Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza iwe unogona kuwana zvese nezve tsika nemagariro Chachapoyas, chitendero chako nezvimwe. Usarega kuiverenga! uye iwe unozozivawo zvimwe zvakakosha zvebudiriro yayo yekare pamwe nematongo ezvivakwa zvayo.
Chachapoyas culture
Tsika dzeChachapoyas, dzichiumbwa neboka renzanga dzinozvitonga, dzakagara mumasango eAndes yokuchamhembe kwePeru. Nharaunda inoonekwa nemvura inenge isingaperi, makore, miti yakakora uye machakwi.
Nenzira iyi, yakawedzera nzvimbo yayo pakati pe800 ne1570 AD. C. makiromita angangoita 300 pamusoro pemadhipatimendi aripo eAmazonas neSan Martín.
Nhoroondo pfupiso yetsika dzeChachapoyas
VaChachapoya vaiva vazukuru vevamwe vanhu vokuAndean vakabva kune dzimwe nyika, vakachinja tsika dzavo nokubatanidza tsika netsika dzeAmazon. Tsika iyi yakabudirira yakasarudzika, ichibudirira munguva yechinyakare, zvisinei, muzana ramakore rechi 15 vakabatanidzwa kuTahuantinsuyo.
Somugumisiro, vainzi varwi vemakore, pasinei zvapo nokushora kutonga kweInca, vakakurumidza kukurirwa. Zvisinei, kumukira nguva dzose kwavaChachapoya kwakamanikidza vaInca kuvaparadzanisa mumativi akasiyana-siyana enharaunda yacho.
Kunenge muna 1532, nekusvika kwekoloni, vaChachapoyas vakatsigira vaSpanish mukukunda kwavo, asi izvi zvakaguma zvaderedza huwandu hwevanhu vaivapo, kusvikira vanyangarika.
Zvimiro zveChachapoyas tsika
Budiriro yeChachapoyas yaive yakaumbwa nehutungamiriri hudiki hwaive munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeRwizi rweUtcubamba. Mataundi ose iwaya, akanga ane miitiro imwe cheteyo, akanga ari ezvamatongerwe enyika oudzvinyiriri uye aidzorwa neboka ravaprista, raitungamirirwa ne<em>curaca. Zvikonzero chete zvekubatanidzwa kwemapurovhinzi aya zvaive zvechiuto uye zvechitendero.
Nezvekuita zveupfumi, kurima kwaifarirwa, sezvo ivhu renharaunda yacho rakanga rakaorera zvikuru. Mbatata, olluco, oca, mbatatisi inovava uye zvirimwa zvequinoa zvakagadzirawo kuvhima, kuunganidza nekupfuya zvipfuyo.
Zvinotendwa netsika dzeChachapoyas
Nekuda kwekuvapo kweuchapupu hushoma hwekuona kuti ndivanaani vaive vamwari vakuru vetsika yeChachapoyas, zvinodavirwa kuti vainamata nyoka, condor nejaguar. Chinonyatsosimbiswa ndechekuti muzvitendero zvavo maive nechitendero chevakafa.
Kuvigwa kwechivanhu chekwaChachapoya kwaisanganisira kuputira zvitunha zvemufi nemachira. Kuvigwa kwakaitika munzvimbo dziri dzoga kana kuti makomo, mumhando mbiri dzemakuva:
Sarcophagi: Chachapoyas sarcophagus tsika dzinotendwa
Yakagadzirwa nenzimbe nevhu, yaingoiswa mukati mezvisaririra zvemunhu, izvo zvinowanzova zvakakura. Nzvimbo dzakatanhamara dzakadai seKarajía, Ayachaqui, Léngate, Pueblo de los Muertos, Chipiruc neUcaso.
Mausoleums kana makuva makuru: zvitendero zvetsika chachapoyas mausoleums, akanga ari makuva ari muchimiro chedzimba, dzakavakwa namabwe echicola namadhaka, dzakapendwa madziro okunze ane matenga akavharidzirwa.
Iyi modhi iri muRevash, Sholón, Laguna de los Cóndores, Los Pinchudos, Pueblo de los Muertos, Guanlic, La Petaca-Diablohuasi.
Kuvakwa kweChachapoyas tsika
Kana pane chimwe chinhu chinosiyanisa tsika yeChachapoyas, ndiyo mavakirwo ayo, akatemerwa nezvivakwa zvakaitwa nematombo, friezes uye yakashongedzwa nezvishongo zvejometri maumbirwo kana iconographic magadzirirwo enyoka pamatombo kakawanda.
Dzimba dzaiwanzoita denderedzwa, dzakatsigirwa nekamuri repasi rine masitepisi kana kuti marambi aienda kumusuwo. Mamwe akatanhamara ezvivakwa zvechivanhu cheChachapoyas aive:
Kuelap.
Chachapoyas Culture Architecture Kuelap. Guta rakadzivirirwa rine madziro marefu anopfuura 600 metres, riri pamusoro peAmazonian Andes pamucheto wemawere.
Nemasuo matatu chete, yakanga ine nzira dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzenzira uye kuyerera kwemvura inonaya nemumigero inoyerera nemunzvimbo yakaoma. Iyo inogara yakatenderedza 500 zvivakwa, mazhinji acho akatenderera, inonyanya kukosha kuve:
Chengeta, chivako chakareba mamita manomwe chakashanda sechidziviriro pakurwiswa kunobvira kubva kumataundi akavakidzana.
inkwell, chakaita sekoni yakapidiguka uye yakati pfuurei zvishoma mamita mashanu kureba, yakanga iri nzvimbo yokuongorora nyeredzi.
Castillo Yaive imba yemutongi wetsika yeChachapoyas, ine rectangular chimiro chakagadzirwa nemapuratifomu matatu.
Great Pajaten; Iri musango reSan Martín, iyo nhare inoyevedza yairatidza mafiritsi ane mifananidzo yeanthropomorphic manhamba ane maoko akavhurika nemakumbo kana shiri dzine mapapiro akatambanudzwa. Zvivako zvinenge makumi maviri zvakavakwa panzvimbo iyi, zvitatu zvacho zvaiva nehupamhi hwemamita gumi nemashanu.
Kuratidzwa kwetsika dzeChachapoyas
Pakati peakanyanya hunyanzvi kutaura kweChachapoyas tsika ndeiyi:
Cerámica
Aesthetically yakanga iri nyore ceramic art ine utilitarian mabasa uye yakagadzirwa nevhu. Kuti vaite izvi, vaishandisa nzira yepini yekuumburudza, kureva kuti, vaikanya masirinda marefu evhu neminwe yavo.
Mafomu makuru akanga ari midziyo ine oval-body, hari dzakati sandara dzine mibato, uye midziyo yeglobula. Yakashongedzwa nependi yejometri mapatani kana kuti yakatwasuka kana yakakombama mutsara incision.
Chivezwa
Zviitiko zveChachapoyas ceramic culture, vakagadzira sarcophagi kune vakanonoka vanokudzwa, vakagadzirawo mifananidzo yemapuranga yakadai sePinchudos, mifananidzo yavakashandisa sezvishongedzo zvezvivakwa zvaive nehombe phalluses yakabatana nekubereka. Ivo zvakare vakaveza anthropomorphic maumbirwo mumatombo uye vakagadzira frieze yekushongedza.
Textile
Nebasa remariro, vaive varuki vakanakisa, kunyanya mudonje, ari mabhandi ainyanya kushandiswa.
Kusiya mabasa akajeka ekuvaka uye emariro, tsika yeChachapoyas inogona kunge yaive budiriro yepamusoro yePeru yekare, zvisinei, magumo ayo akadzimwa nezviitiko zvenhoroondo.
Zvimwe Zvishoma Nezve The Chachapoyas Culture
Ngatimbotaura zvishoma nezveimwe yeLos Chachapoyas, kunyanya nzvimbo inonzi; Kuelapkana Cuelap.
Kuelap
Iyo yakakosha pre-Inca nzvimbo yekuchera matongo iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAndes yePeru, mudunhu reLuya, yakavakwa neChachapoyas tsika.
Iyo inoumba dombo rakakura rekuvaka ensemble inoratidzwa nemamiriro ayo ehukuru, ine hombe yekugadzira chikuva, yakatarisana kubva kumaodzanyemba kuenda kuchamhembe, yakaiswa pairimestone ridge pamusoro peCerro Barreta (pa3000 m pamusoro pegungwa). Iyi puratifomu inotambanuka ingangoita 600 metres uye ine madziro emadziro anosvika 19 metres kumusoro munzvimbo.
Inofungidzirwa kuti kuvakwa kwayo kwaifanira kunge kwakatanga kutenderedza XNUMXth century, ichienderana nenguva yekutumbuka yeChachapoyas tsika, uye basa rayo raifanira kunge rasvika pakakwirira pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu.
Madziro ayo akakura uye zvivakwa zvemukati zvakaoma zvinopupurira basa rayo seboka rakarongeka rehuwandu, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzekutonga, dzechitendero, dzemhemberero uye dzechigarire.
Nzvimbo uye kuwana
Iyo Kuelap archaeological complex iri mudhipatimendi reAmazonas, mudunhu reLuya. Inowanikwa kubva mumugwagwa weLeimebamba wedunhu, ichisiya mugwagwa weasphalt kuNuevo Tingo.
Pedyo nemahombekombe eRwizi rweUtcubamba, uko nzira inopfuurira nenzira inokwira, kusvikira yasvika pabani pedyo neshongwe, pane nzira inonanga kuCitadel.
Kupinda kunogoneka zvakare kuburikidza nemugwagwa wakadzika unotanga kubva kuguta reEl Tingo, padyo nemhenderekedzo yeUtcubamba, ine chinhambwe chemakiromita 8,9 uye kudonha kwemamita 1.200. Kubva munaKurume 2, 2017, iyo yakaoma ichave ichisvikika uchishandisa tambo mota.
Discovery
Izvi zvakakosha zvezvivakwa zveChachapoyas zvakaramba zvisingatarisirwi kusvika 1843. Chikonzero chiri mukusasvikika kwenzvimbo, iyo ine masango uye inonaya zvachose.
Zvisinei, pana January 31 wegore rambotaurwa, mukati mechimwe chiitiko munharaunda yacho, Juan Crisóstomo Nieto, mutongi weChachapoyas, akakwanisa kuyemura ukuru hwayo achitungamirirwa nevagari vomunzvimbomo vaitoziva nzvimbo yokuchera matongo. Ichi chokwadi chinogona kutorwa se "kuwanikwa" kweKuelap.
Gare gare, nzvimbo iyoyo yakafarirwa nedzimwe nyanzvi uye vaida kuziva nezvezvinhu zvekare. Pakati pavo, murume wechiFrench Louis Langlois, uyo akaiongorora muma1930, uye Adolf Bandelier, uyo akaitsanangura kare, vakatanhamara.
Zvisinei, akanga ari muongorori wezvokuchera matongo wePeru uye munyori wenhoroondo Federico Kauffmann Doig uyo akapedza nguva yakawanda yenguva yake achidzidza nekutsvakurudza nzvimbo yeChachapoyas uye tsika.
Descripcion
Kupinda kukuru: Mukova mukuru unopupurira kushandiswa kwayo kwezviverengero zvepamusoro, kwete nekuda kwechimiro chayo uye ruzivo rwekuvaka, asiwo nekuda kwekuiswa kwematombo akawanda ematombo mukuvakwa kwayo akashongedzwa nezviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvechitendero, kusanganisira zviso nemhuka, ngano, nyoka. , uye zviratidzo zvine zvakadzama zvechitendero.
Mukuwana uku, zvipupuriro zvekukura kwesaiti zvakachengetwa, kunyanya zvidimbu zvakakura zvekuzadza izvo zvakatevedzana zvakabvumira kuwedzerwa kwekuwana, zvose mukukwirira uye mukukura kwemukati.
Temberi huru: ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzinoera dzakakosha dzechiyeuchidzo. Ichi chivakwa, muchimiro cheiyo inverted truncated cone, inoyera 13.5m mudhayamita kumusoro kwayo, umo umboo hwakawanda hwakanyorwa hwezvipo zvakasiyana-siyana mumitambo yakaoma yaisanganisira kuiswa kwemapfupa evanhu mukati memudziyo. mukati, iyo yakashandurwa zvakanaka kuita imba hombe yecharnel.
Kutenderedza chivakwa, kuvigwa kwevanhu kwakati wandei uye zvipo zvakawanikwa kubva kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe, seSierra de Ayacucho kumaodzanyemba neCajamarca kuchamhembe.
Round platform: iri ipapo pamadziro ekumaodzanyemba kwenzvimbo, yaive nebasa rine hukama neTemplo Mayor. Munhu aitarisira kushanda kwetemberi aifanira kunge achigara pachikuva ichi.
Kupera kwenyaya yeKuelap kwakabatana nekuurayiwa kukuru kwakaitika chete mukati memiganhu yepuratifomu iyi, iyo isingabatanidzi vakadzi, asi yakaitwa neboka remunharaunda rakarongeka, mumamiriro ekurwisana kwemasimba. .
Izvi zvakateverwa nemoto mukuru unoratidza mazuva ekupedzisira ekugara kwenzvimbo. Chiitiko chinosuruvarisa chakadaro chinofanira kunge chakaitika munenge muna 1570, apo hurongwa hwematare eIndia hwakavambwa neSpanish koloni simba. Pakati pepuratifomu iyi pakanga paine bhokisi remapfupa rakafanana nerakanyorwa kumusoro nechepakati peTemplo Mayor.
The High Town; iyo iri kuchamhembe nekumadokero kwenzvimbo uye ine rusvingo runoiganhura uye inoiparadzanisa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo inogarwa.
Iine zvikamu zvitatu zvakanyatsotsanangurwa, zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva munzvimbo mbiri, imwe ichipa mukana kuNorth neCentral zvikamu uye imwe ichibvumira kupinda chete kuSouth sector, inova yekugara.
Guva reInca muguta reAlto Sur: Mukati mechimwe chivako chinokosha, guva reInca, romumwe munhu achiri kuyaruka, rakawanikwa riine zvinopiwa zvemhando yepamusoro, zvinosanganisira midziyo yevhu yakanaka, matanda akaparadzwa zvakaipisisa, uye mhete yesimbi yepamhino.
Kunobvira kuti chakanga chiri chinopiwa chorudzi rweCapacocha, tsika yechiInca pakati poukoshi hukurusa hworudzidziso muumambo hwacho.
Pakati penzvimbo yePueblo Alto; chikamu ichi chaifanira kuzadzisa basa reruzhinji panguva dzekupedzisira dzebasa. Nechikonzero ichi, vangani chete vane zvimiro zvitatu zvesikweya uye rectangular zvimiro, kubva panguva yeInca, iyo inopindirana nezvimiro zvekare denderedzwa.
Kumaodzanyemba kumagumo kwenzvimbo iyi kune yakaparadzwa quadrangular chimiro, icho chaive neakawanda ekutanga uye echipiri kuvigwa kwevanhu. Chivako ichi chinofanira kunge chine denga rakachinjika kana kuti rine gabled. Pazasi pane zvivakwa zvekare.
Basa
Kana iri basa iro nzvimbo iyi yekuchera matongo yakavakwa, mhinduro inogutsa inoshayawo. Iyo monument inonyanya kutsanangurwa se "nhare", nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo uye kusimba uye kureba kwemadziro ayo.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvinocherwa mumatongo dzakaedza kuratidza kuti nzvimbo iyi, inopfuura nhare, yaigona kuva nhare yakarongedzerwa kushanda soutiziro nokuda kwavagari vemo munguva yenjodzi. Vaiti kwairi, zvichida nekuenzanisa, basa rimwe chetero raiitwa nematunhu muEurope yeMiddle Ages.
Madziro akakwirira anovhara chikuva uye kutetepa kwekupinda kumuzinda muchikamu chayo chekupedzisira anoratidza, chokwadi, kuti iyo Kuelap monument inogona kunge yakavakwa kuti ishande sekudzivirira redoubt, kana kuti ingadai iri saiti yakadzivirirwa kubva. vapambi. Asi mukana uyu haurevi hako kukanganisa kumwe, pamwe kunonyanya kukosha, kududzira.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: