Ziva mamwe maficha ekupenda kwemazuva ano

Innovation ndiyo inonyanya kutaura yezvaive nguva yemazuva ano. Iri pacharo, sangano iri rakaunza chimwe chezvipo zvikuru kune unyanzvi hwezana remakore rechiXNUMX. Uye ndosaka isu tafunga kukuzivisa iwe izvo zvakakosha zvekufamba uku pane art, kunyanya pa modernist paint uye nezvimwe

KUPENDWA MAZUVA ANO

Modernism uye modernist pendi

Art yemazuva ano izwi rinoshandiswa kutsanangura nhambo yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi inotangira kumakore ekuma 1860 kusvika kuma 1970. Izwi iri rinoreva manyorerwo nehuzivi hwehunyanzvi hwakagadzirwa panguva iyoyo. Midzi yaro iri mubasa rekupera kwezana ramakore reXNUMXth maartist akadai saVan Gogh, Cezanne, naGauguin, avo kudzidziswa kwavo uye mabasa ekutanga aive akavakirwa pachinyakare pendi maitiro.

Nekudaro, mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX maartist mazhinji akatanga kutama kubva kurondedzero yechokwadi mumusoro wenyaya uye manyorerwo, achienda kune imwe nzira isinganzwisisike yekupenda iyo yaitarisana nemafungiro avo matsva erunako, izvi zvaizozivikanwa sekupenda kwemazuva ano. Saka izwi rekuti "wemazuvano kana mazuvano" rinosanganiswa neunyanzvi, zvichibvisa kutaura kwehunyanzvi kubva pakupenda kwechinyakare.

Vanyori vemazuva ano vakatamba nenzira dzisina kuongororwa dzekuona zvidzidzo zvavo uye nzira itsva dzekushandisa zvinhu zvechinyakare zvekupenda. Ivava vakapikisa pfungwa yokuti unyanzvi hunofanira kumiririra nyika sezvazviri, kuedza nekushandiswa kunonyatsooneka kweruvara, unyanzvi hutsva uye zvinhu zvisiri zvechinyakare izvo zvino zvinoonekwa sechiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwemazuva ano nekupenda.

Kutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX kwakatowedzera kuedza. The Fauve artists (Fauvism), vakatanga kupenda nzvimbo “dzemusango” dzinoratidza uye macubist artists akatanga kugadzira zvidzidzo kuita zvimiro zvakasimba, zvichiita kuti zvive zvisinganzwisisiki.

Aya mafambiro eunyanzvi neaya akavatevera kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akanga akavakirwa panzira itsva dzokufunga pamusoro pazvo, kuona nekuongorora unyanzvi, zvichiita kuti pave netsanangudzo chaiyo yezvinoitwa nounyanzvi hwazvino. Apo unyanzvi hwemazuva ano ishoko rinoshandiswa kutsanangura kufamba kwehunyanzvi uye nguva yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, chimanjemanje ndiro zita resangano rehuzivi rakabuda panguva imwe chete.

KUPENDWA MAZUVA ANO

Shanduko yeIndasitiri, kukurumidza kukura kwenzvimbo dzemumaguta, uye nzira itsva dzekufambisa zvakabatsira mukusimudzirwa kwehuzivi hwemazuva ano iyo yairamba maitiro echinyakare ekufunga, hunyanzvi, chitendero, uye hunhu hwemagariro. Chimiro chemazuva ano uye hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano zvakabatana uye zvakagara pamwe chete: dzidziso dzemazuva ano dzinodyisa kufunga kwevanyori, uye hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hunosimudzira uzivi mukuita chaiko.

Hunhu hwemazuva ano mune zvehunyanzvi

Kunyangwe pasina hunhu humwechete hunotsanangura "unyanzvi hwemazuvano", hwakamira kune akati wandei akakosha maitiro, akadai seanotevera:

Mhando itsva dzeunyanzvi

Vaimbi vemazuva ano ndivo vaive vekutanga kugadzira hunyanzvi hweCollage, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuungana, dzakasiyana siyana dzekinetic art (kusanganisira nharembozha), marudzi akasiyana ekutora mifananidzo, animation (kudhirowa pamwe nekutora mifananidzo), hunyanzvi hwepasi kana embankments, uye hunyanzvi hwekuita.

Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva

Vapendi vemazuva ano vakadyara zvinhu zvakaita semicheka yemapepanhau nezvimwe zvinhu pamachira avo. Vavezi vakashandisa zvinhu zvakawanikwa, se "readymades" yaMarcel Duchamp, kubva kwavakagadzira mabasa ehujunk art. Magungano akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakajairika zvezuva nezuva, senge: mota, wachi, masutukesi, mabhokisi emapuranga nezvimwe zvinhu.

kuratidza kushandiswa kweruvara

Iwo emazuva ano ehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano seFauvism, pendi yeruvara rwemavara uye expressionism yaive yekutanga kuburitsa ruvara nenzira yakakosha.

KUPENDWA MAZUVA ANO

Maitiro matsva

Chromolithography yakagadzirwa neaposter muimbi Jules Cheret, otomatiki kudhirowa kwakatsanangurwa nema surrealist maartist, nenzira imwechete seFrottage uye Decalcomania. Iwo ma gesture painters akafunga nezve chiitiko chekupenda. Zvichakadaro, pop artists vakaunza "Benday dots" uye kudhinda kwekrini muunyanzvi hwakanaka. Mamwe mafambiro uye zvikoro zvehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano zvakaunzawo hunyanzvi hutsva mukuita nekukwenenzvera kwekupenda.

Modernist art movements

Kutanga kwekupenda kwemazuva ano hakugone kudziviswa, asi kune chibvumirano chakazara kuti chakatanga muzana remakore rechiXNUMX muFrance. Mifananidzo yaGustave Courbet, Edouard Manet uye maImpressionists anomiririra kurambwa kwakadzama kwenhaka yedzidzo iripo uye kutsvaga kumwe kumiririra kwechisikigo kwepasi rinoona.

Vatsivi vanogona kuonekwa sevazvino uno mukuramba kwavo tsika dzechinyakare uye madingindira uye mukutaura kwavo kwechiono chakajeka chemunhu.  Kutanga muma1890s, nhevedzano yemafambiro uye masitayera akasiyana, ayo ari musimboti weunyanzvi hwemazuva ano uye anomiririra imwe yenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeWestern visual tsika. Aya mafambiro emazuva ano anosanganisira:

  • neo-impressionism
  • Symbolism
  • Fauvism
  • Cubism
  • Futurism
  • Kujekesa
  • Suprematism
  • constructivism
  • metaphysical pendi
  • Stijl
  • hobbyhorse
  • Surrealism
  • social realism
  • Abstract expressionism
  • Sravana Sameeralu Serial XNUMXth Pop Art
  • op art
  • Minimalism
  • neo-expressionism

Zvisinei nekusiyana kwakakura kunoonekwa mumafambiro aya, mazhinji acho ndeemazuva ano mukuferefeta kwavo zvinogoneka zvirimo mumifananidzo pachayo kuratidza mhinduro yechitendero kumamiriro akasiyana ehupenyu muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye mberi.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anosanganisira kukurumidza shanduko yetekinoroji, kukura kwezivo yesainzi nekunzwisisa, kuoneka kusakosha kwemamwe masosi ezvitendwa nehunhu, uye kuwedzera kuziva kwetsika dzisiri dzeMadokero.

Nguva uye mhindumupindu

Kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwazvino mukumiririra kwayo (kupendiwa kwemazuva ano uye nezvimwe), kwakaunzwa uye kushanduka munyika kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana uye zvikonzero, izvo zvichatsanangurwa maererano nekufamba kwenguva pazasi:

1870-1900

Kunyange zvazvo chikamu chetatu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechiXNUMX chakange chichitungamirirwa neImpressionist style yekupenda, pakanga pane maitiro akawanda ekupayona emazuva ano unyanzvi uye kupenda kwemazuva ano, imwe neimwe iine nzira yayo. Izvi zvaisanganisira:

  • Impressionism (kururama mukutora mhedzisiro yezuva).
  • Realism (zviri mukati - theme).
  • Academic art (mifananidzo chaiyo ye classical style).
  • Romanticism (chimiro chepfungwa).
  • Symbolism (enigmatic iconography).
  • Lithographic poster art (bold motifs uye mavara).

Makumi gumi ekupedzisira enguva ino akaona nhevedzano yekumukirana kuzvikoro nemasalon avo muchimiro cheSecession movement, ukuwo kupera kwema1890s kwakaona kudzikira kwehunyanzvi hwakavakirwa pahunhu, senge impressionism, izvo zvaizokurumidza kutungamira mukukwira mune zvakawanda. yakakomba meseji-yakavakirwa art.

1900-14

Munenge mune zvese, iyi yaive nguva yakanakisa yehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, apo zvese zvaive zvichiri kugona uye apo "gadget" yaive ichiri kuratidzwa semubatsiri wemunhu. Paris maartist akagadzira akati wandei masitayera, anosanganisira: Fauvism, Cubism, uye Orphism. Nepo maGerman maartist akatanga yavo yemazuva ano expressionist chikoro chekupenda.

Ese aya mafambiro anofambira mberi akaramba maitiro echinyakare kune art uye vakatsvaga kudzivirira yavo chaiyo ajenda yemazuva ano. Saka, cubism yaida kukoshesa hunhu hwekupenda, nepo futurism yaifarira kusimbisa mikana yemuchina, uye kutaura kwaidzivirira maonero emunhu.

KUPENDWA MAZUVA ANO

1914-24

Kuuraya uye kuparadzwa kweHondo Huru zvakachinja zvinhu zvachose. Muna 1916, sangano reDada rakatangwa, rizere nechishuwo chekuda kukanganisa hurongwa hwaive hwaunza Verdun neSomme. Kamwe kamwe, unyanzvi hwokumiririra hwakaratidzika kuva hunonyadzisa. Hapana mufananidzo waigona kukwikwidzana nemifananidzo yevakafa muhondo. Vanyori vakanga vatowedzera kutendeukira kune unyanzvi husina chinangwa senzira yekutaura. Abstract art mafambiro enguva iyoyo aisanganisira:

  • Cubism (1908-40)
  • Vorticism (1914-15)
  • Suprematism (1913-18)
  • Constructivism (1914-32)
  • Stijl (1917-31)
  • Neoplasticism (1918-26)
  • Elementarism (1924-31)
  • Bauhaus (1919-33)
  • Iyo yakazotevera St Ives Chikoro

Kunyangwe mashoma ekufananidzira mafambiro aive akajeka avant-garde, sezvakaratidzwa mune metaphysical pendi (1914-20). 

1924-40

Makore orugare pakati pehondo akaramba achiratidzirwa nezvinetso zvematongerwe enyika nezvoupfumi. Abstract modernist pendi uye chivezwa zvakaramba zvakatanhamara, seunyanzvi hwakasiyana kune chokwadi hwakaramba huri kunze kwefashoni.

Kunyangwe bapiro rechokwadi rebato re surrealist, iro rakakura kufamba kwenguva, harigone kubata zvinopfuura chimiro chechokwadi chekufungidzira. Zvichakadaro, chimwe chokwadi chakashata chaive chiri kubuda mukondinendi, muchimiro cheNazi art uye Soviet agit-prop. Chete Art Deco, inoyevedza dhizaini yakanangana nekuvaka uye kushandisa art, yakaratidza chero kuvimba mune ramangwana.

1940-60

Nyika yehunyanzvi yakashandurwa nenjodzi yeHondo Yenyika II. Kutanga, nzvimbo yaro yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi yakatama kubva kuParis kuenda kuNew York, kwayakaramba iripo kubvira ipapo. Inenge mitengo yese yeramangwana rekodhi yenyika yaizowanikwa mumakamuri ekutengesa eChristie's neSotheby's muNew York. Zvichakadaro, chiitiko chisinga taurike cheAuschwitz chakange chadzikisira kukosha kwezvese realist art kunze kweHolocaust art yeavo vakabatwa.

KUPENDWA MAZUVA ANO

Nekuda kwezvose izvi, iro rinotevera guru renyika dzakawanda, abstract expressionism, rakagadzirwa neAmerican artists veNew York School. Chokwadi, kwemakore 20 anotevera, kutorwa kuchatonga, sezvo mafambiro matsva anobuda. Izvi zvaisanganisira:

  • Informal art.
  • Action pendi.
  • Gesturalism.
  • Kusvuta
  • Painting field field.
  • lyrical abstraction.
  • Hard Edge Paint
  • COBRA, boka rinosiyaniswa nemifananidzo yevana varo uye mitsetse yaro inoburitsa.

Mukati memakore ekuma1950, mamwe marudzi akashinga ezvitaera akamera, akadai se: kinetic art, Nouveau Realism uye Neo-Dada, zvese zvakaratidza kusagadzikana kunofambira mberi neindasitiri yakamanikana yehunyanzvi.

1960

Kuputika kwemimhanzi yakakurumbira uye terevhizheni kwakaratidzwa muboka rePop-Art, rine mifananidzo yevakakurumbira vekuHollywood uye yakakurumbira tsika iconography yakapemberera kubudirira kwehuwandu hwekutengesa muUnited States. Yakavawo nekunzwa kutsva, kwechimanjemanje, kwakabatsira kubvisa kumwe kusviba kwekutanga kwema60 kwakabatana nedambudziko reCuba ra 1962. Iro muEurope rakanga rakuchidzira budiriro yebato reFluxus rinotungamirwa na:

  • George Maciunas
  • Joseph beuys
  • Nam June Paik
  • Wolf Vostell

Kudzika-kusvika-pasi pop art yaivewo inogamuchirwa yekupikisa kune iyo yakawanda erudite abstract expressionism, iyo yakanga yatotanga kupera. Asi ma1960s zvakare akaona kusimukira kwerimwe sangano repamusoro-soro rinozivikanwa seMinimalism, chimiro chemazuva ano chekupenda uye chivezwa chakacheneswa kubva kune ese ekunze mareferenzi kana majeti, kusiyana nemutauro wepamoyo weabstract expressionism.

Modernism mune graphic art

Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, maartist aive ave kuneta nemaitiro echinyakare uye ekuchengetedza maitiro. MuVienna, boka revanyori rinotungamirwa naGustav Klimt vakazvidaidza kuti Vienna Secession uye vakazvibvisa kubva kumasangano ehunyanzvi eguta guru reAustria panguva iyoyo.

Boka rakaongorora matunhu asina kuverengerwa muchimiro, maumbirwo, uye matauriro, zvichimutsa zviedzo zvakafanana kune dzimwe nyika dziri pedyo dzakaita seFrance neGermany. Yakapfuma yemazuva ano pendi sitiroko uye realism inoshandurudzwa kuita mavara akati sandara uye stylistic typography, matauriro anogona kuvhura nzira yemifananidzo yemifananidzo.

Pakasvika nguva iyo Hondo Yenyika I yakatanga, dhizaini yakadhirowewa yakanga yava kutoshandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokutengeserana, zvekambani, uye zvokuyevedza. Basa rake idzva raizova rezvematongerwe enyika, raishandiswa mumapepa uye propaganda munguva yehondo.

Kufambira mberi mukudhindwa kwemavara akawanda kwakagonesa kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwemameseji kuunganidza mari, kukurudzira kunyoresa, uye kukurudzira hunhu. Mhirizhonga nematambudziko akatarisana nawo muhondo dzese dzepasi rose zvakazokurudzira yekutanga wave yechokwadi yemazuva ano mukati meiyo graphic dhizaini.

MuEurope neAmerica, vagadziri vemifananidzo vakakwevera kurudziro kubva mukufamba kwakakura kwehunyanzvi seCubism, Futurism, De Stijl, uye Surrealism. MuGermany, sangano reBauhaus rakavawo nemigumisiro inokosha pakugadzirwa kwemifananidzo. Iine mitsetse yayo yakashinga, mavara ekutanga, uye inovhiringa nzvimbo chena, yaishamisa muiyo 2-D fomati sezvairi mukuvaka kana chivezwa.

Pakupedzisira, dhizaini yemazuva ano yakatsanangurwa neabstract expression, bold type, uye ekutanga mavara uye maumbirwo. Vagadziri ava vakasvikira basa zvine mutsindo, vachisimbisa zvine musoro pamusoro pezvinotaridza (uye vachisimbisa kutenda kwechinyakare kwemazuva ano kuti chimiro chinotevera basa).

Apo vaNazi pavakatanga kutonga muma1930, kuedza kwemazuva ano muzviito zvose zvakashorwa, uye vazhinji maartist, vagadziri vezvivakwa, uye vagadziri vakatamira kuUnited States. Kunyangwe dhizaini yemazuva ano yakavhiringwa mukukura kwayo, inoramba iri imwe yemafambiro anonyanya kukanganisa munhoroondo yegraphic dhizaini.

Art Nouveau jewelry, glassware, ceramics, fenicha uye simbi yakagadzirwa

Vashori vezvishongo zvemazuva ano vekuUnited States vaidzidzira basa ravo kubva kuma1930 kusvika kuma1960 vainyanya kusimba mukuramba zvitayera zvakanga zvambouya. Zvishongo zveVictorian zvakarambwa sekushongedza zvakanyanya, zvidimbu zveArt Nouveau zvakaonekwa sezvinodiwa zvakanyanya, uye Art Deco aesthetics yakaonekwa seyakaomarara. Ava vacheri vamabwe anokosha vakarangarira kuti vakanga vane zvakawanda zvakafanana navapendi vazvino uno, vavezi, uye vamwe vanyori venguva yacho.

Chinangwa chake chikuru chaive chekugadzira mabasa ehunyanzvi aishandiswa nevanhu. Mumwe wevatambi vekutanga nevarapi vechimiro aive Sam Kramer, uyo, sevamwe venguva yake, akararama, akashanda, uye akatengesa zvaakasika muNew York City's Greenwich Village. Kramer akashanda zvakanyanya musirivheri, asi aivewo nehunyanzvi pakugadzira mhete dzemhangura, mhete, uye mapini uye akawana zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira mazino eelk, mabhatani, fossils, uye mari yekare.

Pane dzimwe nguva, Kramer akashandisa matombo anokosha semi-anokosha semagarnet kana opal muzvikamu zvake zvesurreal, geometric, kana biomorphic. Mumwe mutungamiriri asiri wepamutemo wesangano remazuva ano rezvishongo aive muvakidzani waKramer Art Smith. Zvishongo zvake zvakabva kumaringi egotsi esirivheri kusvika kune zvimedu zvebiomorphic izvo zvakavakirwa paAfrican motifs.

Nepo Smith aigadzira zvidimbu zvidiki senge cufflinks nemhete, mazhinji emabasa ake epamusoro aive akakura zvekuvharisa muviri, sekunge chimiro chemunhu chaingova cheshure chezvisikwa zvake.

Mabhandi ake emhangura emuvintage, kunyanya "jazz" handcuffs ine manotsi emimhanzi akaiswa kune yavo yekunze, inounganidzwa zvakanyanya. Maboomerang, mitsetse yakatwasuka inopindirana macurves, uye maumbirwo ezera reatomu anomiririra basa raEd Wiener.

Dzimwe nguva mhete mbiri dzesirivheri dzaiita semagirazi emaawa akamonyoroka dzaishongedzwa neparera rimwe chete. Dzimwe nguva, agate yeziso rekatsi yaiiswa pakati pechidimbu, sokunge inopa zvinhu zvayo zvisina upenyu kutaridzika kwechiso chemunhu.

Mumwe mugari weGreenwich ane zvishongo zvemazuva ano zvinoremekedzwa zvakanyanya aive Paul Lobel, akagadzira mapini esirivha anoyevedza nezvishongo, pamwe negirazi resirivha, fenicha uye dinnerware. Kunze kweNew York kwaiva naBetty Cooke, achishanda muBauhaus mode muBaltimore.

Zvishongo zvake zvakaitwa nemaumbirwo ejometri uye airatidzwa nekunzwa kwakasimba kwekurongeka, kwaaizovhiringidza nemaune nekuiswa kwakapinza kwemaparera, matombo maduku ematanda, kana kunyange matombo asina kupera akadai sequartz.

Mumwe Bauhaus acolyte aiva Margaret De Patta, ane basa rairatidza simba guru raBauhaus tenzi László Moholy-Nagy, waakadzidza naye. Zvichakadaro, muSan Francisco, Peter Macchiarini akatarisa kumasiki eAfrica uye Cubism kuti akurudzirwe. Mhangura, mhangura, uye sirivha zvakanga zviri zvinhu zvakajairika, pamwe chete nemaopari, agate, uye matanda.

MuScandinavia mukati memakore ekuma1940 nema1950, bato rakafanana rakanga richiitika. Henning Koppel naNanna Ditzel vaive vagadziri vaviri vane mukurumbira vaGeorg Jensen, ane sirivheri teardrop uye necklace yeamoeba yakabatanidza kukwana kweDanish yekugadzira goridhe nekufarira kwechisikigo, kunyangwe mafomu echinyakare.

Gare gare, muna XNUMXs Finland, Bjorn Weckstrom akaroora sirivha yakasimba uye zvidimbu zveacrylic akakwenenzverwa kugadzira mhete, zvishongo, uye pendants izvo zvese zviri zera remuchadenga uye organic. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaongororwa nevemazuva ano maartist aive kugadzirwa kweceramics, fenicha, glassware, uye metallurgy. Pakati pevanyori vane mukurumbira, zvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa:

  • Louis Comfort Tiffany (mugadziri)
  • Émile Gallé (ceramist uye mugadziri wegirazi)
  • Antonin Daum (glazier)
  • Lluís Masriera (jeweller)
  • Carlo Bugatti (mugadziri wefenicha)
  • Louis Majorelle (mugadziri wefenicha)
  • Gustave Serrurier-Bovy (mugadziri wefenicha)
  • Jacques Grüber (mugadziri uye mupendi)
  • Jules Brunfaut (mugadziri uye mugadziri)
  • Auguste Delaherche (ceramist)
  • Georges de Feure (pendi uye mugadziri)

modernist paint

Nguva yemazuva ano yenhoroondo yeunyanzvi yaive muoni mukuru wekuputsika kwezvipimo zvechinyakare, zvese maererano nechimiro (kutaridzika kwehunyanzvi) uye zvirimo (iyo nyaya). Izvi zvakaitika mumapazi ese ehunyanzvi, nekupenda pamberi. Chokwadi, vapendi vakatungamira hunyanzvi hwekuita muEurope kubva pakupera kwekare.

Iyo yakakurumbira hunyanzvi muchimiro yaive kusimuka kwezvitaera zvakamonyaniswa zvekupenda, zvichiguma nekuzvarwa kweabstract art. Panyaya yezvirimo, kupendiwa kwemazuva ano kunowanzoratidza zviitiko zvemazuva ese, zvichipesana nezvidzidzo zvekare "pamusoro" (bhaibheri, ngano, nhoroondo).

Kuberekwa kwekupenda kwemazuva ano kunowanzo kurondwa kune chokwadi, sangano reFrance rairatidza zviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva nenzira yepanyama. Kunyangwe zviono zvechokwadi zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvichikwanisa kurondwa kumashure kuRenaissance Low Country kupendwa, sangano reMazuvano Realism rakatora maitiro matsva nekutarisa pazvinhu zvakaoma zvinosanganisira: urombo, kushaya pekugara uye mamiriro ekushanda.

Bato iri raitungamirwa naGustave Courbet, ane mabasa anonyanyozivikanwa anoti "The Stone Breakers" uye "Entierro de Ornans". Kunyange zvazvo kukanganisa, kwete kwechokwadi, kwaizova muitiro mukuru mukupenda kwemazuva ano, unyanzvi hwechokwadi huri kuramba huchibudirira kusvika nhasi. Huzhinji hwehunyanzvi uhu, senge yekutanga French movement, inoziva magariro.

Chikamu chikuru chinotevera chekupenda kwemazuva ano chaive Impressionism, inokurumidza, sketchy style inotora maonero akazara echiitiko (kusiyana nemashoko chaiwo). Kunyanya, Impressionism inoedza kutora mhedzisiro yechiedza kwechinguvana, kunyanya kuburikidza neadhuze mabhurashi emavara anopenya, akasiyana (ayo anowedzera kupenya kwemavara ese ari maviri, nekudaro achiburitsa inobwinya).

The Impressionists ndiro boka rekutanga revanyanzvi kupenda kunyanya panzvimbo, pane kudhirowa panzvimbo uye kupenda mu studio. Midzi yeImpressionism iri mumabasa aÉdouard Manet, uyo akapenda nemaitiro echokwadi chaiwo. Zvisinei, Manet yakakonzera kukakavara nekungonamatira zvakasununguka kune maonero, kupa mamiriro ezvinhu nenzira yakapfava yehurongwa, uye kudzikamisa nzvimbo dzezvinhu munzvimbo dzeruvara rwakasimba (pane kuenzanisira zvinhu zvine shading yakatsetseka).

Aya maitiro akatanga kuoneka zvakajeka muLuncheon paGrass, Manet anonyanya kuzivikanwa pendi yekutanga. Ivo vanonyanya kutaurwa mumabasa ake akazotevera, anosanganisira: "A Bar at the Folies-Bergére", anowanzoonekwa sehunyanzvi hwake. Kuwedzerwa kwemaitiro eManet kwakatungamira kuImpressionism, seyakapinza ruzivo uye yechokwadi modhi yakasiiwa nekuda kwekukurumidza mabhurashi uye kuparara kweruvara rwakasimba.

Akanyanya mukurumbira Impressionist aive Claude Monet, ainyanya kushanda pamamiriro ekunze nemakungwa. Mabasa ake ekutanga anosanganisira mapendi akawanda emugungwa akatenderedza guta rake reLe Havre, kusanganisira "Impression, Sun Rising." Apo basa iri rakashoropodzwa se "kungofungidzira", zita rechimiro rakachengetedzwa.

Dzimwe nguva Monet yaidzokera kuchidzidzo kakawanda, panguva dzakasiyana kana mwaka, kutora huwandu hwakazara hwemamiriro emwenje. Iyi nzira yakaguma neiyo yakakurumbira Mvura Lily Series, iyo inoratidzira marapirwo mazhinji emvura yehapa dziva kunze kwemba iyo Monet yakasiya basa.

Impressionism inosanganisira akawanda mazita anozivikanwa mukupenda. Pamwe chete neMonet, Impressionist landscape pendi yakatungamirwa naSisley naPissarro. Vanyori vemifananidzo vane mukurumbira veImpressionist style vaiva:

  • Renoir
  • Morisot
  • Yegasi.

The Impressionists, avo vakadzima zvishoma uye vakarerutsa chokwadi, vakateverwa neboka revanyori vakatora kukanganisa zvakanyanya: vePost-Impressionists, vakawana kuti kurova kwemanzwiro matsva kwaigona kuitika kana maumbirwo uye mavara echokwadi akashandurwa zvakanyanya kushamisa.

Vamwe vePost-Impressionists vakatsvaga geometric distortion (umo nyika yakamanikidzwa kuita maumbirwo ejometri, ichigadzira pfungwa yekusimba uye kutonga), nepo vamwe vakaongorora kukanganiswa kwemvura (umo nyika yakatsvetwa mumvura uye organic nzira). Marudzi ese ari maviri ekukanganisa (kunyanya mvura) anowanzo kuratidza zvinoshamisa zvisingaite mavara.

Iye piyona mukuru wekuvhiringika kwejometri aive Paul Cézanne, uyo akarerutsa zvimiro zvechimiro chechiitiko kuita zvimiro zvejometri. Izvi zvakaguma nemamiriro ekunze (nyaya yake yaanofarira) ine chitarisiko chakaomarara, chakavharika.

Anonyanya kukosha piyona wekukanganiswa kwemvura aive Vincent van Gogh. (Dzimwe nhamba dzinokosha dzinosanganisira Gauguin, Munch, uye Toulouse-Lautrec.) Van Gogh's style ndeyemvura uye ine mavara, uye kunyanya kukoshesa kune yellow. The Starry Night inogona kunge iri basa rake rine mukurumbira.

Nepo Georges Seurat akagadzira yakasarudzika nzira yepost-impressionism: pointllism, umo mapikicha anopihwa mune akawanda madonhwe eruvara rumwe. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa pointlllist basa ndeye "Svondo Masikati" iyo inoratidza chitsuwa cheLa Grande Jatte.

modernist sculpture

Zvivezwa zvemazuva ano zvinorondedzerwa munhoroondo sezvivezwa zvichitanga nebasa raAuguste Rodin uye zvichizoguma nekuuya kwepop art uye minimalism muma 1960. Nhaurirano yaAlex Potts ya2001 yenhoroondo yezvivezwa zvemazuva ano inokwana kunzwisisa kwenhau, nguva, uye nzira dzinoshandiswa nevaimbi vakakosha.

Kunyange zvazvo iko zvino yava kuonekwa sechidimbu kutanga sangano remazuva ano mukuveza nebasa raRodin, mubasa rake munhu anotanga kuona maitiro anozove maitiro echivezwa chemazuva ano, sekuda kutsva muchidimbu, kunyanya muviri.

Zvakare, kurapwa kwepamusoro uye kujekesa pamusoro penyaya, kutarisa kune kufamba, kufananidzira kusanganiswa kwechimiro chemukati chechimiro uye chinomiririra chekunze, kana izvo Constantin Brancusi akadana "chinhu." Uye kutarisisa kukuru kwekubvisa, kupatsanurwa uye kusamiririra muzvinhu zvakavezwa, ndiko kuti, kusimuka kwekuziva kubva pachokwadi uye hunhu hwedzidzo.

Vavezi panguva iyi vakaisawo simbiso pakugadzira, chimiro, uye vhoriyamu pamusoro pekumiririrwa kwechidzidzo chaicho. Kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvo zvisiri zvechinyakare kushandiswa mukupedzisira sculptural concepts kwakawedzera kuoneka, sekushandiswa kwe: zvipfeko, machira uye zvimwe zvakasanganiswa media. Sezvinoonekwa mu "Little-year-old ballerina" yakagadzirwa naEdgar Degas pakati pemakore 1878-1881, parizvino iri muNational Gallery, Washington.

Iko kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvemunhu uye zvemagetsi zvinoonekwa mukati menguva yeMachini Age, semumabasa aUmberto Boccioni naJacques Lipschitz, mukuwedzera kune kukanganisa uye kusasimba kunoonekwa mumabasa enguva yehondo, semumabasa aMedardo. Rosso naAlberto Giacometti.

Kupesvedzera kweunyanzvi kunze kweWestern, ndiko kuti, kuEurope, tsika yakava ine simba zvikuru kune vavezi pakutanga kwezana remakore uye inogona kuonekwa mumifananidzo yaPaul Gauguin naPablo Picasso. Vanyori vakadai saNaum Gabo naAntoine Pevsner vakatanga kushandisa zvinhu zvakanga zvisati zvamboshandiswa kugadzira chivezwa munguva yakapfuura uye zvinhu zvichangobva kugadzirwa zvakaita semapurasitiki.

Zvishandiso zvakamboshandiswa kare zvakava zvakakosha munguva dzazvino, senge: aluminium neIsamu Noguchi, magetsi emwenje mumifananidzo uye yekufambisa mota naCamille Claudel, simbi naJulio González, inotungamirwa naAristide Maillol, simbi uye yakashongedzwa. simbi naDavid Smith naJulio González, huni naConstantin Brancusi uye vakawana zvinhu naLouise Nevelson.

Kunyangwe paine mienzaniso yezvivezwa zvinofamba zvakaitwa nevavezi vekare vakaita se: Antonio Canova naLorenzo Bartolini. Izvo zvatingafunga nezvazvo sekinetic sculpture nhasi, zvese zano rekufamba mune zvivezwa uye zvivezwa chaizvo zvinofamba zvakave zvakanyanya kusimba mukati mehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Alexander Calder naLászló Moholy-Nagy vakashandisa kushandiswa kukuru kwehunyanzvi hwekufamba mumabasa avo muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore.

Kukakavadzana uye kuita pakati pemufananidzo wakanaka uye nzvimbo isina kunaka yakapoteredza basa reunyanzvi yakaitawo basa rinokosha, uye izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kunyanya mubasa rekutanga uye "madhirowa emuchadenga" aGiacometti, Picasso naDavid Smith, pamwe chete. chivezwa naJean Arp, Henry Moore naBarbara Hepworth.

Vatambi vataurwa pamusoro apa, pamwe nevamwe vazhinji, kusanganisira: Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Max Ernst, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Gaston Lachaise, Henri Laurens naAristide Maillol, vakaita zororo rakakosha nemufananidzo wenguva pfupi yapfuura, vakasunungurwa. kubva pakuvimba kwavo neanatomy uye kubatira kwavo zvivakwa, uye zvakatora svikiro kupfuura chero chizvarwa kubva kune vekutanga Renaissance vavezi.

Zvivakwa zvemazuva ano

Zvivako zvemazuva ano zvakakura kubva mukuramba rumutsiriro, classicism, eclecticism, uye zvese zvakagadziridzwa masitaera ekutanga kumhando dzekuvaka dzenharaunda yakabudirira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX neXNUMX. Uyezve, yakakura kubva mukuedza kugadzira mafomu ekuvaka uye masitayera anogona kushandisa uye kuratidza ichangoburwa tekinoroji yekuvaka yesimbi yekuvaka nesimbi, yakasimbiswa kongiri, uye girazi.

Kusvika pakupararira kwepostmodernism, chimiro chemazuva ano chakabatanidzawo kurambwa kwechishongo chakaiswa uye chekushongedza hunhu hwe premodern Western zvivakwa. Chinangwa chezvivakwa zvemazuva ano chave chiri kusimba pazvivakwa zvine rhythmic kurongeka kwevanhu uye mafomu anogadza geometric pateni muchiedza uye ruvara.

Iyi budiriro yakanga yakanyatsobatanidzwa nemhando itsva dzokuvaka dzinodiwa nenzanga yakabudirira, zvakadai sezvivako zvemahofisi zvinogara vatariri vekambani kana kuti hurumende. Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha mafambiro uye mafambiro emazuva ano ekuvaka ndeaya:

  • Chikoro cheChicago
  • functionalism
  • art deco
  • art nouveau
  • De Stijl, iyo Bauhaus
  • The International Style
  • The New Brutalism
  • Postmodernism

maartist emazuva ano

Nhoroondo yeunyanzvi hwemazuva ano inhoroondo yevanyori vakuru uye kubudirira kwavo. Vanyori vemazuva ano vakaita nhamburiko dzokuratidzira mirangariro yavo yenyika yakavapoteredza vachishandisa nzira dzinooneka. Nepo vamwe vakabatanidza basa ravo nemafambiro kana mazano ekutanga, chinangwa chikuru chemuimbi wega wega muzera ranhasi chaive chekusimudzira tsika yavo kusvika pachinzvimbo chechokwadi chaicho.

Vamwe vaimbi vakazvimisikidza sevanhu vanofunga vakazvimiririra, vachipfuura vaiita nzira dzinogamuchirika dze "unyanzvi hwepamusoro" panguva iyoyo, vachitsigirwa nezvikoro zvechinyakare zvehurumende uye vatsigiri vepamusoro-soro vemifananidzo. Vagadziri ava vakatsanangura nyaya yaionekwa nevakawanda yakashata, ine nharo, kana kuti yakashata chose.

Muimbi wemazuva ano wekutanga kumira ari ega mupfungwa iyi aive Gustave Courbet, uyo pakati pezana ramakore rechi 1849 akaedza kukudziridza maitiro ake akasiyana. Izvi zvakanyanya kuitwa nemufananidzo wake we1850-XNUMX, Kuvigwa paOrnans, izvo zvakavhundutsa nyika yeFrance art nekuratidzira mariro emurumewo zvake kubva kumusha wevarombo.

Chikoro ichi chaifarira kuratidzwa kwevashandi vepapurazi vane tsvina vakatenderedza guva rakavhurika, sezvo ngano dzechinyakare chete kana zviitiko zvenhoroondo ndizvo zvaive zvakakodzera pamufananidzo wakakura kudai. Courbet pakutanga akashorwa nekuda kwebasa rake, asi akazoratidza kuve nesimba kune zvizvarwa zvakatevera zvevatambi vemazuva ano. Iyi nzira yakajairika yekuramba uye pesvedzero yakatevera yakadzokororwa nemazana enyanzvi dzemifananidzo munguva yazvino.

Pazasi pane rondedzero yevamwe vane mukurumbira maartist emhando yemazuva ano yehunyanzvi hwekutaura:

  • Eugene Atget
  • hippolyte blancard
  • Paul Cézanne
  • Salvador Dali
  • Max Ernst
  • Paul Gauguin
  • Vincent van Gogh
  • Hector Guimard
  • Wassily Kandinsky
  • Raoul Francois Larche
  • Jacques-Henri Lartigue
  • Fernand Leger
  • Henri Matisse
  • Joan Miro
  • Edvard Munch
  • Pablo Picasso
  • Piet Mondrian
  • franz klein
  • Paul Klee
  • Frantisek Kupka
  • Paul Strand
  • charles sheeler
  • Henry weToulouse
  • Lautrec
  • Oudouard Vuillard

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chemazuva ano chekupendirwa chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi:


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