Pakati pemhenderekedzo yegungwa kuchamhembe kweLima ndiyo yaiva nharaunda iyo imwe yevamiririri vakanyanya uye vashoma vakadzidza budiriro yeAndean nhoroondo "Los Chancay" yakavambwa. Ndokusaka, kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvimwe zvishoma nezve Chancay Culture uye hunhu hwavo.
General maficha eChancay Culture
Tsika yeChancay inharaunda yepre-Inca yakavambwa pakati pe1200 ne1470 AD munzvimbo dzepakati pemahombekombe ePeru, mushure mekuparara kwetsika yeWari.
Pane pfungwa yokuti tsika iyi yaiva nzanga ine vanhu vakawanda maererano nezvakawanikwa mukuongorora kwezvokuchera matongo; Kubva pane izvi, kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotsigira chirevo ichi, semaguta akavakwa neChancay muPisquito Chico neLauri, akashanda semahofisi makuru ekutonga uye emhemberero.
Zvakare, Pancha La Huaca senzvimbo yekugara, hurumende; Kwaivawo neEl Tronconal, iyo panguva iyoyo yakasvika pakugadzwa somusha muduku. Seti yenzvimbo idzi dzese saka yakaisa huwandu hukuru hwemhizha dzakatsaurirwa kugadzirwa kwakakura.
Hupfumi hwavo hwakanga hwakavakirwa pakurima nekutengeserana, umo iyo yekupedzisira yakakwanisa kusimudzira zvakanyanya sezvo yakakwanisa kutengeserana nedzimwe tsika dzakavakidzana nenharaunda. Pamusoro pezvo, vaive vabati vehove par excellence, gungwa raive kurudziro yekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwavo, hwavakagadzira kuburikidza nekuruka, ceramics nemamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi.
Zvinoenderana nemavakirwo eizvi, vakauya kuzovaka maguta ane mirwi, pamwe nekuvaka zvivakwa zvine chekuita nemabasa makuru einjiniya ye hydraulic, senge maturu emadziva uye migero.
Pakupedzisira, tsika yeChancay yakatanga kuderera muzana remakore rechigumi neshanu, apo vakundi vakatonga hurumende yeInca. Muna 1532, temberi dzaro dzakafukidzwa nedzitsva, chiratidzo chokumutsidzirwa kworudzidziso kwakaiswa navatorwa; asi maive muna 1562, zvichitevera kuraira kwaViceroy Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, kuti Luis Flores akavamba guta reChancay pasi pezita reVilla de Arrendó.
Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeChancay tsika
Tsika dzeChancay dzakanyanya pakati pemipata yeChancay neChillón. Nekudaro, aive nekunyengetedza kusvika kuHuaura kuchamhembe, uye bhangi rakateverwa neRwizi Rímac kumaodzanyemba, munguva yekupedzisira yepakati.
Zvinotendwa kuti nzvimbo huru yakavambwa muChancay, pamwe guta guru rayo riri guta reSoculacumbi (Pueblo Grande), sezvakambotaurwa, mamwe maguta akanyanya kukosha eiyi koloni aive Pisquito Chico neLumbra.
Chancay Culture: Social and Political Organization
Iko hakuna chokwadi chekuti kuumbwa kwemagariro uye zvematongerwo enyika kwetsika yeChancay kwaive kwakadii, asi kuongororwa kweanthropological uye yezvekuchera matongo kwevanhu vekuzvarwa iyi kwakapa humbowo hwekuti nzanga iyi yakagadzira chimiro chepakati chezvematongerwo enyika. Tsika yeChancay inofungidzirwa kuti inomiririra dunhu diki redunhu. Ethnohistorical tales inoratidza kuti hurongwa hwehurumende hwakakundwa neChimú Empire, sechikamu chekuwedzera kwayo.
Nekune rimwe divi, tsika iyi yasvika pachimiro chesociopolitical chinotungamirwa nemakasta evapristi mumakoroni akasiyana. Kureva kuti pakanga pasina mambo mumwe chete, asi vatongi vakati wandei, vaitonga maguta munzvimbo yose yeChancay; simba rehurumende raive nekuvapo kwezvematongerwo enyika kukuru, kuchigovana nevashambadzi nevakuru vakuru vematare.
Vamwe vose vaiva neboka guru revanhu rinotarisira kugadzira zvinhu, kupa mabasa ekugadzirisa temberi nemaguta; boka iri raiwanzoumbwa nevarimi, mhizha nevabati vehove.
Economy yeChancay tsika
VaChancay vakavamba chikamu chavo chehupfumi zvichienderana nekufambira mberi kwekurima, kubata hove uye kutengeserana kwezvigadzirwa zvavo nevamwe vakabudirira.
Kana zviri zvekurima, vavaki vane mazvikokota vakaita mabasa akaita sematangi emvura nemakombi, ayo aishandiswa kudiridza muminda. Pane kudaro, maguta akanga ari pedyo nemhenderekedzo yePeruvia, akasarudza kushandisa kubata hove nenzira yechinyakare pamahombekombe emahombekombe uye dzimwe nguva kuenda zvishoma mumvura muchikepe chidiki chemunhu mumwe, chavakadana kuti totora bhiza.
Nezvekutengeserana, izvi zvaive zvakakosha kunzanga iyi, nekuti kuburikidza nekubatana nedzimwe budiriro vakakwanisa kuchinjanisa nekutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo zvekurima, zvakare izvo zvakagadzirwa nemaoko zvakaita sezvakaitwa nematanda, ceramics uye simbi dzinokosha. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti iyo Chancay yakawana nzira dzekushambadzira negungwa nenyika. Negungwa vakaswedera pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa vari mumabhiza ane tsanga, uye nenyika vakapinda mumasango nemakomo.
Maguta akadai seLumbra, Tronconal, Pasamayu, Lauri, Tambo Blanco nePisquillo Chico, ndiwo aive nehuwandu hwevashandi vehunyanzvi kubva mutsika iyi, avo vakatsanangura mabasa avo muzhinji kuti vatengeserwe gare gare. Nekudaro, iyi nzanga yaive nemumiriri wemumiriri aikwanisa uye aidzora zvese zvekutengesa zviitiko pamwe chete nemitambo yemafaro, izvi zvakamiririrwa se curacas.
Textile Crafts
Chimwe chinhu chaisiyanisa netsika iyi kwaiva kugadzirwa kwemachira uye tapestries yakasonerwa lace nemaoko netsono; Zvinhu zvavaishandisa pakuita basa iri dzaive makushe, donje, rineni neminhenga yekuzvishongedza, magadzirirwo nemagadzirirwo aakaitwa zvinoonekwa sezvisina kujairika nhasi.
Vakaratidzawo hunyanzvi hunoshandiswa pabrocade, machira uye machira ane mavara, uye akashongedzwa neshiri, geometric mapatani nehove.
Zvichienderana nebasa reiyo gauze, idzi dzakarukwa mukotoni izvo zvinhu zvine masikweya maumbirwo ehukuru hwakasiyana zvakagadzirwa, ivo vanowedzerawo manhamba emhuka kumabasa aya. Kugadzira iyo nuanced uye ine mavara machira pamachira, ivo vakashandisa bhurasho iro rinotora zvakananga magadzirirwo uye kudhirowa.
Micheka yakagadzirwa netsika iyi yakanga ine zvinangwa zvechitendero uye zvisinganzwisisike, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi zvakashandiswa kuvhara misoro yevakafa, semusoro. Zvinoenderana nekutenda mashura kwenguva dzino, tambo dzinofanirwa kufambisa mu "S" modhi, kuruboshwe.
Iri shinda rainzi lloque, raiva nomufananidzo wemashiripiti, waiputira nguo dzacho nemasimba makuru, sezvo zvaidavirwa kuti dzaidzivirira mufi parwendo rwake rwokuenda kuupenyu hwapashure porufu.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvichibva pamuti wechirimwa, vakagadzira zvidhori uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekucheka nemasara emachira akasiyana-siyana neshinda.
Nezve hunyanzvi hweminhenga, basa uye kuumbwa kwemumvuri weizvi, zvakanyanya kushanduka pane izvo zvakaitwa mukusikwa kwekeramics. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo misanganiswa uye zvinyorwa izvo mavara ayo anokonzera mukugadzirwa kwejasi zvinoshamisa; minhenga yacho yaiiswa mushinda huru iyo yaibva yasonerwa pajira racho.
Cerámica
Kuvandudzwa kwakanangana nekukwenenzverwa kweceramics, yaive chiitiko chakasarudzika chenzanga iyi. Aya mabasa akagadzirwa ainyanya kuwanikwa mumakuva edunhu reAncón, pamwe nemuChancay Valley. Kugadzirwa kweceramics kwakaitwa zvakanyanya, nekuda kwekushandisa molds.
Munguva yezvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo pamusoro peichi tsika, makeramiki ehukuru hwakasiyana uye akashongedzwa neanopfuura 400 magadzirirwo akawanikwa, ayo nanhasi anoenderera mberi achiongororwa, kuwana chakavanzika chakaipoteredza; izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuve nechiso chakakasharara, dzakapendwa mutema kana shava paruvara rwakajeka kana chena, zvichikurudzirwa neizvi mabasa aya anozivikanwa sematema pachena.
Pamhando iyi yemabasa, iyo oval yakaumbwa amphorae ine zviso zvevanhu inomira pachena, uye zvigadziriso zvinomiririra magumo emuviri wemunhu, pamwe nediki diki statuettes anonzi cuchimilcos, anthropomorphically akafananidzwa akafanana nenhamba yemunhu ane shaya yakadudzwa uye dema dema maziso. .
Saizvozvowo, vanoaratidzira nemaoko avo akatambanudza sokunge vachabhururuka kana kuti vachambundira; ava vaiwanzowanikwa mumakuva kunyanya mumakuva evakuru veChancay, naizvozvo, vanorondedzera semweya unogamuchira mushakabvu, uyewo chiratidzo chokudzivisa masimba akaipa.
Izvo zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti rudzi urwu rwenhamba, iyo cuchimilcos, yakawanikwawo mune dzimwe budiriro dzakadai saLima neChincha, mukuwedzera zvidhori izvi zvinogara zvichiperekedzwa nevakaroora, vachiratidzira hunyambiri hwehumwari umo tsika dzese dzepamberi peColumbian dzakasimbiswa.
Zvinorehwa nemhando idzi dzenhamba, zvakabatanidzwawo kune zvidhori zvakaitwa netsika iyi, zvisinei nekuti nekuda kwechimiro chavo chaifungidzirwa kuti ndezvemitambo, chokwadi chavo chinopfuura kure nazvo. Izvi zvaiva zvinhu zvine ukoshi husinganzwisisike, zvaiwanzoshandwa zvichipa upenyu hwomushakabvu kana kuti hwevanhu vepedyo nevadikanwi kwaari, kuti vaizomuperekedza muupenyu hwapashure porufu.
Wood inoshanda
Zvigadzirwa zvehuni zvakaumbwa zvaive nemaitiro akareruka, akazara nechiyero uye neakazara naturalism mumhando dzawo, zvinopesana neruzivo uye kunaka kwekugadzirwa kwemachira avo. Sezvinhu zvakasvibirira, izvi zvakatsigirwa nemasango ari pedyo nerenje nzvimbo yegungwa yavaigara, nechinhu ichi vakaveza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye maumbirwo, kazhinji vachiwedzera maitiro ane chokuita negungwa, zvakadai sezvikepe, shiri nezvimwe.
Pamusoro pezvo, vakatsanangurawo maturusi ebasa aishandiswa kuita basa remachira, kurima nekuredza; pamwe chete nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvitendero zvavo zvechitendero uye chiratidzo chechimiro chevanhu.
Chivezwa
PaChancay, misoro yakavezwa yemapuranga inopfekedza jira remachira evanoremekedzwa zvakajairika, sezviri pachena inoratidza chimiro chehumwari kana tateguru wengano uyo nhamba idzi dzakawanikwa mushure mekufa. Mifananidzo yevanhu yakagadzirwa nematanda inogonawo kuva zviratidzo zvesimba rezvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya kana ichiita seyakanyorwa pamatanda kana tsvimbo yekuraira.
Architecture
Tsika yeChancay maererano nekurima kwayo, budiriro iyi inomira pahwaro hwemaguta makuru ayo avaishandisa mirwi semapiramidhi uye zvivakwa, makuva avo aivewo chiratidzo chakakosha chavo.
Idzi zvivako (mapiramidhi nezvivako), zvakarongwa nemarudzi akasiana-siana emisha umo mumwe nomumwe wakanga une curaca yawo kana kuti mutungamiriri mukuru, muurwu rudzi rwokuvaka maguta akatanhamara nezvivakwa zvomuzvarirwo zvechirangaridzo chavagari vemo chorudzidziso, kubatanidzawo mizinda yokugara. Kana ari mapiramidhi, kuti apinde aya aitofanira kuitwa neramp yaidzika yakananga mukati mayo.
Kuita zvivakwa izvi, zvinhu zvakadai sezvidhinha zvevhu zvakashandiswa, izvo zvakagadzirwa nehuturu, kuita kuti kuumbwa kwavo kuve kwakasimba, kazhinji vaisanganisa ivhu nematombo.
makuva
Makuva eChancay akakosha zvikuru, nekuda kwehunhu nekukura kwawo pamwe nenhamba huru yezvipo zvakaiswa mumadhiramu anoratidza kugarisana kwevanhu, sezvo kuinewo makuva ane pfuma yakawanda yeguva, zvichienzaniswa neiyo yepasi- mari, apo pasi paive nemachira akareruka uye zvishoma zvinopihwa.
Kune avo vevakuru, pakanga pane mausoleums eumbozha aive nechimiro cheskweya kana denderedzwa, aine zvidhinha zvakanamirwa zvakanaka zvakanamirwa pakucheka kwevhu; guva rakanga rakadzika mamita maviri kana matatu uye raiva namatanho anokwira kwariri uye rakanga rizere nezvipo zvizhinji zvezvaenga, machira uye nesirivha.
Mukupesana, kuvigwa kwavanhu vanotambira mari shoma kwakanga kwodokuva pachena. Mitumbi yakanga yakagara kana kuchinjika uye yakawanikwa mumvura yematishu uye dzimwe nguva ine musoro wenhema pamusoro pechisumbu chekuvigwa.
Archaeological Museum
Muguta reChancay, iyo Archaeological Museum yeTsika yeChancay inowanikwa, iri muCastle yeguta reChancay. Iyi museum ine fenicha inofambidzana kubva zvishoma kana zvishoma muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, uye muunganidzwa wemhuka. Iyi museum yakavambwa munaChikunguru 23, 1991, mukutonga kwaMayor Luis Casas Sebastián, iyo nhare yekare yakashandiswa sedzimbahwe resangano.
Kuti aenderere mberi neizvi, akabata National Museum yeAnthropology neNhoroondo yePeru kuti abatsirwe, izvo zvakazoita kuti kusainwa kwechibvumirano chekubatana kwehunyanzvi pakati pemuseum yambotaurwa nekanzuru iyi.
Nokudaro, pakutanga kwe1992, muchengeti wezvokuchera matongo akatora nzvimbo yekuongorora nekuchengetedza, achigadzirira chirongwa chekusimudzira masangano emu museum iyi. Iyo museum yakagamuchirawo zvipo kubva kune vamwe vagari veguta reChancay kuunganidzwa kwayo iripo.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi cheChancay Culture chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: