Kuti udzidze zvishoma zviri nani mune ino chinyorwa maererano ne Mifananidzo yaMurillo, tichataura nezvehupenyu hwake, kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hweiyi mumiriri mukuru weSpanish baroque pendi uye nezvimwe zvakawanda, tinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire iyi yakanakisa positi. Usarega kuiverenga!
Nezve Painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Aive mumwe wevamiriri vakuru veSpanish Baroque pendi mune inozivikanwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi seGoridhe Age yeSpain.
Maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa, zvinonzi akabhabhatidzwa muna Ndira 01, 1618 uye akafa musi waApril 03, 1682 aine makore makumi matanhatu nemana.
Uyu muimbi mukuru akadzidziswa mukupedzisira naturalism, saka kukosha kwemifananidzo yaMurillo apo akashandura mufananidzo wake maererano neSpanish baroque pendi akaiswa nemanzwiro makuru, kunyange kuva muvambi weimwe sangano ravaizoziva gare gare rinonzi Rococo.
Izvi zvakafanana zvinogona kuratidzwa mune imwe yemifananidzo mikuru yaMurillo yakadai seImmaculate Conception pamwe neMufudzi Akanaka mukumiririra kwevana iyo nyanzvi iyi yakatsanangura.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti iwe uzive kuti uyu muimbi mukuru aive munhu akakosha zvikuru muChikoro cheSeville, chaakachengeta chiverengero chakati chevadzidzi pasi pekudzidziswa kwake.
Mukuwedzera kune vanoyemura vaiziva kutakura zvakasiyana-siyana pesvedzero yemifananidzo yaMurillo kusvika pakati pezana remakore gumi nemasere.
Akanga ari mumwe wevanyori vanoongwa uye vakatanhamara mukati nokunze kwerudzi rweSpain, ndizvo zvakanga zvakaita pesvedzero yemupendi uyu zvokuti akanga ari mumwe wevanyori vanozivikanwa zvikuru panguva iyoyo.
Akatumidzwa zita rekuti Sandra, akaita diki biography mune ngano shanduro inogona kuwanikwa muAcademia Pinturae Erudite kubva pagore 1683.
Izvo zvinoperekedza iyo yekuzvimiririra yeiyi pendi ane mbiri iyo yakanyorwa naRichard Collin ichiva ichi chinotevera:
“…Bartolomé Murillo seipsum depin/gens pro filiorum votis acpreci/bus explendis…”
Isu tinogona kutsanangura iyi yekuzvimiririra yemuimbi iyo yaakagadzira mugore ra1670 yekushuvira kwevana vake kwaanozorora ruoko rwake kunze kwekuumbwa kuti ape yakakura yekuona maitiro akasanganiswa ne naturalism, anotakura naye nhumbi dzake dzekutengesa dzichiratidza kusimuka munzanga nekuda kwemifananidzo yake.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti mapendi aMurillo akaitwa maererano nevatengi, mutsigiri wake mukuru ari Chechi yeKatorike nekuda kweiyo counter-reform, zvisinei neizvi akazvitsaurira kumhando yekupenda akazvimirira pabasa rake.
Kuzvarwa kwemuimbi uyu
Izvi zvinotevera kuti muimbi mukuru uyu akazvarwa pakupera kwaZvita 1617, ndokusaka akabhabhatidzwa muna Ndira 01, 1618 muchechi yeSanta María Magdalena muguta reSeville. Akanga ari gotwe pavana gumi navana.
Vabereki vake vari mugeri, chiremba anovhiya uye anobuda ropa Gaspar Esteban naMaría Pérez Murillo. Iyi mhuri kubva kune vaimbi vanonzi silversmiths yekushanda goldsmithing vachishandisa sirivheri sechinhu.
Baba vake vainzi Bachiller nekuda kwemabasa ake uye vaive vemhuri yakapfuma mune zvehupfumi, zvinotsanangurwa mugwaro rinobva mugore ra1607 kuti aive munhu akapfuma uye ane hutsinye, achiva muridzi wemba yezvivakwa zvakati wandei padyo Chechi yeSan Pablo.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti aya mazita ekurenda akagarwa nhaka nemwanakomana wake mudiki, izvo zvakamupa mabhenefiti ehupfumi munguva yehupenyu hwake. Pazera remakore mapfumbamwe, maererano nehupenyu hwake, baba vake vakafa uye mushure memwedzi mitanhatu amai vake.
Saka mucheche uyu ari pasi pekuchengetwa kwemumwe wehanzvadzi dzake huru anonzi Ana akanga akaroorwa nemurume webasa rimwe chete sababa vake ainzi Juan Agustín de Lagares.
Akagara ikoko kusvikira gore raakasarudza kuroora muna 1645, zvino apo muramu wake akava murume akafirwa muna 1656, akamugadza kuti ave muchengeti wenhaka wepfuma yake.
Makore ekutanga uye kudzidziswa kwake kwehunyanzvi
Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezveudiki hwemuimbi uyu mukuru maererano nekudzidziswa kwake mune zvedzidzo.Zvinonzi muna 1633, aine makore gumi nemashanu, akange ave kutodzidzira mumusangano waJuan del Castillo, aive akaroorwa nemumwe wevanasikana. .yasekuru babamukuru vepainter yedu inonzi Antonio Pérez.
Zvinonzi uyu Juan del Castillo akanga ari mupendi akachenjera, humwe hwounhu hwake ipende yakaoma uye kujekesa muzviso, zvinonzi simba iri rinogona kuratidzwa mumifananidzo yekutanga yaMurillo, iyo iri pakati pe1638 ne1640.
Iyi mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo ndeye Mhandara ichiendesa rozari kuSanto Domingo iyo nhasi iri muArchbishop's Palace uye yaive yemuunganidzwa wepachivande weCount of Toreno muguta reSeville.
Pamusoro peMhandara naFray Lauterio, Saint Francis weAssisi naSaint Thomas Aquinas, iri muFitzwilliam Museum muguta reCambridge, uko inoratidzira semhando yakaoma asi ine ruvara kudhirowa mune iyi yekutanga pendi naMurillo.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti muimbi uyu ane zita rekuti Esteban akatora zita rechipiri raamai vake Murillo pabasa rake rehunyanzvi.
Guta reSeville muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX
Nekuda kwekukura kwehupfumi pakati peEurope nekondinendi itsva yeAmerica, guta reSeville rakange rave bhizimusi uye hupfumi hwemagariro nekuda kweBvunzurudzo, pamwe neCasa de la Moneda, Archbishopric uye Casa de Contratación.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti huwandu hwevanhu hwakanga hwadzikira zvakanyanya nekuda kwedenda re1599 uye kudzingwa kwevaMoor, saka panguva yekuzvarwa kwaMurillo nehudiki guta iri raive nemukurumbira munzanga yeSpanish.
Pasinei nekuti muna 1627 zviitiko zvekutanga zvedambudziko remari zvakatanga kuoneka apo kutengeserana kwakatamira kuguta reCádiz uye Hondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu yakafurirwa pamwe nekuparadzaniswa kwenyika kubva kuPortugal.
Kunyangwe zvakakosha kuratidza kuti Denda Guru rinotevera reSeville rakaitika muna 1649 rakanga risina kunaka, richiparadza 46% yehuwandu hweguta rino, zvichideredza hupenyu hwevanhu, mhuri dzakazvininipisa dzichinyanya kukanganiswa.
Izvo zvakabatsirwa neBrotherhood of Charity nekuda kwechipatara chayo pamwe nenzvimbo yekupotera zvakamutsiridzwa mugore ra1663 naMiguel Mañara uyo mumakore 1650 na1651 aive godfather werubhabhatidzo rwevana vaviri vaMurillo.
Sezviri pachena, mupendi wedu akanga ari mutendi akatendeka uye akabatana neHama yeRosary muna 1644. Mukuwedzera, akanga akazaruka kumabasa eVenerable Third Order yaSaint Francis muna 1662.
Pamusoro pekuva chikamu chekugovewa kwechikafu kwaiwanzoitwa nemakereke, akabatana neBrotherhood of Charity muna 1665.
Chechi yeKaturike yakatapurwawo nenhamo yezvemari iyo yakakurira rudzi rweSpain, sezvo pashure pa1649 zvivako zvitsva zvitatu bedzi zvakatangwa kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Eya, kubvira pakuzvarwa kwaMurillo, ma<em>convent mapfumbamwe evarume uye imwe yevakadzi akanga agadzirwa, akasvika nhamba yezvivako zvechitendero makumi manomwe.
Asi nzvimbo tsvene nemachechi echiKatorike zvakatanga kupfumisa madziro adzo nemakamuri nezvipo kubva kuvanhu vepamusoro, sezviri kuitika muMañara.
Kutengeserana pakati pekondinendi itsva kunopa masosi emabasa kune vanoruka, maartist uye vatengesi vemabhuku. Kana vari vapfuri vesirivha vaitarisira kuveza simbi muCasa de la Moneda, vaiva nyanzvi dzokuguta reSeville.
Kune zvinonzi guta rino, zvisinei nekuuya kwedambudziko, raigara riine nzvimbo dzekutengesera nekuti pakasvika gore ra1665 vanga vatorwa zviuru zvinomwe vaigara.
Kunyange zvazvo vasiri vose vakanga vakazvipira kumunda wezvokutengeserana, pakati pavo pane Justino de Neve uyo akanga ari mudziviriri weChechi yeSanta María La Blanca neChipatara cheVenerables.
