Muna 1886, mumwe wevapendi vanodiwa zvikuru vekuMexico munhoroondo yenyika akaberekwa, anorangarirwa zvakanyanya nebasa rinoshamisa raakakudziridza muunyanzvi hwekufamba kwemuralism. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvishoma nezve Kuvaka naDiego Rivera, gara uye udzidze nesu nechinyorwa chino chinodzidzisa chatagadzira.
5 inonyanya kuzivikanwa mabasa naDiego Rivera
Mushure memakore mazhinji ekushanda nesimba, Diego Rivera akave mumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira muMexico yese uye mumwe wevanoshuvira zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, achigara achiedza nepaanogona napo kupfuura miganhu yake. Kunyange nanhasi, basa rake rinoshamisa somuvezi wemifananidzo richiri kurumbidzwa zvikuru. Diego Rivera mabasa anoshamisa.
Pasinei nekuti kune vakawanda vanomushora maererano nekukura kwake senyanzvi uye, pamusoro pezvose, semunhu, mabasa ake akave nemukurumbira mukuru nekuda kwekuzvipira kwake kwevanhu. Uye ndezvekuti, kutaura zvazviri, mifananidzo yake yemifananidzo yakamuisa pachigadziko chehunyanzvi icho vashoma vekuMexico vakasvika kunze kwenharaunda yavo.
Rivera akaita basa rakakosha mukuzvarwa patsva kwerudzi urwu rwekupenda, uyo mubvunzo wake usingakwanisike. Madziro uye sirin'i zvaakagadzira muzvivako zvevanhu vose zvenyika yake zvakakurumidza kuva shamwari dzake dzepedyo maererano nekudzivirira boka revashandi. Ivo vanoonekwa semamwe emabasa aDiego Rivera ane hushingi.
Hapana mubvunzo kuti anotorwa semuteveri akatendeka wecommunism, sezvo akaita basa rakadaro muhupenyu hwake hwese, aine madingindira emagariro uye erudzi sevaratidziri vakuru vemifananidzo yake. Mune imwe neimwe yadzo akashandisa huwandu hweruvara, achiwanzo reva kuMexico pre-Columbian yapfuura.
Nenzira iyi, muralist akagadzirazve akasiyana akasiyana-siyana costumbrista zviratidziro zvenguva iyoyo. Kunyangwe bhuku remunyori rezvigadzirwa rakanyanya kuwanda, pazasi takasarudza akanyanya kukosha kuti azvikudziridze imwe neimwe:
The Creation (1922)
Muna 1922, Diego Rivera akapenda mural yake yekutanga mukati meSimón Bolívar Amphitheatre, muAntiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso iri mu Historic Center yeMexico City. Mural uyu wakapihwa basa neaimbova Secretary of Public Education weMexico, José Vasconcelos.
Izvi zvinofemerwa neseti yezvinhu zvekunakisa, zvakatorwa kubva pane zvakaitika parwendo rwake kuenda kuguta rekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMexico, Santo Domingo Tehuantepec. Pakati pekuumbwa kwakadaro ndiko kutanga, kubva kune rudzi rwesero yepakutanga inobuda, murume ane maoko akazaruka muchimiro chemuchinjikwa.
Iyo semicircle yebhuruu iri pamusoro pemural inoita basa rechiratidzo chesimba kana musimboti wemusiki, panguva imwechete iyo inopenya chiedza chayo kumativi ose ekupenda. Pamigumo miviri tinowana maviri ega ega, asi anopindirana.
Iri kuruboshwe idimikira rakajeka remimhanzi, iyo munyaya iyi inomiririrwa nemusikana akapfeka matehwe emakwai uye achiridza nyere. Muchikwata chemufananidzo uyu, unogona kuona mamwe zvirevo zvine chekuita nekuimba (chipfeko chitsvuku), comedy (uyo anopfeka pigtails mbiri), uye, pakupedzisira, kutamba, iyo inomira nemaoko akasimudza.
Pamusoro peizvi, kunaka kwezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri kunowedzerwa kune yose: rudo, kutenda uye tariro. Kune chikamu chayo, mupaneru kurudyi taigona kuona zvirevo zvengano (uyo anopfeka dhirezi rine bhuruu negoridhe toni) uye tsika (uyo akapfeka zvitsvuku).
Saizvozvowo, tinogona kuona nhetembo dzinonyadzisa uye njodzi, wekupedzisira achishandisa mask kuvhara chiso chake. Mukuwedzera, muchikamu chepamusoro, chakamira, ndiwo maitiro akajeka emhando ina dzemakadhinari: kungwara, kururamisira, simba uye kuzvidzora. Patsoka dzeboka rimwe nerimwe, mukadzi (kuruboshwe) nomurume (kurudyi) vanoramba vasina kupfeka.
Epic yevanhu veMexico (1929-1935)
"Epic of the Mexican People", dzimwe nguva inonzi "History of Mexico", fresco yakagadzirwa naRivera pamadziro emasitepisi makuru eNational Palace yeMexico, pakati pemakore 1929 na1935. Yakagadzirwawo. pasi pekutumwa nemunyori wezvedzidzo yeruzhinji, José Vasconcelos, mukati mehurongwa hweMexican muralist Renaissance.
Rimwe remabasa aDiego Rivera iyi yakakura mural yeBazi rePublic Education, ine nharaunda inosvika 276 m², ine basa rekuratidza noushingi maitiro akakura emupendi. "Epic of the Mexican People" inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu umo munyori waro akatora basa rekuda kumiririra nhoroondo yemazuva ano yenyika yake kusvika 1935 uye munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Muchikamu chiri kurudyi, chiri kuchamhembe kweNational Palace, pre-Hispanic Mexico inomiririrwa kuburikidza nengano yeCē Ācatl Tōpīltzin muTula. Chikamu chepakati, icho chiri kumadokero, ndicho chikuru pane zvese uye chinomiririra Mexico kubva mukukunda kweSpanish kusvika kuma30s.
Muchikamu chechitatu, chokumaodzanyemba, chiono chechiMarxist chorudzi mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX chinobatanidzwa. Pachezvayo, musoro unobatanidza chimwe nechimwe chezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana ndezvekurwisana kwemapoka evanhu, anoparadzirwa zvakajeka nemufananidzo wepakati wefresco inoshamisa.
Mufananidzo watiri kutaura nezvake ndiKarl Marx pachake, akabata poster ine chidimbu chidiki kubva muCommunist Manifesto umo zvinoratidzwa zvinotevera:
“Nhoroondo yose yenzanga yavanhu kusvikira nhasi inhau yokurwa kwemapoka. Kwatiri, haizi nyaya yokushandura fuma, asi yokuiparadza; Hazvisi zvekudzima misiyano yekirasi, asi nezvekuparadza; Hazvisi zvekugadzirisa nharaunda yazvino, asi nezve kuumba itsva”.
Kunyange zvazvo mufananidzo wemumadziro uchimiririra mazana emakore nemazana emakore ekurwisana nekudzvinyirirwa nemapoka ekutonga ane huori, une magumo ane tariro. Inonongedzera kune utopia uko varimi nevashandi vefekitari vanoshanda pamwe chete, uko munhu wese anogara mukuwirirana nemasikirwo uye pakupedzisira anobudirira.
Detroit Industry Murals (1932-1933)
Pakazosvika makore ekuma30, shoko rakanga rapararira pamusoro pemafrescoes aRivera akasiyana-siyana munharaunda yake yeMexico, ndicho chikonzero muenzi wacho akakwanisa kuwana vatengesi vakawanda vakakomberedza United States. Mumwe wavo aive Edsel Bryant Ford, muzvinabhizinesi wekuAmerica uye philanthropist, mwanakomana waHenry Ford.
Uyu mukuru wemotokari akatsigira muralist rimwe rebasa rake rinotyisa kusvika panguva iyoyo, "Detroit Industry Murals". Mumwedzi mipfumbamwe yose, muimbi akagara muguta reDetroit, uye akakwanisa kuvhara nzvimbo yese yepakati peDetroit Institute of Arts, aine nhevedzano isingasviki uye isingasviki makumi maviri nenomwe ekupenda pamadziro mana akasiyana.
Vanotaura nyaya yeguta kuburikidza nematanho akawanda, kuburikidza nekumiririra kwevashandi varo, pamwe nekufambira mberi kwakaitwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi uye nzvimbo. Imhaka yekuti nepo Detroit yaimbova inzvimbo yeindasitiri yakabudirira mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, iyo zvakare yakaona kudzingwa kwakawanda panguva yeKuderera Kukuru.
Diego paakasvika muguta muna 1932, mhedzisiro yakadai yakanzwika zvakanyanya, ndosaka muvendi akasimbisa zvakare mamiriro akaomarara ayo vashandi vekondinendi yeAmerica vaifanira kupfuura nemairi. Mufresco, kurima uye kuwanda kwechisikigo kwakamiririrwa nemifananidzo inoumbwa yemwana mudiki akaturikidzana pakati pezvimiro zvisina kupfeka nemagejo.
Kumaodzanyemba nekumaodzanyemba, indasitiri yemotokari yeUS yakasimukira yakaumbwa nekushandiswa kwemichina inorema inoburitsa simbi yakanyungudutswa nemitsetse yekubatanidza kugadzira mota dzvuku dzechihwitsi.
Munharaunda yemadziro ekumadokero, iwe unogona kuona kuti ndedzipi njodzi huru dzetekinoroji kubva pakuona kwavo, senge zvishandiso zvehondo zvinogona kukonzera kuzviparadza kwevanhu, kupa muenzaniso. Pamadziro ekuchamhembe, sezvatatotaura, Rivera aimiririra kufambira mberi kwekurapa kwakaitwa panguva iyoyo.
Akawana izvi nekushandisa iyo motif yechidyiro chechiKristu, achingotsiva mumwe nemumwe wevanhu vechitendero nevarapi vemazuva ano nevarwere, kunyangwe muimbi akatora basa rekuenzanisira amai vake, maererano nezvimwe zvakataurwa nenyeredzi. American cinema, Jean Harlow.
Kutaura idi, apo basa racho rakapedzwa pakupedzisira ndokupiwa kuvanhu, kwakaratidzika kuboka ravanyanduri veKaturike kuva kumhura chose chose uye gakava guru rakamuka. Pakupedzisira, Edsel Ford akabvuma basa raRivera pasina dambudziko, nekuda kwetsigiro huru yakapihwa neboka rine shungu revadzidzi vepayunivhesiti nevashandi vairwa nekuongororwa.
Murume ari Kudzora Zvakasikwa (1934)
Pakutaura nezve "The Man in Control of the Universe", anozivikanwawo se "The Man at the Crossroads", kurehwa kunoitwa mural yakapendwa muna 1934 naDiego Rivera yeRockefeller Center, asi yakapendwazve muPalacio yeFine Arts muMexico. Guta.
Basa racho raisanganisirwa munzvimbo yakataurwa nekuti muvendi akawedzera mufananidzo wemakomunisti weRussia kumufananidzo wemadziro, Vladimir Lenin, uye mhuri yeRockefeller haina kufunga kudaro uye yakaita kuti iparadzwe pakarepo. Mushure mechinguva, hurumende yeMexico yakamutuma kuti aite basa idzva, uye Rivera akafunga kugadzirisa zvakare mural wefresco panhare yesimbi yePalace of Fine Arts.
Ndokusaka izvi zvichinzi zita reimwe yeanonyanya kukakavara murals yemuinzi mubasa rake rose. Kunyangwe saizi yaro idiki pane yekutanga (4,46 × 11,46 m.), ichiri inoyevedza seyekutanga yakagadzirwa. Kuinzwisisa, kunofanira kujekeswa kuti ibudiriro yokufananidzira muzvikamu zvitatu zvemunhu oga.
Nechepakati tinowana murume ari kushandisa muchina unodzora chisiko chapose pose. Ikoko anoshandisa hupenyu uye ari kutonga kuparadzanisa macrocosm kubva kune microcosm. Watove mupanera rekuruboshwe, unogona kuona kuti mhedzisiro yecapitalist nzanga kuburikidza nekumiririrwa kwaCharles Darwin achinongedzera kusainzi.
Zvose izvi zvakasiyana nechivezwa chedombo, chine mutoro wekufananidzira chitendero uye zviitiko zvekurwa pakati pemakirasi. Kurudyi, nyika yesocialist inomiririrwa kuburikidza nenhamba dzakakosha dzesangano iri, rakadai saVladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, Leon Trotsky naFriedrich Engels.
Saizvozvo, padivi pavo pane kumiririrwa kweRed Army (zita repamutemo reuto nendege yeRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), pamwe nemubatanidzwa weboka revashandi, rinomiririrwa nevashandi vanobva munzvimbo inozivikanwa kwazvo muMoscow. , Red Square. Icho chiri kunyanya kufunga kwepasi rose maererano naRivera: ideology, sainzi uye shanduko.
Kurota kweSvondo masikati muAlameda Central (1947)
Munzvimbo yekupedzisira yeiyi runyorwa nezve anonyanyo zivikanwa mabasa naDiego Rivera, taida kuisa "Chiroto cheSvondo Masikati muAlameda Central", mural wakaitwa muna 1947 iro rave iro basa guru mukuratidzwa zvachose kuDiego. Rivera Mural Museum.
Mural yaive danho remugadziri weMexico, Carlos Obregón Santacilia. Panguva iyoyo, nzvimbo yaakarongerwa yaive mukamuri reVersailles reHotera del Prado, iri pamberi peAlameda Central. Zvisinei, nokuda kwekudengenyeka kwenyika muna 1985, hotera yacho yakakuvadzwa zvikuru, sezvakaita basa, uye yaifanira kutamisirwa kwairi kuratidzwa nhasi.
Mariri, Diego Rivera anozviratidza semukomana mudiki ari kufamba muAlameda Central muMexico City. Pakushanya kwake zvinoonekwa kuti anoperekedzwa nevanhu vanosvika zana vezviratidzo vanoumba makore 4000 enhoroondo yenyika.
Munhu wepakati wekuumbwa ndiLa Catrina kana Calavera Garbancera, chisikwa chepakutanga cheanocherechedzwa wemuMexican anoveza, illustrator, uye caricaturist, José Guadalupe Posada, akamira padivi pake kurudyi. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti La Catrina akapfeka hunhu hwakaba hune minhenga hunoreva humwari hwekutanga hweMexica pantheon, Quetzalcóatl.
Kuseri kwaRivera mudzimai wake Frida Kahlo, akabata chiratidzo cheyin uye yang mumaoko ake achimbundira murume wake mupfungwa. Kurudyi rwako, unogona kuona kuti kukwazisa kunopiwa sei pakati paManuel Gutiérrez Nájera naJosé Martí, vanyori vaviri vakuru venguva iyoyo. Iri rimwe remabasa aDiego Rivera akakurudzira zvakanyanya.
Nekuda kwavo, pakati pavo pane vanhukadzi vaviri vane mukurumbira, mwanasikana nemukadzi weaimbove mutungamiri weMexico, Porfirio Díaz. Muchikamu chekuruboshwe chinoratidzwa kukunda, rusununguko, nguva yekoloni, kupindira kweNorth America uye kupindira kweEurope, nguva dzezvakaitika kare umo paki yakaita basa rechikamu chikuru.
Benito Juárez, Hernán Cortés, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, Viceroy Luis de Velasco y Castilla, Emperor Maximilian, uye mudzimai wake Carlota vanogonawo kuzivikanwa. Kurutivi rworudyi, kurwisana kwakakurumbira, masangano evarimi uye chimurenga chinomutswa. Ikoko kunoonekwa Porfirio Díaz, Emiliano Zapata, Ricardo Flores Magón, Francisco I. Madero, pakati pevamwe.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chaunoda, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: