VaEgipita vekare vakatumidza nyika yavo kuti Ta-Meri, nyika inodiwa. Uye vaive nezvikonzero zvese zvekuda nyika yavo, chimiro chakasiyana chakabvumira budiriro huru kuti imuke pamahombekombe eNairi munguva dzekare. The pendi yeEgipita chiyeuchidzo chetsika iyi yakasiya mucherechedzo usingadzimiki panhau uye inoramba ichipesvedzera nhasi.
pendi yeEgipita
Unyanzvi hwevaEgipita hwakanga husina kujairika uye hwakajeka; hationi chinhu chakafanana pakati pevamwe vanhu. Mumamiriro okunze akaoma, mienzaniso yakakwana yemifananidzo yekare yeEgipita yakasara pamadziro etemberi uye mumakuva akavharwa kuti anzwisise maitiro ayo, tsika, uye kukura nekufamba kwenguva. Masvingo ane bas-reliefs akashanda sehwaro hwekupenda kakawanda. Pendi dzakaiswa pamadziro akadzururwa uye kuiswa kwemifananidzo yacho kwaienderana nemirau yaitaurwa nevapristi.
Nheyo dzakadai sekugadzirisa maumbirwo ejometri uye kufungisisa kwezvakasikwa zvakanyatsocherechedzwa, nguva dzose inofambidzana ne hieroglyphs inotsanangura zvinoreva zvinomiririrwa. MuEgyptian pendi, zvinhu zvese zvemuumbirwo zvinoonekwa zvakati sandara uye kana zvichidikanwa kumiririra manhamba zvakadzama, maartist anoaisa pamusoro peumwe neumwe. Iwo madhirowa anogovaniswa kuburikidza nemitsara yakachinjika yakapatsanurwa nemitsara apo iyo inonyanya kukosha mifananidzo inogara iri pakati.
Kupenda kweEgipita kwakanga kuri pasi pekapoka kechitendero. Mupfungwa dzevaIjipita, hupenyu hwese hwaingova gadziriro yerufu uye nekuvapo kwekusingaperi kwehupenyu hunotevera. Mifananidzo yeguva yaifanira kuudza mwari worufu, Anubis, uyo akavigwa pano ndokupa mufi zvikomborero zvose zvenyika yevakafa. Kudhirowa kwakanga kusingatsvaki zvimwe zvinangwa, saka hatiwani mazviri nzvimbo dzinoyevedza kana mifananidzo yepfungwa.
Mifananidzo yeEgypt yevanhu inosanganisirawo maficha kumberi uye muprofile. Kuti vachengetedze chikamu, vanyori vakadhirowa grid pamadziro. Dzakare dzine mativi ane gumi nemasere (makubhiti mana), nepo itsva ine mativi makumi maviri nerimwe. Vakadzi vaifananidzirwa neganda reyellow kana kuti pink. Kugadzira mufananidzo wechirume, brown kana rima tsvuku yakashandiswa. Yakanga iri tsika kuratidzira vanhu vachiri vaduku.
Mufananidzo weEgypt unoratidzwa neinonzi hierarchical view, semuenzaniso, iyo yakakwirira yemagariro emunhu anoratidzwa, iyo yakakura saizi yemufananidzo. Nokudaro, mumitambo yehondo, Farao anowanzoita sehofori. Mifananidzo yevanhu inogona kukamurwa kuva archetypes: pharaoh, munyori, mhizha, nezvimwewo. Zviyero zvepasi pesocial strata zvinogara zvichinyanya kuitika uye zvine simba.
VaEgipita vaishandisa pendi inopenya, inogara kwenguva refu, isinganyanyi kusanganiswa. Rudzi rwega rwega rwega rwakapihwa imwe chirevo chekufananidzira, icho chinofanira kuratidzwa nependi iyi zvinoenderana:
- Muchena: Mucherechedzo wemambakwedza, kukunda uye mufaro.
- Dema: Inofananidzira kufa nekuzvarwa patsva muhupenyu hunotevera.
- Tsvuku: Ruvara rwaibatanidzwa nenyika yakaoma yakapiswa nezuva uye yaireva huipi. Mwari wefratricidal Set nemhuka dzinokuvadza zvakanyorwa zvitsvuku.
- Yero: Imwe yemavara anodiwa evaIjipita. Kwaireva kuratidzirwa kwokusaguma nenyama youmwari isingaori
- Green: Rudzi rwetariro, kuberekwa patsva uye hudiki. Hunhu hwemwari akamutswa Osiris.
- Bhuruu: Zvaireva mvura uye vimbiso yehupenyu hutsva.
Nguva dzekare dzeEgypt art
Nguva yekutanga kubva iyo mifananidzo yemadziro yakapona inguva yeDynastic, iyo yakatora kubva kuchina kusvika kune yechitatu mireniyamu BC. Zvadaro, pamahombekombe eNairi, yekutanga mazita ekurima mazita akaumbwa, pakati payo hondo yemasimba yakaitwa.
Humambo hwekare (XNUMXnd-XNUMXrd mazana emakore BC)
Yakanga iri panguva iyo kuvakwa kweGreat Pyramids kwakaitika. Panguva ino, bas-relief uye pendi yakanga isati yasiyaniswa kubva kune mumwe. Nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzokutaura dzaishandiswa kushongedza makuva avanafarao, vemhuri youmambo, uye vakuru vakuru. Munguva yeHumambo hwekare chimiro chekupenda chakafanana chakaumbwa chenyika yese.
Mapendi ekutanga emadziro aisiyaniswa nerudzi rwakatetepa rwemavara, kunyanya dema, brown, chena, tsvuku, uye girinhi toni. Mufananidzo wevanhu unoiswa pasi pevhu rakaoma, kana simba regiravhiti rakakura, chikuru chimiro chemunhu anomiririrwa. Dynamism uye kutaura ndiwo maitiro ezviverengero zvinomiririra mavara echipiri.
Zvikuru zviitiko zvehupenyu hwevamwari uye vanafarao vairatidzwa avo vaiwanzomirirwa nemisoro yemhuka, asi mifananidzo iyi yakanga isiri yakashata uye yaityisa, asi yaikura uye yakadzama. Iwo ane mavara mafrescoes uye reliefs anodzokorora nharaunda iyo inofanirwa kutenderedza mufi, zvisinei kuti vari munyika ipi. Iyo pendi inosvika padanho repamusoro refirigree, zvese mumifananidzo yevatambi uye mune silhouettes yehieroglyphs.
Zvivezwa zvaRahotep nemukadzi wake Nofret (zana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC) zvinoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha zviyeuchidzo zveHumambo hwekare: chimiro chechirume chakapendwa zvidhinha chitsvuku uye chimiro chechikadzi ndeyero. Bvudzi rezviumbwa dema uye zvipfeko zvichena uye hapana matani.
Middle Kingdom (XNUMXnd-XNUMXth century BC)
Munguva iyi, kuEgypt pendi yemadziro yakagadziridzwa uye yakareruka. Iwo mapikicha anoratidzwa anove akaomarara uye ane simba, achiratidza chimiro uye kurongeka kwaive kusipo munguva yeHumambo hwekare. Nzvimbo yakakosha inogarwa neakawanda-mavara pendi yekuyamura. Zviratidziro zvakaomarara zvinogona kuoneka mumakuva emapako ane simba zvakanyanya kupfuura kare. Kunyanya kukoshesa kunobhadharwa pakufungisisa kwezvakasikwa, uye mifananidzo iri kuwedzera yakashongedzwa nemaruva emaruva.
Kwete chete boka rinotonga asiwo maEgypt akajairwa anoratidzwa, semuenzaniso varimi vanogona kuonekwa vari pabasa. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro echisikigo ekupenda ndiyo kurongeka kwakakwana uye kujeka kwezvinoratidzirwa. Pamusoro pezvose, mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvimwe zviyeuchidzo, mifananidzo yeguva ramambo Khnumhotep II inomira pachena, apo nzvimbo dzekuvhima uye nhamba dzemhuka dzinomiririrwa vachishandisa halftones. Mifananidzo yeguva yeThebes haina kunyanya kunakidza.
Humambo Hutsva (XNUMXth-XNUMXth century BC)
Iyi nguva inomira kune yakanakisa mienzaniso yeEgypt pendi. Munguva iyi kupenda, setsika kazhinji, inosvika pakukura kwayo kukuru. Vagadziri vane ushingi mukushandisa kwavo macanon aimbove asingatyoke uye vanoshandisa yakafara ruvara gamut ine translucent layers. Nguva yeHumambo Hutsva yaizivikanwa nekukura kusingazivikanwe kweruvara uye kufambiswa kwechiedza.
Kudyidzana nevamwe vanhu vekuAsia kunounza kufarira mune zvekushongedza uye nehupamhi hwepamusoro. Maonero ekufamba anowedzerwa. Matinji haachashandiswe mune yakatowanda matte layer, maartist ari kuyedza kuratidza akatsetseka tonal spillovers. Sezvo nguva iyi yakabatana nekukunda kwakabudirira, kuburikidza nekupenda vanafarao vakaratidza simba ravo kumataundi emuganhu, saka zvaive zvakajairika kuratidza zviratidziro zvakaburitsa zvikamu zvehondo.
Sezvo nguva iyi yakabatana nekukunda kwakabudirira, zviitiko zvehondo zvinowanzodhindwa mumifananidzo. Mifananidzo yaFarao inooneka mungoro yehondo yakatorwa mumarudzi akakundwa. Guva raNefertari rakakwana seti yezvivakwa zveEgypt uye pendi. Parizvino, iguva rakanaka kwazvo muMupata weQueens. Iyo murals inovhara nzvimbo ye520 m². Pamadziro unogona kuona zvimwe zvitsauko zveBhuku revakafa, pamwe chete nenzira yamambokadzi inoenda kuhupenyu hunotevera.
Gare gare, tsika yeEgipita zvishoma nezvishoma inorasikirwa nemaitiro ayo pasi pesimba revakakunda, kutanga vaGiriki, uyezve vaRoma. Pakutanga kwenguva nyowani, iyo eclectic art yeFayoum portraiture yakabudirira muEgypt. Iyi mifananidzo yakashandiswawo pakuvigwa, asi yakasikwa munguva yehupenyu, apo munhu wacho akanga achiri akazara nesimba. Kana kuti vanyori vakashandisa fungidziro yavo kupenda mufananidzo wakadaro. Iwo maFayum mapikicha anoratidzwa nechishuwo chekuburitsa hunhu hukuru hwegamba, kuita kuti azivikanwe.
Vagari vomuIjipiti Yekare vaidavira kuti munhu wose pashure pokunge afa aizoda mufananidzo wakaisvonaka kana kuti chifananidzo nokuda kwokutama kwomweya. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvakaitwa muhuwandu uye vazhinji vavo vakapona nanhasi.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: