Kwakabva Calima tsika uye maitiro ayo

Kuburikidza nezviuru zvemakore budiriro dzakasiyana dzakasarudza nyika dzinogamuchirwa dzezvino zvinoumba dhipatimendi reValle del Cauca, kuvandudza mararamiro avo netsika dzavo, idzi nzira dzakasiyana dzekuona hupenyu ndidzo dzinoumba Calima Culture izvo zvatichaona zvakadzama pano.

CALIMA CULTURE

Calima Culture

Calima Tsika izita rakapihwa kuboka retsika dzakasiyana dzakagara mumipata yenzizi dzeSan Juan, rwizi Dagua uye rwizi Calima mudhipatimendi razvino reValle del Cauca kumadokero kweColombia, dunhu iri rinofukidza izvo zvinozivikanwa nhasi. semataundi eRestrepo, Calima Darién uye, zvishoma, Yotoco neVijes, iyo inosiyaniswa nezvikomo zvayo zvinyoro, kuwanda kwemvura uye mamiriro ekunze ekudziya.

Idzi tsika dzakasiyana dzinoumba tsika yeCalima dzakagara munzvimbo iyi makore akapoteredza 1600 BC kusvika muzana remakore rechitanhatu AD, asi havana kuita panguva imwe chete. Ongororo yazvino yezvinocherwa mumatongo muColombia inokurudzira tsika nhatu kana nhanho nhatu dzinosiyaniswa semaIlama, kubva pagore 200 kusvika pagore ra100 kana 100 BC; Yotoco kubva mugore 200 BC kusvika gore 200 AD uye Sonso, kubva gore 200 AD, mamwe manyuko anosanganisira Malagana Tsika: kubva pagore 200 BC kusvika gore XNUMX AD.

Geographic location

Nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzeCalima tsika dzakawanikwa munzvimbo yepakati pemakomo ekumabvazuva. Iyo Cordillera inhare yechisikigo inoparadzanisa nzvimbo dzePacific neAndes dzeColombia, uye imusha kune inozivikanwa Lake Calima uye Calima Summit. Kureba pamusoro pegungwa munharaunda iyi kunosiyana kubva pa1.2 kusvika ku1.5 km. Tsika dzakasiyana dzakaumba tsika yeCalima dzaive kumadokero kweCordillera yeAndes muColombia Maodzanyemba akadziva kumadokero muValle del Cauca, pakakwirira mamita 1.500 pamusoro pegungwa.

Historia

Izwi rekuti Calima tsika rinoreva nzvimbo dzekugara dzakagara munzvimbo iyi kubva muzana ramakore rechinomwe BC Sezviri pachena, dunhu rakagarwa kubva pakutanga kweHolocene, kutenderera muzana ramakore rechisere BC Saka, Tsika yeCalima inoenderana nenguva yekuumbwa kweHolocene. kuverengwa kwenguva kwekondinendi yeAmerica. Tsika iyi yakanyangarika vakundi vasati vasvika. Pane zvakafanana neyakapfuura tsika dzedunhu: iyo Ilama neYotoco.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti vamiriri vetsika yeCalima vakataura mutauro wemhuri yeCaribbean yakabatana nePanches neMuzos. Zita reguta iri harizivikanwe. Pakati peiyi tsika yaive munharaunda yemazuva ano mataundi eDarién neRestrepo. Kuonekwa kweceramics uye zvishongo zvinotanga kusvika kumakore gumi nemashanu kusvika gumi nematanhatu. Nenzira yehupenyu, vamiririri vetsika yeCalima pakutanga vaiva vavhimi uye vaunganidzi.

CALIMA CULTURE

Zvikamu zveCalima Culture

Nhoroondo yetsika yeCalima yakakamurwa kuita nguva mbiri huru: yekutanga muvhimi-muunganidzi nguva: yekutanga uye yechinyakare nhanho yakatora makore angangoita zviuru zvitanhatu; agrarian uye ceramic-inogadzira tsika nemagariro: nekuda kwezvinangwa zvekudzidza yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: Ilama, Yotoco uye Sonso; Nekuda kwekuwanikwa muna 1992 kwe pre-Columbian Cemetery, mamwe masosi anosanganisira iyo Malagana Tsika.

Ilama Culture

Ilama tsika itsika yekare iri munharaunda yemazuva ano Colombia, dhipatimendi reValle del Cauca, mumipata yeCalima (guta reDarién) uye El Dorado (guta reRestrepo). Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwekuchera matongo, yaivepo muXNUMXth uye XNUMXst mazana emakore BC uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakashanduka ikava Yotoco tsika, yaivepo muXNUMXst kusvika XNUMXth mazana emakore. Tsika yeIlama yakawedzera kuchamhembe kusvika yasvika uko nhasi kune vagari veBelén de Umbría uye kumaodzanyemba kumataundi azvino eLa Cumbre nePavas.

Mumakore akapoteredza XNUMX BC munharaunda yeRwizi rweCalima, nharaunda yemadzinza yakasimuka kubva kwakabva tsika yeIlama. Izvo zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo, izvo zvino zvinoonekwa sezvine hukama neIlama tsika, yakambonzi "yekutanga Calima tsika".

Iyo acidity yevhu yakadzivirira skeletal zvisaririra zvevagari veCalima kuti zvichengetwe, ndosaka vanochera matongo vachiisa zvavanotaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemakeramiki anowanikwa muEl Topacio neEl Pital deposits uye paalcarrazas, zvidimbu zveceramic zvakagadzirwa nevhu. ine porous, yakatengwa neBogotá Gold Museum kubva kuvapambi.

Nekuda kwekudzidza kwezvinhu izvi, zvakagumiswa kuti nhengo dzenharaunda yeIlama dzakavaka dzimba dzadzo pamusoro pezvikomo pedyo nemipata nematsime emvura, mumisha yakawanda kana shoma uye yakagadzikana.

TSIKA-CALIMA

Hwaro hwekudya hwetsika yeIlama hwaive hwekurima uye, kusvika pamwero mudiki asi kwete, kuredza nekuvhima. Kurima kwemairama kwaive kwakavakirwa panzira yekuchinjisa kurima, vairima ivhu kusvika chikafu chayo chapera ndokubva vatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Zvirimwa zvakanyanyowanda chaiva chibage, mufarinya, bhinzi nemimwe miriwo.

Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha cheilamas chaive chehari, vakagadzira midziyo ine anthropomorphic kana zoomorphic shapes. Ceramics yakashongedzwa nenotching, appliqué, kana pendi. Pendi dzakashandiswa dzaive dzechirimwa uye mavara adzo aive matsvuku uye madema uye aine mamotifs ayo aiwanzove nemaitiro ejometri akaiswa pachena.

MaIlamas aive neruzivo rwekutanga rwekutanga, kugadzira simbi, kusando, kuveza zvekuyamura mabasa avo esimbi. Vaishanda negoridhe nemhangura uye nealloys yesimbi mbiri idzi kugadzira mhete dzepamhino, nekiresi, pectorals, uye masks zvavaishandisa mumitambo yavo.

Icho chokwadi chekuti maIlamas aiita semi-nomadic kurima, ivhu uye kugadzira simbi inoratidza imwe sangano rezvemagariro, saka zvinotevera kuti mukuwedzera kune varimi, vaumbi nesimbi, sangano ravo raivewo nemadzishe, shamans, varwi, nezvimwe.

Yotoco Culture

Tsika yeYotoco ndeimwe yevatatu vanoumba tsika yeCalima, vakagara mumipata yeCalima neDorado mudunhu iro nhasi riri redhipatimendi reValle del Cauca. MaYotocos anoonekwa sevagari venhaka yetsika dzeIlama dzakavatangira munzvimbo imwechete pakati pe1500 BC uye gore zero.

CALIMA CULTURE

Inofungidzirwa kuti tsika yeYotoco yaivepo kubva muzana ramakore rekutanga kusvika kuzana ramakore rechigumi nembiri, maererano nezvinyorwa zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa munzvimbo dzinogarwa nevanhu vemazuva ano veBitaco, Tragedias, Dagua, Bolívar neBuga. Zvinhu zvekuchera matongo zvakapa ruzivo rwekuvapo kwetsika yeYotoco zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda zveceramic, machira, uye zvigadzirwa zvesimbi.Zvisaririra zvemapfupa evanhu hazvibatanidzwe, sezvo acidity yenyika inodzivirira kuchengetedza kwavo.

Huwandu hwevanhu veYotoco vaigara munzvimbo diki dzevanhu nemisha munzvimbo dzakafanana dzaimbogarwa nemadzitateguru avo, maIlamas, uye saivo, vakavaka dzimba dzavo pamusoro pezvikomo kwavakatsetsenura nyika kuita maturu.

Mushure mekusvika kwemamwe madzinza munzvimbo iyi, huwandu hwevanhu veYotoco hwakatanga kudzikira munenge muzana ramakore rechitanhatu mushure meKristu uye nezana ramakore regumi nematatu renguva yedu yakabviswa zvachose kubva kuzvikomo netsika yeSonso. Pakudzika kubva kumisangano, tsika yeYotoco yakatorwa nedzimwe tsika dzakasiyana kusvika yanyangarika zvachose.

Ichishandisa nzira dzekuchera matongo, zvave zvichizivikanwa kuti Yotoco yaiita kurima kwakasimba kwezvirimwa zvakasiyana, pakati pezviyo, bhinzi, cassava, arracacha, achiote uye auyama. Munzvimbo dzakadzikira dzenharaunda yavo dzaiwanzoita mafashamo, vakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekugezera dzinosanganisira migero uye mirwi, uye pamwe nekushandisa organic fetereza.

Hunyanzvi hweYotocos hwakanyanya kunaka sezvaive hwevakavatangira ivo Ilama. Kazhinji, mabasa avo aisanganisira mbiya, mapoto, funerary urns, pitchers, ndiro, makapu uye alcarrazas, yakashongedzwa ne zoomorphic anthropomorphic motifs uye geometric dhizaini, iyo yaishandiswa uchishandisa hunyanzvi hwakafanana neIlama ine notches, maapplication kana kudhirowa. Iyo Yotoco yakashandisa notches kazhinji uye dhizaini kazhinji kupfuura Ilama, kunyangwe ivo vangave vane ruvara rumwe, maviri ane mavara, kana akawanda mavara.

TSIKA-CALIMA

Yotoco metallurgy ndeyekuenderera kwakananga kweiyo metallurgical art yeIlama tsika. Iwo mametallurgists eiyo Yotoco tsika ainyatsoziva kugadzira simbi uye kukanda matekinoroji. Tekinoroji hukuru hwaive hwekurova nekuisa embossing.

Pakati pezvakawanikwa paive nezvinhu zvegoridhe, kunyanya: tiara, mhete dzemhuno, mhete, makumbo, pectorals, zvishongo, pendants, masks nezvimwe zvakawanda. Tekinoroji yekuumba tekinoroji uchishandisa modhi yewakisi yakashandiswa kugadzira mabrooches nemasks akaoma kunzwisisa. Iyo granulation nzira yakashandiswa kugadzira pyrite marozari, zvindori uye magirazi.

Matunhu akasiyana eYotoco akabatanidzwa netiweki yakakura yemigwagwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kukosha kwekuchinjana uye kutengeserana pakati petsika yeYotoco nedzimwe tsika dzemuno. Kufara kwenzira kwakasiyana pakati pemamita masere uye gumi nematanhatu metres.

Tsika yeYotoco yaive pachena yakanyanya kuomarara kupfuura tsika yeIlama yakatangira ivo maererano nemagariro avo. Kwakanga kune kukamukana kwakadzama kwenzanga, kugadzwa kwavatongi vomumisha. Iko kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwekurima uye yakakwirira mwero wehari uye simbi yesimbi inoratidza kuti kwaive nenyanzvi uye nyanzvi munharaunda yeYotoco. Vakuru vaive vakaumbwa nemacaciques, shamans nevarwi.

Sonso Culture

Tsika dzeSonso dzakakamurwa kuita tsika dzeVaSonso dzeKutanga uye tsika dzeLate Sonso. Tsika dzeSonso dzakagarisana netsika yeYotoco kumahombekombe kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kweRwizi rweCalima, kutanga kuWestern Cordillera kusvika pamuromo weRwizi rweSan Juan, ichigara dunhu rava kugarwa nemataundi eLa Cumbre, Pavas. uye Bitaco neValle del Río Cauca, kubva Amaime kusvika kuRío La Vieja. Iri basa raiwedzera kubva pagore remazana mashanu kusvika pagore rechiuru.

Munguva iyi kuvakwa kwemipata mumipata yakafashama yemipata yakasiiwa, ichisimbisa kushandiswa kwemateru uye kuvakwa kwemateru edzimba, muchiitiko ichi vagari venguva ino vanomira kwete chete nokuda kwehuwandu asiwo ne chimiro chikuru chevhu guru.

Kuchinja kukuru kwechimiro chekuvigwa, nemakamuri makuru pahupamhi hwemamita mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu uye mafashamo emamwe makuva akabvumira kuchengetedzwa kwezvisikwa zvakasara, sarcophagi, mabhenji, rafts, foshoro, mapfumo, thrusters uye darts.

Munda weceramics wakaitawo shanduko dzakakura, midziyo yetsika yeSonso ine zvimiro zvisina kujairika zvinosiyana nemitsetse inoyevedza yetsika dzakapfuura. Zoomorphic inomiririra panguva ino yanga isiri iyo huru yekushongedza dingindira semunguva dzakapfuura. Iyo inomiririrwa yeanthropomorphic manhamba inochinjawo, mutsika yeSonso nhamba dzevanhu dzinopa mhino yakakurumbira ine mhete yemhino, maziso anoratidzwa mu "coffee bean" maitiro pasina kupa kukosha kumuromo.

Metallurgy inongogumira kuzvinhu zvidiki zvekushongedza senge peannular mhino mhete, twist uye spiral earmuffs. Kunaka kwepepa rakanamirwa kwakatsiviwa nekusimba kwakakura uchishandisa brittle goridhe-copper alloy.

Tsika dzechiMalagan

Muna 1992, paHacienda Malagana, pakawanikwa netsaona imwe goridhe neceramic trousseaus. Pashure pokunge yawanikwa, nzvimbo yacho yakabatwa nevapambi nema guaqueros vaiita kutengeserana kukuru kusiri pamutemo kwezvinhu zvekuchera matongo. Sangano reNational Institute of Archaeology and History of Colombia rakasarudza komisheni yekununura inotungamirirwa neanochera matongo Marianne Cardale, komisheni iyi yakagadzira tsika isingazivikanwe yavakatumidza kuti Malagana Sonso.

Papurazi reMalagana, riri pedyo nerwizi Bolo, muguta rePalmira kuValle del Cauca, mushandi akadonhera mugomba hombe netirakita yake pakadhirika ivhu raaifamba naro.Pakuongorora zvikonzero zvechiitiko ichi, mushandi akawana zvinhu zvegoridhe. Netsaona akanga awana nzvimbo yokuviga yepasi pevhu (hypogeum). Mushandi akatengesa zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi, izvo zvakakwezva ngwariro uye nokukurumidza nyika yakapindwa navapambi nama guaqueros.

Boka revapambi, vamwe vanofungidzira vanhu vanopfuura zviuru zvishanu, rakakwevera ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau nezviremera. Kwakanga kune zvishomanene izvo mapurisa nemauto zvaaigona kuita kudzivisa kuparadzwa kunenge chose chose kweguva rekare. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti huwandu hwakapambwa panzvimbo iyi hunodarika zana nemakumi masere kilos. Muna 1992 Museo de Oro muBogotá yakagamuchira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvegoridhe zvakagadzirwa nenzira isina kujairika. Kuferefeta kwakaratidza kuti kwakabva zvinhu zvakagadzirwa neHacienda Malagana.

Muna Kurume wegore ra1993, zvichiri nekuvapo kwe guaqueros, vanochera matongo vakaedza kuita ongororo muMalagana hacienda asi mushure memazuva mashoma vaifanira kusiya nzvimbo yacho. Pasinei nenguva shoma, vanochera matongo vakakwanisa kuongorora matatu emakuva uye kutarisa stratigraphy yenzvimbo, iyo yakaratidza rekodhi yekugara kwenguva refu. Vatsvakurudzi vakawana mabhero egoridhe uye zvisaririra zveceramic izvo zvisina kufuratirwa nevapambi.

Radhiobhoni yemazuva ezvisaririra inowanikwa mukati memidziyo yakapa nguva inosvika makumi manomwe kuwedzera kana kubvisa makumi matanhatu mushure meKristu. Mushure mekunge saiti yakazosiiwa nevavhimi vepfuma, Malagana Archaeological Project yakatangwa muna 1994.

Iyi purogiramu yekutsvakurudza yakanga iri pasi pebasa reArchaeological Museum yeUniversidad del Valle, Colombian Institute of Archaeology, ICAN, uye Vallecaucano Institute of Scientific Research, INCIVA. Boka rekutsvagisa rakaumbwa nevanochera matongo, vaongorori venhoroondo dzekare, veedafologists (nyanzvi dzevhu) uye palynologist (nyanzvi dzemukume). Boka racho rakaronga kuchera kunosvika chiuru chemativi emamita kutenderedza kuti vawane zvimwe zviratidzo zvinosimbisa kuvepo kweimwe nzvimbo yekare.

Izvi zvakacherwa zvakaratidza hurefu uye hwakaoma stratigraphy yekuvigwa gumi nemanomwe, nguva ina dzebasa, uye mamwe mazuva eradiocarbon. Nguva dzebasa dzakarongwa, nguva yekutanga se "Proto Ilama" uye ichangoburwa saIlama, Malagana naSonso. Nekuda kwekuferefeta uku kwakatemwa kuti tsika yakasiyana zvachose yakagadzirwa panguva yeMalagana.

Vatsvakurudzi vakashanda pakuchera kwemwaka miviri, kubva pakupera kwa1994 kusvika pakutanga kwa1995. Mushure mekuongorora sampuli dzavakaunganidza, dzinoenderana zvikuru nezvidimbu zveceramic, sezvo zvinhu zvegoridhe zvaidiwa pakupamba, kwemakore matatu, pane pfungwa. yetsika yaigara panzvimbo. Kubva pane iyo iconography pazvinhu, zvinogona kutorwa kuti kwaive nekutengeserana kwekutengeserana kunzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kusvika kune inozivikanwa zvino seSan Agustín neTierradentro, uye kumabvazuva kusvika nhasi Tolima neQuimbaya.

Zvisaririra zvedombo rakavezwa (lithics), mapfupa emhuka, mapfupa evanhu, fossil pollen nezvimwe zvinhu zvaive zvakakosha mubasa rekugadzirisa zvekare. Sekureva kwevatsvagiri, kukosha kukuru kwezviwanikwa izvi kugona kuona zvakateerana nhoroondo uye budiriro yetsika yebudiriro yaigara mudunhu reValle del Cauca mukati mezviuru zviviri zvemakore zvakatangira kusvika kweSpanish.

Nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo Carlos Armando Rodríguez, mutungamiriri weArchaeological Museum yeUniversidad del Valle uye co-director weProjekti, anoratidza maererano nezvidzidzo zvake "Tsika yekutanga yaivepo yaive tsika yeIlama, ichiteverwa neiyo iri munharaunda yeMalagana uye. iyo yekupedzisira inoenderana neBolo Quebradaseca Tsika, iyo yaive iyo yakasangana nevakunda veSpain».

Ongororo iyi haina mhedziso maererano nekuona kuti masara anowanikwa muMalagana hacienda itsika yakasiyana, sezvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzichitsigira kuti kune zvakawanda zvakafanana netsika yeYotoco, saka zvichida inogona kuonekwa semusiyano wenharaunda wetsika iyi.

Matambudziko akawanikwa mukuvigwa gumi nemaviri pre-Columbian akapa ruzivo rwakawanda kune vaongorori kwavaigona kuona bonde, zera, chikafu uye kunyange zvirwere zvaitambudzwa nevanhu vekare vedunhu. Vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kuona kubva pane zvakaongororwa sampuli kuti kudya kwevanhu kwaisanganisira kushandiswa kweprotein yemhuka uye mapuroteni emiriwo.

Zvisaririra zvakaonekwa kuti ndezvemhuka diki dzakaita sema curies, tsuro uye kunyange imbwa sezvo panguva iyoyo, imbwa yaipfuyiwa kuti ishande sechikafu. Chiitiko chepamusoro chemeno caries chakawanikwa, icho masayendisiti anoti kudyiwa kweshuga kubva kumakabhohaidhiretsi, saka kukosha kukuru kwekudya kwechibage mumitambo yepre-Columbian kunotsanangurwa, maererano neanochera matongo Carlos Armando Rodríguez.

Kupfeka kwemazino kunoenderana neicho chinogadzirwa nekutsenga mashizha ecoca. Kuvapo pakati pehuwandu hwezvirwere zvakaita searthritis kwakatemwa zvakare. Kuburikidza nefossil pollen yakawanikwa panzvimbo iyi, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuva nemufananidzo wakazara wemhoteredzo umo tsika iyi yakatanga. Ikozvino zvave zvichigoneka kuumba muunganidzwa wakakwana wemarudzi emiti aivepo makore anopfuura zviuru zviviri apfuura uye aishandiswa nevagari vemumaguta aya.

Pakati pemiti iyi, michindwe yaive nekushandiswa kwakawanda inomira zvakanyanya. Dzinde rayo raishandiswa pakuvaka dzimba, mashizha ayo anoshandiswawo kupfirira uye michero yawo yaidyiwa sechikafu.

Basa rakaitwa nemasayendisiti rakanga rakakwana. Nezvinhu zveceramic zvinhu, vatsvakurudzi vakaita zvidzidzo zvepaste, kuumbwa kwayo uye nzira yekugadzira. Basa rinotanga nekutsemura chidimbu kuita zvidimbu zvitete zvikuru kuti zvikwanise kuita ongororo yakadzama pasi pemaikorosikopu uye nokudaro kuona kuti ndezvipi zvakaiswa muvhu kuti zvisaputswe nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya kwekupfurwa.

Nekuongorora uku kwaikwanisikawo kuziva ruvara rwenamira sezvo ichi chikamu chakakosha cheruzivo kubva pakushandisa tafura iyo inoshandiswa nevanochera matongo vese pasirese, tembiricha yekubikira inogona kutsanangurwa uye nokudaro kuona kana nekuda kwekutsanangurwa kwayo. aiva Ovheni aishandiswa kana kuti kwete.

Sezvo zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa zvakaputsika uye zvakapararira, rimwe rebasa rakaoma uye rinokosha raiva rokuvakazve zvidimbu kuti zvione chimiro chedhaka. "Tsika dzinoratidzwa kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo uye nekudhirowa zvidimbu tinogona kuziva kuti zvaienderana nechinhu chipi," anotsanangura kudaro nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Rodríguez. Kutenda kune basa ravo rakaoma uye kuzvipira, vanochera matongo vanogona kutipa chiratidzo chemamiriro ekusimudzira kwekugara kunowanikwa muMalagana hacienda.

Pasinei nekuparadzwa kwakakonzerwa ne guaqueros uye vapambi venzvimbo, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuongorora tsvakurudzo yavo uye nokudaro anotipa mamwe mashoko pamusoro pemadzitateguru e-pre-Columbian. Kunyange zvakadaro, kusava nechokwadi kunoramba kuri kuti mamwe mashoko kana mameseji akavanzwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvaisakwanisa kubatanidzwa mukuferefeta.

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