MuPucará pakanga paine pre-Inca tsika ine zita rimwechete, ichitonga chikamu chikuru chedunhu rino, ivo vane mukurumbira nekuda kwekuvaka kwavo, ruzivo muhydraulic engineering uye tarenda ravo sevaumbi. Ziva nesu mashura e Pucara Culture, nzvimbo yayo yekuchera matongo, temberi yeKalasaya nezvimwe!
Pucara Culture
Pucará kana Pukará, itsika yepre-Columbian kumaodzanyemba kwakakwirira, kuchamhembe kweLake Titicaca, dhipatimendi rePuno, Peru. Nzvimbo yayo huru yaizivikanwa sePukará, nhasi inzvimbo huru yekuchera matongo.
Inozivikanwa netemberi yayo isina kujairika yakaita sebhiza kana shongwe yematombo, zvakavezwa zvematombo uye zvehari, maPucará itsika yepamberi yeInca uye vanoonekwa sevanofanotungamira echinyakare maTiwanaku masitayipi. Pucará inowanzoitwa pakati pe300 a. C. uye 300 d. C., muNguva Yekutanga Yepakati.
Tsika iyi yaive nesimba guru munzvimbo yekuchamhembe kweLake Titicaca, ichibatanidza nharaunda dzekare kubva panguva iyoyo. Fluke vaiva pakati pevakatanga kubudirira munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeBolivia. Tsika dzePucará dzaitonga nzvimbo yese yedhamu kutenderera 200 BC. c.
Ivo kazhinji kazhinji vaizvitsaurira vamene kukurima, kufudza nokuredza, vachizvibatanidza vamene mumataundi maduku nemisha, iyo yaidzorwa kubva pakati pavo huru.
Parizvino Pucará ine mukurumbira nekuda kwehari yayo, kunyanya kune iyo inonzi "Toritos" yevhu, yakanakira budiriro uye machira anogona kuonekwa uye kutengwa munzvimbo yemipata yepakati Andes uye Pacific pamhenderekedzo.
Chitendero
Upenyu hwenzanga yePucará hwakanga huri pachitendero chavo, icho vakanga vane midzi yakasimba nacho. Zvitendero zvavo zvevamwari vakawanda zvakabatanidzwa, sedzimwe tsika dzechivanhu, nezvinhu zvechisikigo, kunamata vamwari vakasiyana-siyana vaimiririra mvura, kutinhira nemheni, moto, mvura, mamwe marudzi emhuka, pakati pevamwe.
Mwari mukuru aive Zuva, muzita rake tsika nemhemberero dzakarongwa, nzvimbo tsvene dzakavakwa uye zvivezwa nezvidimbu zveceramic zvakaitwa.
sangano rezvematongerwo enyika neremagariro evanhu
Iyi tsika yakarongwa maererano nezvitendero zvayo zvechitendero, ndiko kuti, hupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwemagariro evanhu hunobva pahutongi hwehuMwari, kuva vaprista, vatungamiri uye vatungamiri vemunharaunda. Iyi nhamba yaionekwa sekubatana pakati pevamwari nenyika yepasi, ndiko kuti, ivo vaitungamira mukuyananisa pakati pavamwari nevanhu.
Nezvekurongeka kwenharaunda dzavo nekugara, yaive yakanyatso hutungamiriri uye yaive yakabatana zvakanyanya nehupfumi, yakakamurwa kuita nhanho nhatu:
- Chekutanga chikamu
Iri pamusoro uye ine hukama nevatungamiriri nevatungamiriri, iyo inonakidza nzvimbo yemadhorobha paiitwa mhemberero, tsika uye sarudzo, yaivewo nzvimbo iyo zviwanikwa zvese nekugadzirwa kwaiitwa.
- Chikamu chechipiri
Vaizivikanwa senzvimbo dzechipiri, vaive nezvivakwa zvisinganakidze pane yekutanga nhanho, asi yakakwenenzverwa uye yakatsanangurwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vaive nemabasa ekutonga uye ekugoverazve chigadzirwa.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nzvimbo dzechipiri idzi dzaitungamirirwa nevakuru kana vakarongeka veboka revanhu, vane rimwe simba rakavabvumira kutungamira kutsanangurwa kwezvose zvine chokuita nenzvimbo dzemhemberero uye zvigadzirwa uye zviwanikwa zvinodiwa pamitambo uye vatungamiri vevapristi. Mukuwedzera pakuzadzikiswa kwema monoliths akasiyana uye stelae.
Kuchengetawo vepasi, avo vaive varimi vezvekurima nevemafudza, vanoda kudzorwa nekutariswa, asi nekuda kwekushanda nesimba uku kunogoneka kuti vaive nevanhu pabasa ravo, saka vaive kirasi ine simba rekuita. kunanga, kunze kwesimba rekutenga zviri pachena.
- Chikamu chechitatu
Yakapararira, isinganyanyi kuomesesa uye inoshamisira zvivakwa zvinogona kuoneka padanho rino, inoonekwa sekugadziriswa kwevazhinji uye vanoshanda boka,
Misha yaingove misha midiki iri pedyo nemvura nenzvimbo dzainyanya kukosheswa nekuwana zvinhu zvakasvibirira. Dzaizivikanwa nekuva misha miduku kana kuti maguta akapararira, kwaigadzirwa chikafu uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanikwa. Pucara nzanga inoda.
Economy yePucará tsika
Inofungidzirwa kuti tsika yePucará yaive imwe yekutanga kugadzirisa uye kutonga nzvimbo yeAndean, uye yaifanira kuchinjika kune yakaomesesa nharaunda, sezvo matongo enzvimbo dzekugara ari pakati pe3000 ne3500 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Naizvozvo, zviitiko zvavo zvehupfumi mucherechedzo wekusiyana-siyana uye hunyanzvi hwenharaunda idzi, ngatidzidzei zvishoma nezvavo:
Zvekurima
Nzvimbo yekugara inoita kuti kudyara kuve kwakaoma, zvisinei kuti pucarás yakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye itsva dzakavabvumira kusimudzira kurima uye kuchengetedza kugadzirwa kwakasimba, zvichiita kuti basa iri rive hwaro hwehupfumi hwavo.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kushandisa mirwi yakanga iri nzira yakasiyana yetsika yePucará, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kudyara nzvimbo dzine mafashamo pedyo neLake Titicaca. Migero yacho inosanganisira miforo yekuchera kana migero inobatana pamwe chete uye nevhu rakabviswa, gadzira maturu madiki akakwirira anobvumira kudyara.
Mvura inoungana mumigero inokwira ne capillarity kusvika kumatunhu aya uye midzi, mukuedza kuiwana, inokura ichidzika. Iyo inyanzvi yakanaka kwazvo kana ivhu richiwanzozara nemvura uye inobvumirawo zvirimwa kuti zvidyarwe padyo nepedyo.
Zvigadzirwa zvavakadyara kakawanda uye muhuwandu hukuru, zvakagadzirirwa kudyisa nharaunda yavo, zvaive: mbatatisi, cañihua kana kañiwa, olluco uye quinoa.
Nzira inozivikanwa seQocha yakagadzirwawo, iyo inosanganisira kuchera zvakadzika zvakadzika pamusoro pevhu, kazhinji denderedzwa, zvisinei, yakanga isiri tsika. Zviyero zvezvibodzwa izvi zvinogona kusiyana pakati pemamita makumi matatu nemazana maviri muhupamhi uye pakati pemamita maviri nenhanhatu kudzika, kazhinji nyika yaive yakatutirwa yakatenderedza kunyura.
Rudzi urwu rwemagadzirirwo rwaigona kuparadzaniswa kana kubatanidzwa nemamwe akafanana uye raishandiswa semvura inonaya mvura, zita rayo rinowanzobatanidzwa nemadhamu.
Munguva yekushayikwa kwemvura kana mvura yakawandisa yaibatsira, nekuti pakutanga yakashandiswa kugovera zvirimwa nenharaunda, pane zvinopesana, mune yechipiri, munguva dzemvura yakawandisa vakabatsira kudzivirira mafashama enyika. Canal systems dzakaiswawo kuti dzibvise mvura yakawandisa.
Zvisinei, havana kungoshanda semadhipoziti emvura iyi inokosha, sezvo munyika yakatorwa uye yakaturikidzana pamucheto wegomba guru, mbatatisi inovava, quinoa uye kañihua yaigona kudyarwa munguva yechando, sezvo kuvapo kwemvura nguva dzose muQocha kwakabvumira. kuti urarame nechando.
Yakanga iri gadziriro yokuchenjera zvikuru yakabvumira nzanga dzePucara kushandisa nzvimbo iri kure neLake Titicaca, sezvo kupfurikidza nokuchengeta mvura yokudiridza, vaigona kudyara zvirimwa kunenge kupi zvako munzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Mapuratifomu anozivikanwawo sePata Pata, inyanzvi inosanganisira kugadzirisa chimiro uye chimiro chevhu nekuvaka madziro ekuchengetedza pamateru emakomo, izvo zvinobvumira kugadzirwa kwemateru uko zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana zvinogona kurima.
Kuzadza pakati pemadziro uye kutsetseka kwechikomo kunogadzirwa nematombo kana dombo duku pasi uye nechepamusoro pevhu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, madziro maviri anogadzirwa kuti ape kugadzikana kune teresi kana materu echikomo akanyanya kana kuti nzvimbo yacho paine mvura yakawanda.
Iyi nzira yakagadziridzwa nemapucarás yakavabvumira kuwedzera nzvimbo yavo inobereka zvakanyanya, kureva kuti, vaigona kuvandudza nzvimbo dzekurima dzaive nemabhenefiti akasiyana uye akakosha kunze kwekugadzira chikafu.
Nekushandiswa kwePata pata, kukukurwa kwemakomo kunodzivirirwa munzvimbo yemateru ayo anowanzo kutarisana neizvi, nzvimbo idzi dzinoshingirira kumamiriro ekunze asina kunaka, kunyanya chando uye zvakare kutora mukana iwoyo. mvura zhinji.
Kuchengeta mombe
Iyo Pukara yakagadzira muAltiplano nzvimbo yezvipfuyo yaifarira hupfumi hwavo, ivo vakapfuya nekusimudza llamas nemaalpaca, chiri chiitiko chechinyakare chakachengetwa kwemazana emakore akatevera.
Chiitiko chemafuro chaive chakajairika, chiri mumifananidzo uye petroglyphs yenguva iyoyo. Muchinyakare chekeramics, mifananidzo yezviumbwa zvevanhu zvinotungamira mapoka ealpaca ndehumwe humbowo hwekuita kwechiitiko ichi munharaunda yeAltiplano.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mombe idzi dzakapararira nemhiri kweAltiplano kunharaunda yezvirimwa, dzichichengeta nzvimbo dzine hunyoro dzinozivikanwa semafedales, angave echisikigo kana echisikigo nemvura kubva munzvimbo dzinonyungudika padyo nemakomo akafukidzwa nechando, kuitira kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka.
Mhuka idzi dzinomiririra imwe yemanyuko makuru ezvekudya kune nzanga yePucara. Pamusoro pekuti makushe ayo akapfava uye anodziya ndiwo aive akanyanya machira emachira mazhinji, zvigadzirwa zvekugara uchitsinhana nedzimwe nzanga mudunhu.
Commerce
Sangano rePucará muzvikamu zvaro zvakasiyana uye nhanho dzakachengetedza kuchinjana kwekutengeserana nguva dzose mukati menzvimbo yeAltiplano uye nedzimwe nharaunda dzeAndean South, chisimbiso chinogona kutsigirwa nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvePucará tsika munzvimbo uye. nzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo nekwadzinobva.
Kutsinhana kwekutengeserana uku kwakabvumira nzanga yePucará kudzidza uye kuwana mamwe masitayera ekunze uye hunyanzvi hwakadai seCusco, Ica, nezvimwe.
Zviratidzo artistic
Tsika yePucará yakamira pachena kune mamwe maratidziro ehunyanzvi avakagadzira nehungwaru, hunyanzvi uye hukuru, hwakadai sekuvaka uye ceramics. Nekudaro, ivo vakashinga zvakare kugadzira zvivezwa uye machira. Tizivise zvimwe zvinonakidza zvezviratidziro zvehunyanzvi izvi:
Architecture
Nzvimbo yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakavapo munzvimbo dzakakwirira dziri kumaodzanyemba, dzakaumbwa nemaguta makuru uye nzvimbo dzemitambo pedyo nemhenderekedzo yeLake Titicaca, muPucará.
Inozivikanwa sePukará, umo mazoni maviri anogona kusiyaniswa, nzvimbo yemhemberero ine mapiramidhi mapfumbamwe anotaridzika semateru uye nzvimbo yedhorobha. Mapiramidhi enzvimbo yemhemberero anovhara zvishoma kudarika mana square kilometers uye ose akasiyana mukugadzirwa uye kukura.
Nekudaro, iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeye Kalasaya Pyramid, iyo yakareba mazana matatu emamita kureba, zana nemakumi mashanu emamita yakafara uye makumi matatu metres pakukwirira, inogadzirwa nemhando yemateru akakwirira anobatanidzwa nemasitepisi akashongedzwa nematombo uye. zvivezwa, zvikuru zvakavezwa mumabwe ayo.
Pukará ine nzvimbo yakanyatsovakwa yakaita sebhiza, madziro matsvuku ejecha akavharira teresi rakanyura zvishoma, iyi yakamisikidzwa nematombo machena ejecha.
Mukati meTerasi mune patio yakanyura ingaita makumi mashanu emamita mativi nemamita manomwe pazasi pepamusoro, yakapfekedzwa zvachose mujecha jena uye inosvikwa nemasitepisi.
Iri patio rine makamuri maviri emariro akafukidzwa nematombo uye madziro ekunze ane makamuri madiki, ane slabs anoshanda seatari, zvidhori zvematombo zvevarume vapfupi, zvine mikombe uye stelae, rudzi rwebepa rematombo rinowanzo kuvezwa rakamira rakamira, rine maumbirwo ejometri nenyoka.
Cerámica
Pucará pottery yakanga yanyanya kufambira mberi panguva iyoyo, vaive vaumbi vane hunyanzvi vaigadzira midziyo, mbiya refu uye midziyo yemicaceous muvhu dzvuku beige uye iyo inowanzopendwa mutsvuku, nhema uye yero. Zvidimbu zvekare zvakafanana nezviridzwa zvemimhanzi, semabhosvo, zvakawanikwawo.
Zvikonzero zvekushongedza maceramics zvinowanzova feline, kunyanya katsi, shiri, makamera, misoro yevanhu, mifananidzo yevanhu vane tsvimbo mumaoko avo uye geometric figures, mamwe akaitwa nekucheka.
Zviso zvinowanzoitika, maziso ari pakati pechinhu chimwe chete, akapendwa hafu dema uye imwe hafu yemavara echisikigo ezvingwa.
Ihari yehutsika iyi yakasiyana nedzimwe kubva panguva imwe chete, sezvo zvinhu zvayo uye maitiro zvakanyatsonaka.
Zvidimbu zvacho zvakagadzirwa mumusanganiswa wevhu izvo zvavanotora kubva munzvimbo yavo, vozoipepeta uye voisanganisa nedombo revhu kana jecha, muchiyero chinodiwa kuti vawane magadzirirwo anodiwa, ukobvu uye ruvara uye mune dzimwe nguva kuita kwakapenya. .
Chinhanho chekare chePukará chinoratidzwa nemazhinji kana misanganiswa yevhu mune yakanyanya kutsvuka uye shava toni iyo yaizotora chimiro chendiro, midziyo, makapu uye zvimwe midziyo ine mitsara, grooves uye akachekwa akachekwa, ayo akazopendwa muyero, dema. , grey uye Tsvuku.
Zvidimbu zvacho zvinowanzo gadzirirwa zvinangwa zvemhemberero uye zvechitendero, mamiriro anodzokororwa nemifananidzo. Zvisinei, hadzisi dzose dzaive dzekushandisa, dzimwe dzaive zvidhori kana zviumbwa zvidiki, zvevanhu kana mhuka dzesango.
monoliths
Tsika iyi yakaburitsa nhamba huru yezviratidziro zvakavezwa mudombo, zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinoyevedza, izvo zvinogona kuita sechivezwa kana sezvinyoro zvavanogadzira panzvimbo yakati sandara.
Zvivezwa zvematombo zvimiro zvechokwadi zvemhuka nevanhu kana zvimiro zvakanakisa kana zvengano, izvo zvisingafananidzi chero munhu chaiye uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvine chekuita nengano dzavo.
Mamwe magadzirirwo anosanganisira manhamba ejometri uye zvinhu zvekufananidzira, izvo zvine chekuita nemafungiro uye chitendero chePucara tsika. Parizvino mazhinji eaya monoliths anogona kuonekwa mu:
- Pucará Site Museum
- Municipal Museum yeTaraco
- Dreyer Museum yePuno
- Inka Museum yeSan Antonio Abad National University yeCusco
- National Museum yeAnthropology uye Archaeology yePueblo Libre muLima.
Mu blog yedu mune zvinyorwa zvinonakidza zvingave zvekuda kwako, tinokukoka iwe kuti uvabvunze: