kuna Nikodhimo, akabata magumo ejira, nerumwe ruoko runotsigira muviri wake. Akapfugama, Magdalena anotsigira tsoka dzake nemaoko ake.
Mufananidzo waRubens "Kudzika kubva paMuchinjikwa" wakava dambudziko kune vese maartist, sezvo zvaida hunyanzvi hwekudhirowa kwehunyanzvi, pamwe nekukwanisa kumutsa manzwiro akakodzera muoni. Asi “Kuburuka kubva paMuchinjikwa” kwaRubens, chisikwa chikurusa chaati amboita, uye chimwe chezviya zvikuru zvaasati agadzira, chakazova mufananidzo chaiwoiwo, unobva pamwoyo zvikuru kana uchienzaniswa neaya akadhirowa natenzi wake. kufemerwa.
Kune vakararama panguva yake, kwaisangova kukunda kweruvara, chimiro uye maumbirwo; akabata nokutaura kusingarambiki dingindira guru rokutenda kwake kwose. Makore mashomanana gare gare, mukurumbira wake wakapararira muWestern Europe yose. Yaiva mufananidzo uyu wakaita kuti Rubens ave mukuru wechitendero chemazuva ake, achinyatsoratidza kwekutanga kusimba kwemanzwiro emhando yeBaroque, iyo Peter Paul Rubens akava muvambi.
Rubens dzimwe nguva akafanana negomo rinoputika. Asi dzimwe nguva hunhu hwenguva refu uye kusawirirana kwekugadzira kunokunda, uye ipapo mabasa anoonekwa maanoratidza chimiro chake chetitanic. Ndiwo machira ake ekuvhima, akapendwa mumakore 1616-1618. Makona ezviverengero anoshamisa, mafambiro anotyisa, mhuka dzinotyisa. Hakuna vanokunda muShumba Hunt. Rufu rwakarembera pane vese vatori vechikamu. Zvechokwadi, Rubens haana kukanganwa basa, zvimedu zvaakakopa muItaly - "Hondo yeAnghiari" naLeonardo mukuru.
Asi, hapana wevakatangira Pedro Pablo Rubens akapenda shumba, mhumhi uye ingwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma uye asingatarisirwi akadaro. Kana ari mabhiza, anogara achiayemura. Akasika rudzi rwakanaka rwebhiza: rine musoro nhete, mhumbu yakafara, makumbo anotya, manera akareba, ane muswe wakaita sasultan, ane mhino dzinopisa uye maziso anopisa.
Akashandisa mufananidzo webhiza muzvinyorwa zvemifananidzo yake, kuvhima, hondo, zviitiko zvechitendero; Akatsaurira imwe yenziyo dzakawanda uye, pasinei nehondo yehondo, rimwe remabasa ake anopindirana: "Hondo yevaGiriki neAmazons". Mumakore 1620-1621, Rubens akanyora "Perseus uye Andromeda". Mwanasikana waMambo Kefei Andromeda akabayirwa kune chikara chegungwa. Rufu rwake harunzvengeki. Asi kamwe kamwe, mwanakomana waDanae naZeusi, Perseus, anouya kuzovabatsira. Musikana akashamisika anotenda gamba.
Nyanzvi yakashandura rondedzero inozivikanwa yengano mumutauro weFlanders, yakaunza humbowo hwehupenyu chaihwo hwenyika yake, nguva yake, zvichiratidza nenzira itsva zvirimo zvevanhu ngano iyi. Hunyanzvi hweruvara nechiedza hunozadza pendi iyi nekushamisika uye kufamba. Rubens inyanzvi yemavara, uye kunyangwe palette yake ichidzorwa zvakanyanya, anowana mhinduro dzechokwadi dzesymphonic.
Machinda, maprelates, vanokudzwa uye vakapfuma vanoremekedzwa vanotsvaga mabasa akapendwa naRubens, asi kazhinji ivo vanofanirwa kugutsikana nemabasa akaitwa nenyanzvi kubva mumusangano wake maererano nemifananidzo yatenzi uye inongogadziriswa naye. Saka kune kutsva "Adoration of the Magi", kushoma opulent uye panguva imwe chete kushoma kupenya. Ichaendeswa kuMecheln, uko ichashongedza Chechi yeSt. Uye ndizvo zvakaita hofori "Kutonga Kwekupedzisira", yakarongerwa atari huru yekereke yeJesuit muNeuburg. Yakatumirwa naWolfgang Wilhelm weBavaria, Duke weNeuburg.
Muna 1620, burgomaster weAntwerp uye shamwari yaRubens, Nicolae Rocox, ane mufananidzo waakanga apenda makore mashoma apfuura, akamutuma kuti aite basa kuChechi yeFrancisca yeRecoleta. Iyi pendi yakakurumbira ikozvino inonzi "La Lanzada". Mariri, murwi weRoma anobaya rutivi rwaKristu nepfumo. Boka diki revanhu vaichemera Kristu rinosairirwa parutivi nevarwi vakatasva mabhiza kubva munzvimbo diki yakatenderedza michinjikwa mitatu yakarukwa zvisina kunaka paCalvari.
Panenge panguva imwecheteyo, Rubens akapenda imwe yemifananidzo inofamba yechitendero, zvakare yeChechi yeRecoleta. Yakanzi "Kusangana Kwekupedzisira kwaSaint Francis weAssisi". Mune iyi canvhasi, akaratidza kunzwisisa kunoshamisa kworudo rwomudzimu rwokuzvibaira. Aneta nokutsanya, Mutsvene Francis anotsigirwa nemamongi akamupoteredza; chimiro chake chakareruka nekuda kweganda rakashama uye rakachenuruka rinongopenya kuseri kwenguvo dzakasviba, apo iye, akazendamira kumupristi, anotarisisa maziso ake kuti atarise kuna Jehovha kekupedzisira.
Rubens aifanira kudhirowa zvimwe zvidzidzo zvechitendero zvakawanda zvinopa mubayiro. Upenyu hwavo hwemhuri hunofadza hunoratidzwa mumifananidzo yakawanda yeungwaru yeSagrada Familia. Akatamisa zviso zvevanakomana vake, Albert naNikolayev, kune canvas, uye akazviita nerudo rukuru uye neunyoro, nyore kunzwisisa mifananidzo yavo, uye akazodzokorora maitiro akawanda uye maitiro ehuduku: anonyara, ane nyasha, anosekesa kana anoyevedza.
Asi mukana unofadza zvikurusa mukati maaya makore wakagoverwa navaJesuit. Yakanga isiri chimwe chinhu kunze kwekushongedza chechi huru itsva yaive ichivakwa muAntwerp mukukudza baba vayo vakavamba Ignatius weLoyola. Rubens akapiwa kupa kushongedza kwechechi yose - 39 mifananidzo. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, akange atopenda maatari maviri evatsvene vaviri veJesuit: Ignacio de Loyola naFrancisco Javier. Gare gare akasika chechitatu, padingindira reKufungidzira.
Mumwe aifanira kukurumidza kuva nenguva nemifananidzo yedenga munguva yemhemberero dzakatsaurirwa kutsveneswa kwevatsvene vaviri ava muna 1622. Naizvozvo, Rubens aitarisira chete kukura kwemifananidzo, kuumbwa kwavo, uye vadzidzi vake vaifanira kupedzisa. ivo.. Ipapo tenzi achaita kuti zvinhu zvose zvive zvakakwana nemaitiro ake chaiwo. Basa rekuda chinzvimbo rakapedzwa nenguva, uye kwezana ramakore chechi yeJesuit iyi yaive mbiri nekushongedza kweAntwerp yese. Nehurombo, muna 1718 yakakuvadzwa zvakaipisisa nemoto unotyisa.
Hapana wevabatsiri vaPeter Paul Rubens aive mukuru kune ane tarenda rinoshamisa Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641), akazove mutungamiriri ane mukurumbira weguildmaster aine makore gumi nemapfumbamwe. Kunyangwe aive nemakore makumi maviri nemaviri ari mudiki kuna Rubens, akachengeta hushamwari hwake hwakaita semwanakomana naye nemukadzi wake kweupenyu hwose. Aitogara mumba make nguva nenguva.
Rubens akayemura basa raVan Dyck zvakanyanya, uye maartist maviri aya akashanda zvakanyanya kwemakore maviri kana matatu, mambakwedza ebasa raVan Dyck, zvekuti pachine nyonganiso pamusoro pekuti ndiani akapenda chii panguva iyoyo. Van Dijk aive akasiyana saRubens. Aive neziso rezvinhu zvidiki-diki, aive nekamwe karuvara. Tichifunga nezvezvidhori zvake, ainyanya kufunga nezvenyika, yaakatora mumifananidzo yakawanda yakagadzirwa nepeni, ingi, choko, pamwe chete nemavara ake emvura.
Mifananidzo yake pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvechitendero uye zvengano yakaratidza mavambo ose ekunyora kwake uye simba rinotapira uye rakazara renziyo rekufungidzira. Asi pamusoro pezvose, Van Dyck akazvisiyanisa mumifananidzo, uye mumakore ebasa rake akasika mazana avo. Vose zvavo vakapinzwa nekuongorora kwakadzama kwepfungwa.
Muna 1620 Van Dyck akasiya Rubens neAntwerp kuti anotsvaga hupfumi hwake kuEngland, kwaakapiwa mukana wekuedza kutora nzvimbo yemupendi wedare. Akazoenda kuItaly kunopedzisa dzidzo yake ikoko. Mushure mekubva kwake, Rubens sezviri pachena aivimba zvishoma uye zvishoma kune vabatsiri vake kuti apedze mifananidzo. Akanga achizvivimba zvino, ruoko rwake rwakanga rwasimudza kukurumidza kwakadaro mumakore ekudzidzira nguva dzose muItaly, zvokuti zvakanga zviri nyore kwaari kuti ataure pfungwa dzake nokukurumidza pacanvas.
Somugumisiro wekubatana kwaPeter Paul Rubens naBruegel, mifananidzo gumi nembiri yakaonekwa, imwe yacho yaiva yekunakidza "Adhamu naEvha muParadhiso." Bruegel akapenda nzvimbo yebhuruu-girinhi, achiisimbisa nemifananidzo yeshiri nemhuka. Rubens: mifananidzo yakanaka yaAdhamu naEvha. Rubens, uyo akanga asiri muimbi ane mukurumbira chete asiwo muunganidzi nenyanzvi yemifananidzo, aiva noukama hwakasimba nemachinda, mabhishopi, vafundisi, uye vamwe vanhu vane simba muEurope yose.
Pamwe nekuda kwekuonana kwavo uye pamwe nekuda kwehunhu hwavo, Archduke Albert naArchduchess Elizabeth vakaita sarudzo yakakosha vachitarisira kuti muimbi aizovashandira mune rimwe basa. Vachipa mutero kuhuchenjeri hwake, kutsungirira uye neruremekedzo, vaida kushandisa Rubens pasi pechifukidziro chezvavanofarira kuita kuti vaite zvakavanzika zvevamiriri.
Vatongi veNetherlands vakatenda zvikuru mazano aRubens uye kakawanda vakatumira mahofisi ehurumende. Tsamba dzake dzairatidza kutya kwechokwadi nezvemamiriro ezvinhu muEurope uye kutambura kwakakonzerwa nehondo yairamba ichiitika. Muna Kukadzi 1622 akadanwa kuParis nemumiriri weArchduchess, uyo akasuma muimbi kuna Marie de'Medici's treasurer, abbot weSaint-Ambroise.
Mai Mambokadzi vachangobva kuyanana nemwanakomana wavo. Akazogara muLuxembourg Palace, yaakanga avakirwa naSalomón de Bross makore mashoma apfuura uye yaaifanira kusiya makore maviri apfuura. Anoda kushongedza imba yeimba yamambo nemifananidzo inoratidza zvikamu zvakasiyana zvehupenyu hwake. Gare gare, anotarisira kushongedza yechipiri gallery nemifananidzo inokudza hupenyu hwemurume wake ane mukurumbira, Henry IV. Rubens akanga ane rukudzo rukuru: akapiwa basa rokuita mabasa ose ari maviri.
Basa raRubens rakanga risiri nyore. Maria akanga asiri tsvarakadenga, uye upenyu hwake hwakanga husina kujeka, huzere nezviitiko zvinokosha. Kuti aratidze zvakapfuura zvaMaria muchiedza chakanakisisa, Rubens anopoteredza Mambokadzi ane vanamwari veOlympian, mvura nymphs uye cupids, destinies, uye marudzi ose ezvakanaka. Nerubatsiro rwehunyanzvi hwakadaro, haana kungokudza Maria nekushatirwa kwake, asi akasiyanisa vatongi veFrance mune zvipfeko zveumbozha nevamwari vasina kupfeka uye vamwari, vaaida kupenda zvakanyanya.
Mushure mekunge apedza iyo Medici nhevedzano, Rubens aitarisira kutanga kugadzira canvases yechipiri gallery muLuxembourg Palace. Mavari aifanira kuratidza hupenyu hwaMambo Henry IV, unhu hwakanaka uye hune simba. Asi Rubens, kunze kwemamwe mapikicha emafuta uye mamwe mapeji akazara, aisakwanisa kuenda mberi. Kadhinari Richelieu ane simba, chipangamazano mukuru wezvematongerwo enyika kumwanakomana waHenry Louis XIII, akanga akatsunga kudzivirira mubatanidzwa pakati peFrance neSpain uye, achiziva tsitsi dzaRubens, akanga asingadi kuti muimbi wacho arambe ari mudare.
Rubens akapfuurira kushanda pa "Asunción" apo kamwe kamwe hupenyu hwake huchiri kufara hwakaputsika. Makore matatu chete apfuura, muna 1623, mwanasikana wake mumwe chete, Clara Serena, akafa. Aingova nemakore gumi nemaviri. Uye muzhizha ra1626, mushure memakore gumi nemanomwe ehupenyu hunofadza hwewanano, Isabella Rubens akafa. Chikonzero cherufu rwake hachizivikanwi, asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti akafa nedenda rakapararira muAntwerp muchirimo ichocho. Rubens akatsvaka kunyaradzwa nebasa nechitendero. Mukunyarara kwakapfava kwecathedral, akapenda "The Dormition of Our Lady", uye mufananidzo uyu uchiri wakaturika munzvimbo imwechete.
Pedro Pablo Rubens anozvikanda mugomba rakadzika-dzika rebasa rezvematongerwo enyika zvakare. Shanyira England, France, Spain. Sangana naCharles I, Duke weBuckingham, Philip IV, Cardinal Richelieu. Mazhinji emifananidzo gore rega rega anobuda kubva pasi pebhurashi rake. Anopenda hombe canvas "Adoration of the Magi" mumazuva matanhatu. Iye Infanta Isabella anomupa mishoni yakavanzika mushure meimwe. Anotakura tsamba huru, kazhinji yakavanzika.
Rubens anonyora kuti: "Ndakazviwana ndiri mulabyrinth yechokwadi, yakakombwa masikati neusiku nematambudziko akawanda." Anobatsira mukuitisa nhaurirano dzerunyararo pakati peEngland neSpain. Akaita misangano yapachivande naCarlos I, achigadzira mufananidzo wake. Basa rake rezvematongerwo enyika rinofarirwa zvikuru: Carlos ndakamupa Knight of the Golden Spurs uye Felipe IV akamupa zita remunyori wePrivy Council. Asi zvisinei nemazita ese aya nerukudzo, Rubens anosiya basa rake rakaoma semumiriri wepachivande.
Musi waZvita 6, 1630, Pedro Pablo Rubens akaroora Helena Fourmen. Elena aiva nemakore gumi nematanhatu panguva iyoyo. Muchena, mutsvuku, anofara, semwarikadzi wechihedheni, akanga ari mufananidzo wezviroto zvaRubens. Nyanzvi inomuyemura. Anofara, anoratidza simba rinongoerekana raitika rerudo rinokunda zvose mumifananidzo yake. Anenge ese akanakisa kunyora aRubens mumakore gumi apfuura akajekeswa nemanzwiro aya.
Aodzwa mwoyo nebasa rekutonga uye basa rezvematongerwo enyika, akazvipira zvachose kuita zvekugadzira. Hunyanzvi hwaRubens hunoratidzwa zvine hungwaru mukuenzanisa nemabasa madiki, anoitwa ega. Mufananidzo wemukadzi wechidiki unova leitmotif yebasa rake. Iyo yakanaka yerunako rweblonde ine muviri wakasvibirira wenyama uye kuchekwa kwakanaka nemeso makuru akajeka akaumbwa mumabasa etenzi kare Elena asati apinda muhupenyu hwake, pakupedzisira achiva mufananidzo unooneka weiyi yakanaka.
Mumakore aya akasika mabasa akanaka "Mercurio y Argos", "Bathsabé". "Mercury uye Argos" ingano inofadza pamusoro pemudiwa waJupiter, uyo Juno, mudzimai ane hasha waishe wevamwari, akachinja kuva mhou. Dziviriro yeanosuruvarisa Juno inopa iyo stoic Argos. Mercury inouraya Argos uye inomusunungura.
"Bhatishebha." Mumufananidzo, musoro mukuru wemufananidzo waRubens unonzwika zvakasimba: kukudzwa kwezvisingagumi, hupenyu hunoputika uye kunaka kwayo kwose. Musoro wechifananidzo chacho inhau yorudo yaMambo Dhavhidhi nokuda kwaBhati-shebha, mudzimai waUria muHiti. Achingoti fambei, mambo akamuona achigeza ndokubva apinda murudo. Hutsva hunofadza hunobva pamufananidzo. Kupenda kwechiedza dzimwe nguva kunenge kwakafanana nemvura, asi panguva imwe chete, ine simba maererano nepurasitiki, izere nesimba.
Iyo yepamusoro yekugadzira mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwemuimbi ndeye pendi "Venus muFur" kubva muunganidzwa weVienna Museum. Zvichida muiti wemifananidzo haana kuronga kupenda mufananidzo wemudzimai wake nemaune. Sezviri pachena, yakasikwa chete panguva yekuzorora, apo Elena Fourman akatora zororo kubva kune zvinonetesa pose. Kuzorora kwakakwana, kusununguka kwechimiro uye kwakabatsira kugadzira nyanzvi.
Rubens ari kupfuura munguva inofadza yehupenyu hwake, anofara sezvo munhu anofa chete anogona kufara. Sokunge ari kumutsidzira kuvonga kumudzimai wake mutsva wechidiki, Rubens, ane chivimbo munzvimbo yake yakasimba munzanga, akaramba achipenda pamusha wake wenyika uye muAntwerp. Asi chirwere, icho chakatambudza muimbi kwemakore mazhinji, chinozvizivisa pachacho. Kurwiswa kwerheumatism kwakawedzera zvakanyanya, kutambura kwakava kusingatsungiririki.
Musi waMay 27, 1640, Pedro Pablo Rubens anonyora chido. Pana May 29, kurwadziwa kwoutsinye kwakapedza simba rake. Mudzimai wechidiki wemuimbi, ane pamuviri, haana kuzvidzivirira kaviri. Hondo yaRubens nerufu inopfuurira kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Mwoyo haugoni kuzvitsungirira. Masikati eChivabvu 24, 30, muimbi mukuru akafa.
Pedro Pablo Rubens muroyi akazivisa vanhu nyika yemashiripiti yemavara, mufaro wekuve. Mutambi anobata pamachira ake nekuvhurwa kwemaonero anopenya ehupenyu. Anotikunda nesimba renyama yemunhu, iyo inotonga zvakanyanya mumifananidzo yake. Zvinoita sekuti tinonzwa kuti ropa rinopisa rinopisa sei mutsinga dzine simba dzemagamba ake, rinorova mumoyo yevamwarikadzi vake veblonde. Rubens, sepasina mumwe munhu, aive nekakarani, hunyanzvi hwekupenda muviri mupenyu.
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