Pazvivakwa zvese izvi, uyu munhu akapa muimbi wedu basa rekuita mabasa ehunyanzvi akati wandei. Zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti Neve aive chizvarwa chemhuri yevatengesi vekare vekuFlemish vakagara muguta reSeville kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Kwakanga kunewo vamwe vatengesi vakazosvika muguta reSeville munenge mugore ra1660. Pakati pavo pane vaDutch Josua van Belle pamwe chete naNicolás de Omazur weFlemish, vose vari vaviri vakaratidzirwa mumifananidzo yaMurillo.
Vaive vanhu vane tsika dzakanyanya, kunze kwekuve mukubudirira kwehupfumi hwakazara, vakaunza kuSpain mifananidzo yaBartholomeus van der Helst yakaonekwa nemuimbi wedu, nekudaro pesvedzero pamabasa ake.
Sezvavakatora chikamu mukuzivikanwa kwemukurumbira wemifananidzo yaMurillo kupfuura nyika yeSpain, kunyanya Nicolás de Omazur.
Ndiani akabatanidza ushamwari nemupendi akamutungamirira kuti atumire mufananidzo weSelf-Portrait unodzivirirwa muNational Gallery muLondon.
Anotakura mashoko okufungisisa mumutauro wechiLatin ayo zvichida akanyorwa naye nokuti, mukuwedzera kukuva mushambadzi akanaka, aiva nyanduri mukuru.
Makomisheni ekutanga emifananidzo yaMurillo anotanga
Zvinozivikanwa maererano nenhoroondo kuti mugore ra1645 Murillo akaroora mukadzi ainzi Beatriz Cabrera Villalobos uyo aiva muzukuru wemhuri yakabudirira uye aitarisira kuveza.
Mukadzi muduku wacho akanga ari mwana womunun’una waTomás Villalobos, mupfuri wesirivha nendarama, uyewo akanga ari weungano yeHofisi Tsvene yakamudzivirira pavaipfuura nomuguta reSeville.
Vana gumi vakaberekwa kubva kumuchato uyu, avo vashanu chete vakapona uye musi waDecember 31, 1663, mudzimai wake muduku akafa.
Zvinozivikanwa kuti mumwe wevanakomana vake anonzi Gabriel (1655-1700) akatamira kune kondinendi itsva muna 1678 aine makore makumi maviri, achiwana chinzvimbo cheCorregidor de Naturales mutaundi reUbaque.
Mune izvo zvino yava Colombia, kubata kuve mubatanidzwa pakati pemasimba edunhu uye mambo ari kutungamira nzvimbo yedunhu kubva kudunhu kusvika kumanisipala.
Asi tichitaura nezvemuimbi wedu, gore rimwechete raakaroora mudzimai wake, akagamuchira komisheni yake yekutanga. Aya machira gumi nerimwe echivako chidiki cheSan Francisco Convent muSeville, achishanda paari kubva muna 1645 kusvika 1648.
Iyi mifananidzo gumi neimwe yakaitwa naMurillo yakaparadzirwa mushure meHondo yeKuzvitonga, asi nekuda kwezvinangwa zvekudzidzisa nyaya dzine chekuita nevasande veFrancisca Order dzinorondedzerwa nekusimbisa hutongi hwechiCatholic hwaive hwakanamirwa panzvimbo ino tsvene.
Nezvemadingindira akaitwa mumifananidzo yaMurillo, hupenyu hwekufungisisa nemunamato zvinoratidzwa, sezvinogona kuratidzwa mubasa reunyanzvi rinonzi San Francisco rakanyaradzwa neNgirozi iyo parizvino iri muRoyal Academy yeFine Arts yeSan Fernando.
Kufanana neimwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo inonzi The Kitchen of the Angels, iri muLouvre, hatigoni kutadza kuratidza mufaro weFrancisca mumachira ake.
Izvo zvinosimudzira mukupenda kweSan Francisco Solano neBull iyo yakachengetedzwa muRoyal Alcázar National Heritage yeSeville.
Pamusoro pezvo, imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo inocherechedzwa hunhu hwake hwemifananidzo rudo kune vamwe rwaanoratidza muSan Diego de Alcalá achidyisa Varombo, iri muRoyal Academy yeSan Fernando.
Mumifananidzo yaMurillo, mucherechedzo mukuru unoreva nezvezvakasikwa zvakasanganiswa nehunyanzvi hwekuita zvemutambi mukuru Zurbarán unoratidzwa.
Naizvozvo, mune ino yekupedzisira canvas, repertoire yemifananidzo inogona kucherechedzwa iyo yakarongedzwa nekuchenjerera kukuru mukati mekuumbwa kwakapfava kwendege dzakachekwa pane yakasviba kumashure.
Iyo cauldron inogona kuoneka pakati pejira neboka revana vanozvininipisa vakamirira mukombe wavo wesobho uye zviri pachena kuti dingindira revana richava chikamu chemifananidzo yaMurillo panguva yebasa rake rehunyanzvi.
Mune ino nhevedzano yemifananidzo yaMurillo, iyo chiaroscuro tekinoroji inocherechedzwa, iyo yakanga ichisiiwa panguva iyoyo munhoroondo yehunyanzvi nekuda kwehunyanzvi hunomiririra Velázquez naAlonso Cano pachake.
Asi kukwezva kunoitwa nemuimbi wedu kuchiri kuoneka mune akati wandei emifananidzo yaMurillo, yakadai seKudya Kwemanheru Kwokupedzisira kuri muChechi yeSanta María la Blanca kubva mugore ra1650, kunyangwe zvimwe zvichionekwa mune mamwe machira etemberi iyoyo yechitendero. mumabasa ake ounyanzvi.
Kuvhenekerwa kwedenga kwakapararira kunoonekwa kuri kutonga kuvharidzira mudungwe wevatsvene vari kuperekedza Mhandara mujira rinomiririrwa Rufu rwaSanta Clara.
Iri nhasi muguta reDresden muGemäldegalerie uye rinobva mugore ra1646 Mu canvas iyi runako rwevatsvene runoonekwa.
Hunhu hunomiririra mumifananidzo yaMurillo maererano nechimiro chevakadzi pamwe chete nemasimba uye simba iro nhamba dzevakadzi dzinomiririra muKitchen yeNgirozi.
Iwe unogona kuona pane iyo canvas mufananidzo waFray Francisco de Alcalá mune yekurevesa pose uye ngirozi dzakabatikana nehunyanzvi hwavo mukicheni ine mafuremu.
Fomu rinoshandiswa kugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi maererano nemaonero, richipa mifananidzo inotaura nezveflamenco art sekurudziro.
Kutenda kune rudzi urwu rwebasa, zvinokwanisika kuona mumifananidzo yaMurillo simba rinopinda mumifananidzo yekudenga neyengirozi iyo yaakatora kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeunyanzvi, dzakadai saRinaldo naArmida.
Engraving yakagadzirwa naPieter de Jode II mukuumbwa nemuimbi Anton van Dyck makore maviri pamberi pekomisheni yakakumbirwa kubva kuMurillo, izvo zvinoratidza kuti muimbi wedu akange ari kufambidzana nehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano.
Kubata kweDenda pakati pemakore 1649 na1655
Iyo huru inokwira mutsvuku iyo Denda Guru rakaunza kuSeville haisi chakavanzika kune ani zvake, ndicho chikonzero Chechi yeKaturike yakakumbira vanyori vemifananidzo yakawanda yemifananidzo apo kuzvipira kwevakatendeka kunoratidzwa.
Nezveizvi, mapendi aMurillo aive mabasa akanaka kwazvo pachinhu ichi kwaakaratidza hunyanzvi husingaenzaniswi uye Chechi yeKatorike yaive mumwe wevatengi vake.
Akaratidza kufamba kukuru muhunyanzvi hwake pamwe nekunzwa pakududzira misoro yechitendero nehukuru hwevanhu, sezvo mumifananidzo yaMurillo akaita shanduro dzakasiyana dzeMhandara ine Mwana.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chifananidzo ichi chechitendero chinozivikanwawo nezita reMhandara Del Rosario, ndicho chikonzero akawanda emifananidzo iyi yaMurillo inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana nhasi, zvakadai seCastro Museum kuwedzera kune Pitti Palace uye Prado Museum..
Mimwe mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo inosanganisira The Adoration of the Shepherds pamwe neSagrada Familia del Pajarito, aya maviri makuru mabasa ehunyanzvi ari muPrado Museum.
Nezve canvas yewechidiki Magdalena kwaanopfidza, inodzivirirwa muNational Gallery yeIreland pamwe neimwe shanduro muguta reMadrid.
Kune mamwe mapikicha akaitwa naMurillo ane mukurumbira, seThe Flight into Egypt, iri muDetroit, iri chikamu chenguva ino yenhoroondo apo anovandudza mufananidzo unomiririra, seThe Immaculate Conception muMuseum of Fine Arts muguta. yeSeville.
Hatigoni kukundikana kutaura mamwe mapendi naMurillo ayo ari chikamu cheiyi nguva yezvakaitika kare uye anoenderana nemhando yependi yenyika, iyo yatinogona kutaura nezve El Niño espulgando kana mupemhi ari muLouvre Museum.
Iyi pendi yaMurillo inoratidza kufarira kwake mabasa ehunyanzvi nekupa vacheche ma protagonists uye anoratidza mune iyi canvas mukomana mudiki achizvichenesa pazvipembenene ari ega. Iri basa rinoiswa mukati me melancholy.
Kunyange zvazvo akazoratidza mabasa mumhando imwechete iyi nehukuru hukuru uye mufaro, mamwe mapendi anozivikanwa naMurillo ndiye chembere ine huku uye tswanda yemazai, iri muguta reMunich muAlte Pinakothek, iyo yaiva. chikamu chekuunganidzwa kwaNicolás de Omazur. .
Imwe pesvedzero yeFlemish inogona kucherechedzwa mumifananidzo iyi naMurillo, yakafanana nemifananidzo yakagadzirwa naCornelis Bloemaert, uye kupedzisa nerudzi urwu, mufananidzo wakanyorwa waDon Juan de Saavedra unowanikwa muguta reCórdoba, rinova re kuunganidzwa kwepachivande uye mazuva kubva mugore ra1650.
Rangarira kuti muzana rino ramakore rechi XNUMX mutsigiri mukuru wependi yaMurillo aive Chechi yeKatorike uye muguta reSeville maive nemakonivhesiti angangoita makumi matanhatu.
Pamusoro petemberi dzechitendero, guta iri inzvimbo yetsika mundima yechitendero, ichiwedzera zvakanyanya kutenda kwevakatendeka.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti denda regore ra1649 rakawedzera kuzvipira kumasangano ezvitendero mukuwedzera pakuvandudza kana kugadzira uhama hutsva, ndiyo nyaya yeKufa uye chinangwa chavo chaive chekupa murombo kuvigwa kwechiKristu.
Pasina kukanganwa kupikisa-shanduko, ndosaka mutengi akakumbira mifananidzo yaMurillo yerudzi rwechitendero yaive yakakura, sezvo mutengi aive asiri chechi chete.
Asi zvakare vatengi vepachivande vaaitarisira kudzokorora motifs yaakange atoita, ndozvakaita hafu-urefu Saint Catherine weAlexandria.
Sepadivi, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti yekutanga kugadzira aya mavhezheni ari muFocus-Abengoa muguta reSeville.
Kutenda kune vanhu vaive nehunyanzvi hwehupfumi hwekupa matembere echitendero nemabasa ehunyanzvi, vakava vadziviriri vezvivakwa izvi.
Pamusoro pezvo, mhuri mudzimba dzadzo dzakange dzakavewo nemimwe mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo pamadziro avo kana neimwe mhizha, sezvo maererano netsvakiridzo yakaitwa pakati pemakore 1600 na1670, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu vanowana basa reunyanzvi sechinhu chakakosha. asset.
Zvichienderana nevakuru nevafundisi, mapendi aMurillo aireva rudzi rusina kuchena akaonekwa mumiunganidzwa yavo yakavanzika uye sezvo manera emagariro akadzika, iyo yekuverenga ine chekuita nekupenda kubva munharaunda yechitendero yakawedzera.
Naizvozvo, mumhuri dzine urombo zvikuru kana kuti idzo dzezvekurima, mifananidzo bedzi ine mifungo yorudzidziso yaionekwa pamadziro avo.
Herrera el Mozo anosvika muguta reSeville
Sezviri pachena, apo mamwe maartist akasvika muguta reSeville, pesvedzero yavo paunyanzvi yakacherekedzwa, uye mumwe wavo akanga ari Francisco de Herrera, anozivikanwa zviri nani saEl Mozo, nokuti baba vake vaiva El Viejo.
Mutambi wechidiki uyu akabva kuguta reMadrid mushure mekunge agara munyika yeItaly achidzidza, akasvika muguta reSeville.
Kwaakapihwa basa rekuita El Triunfo del Sacramento muKathedral yeSeville, zvimiro zvake zvakakura zvekudzokera kumashure zvaive kumberi zvaive zvitsva.
Akawedzerawo ngirozi dzinoverengeka dzine chitarisiko chemwana chaipenya mubasa, idzo dzakagadzirwa nemhepo yakanyanyisa uye yakajeka brushstroke nekuda kwechinhambwe, iyi pesvedzero yehunyanzvi inoratidzwa muSan Antonio de Padua.
Ndiwo mumwe wemifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo mukamuri rokubhabhatidzira rechechi imwe cheteyo gore rakatevera racho.Akaratidza unyanzvi hutsva nokuita basa racho nediagonally uye nokuputsa nezvinojairika, mwana Jesu ari oga mumashure anovhenekera. .
Nepo mutsvene ari murima-murima rinovhura richipa chechipiri chechiedza chichibvumira kuwedzera kwenzvimbo kudzivirira musiyano pakati pedenga nenyika.
Zvakanaka, inobatanidza nzvimbo mbiri nekuda kwechiedza chakapararira pamwe nekufora kwengirozi dziri kumberi dzinobatsira mwenje weshure nekuda kwekudzidza kwake kwakadzama muhunyanzvi hutsva, shanduko inoonekwa mumifananidzo yaMurillo.
Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hweHerrerian uye mugore ra1655, mumwedzi waNyamavhuvhu, vaviri vevasande veSevillian, San Leandro naSan Isidoro, vakaiswa munzvimbo yekuyera yeCathedral.
Iyi mifananidzo yaMurillo yakabhadharwa nemuchengetedzi wechechi, saJuan Federighi, yaive mifananidzo mikuru pane yaaive ajaira kugadzira.
Sezvo uyu Sevillian muimbi anocherekedza kuti ivo vakapinzwa nechiedza chesirivheri uye vanoratidza muhembe chena maitiro ekuona anoita kuti vapenye.
Saizvozvo, mamwe mapendi akaitwa naMurillo ndeezuva iri, seThe Lactation yeSaint Bernard uye The Kuiswa kweChasable paSaint Ildefonso, ese ari maviri mabasa ehunyanzvi ari muPrado Museum.
Kupenda kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwechiaroscuro kunochengetwa mavari, pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwechiedza chinozove chimiro mumifananidzo yaMurillo yakazotevera.
Vanozvikudzawo nekuve mapendi naMurillo, matatu makuru canvases ayo akafuridzirwa nehupenyu nebasa raJuan El Bautista, ivo vanozivikanwa kubva paruzivo rwakaratidzwa muna 1781 uye nhasi basa rega rega rinowanikwa mune imwe museum.
Kuve Cambridge, Berlin neChicago mukuwedzera kune akatevedzana emacanvases anoenderana neMwanakomana Akarasika ari muNational Gallery yeIreland muDublin.
Kunyangwe paine kudhirowa kweiyi basa muPrado Museum, kutevedzana uku kwemachira kwaive kurudziro yezvinyorwa zvakaitwa naJacques Callot.
Mumifananidzo yaMurillo akapa hunhu hwake uye akawedzera nharaunda yeSevillian kuburikidza nezvipfeko uye zviso zvevaratidziri. Kuve muenzaniso weizvi, Mwanakomana Akarasika anoita Upenyu Hwakaparara.
Iyo inoratidzirwa neyayo chiitiko chemazuva ano ngano yeguta reSeville nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu zviri zveiyo ichiri hupenyu genre.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoonekwa mune imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo, yakadai seLos Músicos, apo chimiro chinomira chinopesana nechiedza, zvichiita kuti mabiko awedzere kunakidza.Kuwedzera, zvimiro zvechikadzi zvinosiyana nemavara azvo akajeka.
Nguva yekuwanda mumifananidzo yaMurillo
Inotsanangurwa munhoroondo yemuimbi uyu mukuru kuti mugore re1658 anoshandisa mwedzi mishomanana muguta reMadrid, zvichida kudzidza maitiro matsva anokurudzirwa naHerrera el Mozo.
Ipapo akadzokera kuguta reSeville, kwaaive ari kutungamira kwekutanga academy ine chekuita nekudhirowa uye akatanga muna Ndira 02, 1660 mumusika wehove.
Nechinangwa chekuti vese vadzidzisi nevadzidzi vavandudze mukudhirowa kwechimiro chemunhu maererano nekushama.
Nechikoro ichi muimbi wedu aikwanisa kuita muitiro wake nemuenzaniso mhenyu uyewo nemari yaipiwa nevadzidzi mari yevadzidzisi yaivharwa uye yaikwana kubhadhara huni nemakenduru sezvo makirasi aiitwa usiku.
Murillo naHerrera el Mozo vakashanda semutungamiri uye mutungamiri sezvo muimbi uyu akaenda kuMadrid gore iroro kunoshanda semupendi wedare.
Zvinotaurwa maererano neongororo yakaitwa kuti mumwedzi waMbudzi wegore ra1663 zvakabvumiranwa mukududzwa kwebumbiro remutemo rechikoro asi musi uyu muimbi wedu akange atosiya chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika.
Sezvo mumagwaro anonzi akanga ari mutungamiri Sebastián de Llanos y Valdés, saka akanga achitarisira kuita chikoro chiduku mumba make.
Kuti usazofanira kupindirana nehunhu hunozvikudza hwemumwe muimbi, saJuan de Valdés Leal, aive mutungamiri anotevera.
Kwegore ra1660 akaita imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo yakakosha zvikuru pamwe nekuyemurwa zvakanyanya sezvakaita nyaya yeKuzvarwa kweMhandara iyo inodzivirirwa muLouvre Museum iyo yakapendwa kuti ishande sekunze muChapel of the Chapel. Great Conception yeCathedral yeSeville.
Mune iyi canvas hombe, pakati, tinogona kuona boka revakadzi vananyamukuta pamwe chete nengirozi dzinoburitsa mwenje wadzo zvichienderana nekunyepedzera kwekuona kwakagadzirwa nemuimbi uye vanomira padyo neachangozvarwa anopenyawo kumberi uye kumberi. chiedza chinodzikisira kuzasi kwecanvas.
Naizvozvo, maonerwo ekuona anogadzirwa muzvikamu zvemberi uko mwenje sosi inoshanda yakazvimirira uye kuruboshwe ndiSanta Ana mumubhedha wakavhenekerwa uye vechidiki vaviri vari kurudyi vanotungamira kuomesa manapukeni pamoto unopenya. nzvimbo yemoto.
Pano chidzidzo chemwenje chakaitwa naMurillo chakafanana neDutch pendi chaiyo muchimiro cheRembrandt chaangave achiziva.
Kutenda kuvapo kwemamwe emabasa ake mukuunganidzwa kwemumwe mutengesi akapfuma kana anokudzwa akadai saMelchor de Guzmán aive Marquis weVillamanrique.
Ndiani aive aine pendi yake naRembrandt yaakaratidza pachena muna 1665 pakavhurwa chechi yeSanta María la Blanca.
Nezve iyo yakanakisa mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo maererano nenzvimbo, inoenderana nemacanvases mana ayo ari chikamu chenyaya yakarondedzerwa yaJakobho.
Kuti akapenda sekomisheni kubva kuMarquis yeVillamanrique uye akazoratidzwa pamafacade emuzinda wake sechikamu chekurangarira Chechi yeSanta María la Blanca.
Zvinonzi iyi nhevedzano yemacanvases pakutanga yaive mifananidzo mishanu naMurillo asi ina chete inozivikanwa uye muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX vaive pasi pesimba reMarquis yeSantiago asi pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX vakapararira kune mamwe matunhu.
Nhasi maviri eiyi mapendi naMurillo ari muHermitage Museum uye anomiririra Jakobho akakomborerwa naIsaka uye anotevera Ladder yaJakobho. Mamwe maviri ari munhevedzano iyi ari muUnited States.
Kuve mumwe wavo Jacob Anotsvaga zvidhori zvemumba muchitoro chaRaquel chiri muCleveland Museum of Art uye chechina cheiyi mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo ine musoro unoti Jacob anoisa tsvimbo kuboka raRabhani ndeyeMeadows Museum muguta reDallas.
Mumifananidzo iyi yaMurillo, nzvimbo dzake dzakafara dzinoratidzwa, kunyanya mumabasa maviri ekupedzisira ari muUnited States, ayo akaiswa kumativi echiratidziro chiri pakati pebasa, iyo nheyo ine chiedza chinovhenekera mifananidzo inovhura. anoshanda nokucheka makomo.
Saka zvinomira pachena kuti mupendi wedu weSevillian aiziva hunyanzvi hweFlemish hwevanyori vakadai saJan Wildens naJoos de Momper pamwe nevanyori vekubva kuItaly vakaita saGaspard Dughet aivepo.
Chimwe chinhu chinokwevera mucherechedzo mumufananidzo uyu imombe uye inoreva kumabasa naOrrente uko kuwanda kunodudzirwa zvakare maererano nemutauro wecolloquial weSeville.
Neruzivo rwechisikigo rukuru, Murillo anoshandisawo kukwira kwemakwai sezvinotsanangurwa murugwaro rweBhaibheri Genesi 31,31, XNUMX . Asi iyo yakavanzwa yekushongedza nekuda kwekupendazve muzana ramakore reXNUMX uye pendi iyi inodzokera kuchiedza muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Makomisheni ane mukurumbira akaitwa naMurillo
Imwe yemakomisheni makuru akakosha zvikuru mumifananidzo yaMurillo inoreva nhevedzano yemifananidzo yaakaitira Santa María la Blanca Church mazuva mashoma Papa Urban VIII asati arasikirwa nemuviri muna 1644.
Nekuda kwechirevo cheungano yeRoma yeHofisi Tsvene yaive pasi pesimba revaDominican, zvakarambidzwa kuisa izwi rekuti Immaculate pakunamba kwaMariya, saka shanduko mumataurirwo emunamato yaifanira kuitwa.
Uyu murayiro hauna kuziviswa uye wakazivikanwa apo Hofisi Tsvene yakaongorora mamwe magwaro nokuda kwomunyengetero iwoyo. Iyo Cabildo yakapindura chokwadi ichi nekuisa imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo uko kunotevera kunyorwa kunogona kuonekwa:
“… Akanambwa asina Chivi…”
Mukuwedzera, vamiriri veguta vakaenda kumatare eCastile muna 1649 kunokumbira kupindira kwamambo. Asi hapana chaigona kuitwa panguva yehupontificate hwaInnocent X.
Asi apo Alexander VII akapinda sapapa mutsva muna 1655, Mambo Felipe VI akanga achitarisira kupetazve nhamburiko dzose dzokukumbira chirevo ichocho ndokuita kubvumirwa kweImmaculate Conception sezvayakanga ichipembererwa kwemakore akawanda murudzi rweSpain.
Matanho akati wandei akatorwa nenyika yeSpain uye musi wa08 Zvita, 1661, Pope Alexander VII akabvuma kuita chiziviso chevaapostora icho chaizivisa kuti musande uyu aiva munhu wekare.
Naizvozvo kubvumidzwa kwebato raive rakanakira nyika yeSpain nemapato makuru kwakapembererwa nekuda kweizvi, mifananidzo yaMurillo iripo sechitupa chayo.
Nemhaka yeiyi bumbiro idzva remitemo yevaapostora, mupristi weruwa rwechechi yeSanta María la Blanca, ainzi Domingo Velázquez Soriano, akabvuma kugadzirisa nzvimbo tsvene iyi, iyo yaimbova sinagogi.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mabasa aya akakanzurwa nemudziviriri wechechi iyi aive Justino de Neve uye nekuda kweichi chikonzero aive nebasa rekupa basa remifananidzo yaMurillo yekushongedza madziro etembere iyi yechitendero.
Mifananidzo iyi yakaitwa naMurillo ndiyo yaitungamirira kupa chiono chitsva kuchivako ichi chemuMiddle Ages, kuchichishandura kuva temberi yebharoque inoyevedza.Vakatanga muna 1662.
Vakapedza mugore ra1665 mushure mekunge kugadzwa kwaitwa nemabiko makuru mukukudza kwavo, chechi inotsanangurwa panguva yekuvhurwa kwayo.
Ikoko kunotsanangurwa kuti mifananidzo yaMurillo yakawanikwa pamadziro ezvivakwa izvi mukuwedzera kune zvishongo munzvimbo yakatarisana netemberi yechitendero.
Pamusoro pezvo, imwe atari yekuwedzera yakaitwa kuratidza mifananidzo mitatu yaMurillo yaive yaNeve, iyo Immaculate Conception iri hombe pakati niche uye The Good Shepherd pamwe naSaint Johane Mubhabhatidzi mushanduro yevana pamativi.
Mimwe mifananidzo yaMurillo yaimiririra nyaya dzine chekuita nenheyo yeBasilica yeSanta María la Mayor yaive muguta reRome.
Iyi mifananidzo mihombe yakaiswa pakati penzvimbo yenzvimbo tsvene yakavhenekerwa nekuda kwedenga rechechi.
Nezvekumativi etembere kwaive nemimwe mifananidzo miviri yakaitwa naMurillo yakadai seImmaculate Conception uye Kukunda kweYukaristiya.
Asi mapendi aya akasiya nyika yeSpain panguva yeHondo Yerusununguko uye nekuremekedza mabasa maviri ekutanga akadzoserwa muna 1816 uye anochengetwa muPrado Museum.
Mimwe mifananidzo miviri yakasara yakaitwa naMurillo yakapfuudzwa kubva kumuridzi kuenda kumuridzi zvichienderana nevaunganidzi kudzamara vazove chikamu cheLouvre Museum, iri iyo yeImmaculate Conception pamwe nemuunganidzwa wakazvimiririra unoreva Kukunda kweEucharist.
Kana ari maviri ekutanga mapendi naMurillo, iwo mabasa ehunyanzvi ane hunyanzvi hukuru uye anoreva Chiroto chaPatricio Juan neMudzimai wake apo muimbi anomiririra nguva iyo Mhandara inozviratidza kwaari mumwedzi waNyamavhuvhu kuti akumbire temberi mukati. nzvimbo yavanoona sinou pagomo reEsquiline.
Ichi chinomiririra Murillo chinovaratidza kubatwa nehope apo murume akarara patafura iyo yakafukidzwa neragi dzvuku.
Uko kune bhuku gobvu raaiverenga mudzimai wake ari pamukusheni setsika yenguva iyoyo musoro wake wakarereka nehope pabasa rake.
Mukuwedzera, iwe unogona kuona mubasa iri puppy chena inorara ichiita whirlpool nemuviri wayo uye nekuda kwekuumbwa kwayakaita.
Inoratidza kunzwa kwekuzorora uye rima chikamu chechiitiko chinoputsika kana uchitarisa mufananidzo weMhandara neMwana.
Ose ari maviri akaputirwa nechiedza chine nuances chinoita kuti basa riite serakapfava.Nyaya iyi inotaurwa mumharidzo pamberi paPapa Liberio,saka chiitiko chinopatsanurwa kuruboshwe kunapatrician nemukadzi wake pamberi papapa akarota zvakafanana. .
Ndichiri kudivi rerudyi, mudungwe wakananga kugomo unoonekwa kure kure kuti utsigire chiroto uye papa anoonekwa mubasa mudenga.
Ichi chiitiko chikuru chinoiswa pachikuva chihombe chakagadzirwa ne classical architecture uye inovhenekerwa kubva kuruboshwe kuti chiedza chiwire zvakananga pamunhukadzi.
Mupristi anomuperekedza, saka pane mwenje weshure pamufananidzo wapapa akatakura chiso chaAlexander VII pachiso chake, iyi seti yemwenje yekumashure inofananidzwa nemifananidzo yaMurillo.
Inogona kuonekwa mumudungwe, uyo waive wakapendwa nebrushstroke yakareruka, ingangoita sketch, uye zvimiro zvevacherechedzi kumberi zvakafanana nemaumbirwo ari mumimvuri uye kupenya kwechiito chezvimire. kunze.
Mifananidzo yaMurillo yeChechi yeCapuchins
Mimwe mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo yakaitwa muna 1644 kuti iiswe pamadziro eConvent yeSan Agustín uye pakati pemabasa ounyanzvi anotanhamara.
Tinogona kutaura Saint Augustine achifunga Mhandara pamwe naKristu Akarovererwa, mabasa ese ari chikamu chePrado Museum uye akaitwa pakati pe1665 na1669.
Akapiwa basa rekugadzira machira gumi nematanhatu muzvikamu zviviri zveChechi yeCapuchin Convent muguta reSeville, iyo yaiitirwa kushongedza aritari huru.
Pamusoro peatari mumakamuri ekumativi uye mukwaya yechivakwa ichi, akaraira mufananidzo unoreva nezve Immaculate Conception.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mifananidzo iyi yakaitwa naMurillo mugore ra1836 inova chikamu cheMuseum of Fine Arts muguta reSeville, kunze kweJubheri rePorziuncula, riri muWallraf-Richartz Museum muCologne.
Panyaya yevatsvene vanosanganisirwa mumifananidzo iyi naMurillo apo nhamba dzinogona kuoneka dziri vaviri vaviri, ndizvo zvakaita San Leandro neSan Buenaventura.
Kufanana neiyo yeVatendi Justa naRufina avo vanonyanya hunhu hwemupendi uyu nekuda kwemavara avo akajeka uye hunhu hwaanorovedzera zvimiro pacanvas.
Nhamba mbiri idzi dzinoratidza manzwiro makuru anokonzerwa nekuora mwoyo maererano nebasa reunyanzvi reSantas Sevillanas nezvimwe zvinhu zveceramic zvinoratidza kutengeserana kwavo sevaumbi.
Tinogonawo kutaura nezveGiralda sechirevo chekudengenyeka kwenyika 1504 apo, maererano netsika, vakadzivisa kuwira kwayo nekumbundira chifananidzo.
Zvakanaka, kuvapo kweatari mutemberi yechitendero kunoreva imba yemitambo yekare umo mutsvene akaurairwa kutenda, zvichireva nezveSan Leandro inogadzirwawo.
Apo canvhasi yake yaimbova imba yemamongi yakanga yavakwa maMuslim asati akunda munyika yeSpain uye zvino yakatamira kuSan Buenaventura.
Saka mupendi akamufananidzira semurume ane ndebvu nekuti basa racho rakanga riri mumusha wevaCapuchin pamwe chete nemufananidzo wechiGothic kufananidzira chinyakare chenyaya inorondedzerwa pacanvas.
Pane mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo yakatsaurirwa kuvasande veFrancisca, kusanganisira San Antonio de Padua pamwe neSan Cantalicio, asi isu tichataura nezveSan Francisco inombundira Kristu paMuchinjikwa, riri rimwe remabasa anomiririra emupendi mukuru uyu weSevillian.
Kupfava kwechiedza uye musanganiswa wemavara zvinounzwa pane iyi canvas inowiriranisa tsika yeFrancisca neyakasvibira kumashure ebasa.
Pamusoro pemuviri wakashama waKristu, kusimbisa zviono zvengano zvemutsvene uyu pasina drama mubasa.
Naizvozvo, kushandurwa kwehunyanzvi kwemupendi kunogona kuonwa mune imwe canvasi ine musoro unoti The Adoration of the Shepherds, iyo yakapendwa kuti iiswe paatari yechechi yepadivi.
Kana uchizvienzanisa nedzimwe shanduro dzechinyorwa chimwe chete, iyi ndiyo nyaya yeiyo inowanikwa muPrado Museum kubva muna 1650.
Chiedza chebrushstroke chinopupurirwa nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwechiedza kubvumira nzvimbo yakakura nekushandiswa kwechiedza chemashure chinotarisana ne chiaroscuro uye zvinoreva kusunungurwa kweMurillo yekutanga mifananidzo.
Imwe yemifananidzo mikuru yaMurillo yakadanwa nemuvendi Canvas yako uye kwaakaratidza kugona kwake kukuru mukupenda kweSpanish baroque kuri munhevedzano yakatsaurirwa kuna Tomás de Villanueva anga ari muAugustinian uye achangoitwa mutsvene naPope Alexander VII.
Kufanana naAchibhishopi weValencia, humwe hunhu hwake hwaive mweya wekupemha, unoratidzirwa pajira nekumukomberedza nenhamba huru yevapemhi.
Avo vanobatsira vakakomberedza tafura uye pamusoro payo bhuku rakashama ravaiverenga asi vakasiya ipapo kuti vabatsire vanhu ava nekuti sainzi yedzidziso yebhaibheri haibatsiri pasina rudo.
Ichi chiitiko chinoratidzwa mukamuri rakapfava rine classical architecture uye nehupamhi hukuru nekuda kwenzvimbo dzakavhenekerwa uye nekutamba kwainoita kwekushandisa mimvuri.
Koramu hombe inogona kuoneka kuti malights ari mundege yepakati achigadzira halo inopenya yakatenderedza musoro wemusande uye kureba kwake kwakakura zvakanyanya nekuda kwechirema chinopemha chiri kupfugama pamberi pechimiro chemusande.
Chidzidzo chemusana usina kubereka chinoratidzwa pamwe chete nezviso zvevapemhi vakanunurwa, kutanga nemukweguru akakotama anoswededza ruoko rwake pedyo.
Mumaziso nechiratidzo chekusatenda pane chembere inoona nechiso chakaunyana plus mukomana anomirira nemoyo murefu achireverera.
Pasina kukanganwa mukomana uyo ari mukona yezasi yekuruboshwe yeiyi basa reunyanzvi uye anomira kunze nekuda kwekuvhenekera kwemashure kwakaitwa nemupendi uyo anoratidza amai vake mari yaakagamuchira kubva kumutsvene nemufaro unopera pachiso chake.
Isu tinokuudza kuti Hama yeCharity, maererano netsika dzepamuromo, yakavambwa muzana ramakore regumi neshanu nemugari Pedro Martínez uyo aive prebendary yecathedral uye ipapo vakaurayiwa vakavigwa, iro rakatanga mugore ra1578.
Apo hama dzaitungamirira pakurojesa Chapel yaSaint George kuCrown, iyo yaiva muRoyal Sheds, mutemo wekutanga wehama iyi, wekuviga vakafa, wakaiswa imomo.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti iwe uzive kuti panosvika gore 1640 iyi chapel yaive matongo uye Hama dzeCharity dzakaita danho rekuiputsa kuti vatange kuvaka chivakwa chitsva chakatora makore makumi maviri nemashanu kuti chipere.
Denda regore ra1649 rakabvumira kuti basa iri rimutsiridzwe uye nekuda kwemari yemudziviriri ane mari yakawanda yakabvumira kufambira mberi kwebasa.
Sezvakaita mupfumi Miguel Mañara aive dzinza remhuri yevatengesi veCorsican mavambo uye kusarudzwa semukoma mukuru wehurongwa muna 1663 akabvumira chimiro kuti chipedzwe.
Imba yekuchengetera zvinhu yevaAtarazana muhospice yakabatanidzwawo nechimiro ichi kunze kwekuvandudzwa kweHama yeRubatsiro yaive nechinangwa chekubatsira vasina pekugara.
Vapei chikafu muhupoteri hwaizoshandurwa kuita chipatara kuti vagone kuvarapa nekunhonga vanorwara vakasiiwa mumigwagwa vachitakurwa pamapendekete ehama dzaCharity.
Nekuda kwemupiro wemari waMañara uye kufarira kwake kuita chirongwa chaienderana nehurukuro yeHama yeCharity, aive nebasa rekusarudza vanyori vaizopa hupenyu kumadziro ezvivakwa izvi, sevanyori Murillo naValdés. Leal.
Nezvokuvaka, akasarudza Bernardo Simón de Pineda uye nokuda kwechivezwa, munyori wemifananidzo Pedro Roldán. Nokuda kweizvi, chinyorwa chemusangano wakaitwa nehama dzeCharity chakaitwa pana July 13, 1670, chinogona kuwanikwa muCabildos Book. .kupa mashoko maererano nezvakanga zvichiitwa.
“…akaronga Nro. Hermano Mayor Miguel de Mañara apedza basa renra. Chechi uye akaiswa mairi ukuru uye runako rwunogona kuoneka nhanhatu hieroglyphs…”
"... izvo zvinotsanangura zvitanhatu zvemabasa aTsitsi, akazvisiya kuti avige vakafa, iyo ndiyo huru ye no. Institute for the Main Chapel…”
Nezve hieroglyphs yakataurwa muchikamu chakapfuura, inoreva nezvemabasa eTsitsi uye inoratidza mifananidzo mitanhatu yaMurillo yakaturikwa pamadziro eChechi pazasi pecornice.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti ina yemifananidzo iyi yakabiwa naMarshal Soult panguva yeHondo yeIndependence.
Imwe neimwe yeiyi mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo inonongedza kumabasa etsitsi, yakadai ndiyo nyaya yeThe Healing of the Paralytic iri muNational Gallery muguta reLondon uye inoreva kushanyira vanorwara.
Imwe pendi yeSaint Peter yakasunungurwa neMutumwa iri muSaint Petersburg muHermitage Museum uye inoenderana nekudzikinura nhapwa.
Rinoteverwa nerimwe basa reunyanzvi rine musoro unoti Kuwanda Kwezvingwa neHove zvinoreva kupa vane nzara kudya uye riri mumiziyamu imwechete muSaint Petersburg.
Imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo ine musoro unoti The Return of the Prodigal Son, iyo inoreva chimwe chiito chetsitsi pakupfekedza vasina kusimira, iri muNational Gallery muWashington.
Munyika imwe chete iyi mune mamwe mabasa maviri muguta reOttawa kubva kuNational Gallery, achireva Dar Posada al Peregrino anonzi Abraham neNgirozi nhatu.
Rimwe basa nderaMosesi rokuita kuti mvura iyerere ichibva padombo reHorebhi, iro rinoreva chiito chetsitsi chakadai sokupa mvura kumunhu ane nyota. Mutsvakurudzi Ceán Bermúdez anotsinhira pamusoro peiyi mifananidzo yakanaka yakaitwa naMurillo:
“… uchakwanisa kuona kumashure kweakaoma mitezo ari mudziva kuti ainzwisisa sei chimiro chemuviri wemunhu. Pamusoro peNgirozi nhatu dzinoonekwa kuna Abrahama, uwandu hwevanhu…”
"... kukudzwa kwevatambi, kuratidzwa kwemweya mumifananidzo yeMwanakomana Akarasika ... uchaona mumifananidzo iyi yakanaka kwazvo mitemo yekuumbwa inoitwa..."
"... yemaonero uye optics ... yakaratidza kunaka uye zvido zvemoyo wemunhu..."
Izvo zvakakosha kuti iwe unzwisise nezve akatevedzana emifananidzo yaMurillo ane hukama naMercy akabatana neboka rezvivezwa zveEntombment yaKristu.
Iyo yakagadzirwa naPedro Roldán inomiririra basa guru rerudo rehama dzeCharity rekuviga vakafa rakagara paatari huru.
Mushure meaya mabasa ehunyanzvi, huhama hwaCharity hwakadzima mamwe mapikicha naMurillo naValdés Leal muna 1672, uye vakapedza dingindira rekutanga maererano nekufarira kwemudziviriri mukuru wehama, Miguel de Mañara.
Nezve mapendi maviri akaitwa naMurillo, anokurudzira zviito kune Hama dzeCharity kuti vazviratidze sebasa rehunyanzvi raSaint John waMwari naSaint Elizabeth wekuHungary vachirapa tiñosos, ese ari maviri nhasi ari mutembere yechitendero.
Vanoratidza kushandiswa kwerudo. Kana zvakafanira kurodha vashaya zvekuita pavarume vake sezvakaitwa naJohane Mutsvene waMwari kana kuchenesa maronda asina kucheuka.
Muenzaniso wemusande weHungary uye mumifananidzo yaMurillo kududzirwa kwechokwadi kwemaronda pamuviri wevarwere kwaimiririrwa nehunhu hwakakwana.
Izvo zvaakashoropodzwa nekuziva nzira yekubatanidza iyo yepamusoro neyakasvibiswa apo mufananidzo uyu wakaendeswa kuParis nemauto eFrance muhondo pakati penyika mbiri idzi.
Mifananidzo Yenzvimbo Yechitendero
Kune mamwe mapikicha akaitwa naMurillo ane chekuita nechitendero iconography izvo zvave zvakakosha kutaura mune ino chinyorwa chinonakidza, saka tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze nezve chimwe nechimwe chazvo.
Pamusoro peImmaculate Conception
Mumifananidzo yaMurillo mune anosvika makumi maviri emabasa ehunyanzvi ane chekuita nemusoro wenyaya weImmaculate Conception, huwandu hwakangopfuurwa naJosé Antolínez, ndosaka achizivikanwa semupendi weImmaculate Conception.
Zvinonzi kwekutanga kwemifananidzo iyi yakaitwa naMurillo achitaura nezvechifananidzo ichi chinoreva Great Conception iri muMuseum of Fine Arts muguta reSeville.
Yakapendwa yekurongeka kweFrancisca uye yakaiswa muarch yeimba huru chapel, saka kureba kubva kwainofanira kucherechedzwa kunotsanangurwa uye nekudaro chimiro chakashata chebasa iri. Inofungidzirwa kuti ndeye kubva mugore re1650 nekuda kwemaitiro ebrashi yemuimbi.
Mubasa iri, iye ari kutungamira kutyora ne statism, kupa iyo Immaculate Conception ine simba uye pfungwa yekukwira kuburikidza nekufamba kunoonekwa mucape yeMhandara.Akapfeka jira jena uye jasi rebhuruu maererano. kune zvakaratidzwa zvePutukezi Beatriz de Silva.
Izvo zvakayeukwa naPacheco mumirayiridzo yemifananidzo asi Murillo akaita hutsva chete akasiya mwedzi pasi petsoka dzake uye pamakore ngirozi dzemwana dzinogona kuoneka neruremekedzo kuseri kwenzvimbo ipfupi uye mhute strip.
Imwe yechipiri canvasi yeiyi inomiririra yakaitirwawo kurongeka kweFrancisca, vaive vadziviriri vakuru vechakavanzika, vachigadzira mufananidzo waFray Juan de Quirós mugore ra1652.
Pano mufiri anooneka achifananidzirwa pamberi pemufananidzo weImmaculate Conception uyo wakakomberedzwa nengirozi dzinouya nezviratidzo zvinoreva litanies, saka anomisa kunyora kwake kuti akwanise kutarisa vaoni vebasa.
Agere pamberi petafura panoonekwa mabhuku maviri gobvu aakanyora achikudza Mhandara Maria.Kuwedzera kune izvi, kumashure kwechigaro chemufundisi kwakasimudzwa nemupendero wegoridhe uchigadzira mufananidzo unoratidza kuti mufiri ari pamberi. mufananidzo weImmaculate.
Kuve pendi mukati meimwe pendi iyo yakashongedzwa nekuda kwekushandiswa kwembiru uye festoons yemaruva, Mhandara zvakare yakachinjika maoko pachipfuva chake.
Kutarisa kwake kunosimudzwa kudenga, chifananidzo ichi chiri icho chaachagadzirazve mumizhinji yemifananidzo yaMurillo maererano neshanduro dzeiyi basa rehunyanzvi.
Nezve Immaculate Conception yaakapenda yeChechi yeSanta María la Blanca, inobatanidzwa neEucharist, chinova chinhu chakakosha mudzidziso yeChechi yeKatorike inochengetedza Maria kubva kuchivi.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti usati wakwanisa kupinda muDrawing Academy, vanyori veSevillian vaifanira kuita mhiko yekuvimbika kuSaramende Tsvene uye kuDzidziso yeImmaculate Conception.
Mune inomiririra yeMurillo hunhu hwayo hunocherechedzwa chaizvo mugore ra1660 uko iyo Immaculate Conception yeEl Escorial inoitwa, iyo nhasi iri muPrado Museum, iri imwe yeakanakisa akaitwa nemuvendi.
Kuti agadzire mufananidzo wakanaka uyu, akashandisa muenzaniso wevechiri kuyaruka unoratidza hudiki hwakawanda kupfuura mune dzimwe shanduro uye chimiro chisina kujeka cheMhandara ine cape isingakwanise kuvharwa kubva mumuviri.
Mukuwedzera kune kuwirirana kwemavara ebhuruu uye machena akajairwa pamwe nekushandiswa kwemafure esirivha pazasi pekupenya kudiki kwegoridhe kunotenderedza nharaunda yemufananidzo weImmaculate.
Iwo achange ari maficha achave akajairika mune mamwe mavhezheni emhandara iyi, yekupedzisira yeiyi vhezheni ichive iyo yakanzi Immaculate Conception yeVenerables.
Iyo inozivikanwa nezita rekuti Inmaculada Soult muPrado Museum, iyo yakagadzirwa muna 1678 nemudziviriri Justino de Neve kune imwe yemaatari makuru eChipatara de los Venerables.
Zvinocherechedzwa kuti pendi yacho yakakura nepo Mhandara iri idiki nekuti yakakomberedzwa nenhamba huru yengirozi diki dzinofara dzichibhururuka dzakamukomberedza, ichiva nhanho yekufamba kutsva kwerococo.
Iri basa reunyanzvi naMurillo rakabiwa kubva kuSpain naMarshal Soult, ndokubva ratorwa neLouvre Museum muna 1852 nokuda kwekukosha kwe586.000 mafrancs egoridhe, iri imwe yenhamba dzepamusoro dzakabhadharwa basa reunyanzvi.
Ipapo inodzokera kurudzi rweSpain uye inochengetedzwa muPrado Museum nekuda kwechibvumirano chakasainwa pakati pehurumende mbiri, France neSpain, muna 1940.
Nekuda kweizvi, Mukadzi weElche nemamwe mabasa ehunyanzvi akatsinhaniswa nependi yemufananidzo waMariana wekuAustria wakagadzirwa naVelázquez, waiva wePrado Museum uye waionekwa seyekutanga vhezheni yeiyi pendi.
Mucheche Jesu naJohane Musande
Imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo yaaigaro gadzira inoreva Mhandara ine Mwana ari ega kana mumuviri wakazara, iwo aive madiki muhukuru sezvo aisarudzirwa nzvimbo dzekunamatira ari ega uye nekuremekedza mabasa akachengetedzwa naye. makore 1650 kusvika 1660.
Maitiro echiaroscuro anocherechedzwa uye kunyangwe nekuzvipira kwake anoratidza kufarira runako rwechikadzi muchimiro chemusikirwo chakabatana nenyasha dzakaita sedzemwana nekuda kwesimba remuimbi wekuItaly anonzi Raphael waakasangana naye nekuda kwezvinyorwa.
Uko mhando dzakatetepa dzepwere dzeMhandara dziri pachena mukuwedzera kune kutaura kwakapfava pazviso zvaamai vavo izvo zvinoita kuti kushandiswa kwezvimwe zviratidzo kuve kusingakoshi mukuwedzera kune pesvedzero yeFlemish pendi.
Izvo zvakaonekwa muzvipfeko uye pakati peizvo zvinogona kutaurwa ndeye Mhandara yeRosary neMwana ari muPrado Museum.
Pamusoro peMhandara neMwana wePitti Palace umo kuratidzwa kunyoro kweMhandara kunoonekwa pamwe nekunyemwerera kweMwana kwekutamba uko kwakasiyana siyana kwepingi nebhuruu kunosanganiswa sekufanoravira kwekufamba kutsva kwehunyanzvi. , iyo rococo.
Kufanana nemifananidzo iyi yaMurillo, kufarira kwake mamwe mabasa eunyanzvi anoenderana nekutenderera kwevacheche kwaKristu kwakaonekwa, seFlight into Egypt iri muguta reDetroit kuInstitute of Arts.
Tinogona zvakare kutaura nezveSagrada Familia iri muPrado Museum uye dzimwe shanduro dzayo mbiri muDerbyshire neChatsworth House.
Murillo aifarira zvinhu zvehucheche zvaKristu uye manzwiro eSpanish Baroque pendi anoonekwa mune mamwe mapikicha akaitwa naMurillo, akadai seMwana Jesu akarara pamuchinjikwa kana kukomborera Mubhabhatidzi achiri mwana kana anonziwo San Juanito.
Tinogona kutaura iyo vhezheni inodzivirirwa muPrado Museum, ichionekwa seyakanonoka basa nemuimbi uyu uye kufambidzana kubva 1675, iri imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa, iyo yakadhirowewa neyemvura brushstroke pane sirivheri kumashure kweprofiles yavanowana marara. .
Nezve Nyaya yeMufudzi Akanaka iyo muimbi wedu akanga atodudzira, anoshandisa shanduro yevana yaakagadzira mumabasa matatu eunyanzvi, zvichida yekare kufambidzana kubva mugore ra1660 iri muPrado Museum.
Iyo inomiririra mwana ane gwai rakarasika ane toni yekuora mwoyo uye kuzvipira, akagara kuseri kwemamiriro ekunze ari matongo.
Imwe vhezheni yemifananidzo yaMurillo inoratidza Jesu akamira achitungamira makwai uye inowanikwa muguta reLondon muLane Collection umo nzvimbo yehufundisi inogona kuoneka, kuwedzera kune Chiso cheMwana chinotarisa mudenga, kuwana mukutaura.
Pakupedzisira kune yeSan Juanito negwayana riri muguta reLondon muNational Gallery umo Juan muBaptist anoratidzika achinyemwerera.
Paanenge achimbundira gwayana, hatingatadze kutaura nezveLos Niños de la Concha, iri zvakare muPrado Museum uye inorangarira nezveSan Juanito naNiño Jesús vachitamba zvine chekuita nehumwari uye ibasa remifananidzo rine mukurumbira. .
Misoro inotaura nezvePassion
Mumifananidzo yaMurillo unogona kuona zvimiro zvine chekuita nekupondwa, seKufira kutenda kwaSaint Andrew, iyo inochengetwa muPrado Museum, kunyangwe mifananidzo inoreva kuzvipira senge Passion yaKristu inowanzoitika.
Imwe yemisoro inodzokororwa zvakanyanya mumifananidzo yaMurillo inoreva iyo Ecce Homo iri yega kana kuumba vaviri neDolorosa zvinoenderana nemhando dzakagadzirwa naTitian uye dzinocherechedzwa nekuwanda kwakawanda mumabasa akasiyana ehunyanzvi anowanikwa muPrado Museum.
Uyewo hafu-kureba sezvakawanikwa muHeckscher Museum muNew York kufambidzana pakati pemakore 1660 kusvika 1670. Kunewo mamwe mifananidzo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika dzakadai seTexas muMuseum of Art uyewo muguta Boston paMuseum. yeFine Arts.
Tinogona kutaura nezve Museum of Fine Arts muSeville uye University of Illinois kuUrbana-Champaign iyo isiri evangelical.
Asi inobata nenhau dzinoyera dzinokosha kuChechi yeKaturike nokuda kwokutaura kwayo apo mudzikinuri anorangarirwa kuva asingabetseri chose chose pamwe chete nokukuvadzwa.
Kwaanounganidza mbatya dzakapararira mumba ari muenzaniso wekuzvininipisa pamwe nekupfava. Imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo ine chekuita nenyaya iyi inoreva Kristu weColumn padyo naSaint Peter mukuchema.
Iyo inoreva kukanganwira uye yakaitirwa Canon Justino de Neve Uye zvakare, iyo yakapfuma zvinhu yakashandiswa kutsigira inomira pachena, iyo nhasi inozivikanwa kuva obsidian sheet yakaunzwa kubva kurudzi rweMexico.
Ichi chidimbu chinotaurwa muzvinyorwa zveJustino de Neve midziyo panguva yekufa kwake, kuwedzera kune Munamato mubindu waive wakapendwa pachinhu chimwe chete ichi.
Vakatorwa paauction nachiremba anovhiya Juan Salvador Navarro uye kubva kwaari kuenda kuNicolás Omazur uye nhasi vari muLouvre Museum.
Nezve Rudzi Rwakashata
Panyaya yemifananidzo yaMurillo, kune zvingangoita makumi maviri neshanu zvigadzirwa zveunyanzvi zvine chekuita nerudzi urwu panoonekwa mamwe mabasa ehunyanzvi ane chekuita nemadingindira evana.Unofanira kuziva kuti mazhinji emadingindira aya akaunzwa kuSpain nevashambadzi veFlemish vaigara muSeville.
Pakati pevatengi ava paiva naNicolás de Omazur, uyo aiva muunganidzi anokosha wemabasa nependi aienda kumusika weNordic.Vamwe vacho vanosanganisira Vana Vanotamba Madhaivhi iyo iri muAlte Pinakothek muguta reMunich.
Zvinoonekwa mumifananidzo yaMurillo kuti vatsigiri vake vana vanopemha kana mhuri dzinozvininipisa dzakapfeka mbatya dzinenge dzave mamvemve asi dzinosiyana nemufaro wavari panguva iyo yavakafananidzirwa.
Muenzaniso weizvi ndeweMwana uyo akanyura mukuchenesa muviri wake wenhata uye iri muLouvre Museum iyo, maererano nekubata kwake tekiniki iyi, inofungidzirwa kuti ndeye kubva mugore ra1665 kusvika 1675.
Zvinogona kuonekwa mumifananidzo yaMurillo kuti mweya wemwana unogara wakagadzirira kutamba sei, sezvaunogona kuona mwana ane ganda rake rechingwa uye kuti anovhiringidzwa nembwanana inotamba panguva imwe chete pakati pemakumbo ake apo ambuya vake vachichenesa musoro wake wenda. uye inoreva tsumo yekare:
"...mwana ane hutano uye akanaka ane inda..."
Anoratidza kufara kwemwana mune imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo, yakadai seChild Smiling at the Window, iyo isina zvazvinoreva kunze kwekunyemwerera kwake kwakanaka kana akatarisa kunze nepahwindo kuti awane nyasha dzakadaro asi vaoni vanotadziswa kuziva nyaya yacho. .
Mimwe mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo, yakadai seVana Vaviri Vanodya kubva muPani kana Vana Vanotamba Dice, waiva mutambo usina kutenderwa nevanhu vane hunhu.
Asi chinangwa chayo chaiva chekuratidza mufaro mumutambo uri nyore, sezvinogona kuonekwa mubasa Kukoka kuMutambo weBhora kuFoshoro.
Uko kusava nechokwadi kwomwana kunoratidzwa kuti anofanira kuita chimwe chinhu kana kuti kuramba achitamba nomumwe anoona misikanzwa yake omuti atambe. Tinogona zvakare kutaura rimwe remabasa ake Tres Muchachos kana Dos Golfillos y un Negrito.
Uko kutarisana kwepfungwa kunoonekwa mukutarisana nechiitiko chisingatarisirwi, mukomana mutema akatakura chirongo pamapfudzi ake.
Mutambi wedu anogona kutaura nezve pendi iyi kuna Martin muranda wake mutema wemhangura akazvarwa gore ra1662 ari pedyo nevakomana vaviri vakagadzirira kuve nekeke.
Nomutoo woushamwari anokumbira chidimbu uye mumwe wavo anoratidzika kuva aseka mukumupa icho apo mumwe mukomana achitya anoedza kuchiviga mumaoko ake.
Mumwe muenzaniso weizvi ibasa reunyanzvi rinonzi vakadzi vaviri pahwindo riri muNational Gallery of Art muWashington, iyo ingangove iri yenzvimbo yepfambi uye iyo Nicolás de Omazur angadai akawana mutestamende yekutengesa Justino de Neve. .
About the Portraits
Pane mifananidzo mishoma yakaitwa naMurillo maererano nemhando yemifananidzo, imwe yacho ndeyeCanon Justino de Neve iri muguta reLondon muNational Gallery. Kwaanoratidzwa akagara padhesiki rake uye patsoka dzake ane lapdog ine inoyevedza kumashure iyo inovhura mubindu richiva rakafanana nependi yeSpanish Baroque.
Akaitawo mifananidzo yakareba-yakareba, sezvinopupurirwa nemufananidzo waDon Juan Antonio de Miranda y Ramírez de Vergara, iyo iri chikamu chekuunganidza kweDukes of Alba uye yakatangira muna 1680. Tinogona kutaura nezvemifananidzo yaNicolás de Omazur. avo vaive Ivo vari muPrado Museum pamwe neayo emukadzi wake Isabel de Malcampo uko kuravira kweflamenco kunoratidzwa.
Zvakanaka, anotakura mamwe maruva mumaoko ake iye akatakura dehenya, iro rinomiririra vanitas pendi, inova yeNordic tsika. Akashandisawo fomu iri kugadzira zvidhori zvake zviviri mune chimwe chazvo chaanoita sepwere uye ari padombo remabhura sekunge aizorodza.
Nekuremekedza kune imwe iyo yaakapenda pakukumbira kwevana vake, iri muovhari furemu uye inotamba nekunyepedzera kuona sezvo rimwe remaoko ake rinobuda mubasa uye rinoperekedzwa nezviridzwa zvake zvekudhirowa.
Imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo yakasarudzika uye inokatyamadza mufananidzo waDon Antonio Hurtado de Salcedo, anozivikanwa seMufananidzo weMuvhimi uye misi kubva 1664 uye chikamu chemuunganidzwa wega.
Mufananidzo wakakura uye Marquis weLegarda ndiye protagonist webasa iri, uyo ari pakakwirira pakuvhima kwake, akarurama uye akatarisa mberi nepfuti yakazorora pasi.Anoperekedzwa mumufananidzo nemuranda nembwa nhatu. .
Pakupedzisira Paintings yaMurillo nerufu rwake
Mushure mekuita nhevedzano yaakaitira Chipatara de la Caridad, iyo yakabviswa zvakanyanya, Murillo haana kugamuchira makomisheni ehukuru ihwohwo mugore ra1678.
Mwaka wenzara wakaratidzwa murudzi rweSpain uye mugore ra1680 kudengenyeka kwenyika kwakakonzera kukuvadza kutsva.
Naizvozvo, zviwanikwa zvehupfumi zvechechi zvakaiswa murudo, ndokusaka vaisagona kushongedza tembere, kunyangwe izvi zvakaitika kune muimbi wedu, haana kushaya makomisheni kubva kune vamwe vatengesi, saJustino de Neve, pamwe nevatengesi vekunze. aigara muguta reSeville.
Iyo yaikumbira mabasa echitendero ehunyanzvi kune yavo yakavanzika oratorios pamwe nekupenda naMurillo kune mamwe marudzi. NezveNicolás de Omazur, akasvika muguta reSeville muna 1656 uye mumakore gumi nemana chete akapa basa rekuita makumi matatu nerimwe nenyanzvi yedu.
Pakati payo pane Muchato kuKana uri paBarber Institute muBirmingham. Tinogona zvakare kutaura mumwe mutengi wekubva kuGenoese, Giovanni Bielato, akagara muguta reCádiz muna 1662.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti mutengesi uyu akafa muna 1681 uye akagara nhaka kubva kuCapuchin convent mutaundi rekumusha kwake mifananidzo minomwe yakaitwa naMurillo kubva kumakore akasiyana-siyana aaiva nayo, ayo parizvino ari mumamyuziyamu akasiyana siyana.
Nezve iyi mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo tinogona kutaura Saint Thomas weVillanueva Giving Alms inowanikwa muguta reLondon muThe Wallace Collection mugore ra1670.
Zvinonzi rufu rwaMurillo rwakakonzerwa nekudonha kubva pachikafu paakanga achipenda mufananidzo muhombe une musoro unoti Los Desposorios de Santa Catalina.
Kudonha uku kwakaburitsa hernia mumuimbi iyo isina kuongororwa uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi akafa nguva pfupi gare gare, sezvo asina kubva muguta reSeville zvakare kubva pakupera kwa1681 uye muna Kubvumbi 03, 1682 akafa.
Mazuva mashomanene pamberi pezvi, zvikurukuru pana March 28, 1682, akanga ave ari mune kumwe kwokugoverwa kwechingwa kwakarongwa neBrotherhood of Charity iyo akanga ari rutivi rwayo. Kuti uwane ruzivo, akagara nhaka pfuma yake kubva kumwanakomana wake Gaspar Esteban Murillo, aive mufundisi, pamwe naJustino de Neve naPedro Núñez de Villavicencio.
Testamende iyi yakanyorwa zuva rekufa kwake.Mugwaro iri, akatsanangura kuti aive nechikwereti kuna Nicolás de Omazur nekuti akange amupa machira maviri madiki aikosha makumi matanhatu emapeso uye aive aine chikwereti chake chemakumi mana emapeso kubva pazana raaive naro. akamupa.
Makanivhasi maviri akange asati apera, imwe yeSanta Catalina, iyo yakapihwa basa naDiego del Campo kukosha kwemakumi matatu nembiri pesos. Pamusoro peimwe hafu-yakareba pendi yeMukadzi Wedu yemuruki uye handina kurangarira zita remurume.
Zvakare asipo yaive canvas hombe yeMystic Weddings yaSaint Catherine yeatari huru yeCapuchins yeCadiz, iyo yaakangoita dhirowa pacanvas ndokuisa ruvara kune matatu manhamba.
Mufananidzo uyu wakapedzwa nemumwe wevadzidzi vake ainzi Francisco Meneses Osorio uyo aitarisira kugadzira mimwe mifananidzo yetemberi iyi yechitendero muguta reCádiz, iyo nhasi yakachengetedzwa muMuseum yeCádiz.
Vadzidzi uye vateveri veMurillo
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti mifananidzo yaMurillo inotaura nezvemadingindira echitendero yakakura mukuzivikanwa pakupera kwemakumi emakore ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX muguta reSeville pamwe nezana ramakore rakatevera.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti hapana wevadzidzi vake akakwanisa kudzidza hunyanzvi hwaMurillo hwekudhirowa kwakajeka uye kwakasununguka, ndoda kupenya uye kujeka kweruvara, hwaive hunhu hukuru hwemuimbi uyu.
Mumwe wevadzidzi vanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiFrancisco Meneses Osorio, uyo aitarisira kupedza basa rakatanga naMurillo mushure mekudonha kwake muCapuchin altarpiece muguta reCádiz.
Tinogona zvakare kutaura Cornelio Schut uyo akasvika muguta reSeville uye mamwe machira akafanana chaizvo nemifananidzo yaMurillo anozivikanwa, asi maererano nemafuta ake ekupenda ivo vaive vakangwara.
Mumwe wevadzidzi vake neshamwari aive Pedro Núñez de Villavicencio uye aive weOrder yeMalta, achibvumira kuonana nekupenda kwemumwe muimbi Mattia Preti anoratidza kunamira kwakawandisa mumabasa ake maererano nemabhurashi ake. Paive nevadzidzi vakati wandei vemifananidzo yaMurillo, yatinogona kutaura ndeiyi:
- Jerome weBobadilla
- Juan Simon Gutierrez
- Esteban Marquez de Velasco
- Sebastian Gomez
- Juan de Pareja
Izvo zvakakosha kuratidza muzana ramakore regumi nemasere vapendi Alonso Miguel de Tovar naBernardo Lorente Germán avo vaitungamira kupenda Vafudzi Vamwari nekuda kwesimba raMurillo, mumwe muimbi ane basa guru rezana rino aive Domingo Martínez akashanda mudare. kubva mugore 1729 kusvika 1733.
Kuve nguva yekubwinya kwemuimbi Murillo nekuda kwekukosha kukuru kwaakapiwa naMambokadzi Isabel de Farnese, uyo aitarisira kutenga mifananidzo yose yaMurillo yaive muguta iri reSeville. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mifananidzo iyi nhasi ndiyo inochengetwa muPrado Museum.
Kuongorora kwakakosha kwemuimbi uyu
Nhamba huru yemifananidzo yaMurillo inogona kuonekwa muFlemish kuunganidzwa uye mumatunhu eGermany ane hukama nemhando dzemhando, muenzaniso weiyi Vana Vanodya Mazambiringa neMelon, yanga iri muguta reAntwerp kubvira 1658.
Nezve imwe yemifananidzo yaMurillo, Vana vari kutamba dhayi vanomira pachena, izvo zvakanyorwa mugore ra1698 muguta reAntwerp, sezvo ese machira akatengwa naMaximilian II.
Mimwe mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo inowanikwa murudzi rweItari iyo yakapihwa nemushambadzi Giovanni Bielato kukereke yeCapuchin uye kubva kwaakawira Murillo kubva paatari huru.
Kana iri nyika yeEngland, mifananidzo yaMurillo yakatorwa naLord Godolphin muna 1693, vakatenga mufananidzo wainzi Vana veMorella nemari yakawanda, iyo nhasi inozivikanwa seVakomana Vatatu.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti kukurumidza kwemifananidzo yaMurillo yaive yekutenda kune yekutanga biography yakatsaurirwa kune uyu ane mbiri paindi muna 1683, iyo yaiverengerwa muAcademia nobilissima artis victoriae, uye nemunyori wenyaya Joachim von Sandrart, aingotaura nezve Velázquez. .
Saka muimbi wedu Murillo ndiye ega Spaniard ane biography yake pamwe nekuratidzwa neake mufananidzo. Saizvozvowo, France yakagamuchirawo mifananidzo naMurillo.
Sezvo ari mabasa maviri aive midziyo yeCountess yeVerrue mukuwedzera kune mana echitendero mapendi akawanikwa naLouis XVI kuti aiswe muLouvre, nekudaro kukurumbira kukuru kwemupendi uyu munyika dzeFrance.
Kana zviri zvezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mifananidzo mizhinji yaMurillo yakabva kuFrance kuti iiswe muNapoleon Museum.Pakarepo, Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult akaba mabasa akawanda eunyanzvi nenyanzvi yedu muSeville.
Pane iyo yaakachengeta gumi nemana mifananidzo yaMurillo yekuunganidza yake yega, iyo isina kudzokera kuguta reSpain uye muokisheni yaakabata muguta reParis muna 1852.
Mari inoshamisa ye586.000 mafrancs egoridhe yakabhadharwa Soult's Immaculate, iri mutengo wakanyanya kubhadharwa kusvika panguva iyoyo webasa reunyanzvi.
Mimwe mifananidzo yakaitwa naMurillo yakatengeswa muFrance neLondon, ichive yakaunganidzwa yemubhangi Alejandro María Aguado naLuis Felipe I, iyo yakakosheswa zvakanyanya mushure mekuratidzira kwakaitwa muna 1848.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: