Tevere muchinyorwa chino chinonakidza tichange tichitaura nezve zvese zviri La tsika nemagariro Lima uye isu tichaongorora mabviro ayo kubva kunguva isati yasvika Hispanic kusvika ikozvino, tichitarisira kuti zvichave sekuda kwako. Usazvipotsa!
Geographical nzvimbo yeLima tsika
Kuti titaure nezve tsika yeLima tinofanira kuziva kwayaiva, yakatanga kunyanya mumipata yeChillón, Rímac neLurín nzizi, iri pakati pemhenderekedzo yePeru. Iyi mipata mitatu (kusanganisira mupata wakaoma weAncón) ine maitiro akafanana anovapa kubatana kwenzvimbo.
Peculiarity yetsika yeLima
Chinhu chakasiyana chetsika yeLima ndiyo iconography yayo, iyo iri nyore: yakawanda yezvigadziro zvayo inobva pamufananidzo wenyoka mbiri dzine misoro ine katatu, munhu anonyemwerera asinganzwisisike uye Octopus sp.
Iyi iconography inofanirwa kunge yakagadzirwa nevaruki uye yobva yakopwa pane zvimwe zvinhu uye midhiya. Mamwe maitiro akasarudzika etsika yeLima ndeaya:
- Maitiro ekuvaka, anonyanya maviri:
-Kushandiswa kwevhu rakakomberedzwa, kureva, madziro akagadzirwa neadobe hombe kana rammed ivhu readobe.
-Kushandiswa kweadobe diki muchimiro cheparallelepiped, idzi dzakarongwa pamadziro semabhuku ari pasherufu. - Dhizaini yemamonumental architectural complexes, akaumbwa akatenderedza masikweya uye iri padyo nenzvimbo yekugara.
- Mariro tsika dzeLima tsika: vakaviga mitumbi kwenguva yakareba, dorsal kana ventral cubitus, chokwadi icho chakangoerekana chatyora tsika yechinyakare yemitumbi munzvimbo yakachinjika.
Lima Tsika: Main Settlements
Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa, tinogona kuona kuti nzvimbo huru dzetsika muLima ndeidzi:
- MuChancay Valley: Cerro Trinidad.
- Mumupata wakaoma weAncón: Playa Grande.
- MuChillón Valley: Cerro Culebra, La Uva, Copacabana.
- MuRímac Valley: Maranga, inova yakakura yezvivakwa yakaoma, inonyanya kukosha yekupedzisira nhanho yetsika yeLima, parizvino mumatunhu eCercado, San Miguel nePueblo Libre, uko huaca de San Marcos inomira pachena; nzvimbo yeCajamarquilla uye piramidhi yeNievería, ose ari mudunhu reLurigancho-Chosica; Mangomarca, muruwa rweSan Juan de Lurigancho; Huaca Pucllana, Pugliana kana Juliana, munharaunda yemahombekombe yedunhu reMiraflores; the huaca Trujillo (Huachip); Vista Alegre (pedyo nePuruchuco).
- MuMupata weLurín: temberi yekare yePachacámac, ndiko kuti, kuvakwa kwekare kwenzvimbo ino tsvene.
Nguva dzeLima tsika zvichienderana nekukura kwayo
Vatsvagiri vakaita kuyedza kwakati kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kuraira kusimudzirwa kwetsika yeLimia, kunyanya vachitevera maitiro ezvimedu zveceramic zvakawanikwa.
Matanho matatu makuru eLima tsika
Sezvo tsika yeChavín yakanyangarika, nharaunda dzepakati pegungwa rePeru yemazuva ano dzakakura mumatanho matatu kusvika dzatorwa netsika dzeHuari. Aya nhanho anosiyana zvakanyanya muchimiro cheakasiyana maceramics uye anonzi anotevera:
- Danho rekutanga: Mabhati eBoza kana Miramar (tsika yekutanga, XNUMXrd century BC kusvika XNUMXnd century AD)
Ceramic: chena pane tsvuku - Chechipiri kumira: Playa Grande (Tsika yeLima, XNUMXnd kusvika XNUMXth mazana emakore AD)
Tricolor ceramic: chena, tsvuku uye dema.
lock style - Yechitatu kumira: Maranga - Cajamarquilla - Nievería (Lima tsika, XNUMXth kusvika XNUMXth mazana emakore)
Ceramic tetracolor: chena, tsvuku, dema uye grey.
Kupatsanurwa muzvikamu naT. Patterson, yeLima tsika
Zvitayera izvi zvakakamurwa muchikamu chakaitwa neAmerican archaeologist Thomas C. Patterson muna 1964. Iyi nyanzvi, ichitevera mipiro yemethodological yaJohn Rowe.
Akatsanangura masangano gumi nematatu eceramic assemblage anogovera nhamba yakakosha yehunhu uye anoenderana nenhamba yakaenzana yezvikamu:
Matanho mana ekutanga ndiwo anotangira tsika yeLima, ndosaka ichinzi zvakare pre Lima, uye yakasiyaniswa nekuvandudzwa kwechimiro chinonzi chena pane tsvuku.
Ndivanaani masamples eceramic akawanikwa muMiramar, padyo ne'Ancón, iyo yakave yakabatana nemimwe mienzaniso yemhando yakafanana inowanikwa muBaños de Boza neCerro Trinidad, mumupata weChancay.
Zvinotevera zvipfumbamwe zvinhanho kana masitayera zvinoenderana nemazvo netsika yeLima; nomwe dzekutanga dzinoenderana neinonzi nested style uye mbiri dzekupedzisira naMaranga.
zvitayera zvehari
Heino tsananguro pfupi yemataera matatu makuru ePre Lima neLima: Iyo White paRed [Pre Lima] chimiro inozivikanwa nekushongedza kwayo kwependi chena pane yakasikwa tsvuku kumashure kwechikepe (imwe nzira yaive yekutanga kuvhara pamusoro pechikepe. chikepe chine pendi chena pachiri chakashongedzwa nemitsara mitema. Uye Tsvuku).
Iwo eceramic samples haana kuchena muchitarisiko, ane nyore geometric kushongedzwa. Maumbirwo akajairika anenge akatenderedza, mapoto ane mitsipa mipfupi, ndiro, mbiya, majugi madiki, nezvimwe.
Iyo nested style [Lima] inotaridzwa nekuve neayo makuru ekushongedza motif akatevedzana ezvimiro zvakashongedzwa muchimiro chehove dzakarukwa kana nyoka, semajemetric manhamba emitsara nemapoinzi. Shandisa iwo mavara chena, tsvuku uye dema (tricolor) pane yakatsvuka kumashure. Maumbirwo anomiririra makapu, zvirongo, uye magirazi.
Manyorerwo eMaranga [Lima] anoratidzirwa nokushongedzwa kwawo kwema-frets, hove dzakapindirana, mitsetse yakatarisana, makona matatu, madenderedzwa, uye madonhwe machena. Shandisa mavara matsvuku, machena, dema uye grey (tetracolor) kumashure kweorenji, nhete, inopenya uye inopenya yemukati.
Mafomu emakeramiki akasiyana zvakanyanya, kusanganisira iyo inonzi lenticular fomu. Chikamu chayo chekupedzisira chinozivikanwa seNievería maitiro.
Matanho eLima tsika
Kutanga kumira: Baños de Boza kana Miramar, Sezvatove zvataurwa, iyi nhanho yetsika ndiyo inotangira tsika yeLima uye inotevera pesvedzero yeChavín uye mavambo eEarly Intermediate (XNUMXrd century BC kusvika XNUMXnd century AD).
Kunyangwe zvisingavimbike kuti chimiro chayo checeramic, chinodaidzwa kuti chena pane chitsvuku, chakapa kune yakazotevera porcelain masitaera etsika yeLima, sezvo aya achiita seane mavambo ekunze. Kunyangwe, sezvatinoziva panguva yekuchinja, iyo Ichena paRed style yakagara kwenguva yakareba neiyo yeLima tsika.
Mudzidzi wetsika iyi, Max Uhle, ndiye akawana matongo eceramic machena-pa-tsvuku muCerro Trinidad, pedyo neguta reChancay, mumakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechiXNUMX. Akawanawo humbowo hweimwe nzira yehari, yakazonzi inopindirana, yaaifunga zvisiri izvo kuti ndiyo yekare.
Muma20, Alfred Kroeber akapfuuridzira nzvero yake paCerro Trinidad, uye gare gare William D. Strong naJohn M. Corbett vakawana zvisaririra zvehari chena-pa-tsvuku paPachacámac, kumaodzanyemba muLurín Valley.
Gordon Willey akagadzwa kuti ave nechokwadi chakazara kutevedzana kwechinguvana kwemataera eceramic anowanikwa kuCerro Trinidad, achiisa Iyo White paRed style seyakasakara munzvimbo ino yepakati pemahombekombe. Willey akacherawo kuBaños de Boza.
Panzvimbo imwecheteyo muChancay Valley, iyo yakave saiti yakazvimiririra ine yakasarudzika chena pane tsvuku maitiro, nekudaro ichizivikanwa se'Baños de Boza maitiro'. Willey akabudisa migumisiro yezvidzidzo zvake muna 1945.
Dzimwe ongororo dzakaitwa muMiramar (pedyo neAncón) dzakaburitsa pachena mhando dzakasiyana dzeceramic neimwe mhando yeWhite paRed style, inonzi "Miramar style".
Muna 1964, muongorori wezvokuchera matongo wekuNorth America Thomas Patterson, mukutevedzana kwake kunozivikanwa kwezvikamu zvekukura kweceramic, akaisa iyo White paRed kana Miramar maitiro muzvikamu zvina, pamberi peiyo yeLima tsika.
Iyo White paRed style, mune yayo Baños de Boza uye Miramar modalities, yakakunda muhari yevaumbi venharaunda dzese dzakavakidzana dzepakati pemahombekombe eLima (Chancay, Ancón [mupata wakaoma], Chillón, Rímac uye Lurín mipata). , mushure mekupera kwesimba reChavín-style yehari.
Kuchera kwakaunza pachena zvakasara zvehari dzinenge dzakatenderedza, dzine mitsipa mipfupi, yakatambanudzwa uye inenge yakavhurika. Ndiro, magirazi, zvirongo zvidiki, nezvimwe. vakawanikwawo.
Panguva ino misha midiki yekuredza (Ancón) nevarimi vanozivikanwa. Vekupedzisira vakakwira materu ezvikomo kumucheto kwemupata. Hova dzepedyo dzakanyanya kukosha sezvo dzaiunganidza mvura munguva yekunaya kwemvura.
Hurongwa hwemadziva muHuachipa hwaibvumira kuti mvura ichengetwe. Makuva makuru akawanikwa muTablada de Lurín, kubva pamahekita 20 kusvika ku50, ayo akaviga zviuru zvemakuva kubvira panguva iyoyo.
Kuvapo kwezvombo, mabhoni uye enamels sezvipo zvekuvigwa uye humbowo hwematumba akadzivirirwa nemadziro munzvimbo dzekumusoro dzezvikomo zvinoratidza kuti hukama nemapoka emarudzi akavakidzana hwakanga husina rugare zvachose.
Danho rechipiri: Playa Grande, Munguva iyi, chimiro chayo checeramic chinoenderana nechikamu chekutanga chetsika yeLima (XNUMXnd kusvika XNUMXth century AD).
Chinoipa zita rayo ikoloni yePlaya Grande iri munzvimbo dzekugezera dzazvino dzeSanta Rosa, dunhu reSanta Rosa, metropolis yeLima, makiromita matatu kumaodzanyemba kweAncón, yakawanikwa naLouis Stumer muna 3.
Nekudaro, chimiro chaive chatozivikanwa kare naMax Uhle kuCerro Trinidad (Chancay), uye akadzidzwa naKroeber (1926), Strong naCorbett (1943) naWilley (1943), pasi pezita rehove dzine dendere kana nested.
Nekuti chimiro chayo chikuru ndeye stylized dhizaini yehove dzakarukwa (kana nyoka) dzinoshongedza madziro eceramic, achibatanidza mavara matema, machena uye matsvuku (tricolor). Sezviri pachena, mavambo ayo ari musimba reRecuay tsika, iri kure kuchamhembe, muÁncash.
Nzvimbo yaro ye stratigraphic senge mushure meBaños de Boza uye pamberi paMaranga naTiahuanaco-Huari yakasimbiswa nekuongorora kwakadzama kwakaitwa naErnesto Tabío muna 1957. Gare gare, Patterson akaisanganisira mukutevedzana kwake kweceramic development yaanosanganisira pasi pezita re "Lima" ( 1964).
Vachiratidza kufambira mberi mune zveruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, vaumbi vaishumira munzvimbo dzemabiko panguva ino vakagadzira madhaka evhu akaisvonaka uye anofadza, kunyange zvazvo midziyo mihombe yakanga yakakasharara uye isina kukora yakawanikwawo.
Rudzi rwechimiro ichi rwuri pakati peChancay Valley kuchamhembe uye Lurín Valley kumaodzanyemba. Kumabvazuva, inogona kunge yakasvika chikamu cheCisandean. Zvose izvi zvinoratidza kuti madzishe makuru epakati pegungwa akanga awedzera nzvimbo dzavo.
Zvivakwa zvakaitwa panguva yeBaños de Boza-Miramar chikamu chakagadzirwa, chikava mapiramidhi makuru ane mapuratifomu akatsikwa. Zvivakwa izvi, izvo zvaive nebasa rakapetwa rekuva temberi-temberi, zvaive nemapatio akakura ekutarisisa tsika uye zviitiko zvekutengesa.
Nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzakavakwawo munzvimbo dzakasiyana mumipata. Nzvimbo tsvene nedzimba dzokugara dzakanaka dzakanga dzakapoteredzwa neminda mikuru nematanga ane mombe dzakawanda.
Iyo quadrangular base yemonumental architecture yakagadzirwa nemadziro ematombo. Ipapo kwakauya mapuratifomu ane nhurikidzwa dzakawanda, akavakwa nezvidhinha zveadobe zvemaumbirwo akasiyana uye saizi. Madziro emukati akanga akafukidzwa nevhu.
Madziro avo akanga akashongedzwa mumimvuri mitsvuku nemichena, izvo zviri kure zvakaita kuti varatidzike sezvivakwa zvakaisvonaka. Mamwe madziro makuru akashongedzwa nenzira yakabatanidzwa, nenzira ine mavara mazhinji, sezvakawanikwa muCerro Culebras (Chillon Valley).
Kugadzira aya mapiramidhi mahombe, ane zviuru zvematombo nemamiriyoni ezvidhinha, kutora chikamu kwevavaki, masoni, vabatsiri, vatakuri vemikova, pendandi, vashori, vavezi, mhizha uye huwandu hwebasa, basa rakawanda rinofanira kunge rakadikanwa. Nokudaro, zvinotevera kuti vagari vemipata vanofanira kuva vakakura zvikuru.
Hunhu hwakakosha hwechinhanho ichi hwaive shanduko yehunhu hwemariro: iyo yechinyakare inochinjika chinzvimbo chemuviri nemakumbo zvakasungwa zvakasimba, kugara kana kune rumwe rutivi, inotsiviwa netsika yeLima, nemuviri uri munzvimbo yekunyepa. Mashoma emazuva akawanikwa kubva kucarbon 14 angaisa chokwadi ichi pakati pezana ramakore rechina nerechishanu AD.
MuPlaya Grande, makuva gumi nemaviri ane vanhu makumi matatu akawanikwa; iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yakaunza zvipiriso zvequartz, jadeite, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Spondylus, uye obsidian. Mune rimwe remakuva, mikombe miviri misoro yevanhu inoiswa sechipo, pamwe chete neshiri dzine minhenga yakaisvonaka.
Pakati pezvigadziro zvese zvenguva ino, Playa Grande ingangove yakanyanya kukosha, iri panguva iyoyo padanho repamusoro kupfuura rekare rePachacámac tsvene uye mamwe misha yeLima tsika.
Nzvimbo yePlaya Grande, yakatarisana negungwa uye boka rezvitsuwa, inoratidza kukosha kwayo kwechitendero, pamwe nehupfumi hwemakeramiki ayo uye yakawana zviridzwa (somuenzaniso, Playa Grande jecha pfumo).
Zvinosuruvarisa, ruzivo rwakawanda rwakavigwa muPlaya Grande rwakaparadzwa nekuvakwa kwe spa; Parizvino, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvinhu uye kufarira kwezviremera, zvakasara zvakasara zvinogona kurasikirwa mune anopfuura 100 mahekita enzvimbo isina kugadzirwa ye spa; Domain umo masangano akati wandei ezvivakwa akaisa kufarira kwavo nechibvumirano chehurumende.
Mimwe mienzaniso yemhando yepamusoro yemaitiro ePlaya Grande yakawanikwa muChillón Valley, kunyanya muCerro Culebra neCopacabana, maguta maviri ane zvivakwa zvikuru. Saizvozvowo, mumabheseni akavakidzana eRímac (Huaca Trujillo, padhuze neCajamarquilla, muHuachipa) uye Lurín (Pachacámac neTablada de Lurín) midziyo yakaenzana nemicheka yakawanikwa zvakare, yakabatana neAdobe architecture.
Danho rechitatu: Maranga - Cajamarquilla - Nievería: Kutenderera kwekupedzisira kwenhoroondo yetsika yeLima (XNUMXth kusvika XNUMXth mazana emakore AD) yakanunurwa nevanochera matongo kunyanya kubva pane zvakawanikwa mumipata yeRímac neLurín.
Akanyanya kukosha aive mabasa eCajamarquilla neNievería (ese ari kumahombekombe ekurudyi kweRímac), pamwe chete nenzvimbo huru yemapiramidhi eMaranga (kuruboshwe rworuboshwe rworwizi rumwe chete), nhasi chikamu cheguta reyunivhesiti ye Universidad yeSan Marco.
Max Uhle aive kutanga kwekuferefetwa kweiyo ceramic style yeNievería, ine kupera kwayo kwakanaka uye kushongedzwa kwakanaka, kwaakabatanidza nemamwe masampuli aakawana muCerro Trinidad uye yaakadana kuti "Proto Lima", nekuti aitenda kuti vaive Nasca origin. Raoul Dancourt, muna 1922, akasarudza kudana hari Nievería de Cajamarquilla.
Gare gare, muna 1949, nyanzvi yetsika yeEcuadorian Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño yakashandisa izwi rekuti "Maranga" kune iyo inonzi "Proto Lima" nguva, zita renzvimbo yekuvaka kwaakazodzidza. Aive Stumer akakurudzira mazita ekuti "Playa Grande" kumatanho ekutanga (akazodaidzwa kuti interlacing) uye "Maranga" kweyekupedzisira.
Uye muna 1964, T. Patterson akabatanidza mazita aya pasi pezwi rokuti "Lima", akakamurwa kuita zvikamu 9, achiisa manyorerwo eNievería pakutanga kweMiddle Horizon (660 AD). Nievería parizvino inotsanangurwa seyakasiyana-siyana yemuno uye yemazuva ano yechikamu chekupedzisira cheLima kana Maranga maitiro.
Iyo inonzi Maranga fashoni inogona kunge yakatorwa kubva kuPlaya Grande; chokwadi ndechekuti nehunyanzvi hunoipfuura. Vaumbi vehari venguva iyi vaigadzira zviumbwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakashongedzwa nefretwork, hove dzakapindirana, mitsetse yakatarisana, makona matatu, madenderedzwa, uye madonhwe machena.
Kana iri ruvara, yaive tetracolor: kuwedzera kune mavara akatoshandiswa muzvikamu zvekupedzisira zvePlaya Grande (tsvuku, chena uye dema), ruvara rutsva rwakawedzerwa, grey. Mutoo uyu wehari wakagara kusvika pakutonga kwevaHuari, pasina mubvunzo nekuti waive mukuru pane wevakakunda, kunyangwe zvazvo wakatambura nepesvedzero yedzimwe nyika.
Yakanga iri munguva yekupedzisira yeichi nhanho, mushure mechiitiko cheEl Niño chakaitika pakati peXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore AD panguva yekutangazve kwekuita basa rekurima rakasimba mumupata weHuachipa. Nzvimbo dzekugara dzakatama kubva kunzvimbo dzinodzivirirwa zviri nyore (zvikomo kana zvikomo) kuenda kunzvimbo dziri padyo neminda yakarimwa.
Zvese izvi zvakakonzera kubuda kweakakura mapiramidhi zvivakwa uye zvivakwa zvawo zvakatenderedza uye akavharirwa, iyo saiti yeCajamarquilla ichive yakanyanya kushamisa maererano nehukuru uye kuwedzera. Imwe yakakurumbira yakaoma ndeyeMaranga.
Akati mapiramidhi (aizova nzvimbo dzepamuzinda) muchimiro chavo aitevera nhungamiro yezvimwe zviitiko zvechikamu chakapfuura, asi akazadzikiswa nezvimwe zvinhu. Iwo mabasa makuru ekuvaka, akazara nemapuratifomu nemizinda, ese akapendwa yero uye chena (iyo tsvuku kubva padanho rekare yakaraswa).
Mukuwedzera kwakanaka kwenzvimbo dzinoera idzi mifananidzo mikuru yakapendwa, kunyanya nenhamba dzehove. Aya madziro epolychrome aionekwa ari kure.
Pamusoro peMaranga neCajamarquilla-Nivería complexes ataurwa pamusoro apa, kune humwe humbowo hwezvivakwa zvechinhanho ichi:
- Mumupata wakaderera weRímac (ruwa rwazvino rweLima): Armatambo, mujinga meMorro Solar (Chorrillos); neMangomarca (San Juan de Lurigancho), ese ari kukanganiswa nekupararira kwemadhorobha. Humwe humbowo hwemazuva ano hwekuvaka ndeye Huaca Pucllana (Miraflores) uye Huaca Granados (La Molina).
- MuChillón Valley, zvimiro zveCarabayllo uye huaca yeCerro Culebras zvinomira pachena.
- Mumupata wakaoma weAncón: dhorobha rePlaya Grande.
- MuChancay Valley: temberi-yamambo yeCerro Trinidad, uko kwakawanikwa mural yepolychrome, ine dhizaini yehove dzakarukwa.
- MuMupata weLurín: temberi yekare yeAdobe yePachacámac.
Kugona kuunganidza nharaunda dzese kuti dziite mabasa eruzhinji uye kumwe kumisa muchimiro chehari yemhemberero inoratidza kuvepo kwesimba repakati rezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi
Architecture: iyo monumental complexes yakafanana neLima tsika: mapiramidhi marefu ane maplaza ari padyo nenzvimbo dzinogarwa, dzinosvikika pamusoro padzo nenzira dzakamisikidzwa nemadziro nemarambi.
Iyo yakakura dhizaini yeLima ine maviri anodzokororwa matekiniki:
- Kushandiswa kwevhu rakakomberedzwa, kureva, madziro evhu hombe kana rammed ivhu.
- Kushandiswa kwezvivharo zviduku zveadobe muchimiro cheparalelepiped, iyo yakatsiva ndege-convex (paniform) adobe yakagadzirwa nemaoko. Kazhinji, aya adobito anoiswa akatwasuka mukati memadziro, semabhuku ari pasherufu. Iyi nzira haina kurarama mushure mekupera kwetsika yeLima.
Muenzaniso unomiririra weiyi dhizaini ihombe yezvivakwa zveMaranga, nhasi iri munzvimbo yedhorobha yeLima, pakati pematunhu eCercado, Pueblo Libre neSan Miguel. Iwo mapiramidhi zviyeuchidzo, ane ramps uye nhanho, enclosures uye matura.
Chimwe chezvivakwa zvakatanhamara zveiyi yakaoma iHuaca de San Marcos, iri paAvenida Venezuela, pamusasa weYunivhesiti yeSan Marcos. Huaca Pucllana, mudunhu reMiraflores, chimwe chivako chinoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwematombo madiki. Icho chimiro chepiramidi chine nhevedzano yezvivakwa zvakaumbwa nemadziro akatwasuka anoumba akavharirwa nemapatio, zvakare akavakwa muadobitos. Ceramics: Kubudirira kweLima ceramics kwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru:
Chimiro chakabatanidzwa kana kuti chinonzi Playa Grande, icho chinoratidzwa nekuve seyayo huru yekushongedza motif yakatevedzana yemifananidzo muchimiro chehove dzakarukwa kana nyoka, senge geometric manhamba emitsara nemapoinzi. Saka iro zita rekuti interlace iro rinoturikirwa kubva kuChirungu rinoreva "kupindirana" kana "kupindirana".
Iyo inosanganisa mavara madema, machena uye matsvuku (tricolor) pane yakatsvuka kumashure. Ihari yakanaka uye yakaumbwa zvinofadza, kunyange zvazvo zvirongo zvakakura, zvakakasharara zvakawanikwawo. Zvidziyo zvitete zvakawanikwa zvirongo zvakaurungana, zvirongo zvesimbi, zvirongo zvakaita sebhero, ndiro nendiro dzine mitsetse yakatsetseka, zvirongo zvakaita sekamba.
Iyo Maranga maitiro, ayo anoratidza kushandiswa kakawanda kwemuenzaniso. Chikamu chayo chekupedzisira chinozivikanwa sechimiro cheNievería, chatove pasi pesimba reMoche naHuari. Kushandiswa kwevhu rakanyanya kunaka kunomira pachena, pamwe chete nemamiriro akanaka ekupfura uye kupera kwepamusoro. Mukushongedza kwayo, inoratidzwa nekuratidzwa kwemafrets, hove dzakapindana, mitsara inopindirana, katatu, madenderedzwa uye mavara machena.
Shandisa mavara matsvuku, machena, dema uye grey (tetracolor) kumashure kweorenji, nhete, inopenya uye inopenya yemukati. Mafomu emakeramiki akasiyana-siyana: kune midziyo ye lenticular iyo, neine kuderera mukati mechikamu chayo chepakati, inoratidzika mahwendefa maviri akadzika akabatanidzwa nezvigadziko zvavo.
Vane bhiriji mubato, dzimwe nguva vachibatanidza mitsipa miviri yakareba, yakakora kana mutsipa nemuenzaniso weanthropomorphic kana zoomorphic chimiro kana statuette (sculptural ceramic), kana kungoita pakati pemutsipa we spout uye muviri wechikepe, icho mune izvi. makesi ane denderedzwa muchimiro. Paivawo nendiro dzevhu, hari uye zvirongo zvine kupera kwakanaka, kuwanda kukuru.
Sezvatakambotaura, muna 1964 Patterson akakamura kukura kweceramic yetsika yeLima kuita zvitaera zvipfumbamwe, zvinomwe zvekutanga zvinoenderana nemaitiro akaiswa dendere uye maviri ekupedzisira kune Maranga maitiro:
- Iyo Lima 1 chikamu chaizivikanwa nekugadzirwa kwemajagi uye mahwendefa mahombe, ane dema uye chena kana yakatsva yekushongedza.
- Muchikamu cheLima 2, kune zvirongo zvakatsiga-mitsipa uye mahwendefa, uye chena kana tsvuku inotsvedza inoshandiswa panzvimbo yekutanga.
- Iyo Lima 3 chikamu, umo magirazi akatwasuka, majagi mahombe, mahwendefa, nezvimwe.
- Lima 4 phase, umo rudzi rutsva rwepoto ine flat edge inooneka, ine pendi yekushongedza.
- Chikamu chechishanu cheLima panomira madhishi ane mativi akakomberedzwa, mapoto ane mipendero yakatsetseka uye majagi anoyamwisa, uye chirevo chinodzokororwa inyoka yakagara.
- Iyo Lima 6 chikamu, umo mabhomba makuru anotungamira.
- Chikamu cheLima 7 chine mapoto ane mitsipa yakakombama uye mapoto ane mitsipa yakatsva, pakati pezvimwe, yakashongedzwa nependi yakavharika matatu matatu uye nyoka.
- Iyo Lima 8 chikamu, umo mafomu ekare anodzokororwa, ane kushongedzwa kwematatu, mabhendi akafara emavara uye mitsetse yakanaka yakapendwa chena.
- Iyo Lima 9 chikamu, inotora mafomu apfuura uye nyoka inopindirana mukushongedza.
Textile art
Micheka yaive chimwe chiitiko chakakosha chetsika iyoyo. Vaishandisa zvakanyanya shinda dzedonje nemvere dzekamelid. Izvo zvakashongedzwa zvakanyanya zvakafanana neaya ari pamakeramiki: mafananidzo ehove, nyoka nemitsetse yakasiyana-siyana, yakabatana.
Munguva yeMaranga, nhamba yakakura yemavara yakashandiswa ichienzaniswa nehari. Bhuruu, grey, girini, bhurawuni, uye akasiyana siyana matsvuku anooneka. Upholstery (kekutanga pamhenderekedzo yepakati), mabhuroka, uye machira akapendwa zvakabudawo panguva ino.
feather art
Hunyanzvi hwepeni hwaive humwe hwehunhu hwehunyanzvi hwekuita mudura. Iyo yaisanganisira kugadzirisa pendi kana yakasarudzwa minhenga mune akasiyana mavara (tsvuku, girini, dema, bhuruu uye yero), kusona iwo muchirongwa chekugadzira chinopa jasi runako runoshamisa.
Iyo minhenga inouya zvakanyanya kubva kushiri dzegungwa, maparrots, macaws uye mamwe marudzi kubva mumipata yeAndean, kubva mukutengeserana kwepakati-regional. Aya machira ane minhenga aishandiswa chete nemadzishe aitungamirira kapoka kana kuti hurumende.
Tswanda
Basketry chimwe chiitiko chehunyanzvi chine hunyanzvi hwakagadziridzwa zvinoshamisa. Nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo Ernesto Tabío, uyo akachera matongo muPlaya Grande, akataura kuti "yakanga iri taundi rinoshamisa rinogadzira tswanda" (1955).
Zvechokwadi, akawana nhamba inoshamisa yemabhasikiti, ane zvakasiyana-siyana muhutano hwavo hwekuvaka, maitiro avo ekushongedza, hukuru uye maumbirwo awo.
Economy
Kufanana netsika dzese dzenharaunda yemahombekombe, hwaro hwehupfumi hwayo hwaive hwekuredza nekurima.
hove
Chimwe chinhu chakajairika mumagariro emahombekombe, kubata hove kwaive chinhu chakakosha. Chinhu chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti mukuwedzera kune emhando dzehove dzemanyorero (pejerrey, corvina, cojinova, liza, nezvimwewo)
Zvisaririra zvehove zvinongowanikwa muzvikoro zve 100 kana 200 m kudzika zvakawanikwa zvakare, senge machete, sardine, anchovy uye bonito. Hameno kuti vakabatwa sei.
Vaive vakasiyana-siyana vanoshamisa, hapana kupokana nezvazvo. Vakabvisa mahombekombe egungwa kusvika ku 8 m yakadzika, iyo yakashanda sechinhu chekushongedza. Mudzimba dzehumambo dzese vaiwanikwa vari vazhinji.
Zvekurima
Zvekurima zvave basa rakaoma. Vakawana nzvimbo dzokurima nomumigero mikuru kana kuti migero yemvura, mimwe yacho ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi. Zvirimwa zvavo zvikuru zvaive: chibage, bhinzi yakakura, bhinzi, squash, manhanga, mbambaira, nzungu, custard apple, lucuma, pacae, nezvimwe.
Izvozvo zvingava kubereka kwemipata yegungwa uye nhamba yemapurazi kana nzvimbo dzakarimwa, inofungidzirwa kuti Rímac Valley chete yaizogara vanhu ve200.000. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vokuSpain vakatsinhira kuti mupata uyu zvechokwadi wakanga wakapfuma zvikuru mumatongo namasara ezvivako zvekare, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaderera, pedyo negungwa.
Sarudzo yaFrancisco Pizarro yekuwana guta guru rehurumende yake ikoko, iro rava guta guru rePeruvian Republic, yakanga yakavakirwa pane yakagara iripo, yakabudirira uye ine vanhu vakawanda. Nechikonzero ichi, tinogona kutaura kuti guta reLima harina kuzvarwa muna 1535, gore rekutanga kweSpanish hwaro, asi kuti zvirevo zvaro zvinodzokera kumashure mazana emakore akawanda. Kuti vave nechokwadi chekudiridza kwechigarire kweminda yavo uye kupihwa kwemvura kune vagari vemo, maramu akavaka zvivako zviviri zvema hydraulic muRímac Valley zvichiri kushandiswa nhasi:
- Rwizi rweSurco, inova nzira yekudiridza inotakura mvura yeRwizi rweRímac kubva kuAte kuenda kuChorrillos, ichipfuura nemuSantiago de Surco, Miraflores neBarranco.
- Huatica Canal, inotakura mvura kubva kuLa Victoria kuenda kuMaranga.
Zvivakwa zvakavakwa munguva yekupedzisira, iyo inonzi Maranga, pakati pe500 ne700 AD Zvinogoneka kuti kusanaya kwemvura kwezana ramakore reXNUMX uye kuwedzera kwekunaya kwemvura kwakakonzerwa nechiitiko cheEl Niño mukati mezana ramakore rechinomwe ndizvo zvakakonzera kusimudzira. basa iri.
Commerce
Pakukwirira kwetsika yeLima, nzvimbo yese yayaive pasina mubvunzo yaive yave nzvimbo huru yekutengeserana. Mipata yaro yakaibatanidza nenzvimbo dzakasimukira mumakomo, ayo vagari vemo vaichinjaniswa zvinhu zvavo. Munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo pachine zvinhu kubva kumatunhu netsika dzakavakidzana, izvo zvagara zvine pesvedzero pakuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemaraimu, sekusimbisa kunoita Luis Lumbreras:
“Tsika yeLima haisi tsika isina munhu; Kuti uzvitsanangure, zvinodikanwa kutendeukira kuhukama hwavo nedzimwe tsika dzakawanda dzemahombekombe nemakomo, kuve hunhu hwavo hwekugamuchira kwakasimba. «.
kuvigwa
Nzira mbiri dzekuviga dzakawanikwa:
- Kazhinji: Chitunha chakafukidzwa nechidimbu chimwe kana maviri, chichiperekedzwa nemimwe midziyo yemumba, yakaiswa panzvimbo yakachinjika uye yakavigwa 1 m kana 1,5 m kudzika.
- Kunyanya : chitunha chakaiswa pamubhedha (rudzi rwemubhedha kana mubhedha unotakurika) wakagadzirwa nematanda netsanga. Nzvimbo yemushakabvu inosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze: yedariro pamberi peLima, kureva iyo inonzi Baños de Boza ("White paRed"). Nzvimbo yacho iri lateral; yechikamu chinotevera kana Playa Grande ("nesting"), muviri unoiswa pa ventral cubitus (kutarisana pasi) ne stretcher kumusana; uye padanho rekupedzisira kana kuti Maranga, inoiswa padorsal ulna (yakatarisana kumusoro). Akaputirwa nenguo dzakashongedzwa dzakasiyana-siyana, nemidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemumba neyehondo, uye achiperekedzwa nomumwe mushakabvu, mumwe sezvingabvira akabayirwa mukukudzwa kwake.
kupera kwetsika
Zvivakwa zvese zvakacherwa muLima zvinoratidza kuti zvakasiiwa muzana ramakore rechisere AD Zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti zvikonzero zvaive zvechisikigo njodzi kana kuparadza kunoparadza kwevatorwa, senge iyo yeHuaris. Zvisinei, zvisaririra zvinoratidza kuti kwaive kuvharwa kwakarongeka kwenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji mukuteerana kwakazara nemirau chaiyo. Zvivanze nezvimwe zvivakwa pamusoro pemapiramidhi zvakavigwa nekuzadza nemaune.
Kupinda kwakavharwa nemadziro eadobe, zvidhinha zvevhu kana dombo. Hatizivi kana zviitiko zvese zvekuvharwa nekusiya zvakaitika panguva imwe chete uye nezvikonzero zvakafanana. Pakupedzisira, zvinogoneka kuti itsika yakabatana nerufu rwevagari vekupedzisira vemuzinda wega wega muchikamu cheMaranga.
Chero zvazvingave, kuvigwa uye humwe humbowo hwekuita kwevanhu hunoratidza kuti chivakwa cheruzhinji cheLima chakasiiwa apo midziyo nemicheka yakashongedzwa neTiwanacu uye Nasca dhizaini (Viñaque, Pachacámac uye Atarco masitayipi) zvakauya pachena. yakapararira pakati pemhenderekedzo yegungwa. Pane dzimwe nguva, vaumbi vomunharaunda vakagamuchirawo aya matauriro (Nevería style).
Ichi chiitiko chekuputsika kwesimba repakati chinopesana nekupararira kwechimiro chenzvimbo, Nievería, muLambayeque, nemamwe masitayera ekumaodzanyemba. Zvingangodaro kuti vamiririri vakasiyana-siyana veLima elites vakabatana nemamwe mapoka eHuari uye vakapinda mukukunda kwekuchamhembe.
Panguva iyoyo, Pachacámac Sanctuary yakanga ichiwedzera kukosha senzvimbo yekukwezva zviuru zvevafambi, nokudaro chinamato chemwari wezita rimwe chetero chakapararira munyika yeAndes. Zvichida iri pakati penzvimbo iyi umo mubatanidzwa wekufungidzira pakati peLima neHuari wakavharwa.
Zvimwe zvishoma nezve Lima Culture
Tsika yeLima yakagadzirwa mumipata yakaumbwa nenzizi dzeChillón, Chancay, Rímac neLurín. Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta kwekuchera matongo, kunyanya ongororo yemakeramiki akawanikwa, nzvimbo mbiri dzetsika dzakaonekwa pamhenderekedzo yepakati pakati pe200 BC. C. uye 100 AD, imwe kuchamhembe kweRwizi rweChillón.
Pano mapoka emarudzi akagara imomo akatanga anonzi nevanochera matongo Baños de Boza kana kuti Miramar style, ine hunhu hwakafanana netsika yeSalinar; uye imwe kumaodzanyemba kwerwizi rweChillón, iro rinoratidza hunhu hweParacas necropolis. Kwakange kusati kwasvika muna 100 AD uye kusvika makore akapoteredza 700 AD, ndipo pakava neimwe nzira inonzi Lima.
Tsika pesvedzero yeLima tsika
Kubva kuXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore AD, maitiro eLima tsika akawana mukurumbira uye akateedzerwa mukati memahombekombe egungwa. Asi zvakare zviri pachena kuti mhando zhinji dzetsika dzenguva ino dzinofurirwa nedzimwe tsika dzemumahombekombe. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kusangana kwetsika nemamwe matunhu kwawedzera zvakanyanya.
The Environment
Nzvimbo yepakati pemhenderekedzo yegungwa, uko kwakagara varume veLima tsika, ine mamiriro ekunze akapfava, asina kupisa senge kumaodzanyemba kana kuchamhembe, kunyangwe yakanyanyisa kunyorova uye zvichienderana nekushanduka kwekushisa uye kuumbwa kweiyo microclimates. Kuvepo kweanowirirana ecosystems kunofanirwa kusimbiswa; mipata, gungwa, machakwi, pamwe chete nezvikomo zvemumhenderekedzo yegungwa zvaishandiswa nevagari vomunzvimbo iyi kuti vawane chouviri.
Lima tsika sangano
Makuva uye huwandu hukuru hwemakuva anowanikwa munzvimbo yekupesvedzera tsika iyi anoratidza kuti vaive nharaunda dzenharaunda, dzakarongwa mumikova yemhuri yakakura. Ukuwo, kuvapo kwezvombo sezvinopiwa zvemariro uye kuvapo kwedzimba dzakadzivirirwa nemadziro munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzezvikomo zvinoratidza kuti vagari vayo vakatarisana nehondo dzakakomba.
Gare gare, munguva yepamusoro-soro, nzvimbo huru dzemhemberero dzakavakwa uye kuvapo kwesimba rezvematongerwo enyika rinokwanisa kuunganidza mazana evanhu kumabasa ehurumende kunogona kuonekwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma kutsanangura kuguma kwetsika iyi, inofungidzirwa kuti yakakonzerwa nekuwedzera kweHuari, iyo zvishoma nezvishoma yakatora nzvimbo dzetsika dzeLima.
Cerámica
Ceramics chave chinhu chakakosha mukuvakazve kweshanduko yeLima tsika, pamwe netiweki yevanosangana iyo yakagadzira nemamwe matunhu. Pakutanga, pesvedzero yeSalinar neParacas necropolis yakajeka. Inguva yebhoom, imwe nzira inoratidzika inoratidzwa nemifananidzo yejometri inopa kutaridzika kwemiviri yenyoka yakasikwa uye yakabatana ine misoro ine katatu, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzichifunga kuti kwakabva kumiririra uku kwaiva kumakomo ekuchamhembe, neRecuay tsika. .
Architecture
Vatsvagiri vanocherekedza zvikamu zviviri mukukura kweLima tsika. Nhanho yekutanga yetsika inodaidzwa kuti Playa Grande kana Enclavamiento, umo matembere eCerro Culebra anomira pachena, pamahombekombe eRwizi rweChillón neCerro Trinidad muChancay, ane mifananidzo inoshamisa.
Chikamu chechipiri chetsika chinonzi Maranga; Ipapo ndipo pakavakwa zvivakwa zvevoruzhinji zvekutanga. Mapiramidhi akakwirira akanga ane zvivharo uye plazas munzvimbo dzakakwirira, dzakabatanidzwa nenzira dzakadzivirirwa nemarambi nemadziro, ayo aiva nenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza uye dzimwe dzakatsaurirwa kugadzirwa.
Zvivako izvi zvakavakwa netunhu tudiki twakafuratira, twakaiswa sesherufu; Chimwe chinhu, ivhu rakatsikirirwa, rakashandiswawo. Huaca Maranga inomira pachena seyakanyanya kukosha nzvimbo yakavakwa muzasi meRwizi Rímac.
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha dzaive Pucllana huaca nePachacamac adobe temberi, asi hombe yaive Cajamarquilla, sezvo yaigara mahekita zana nemakumi matanhatu nenomwe pakavakwa mazariro aishandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana, sedzimba, matura uye nzvimbo dzekunamatira.
Citadel yeCajamarquilla
Imwe yenzvimbo dzakakura dzepre-Hispanic dzevagari venzvimbo dzakachengetwa, dzine anopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu zvemamita emamita, iCajamarquilla, nzvimbo yekuchera matongo iri kumadokero kweLima (Ate-Vitarte). Yakavakwa makore akapoteredza 6 AD
Inoumbwa nemapiramidhi makuru gumi nerimwe, akakomberedzwa nedzimba zhinji dzine nhurikidzwa imwe chete, dzakaita rectangular. Kurongeka kwenzvimbo uku kwakabatsira kune inodaidzwa kuti Labyrinth, kuvakwa kwemapiramidhi kwakaitwa kuburikidza nehombe vertical trapezoidal mud panels.
Imwe neimwe yeaya machira makuru akaumbwa nemateru akati wandei evhu akaiswa pamusoro peumwe neumwe. Magadzirirwo ekutanga akaitwa eichi chivakwa chekuvaka haana kuitwa maererano nehurongwa hwekutanga.
Chincha tsika padyo neLima
Iri dzinza rakabudirira pakati pe900 ne1450 AD, rakabuda mumipata yeCañete, Chincha, Pisco, Ica neNazca. Zvichida vakavaka nyika yedunhu yaifarira hondo yakaderera pane yeChimú, iyo yakapinda munharaunda yeAndean, iyo yaipikisa kuramba kwakasimba kwekuenderera mberi kweInca Empire.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reChincha tsika
Mamiriro ezvinhu enzvimbo umo iyi tsika yakagara yakapa ukoshi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo yaiziva kubatanidza madzishe nemadzishe emhenderekedzo yegungwa yapakati neyokumaodzanyemba, iyo nokudaro inooneka somusimboti kana ichienzaniswa neChimús yokuchamhembe uye Incas yeCuzco kwairi. nzvimbo yavakashandisa pamusoro pegungwa inowedzerwa.
Saizvozvowo, vagari vetsika iyi vakabata zvinhu zvetsika izvo, kunyangwe ivo vakaratidza kudhindwa kwavo, hazvigone hazvo kuregererwa kubva mukufurirwa nemadzitateguru avo seParacas, maNazcas uye kunyange maWaris pachavo.
Nezvese zvinhu izvi, vagari vetsika dzeChincha vakashandisa kusarudzika kwavo kwezvematongerwo enyika munzvimbo idzi kwemazana maviri emakore.
Architecture
Vakanga vasiri vagadziri vemaguta makuru uye mavakirwo awo anoratidzwa mutembere, dzimba dzehumambo nenhare dzavavaka neadobe nezvidhinha. Vakashandisa nzira yestucco, kushongedza madziro nemisoro yehove, gannets nedzimwe shiri dzegungwa. Pakapoteredza zvivako izvi, vakavaka dzimba dzemameti netsanga kwaigara ruzhinji rwevanhu.
Cerámica
Iyo huacos yakagadzirwa nevhu dzvuku, ine zvekushongedza pameso avo nemaitiro ejometri uye manhamba ehuanoid akavakirwa pamhando dzemhuka, shiri nehove. Mavara aishandiswa aive dema, chena, grey, cream uye tsvuku.
Ihari iyi inoratidza imwe simba yeWari asi panguva imwechete inoratidzira kusarudzika kwayo neiyo globular indentations yemuviri uye mutsipa wakareba wakabatanidzwa nemabatiro akabatanidzwa.
kutengesa uye kufamba
Inotungamirirwa nehupfumi huri kukura, tsika iyi yakayambuka gungwa pamapuranga makuru, ichikwanisa kusvika pachiteshi chezvino cheValdivia (Chile).
Nokudaro, vaiita bhizimisi ravaiva negadziriro yezviyereso, zviyereso nezvikero, nenzira yokuti vaitsinhanisa zvinhu zvavo zvomupfuri wendarama, machira, zvokuveza uye kunyange hove dzakaomeswa, kune dzimwe dzaivapa zvokudya kana kuti zvokudya zvavo. mhizha.
Humwari hwake hwechitendero hwaive Chinchaycámac uye guta rake guru guta reChincha, achivewo mutungamiri wekupedzisira weGuavia Rucana tsika, panguva yekuwedzera kweInca, vakapindirwa ndokubatana neTahuantinsuyo.
Vatengesi veChincha
VaChincha vaiva vatengesi vanoshamisa mumhenderekedzo yePeruvia. Nhoroondo dzinotaura kuti muChincha maive nenhamba huru yevatengesi vaitengesa kumahombekombe vachishandisa rafts.
Wezvenhau María Rostworowski anoti vatengesi ava vakasvika kunharaunda yeManta yeEcuador, uko vakawana spondylus inokosha zvikuru kana kuti mullu. Paivawo nekutengeserana kwenyika nellamas nevatakuri vemikova vakasvika muCusco neCallao uko mullu yakatsinhaniswa netin-copper.
Zvinotendwa kuti vaInca pavakakunda vaChincha, simba ravo rekutengesa rakaderera, vachichengeta kukosha kwavo. Zvakanyanya zvekuti panguva yekutorwa kweAtahualpa muCajamarca, munhu ega akatakurwa mumarara, kunze kweInca, angadai ari ishe weChincha uyo Inca aiti ishamwari yake.
Tomb
Makuva akabatanidzwa anozivikanwa, akadai seakafukunurwa muUchuglla, Ica, akaumbwa nemakuva ane rectangular epasi pevhu ane madziro emadziro uye matenga akapfirirwa anotsigirwa nematanda; yakagadzirwa nematanda.
Mukati, mapakeji akati wandei akaiswa mutsetse, pamwe nenhamba huru yezvipiriso zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvegoridhe, sirivheri, ceramics, matanda akavezwa, nezvimwe. Makuva aya anoenderana nenhamba dzemhando yepamusoro munzanga.
Guva rakawanwa kuUchuglla rakanga riine pfira kana kuti furemu yehuarango hunde ine mifananidzo yemhuka dzaive dzakatemerwa sedenga.
Kana wawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: