Kutanga kubva pakusikwa kweRoma uye kukura kwemakore anopfuura chiuru Tsika dzechiRoma yakapararira kubva kuBritannia ichiyambuka Mediterranean kuenda kuMesopotamia, ichiumba humambo, asi simba rayo rinopfuura Humambo hweRoma uye nekuda kweLatin inosvika pasirese.
Tsika dzechiRoma
Tsika dzechiRoma itsika yehushe hweRoma hwaive hwakavakirwa patsika dzechiGreek uye pamwero mudiki tsika dzeByzantine. Pesvedzero yetsika dzechiRoma inopfuurira kupfuura miganhu yeHumambo hweRoma, kunyanya nekuda kwesimba reLatin uye nekuwedzera kwayo muMiddle Europe yese. Hazvibviri kutaura nezvetsika dzechiRoma sechiitiko chenguva imwe chete, sezvo yakatanga kwenhambo yemakore anopfuura chiuru enhoroondo, kubva kuRepublic yeRoma kusvika kuHumambo hweRoma.
Roma
Hupenyu hwemagariro netsika hweHumambo hweRoma hwaitenderedza guta reRome, ine Makomo Manomwe ane mukurumbira, zvivakwa zvaro zvakakura seFlavian Amphitheatre, yava kuzivikanwa seColosseum, Trajan's Forum uye Pantheon. Guta racho raiva nemahoro akawanda emitambo, dzimba dzokurovedzera muviri, matavhera akawanda, dzimba dzepfambi, uye dzokugezera dzavose. Munharaunda yese iri pasi pehumambo pakanga paine zvivakwa zvakasiyana siyana zvekugara, kubva kudzimba dzine mwero kusvika kuVillas de Campo.
Mukati meguta reRome dzimba dzekugara dzine mukurumbira dzaive paChikomo chePalatine, panobva izwi rekuti palace, asi ruzhinji rwevagari veRoma vaigara pakati peguta, pa "insulas" inofananidzwa nezvivakwa zvemazuvano. . Roma ndiyo yaive megalopolis yenguva iyoyo iine vagari vangangosvika zviuru mazana mana nemakumi mashanu uye huwandu hunofungidzirwa hwemamiriyoni matatu nemazana mashanu ezviuru zvevagari vemo.
Zvinofungidzirwa zvinopa huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemaguta munguva yepre-industrial nguva inodarika makumi matatu kubva muzana, yakafanana neyeEngland muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vangangosvika makumi matatu muzana yevagari venzvimbo dziri pasi pesimba reguta vaigara mumaguta evagari vangangosvika zviuru gumi. Mazhinji emaguta eRoma aive nezvivakwa zvikero zvakafanana neRoma yaive neforamu, temberi uye zvivakwa.
Uhu huwandu hwevanhu vemumaguta hwaida chikafu chihombe, chaida zvinhu zvakaoma uye zvinoda kushanda nesimba pakugadzira, kutenga, kutakura, kuchengetedza, uye kugovera chikafu kuRome nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemaguta. Mapurazi eItaly aigovera miriwo nemichero, asi hove nenyama, izvo zvakanga zvichinyanya kukosheswa, zvaiva zvoumbozha. Migero mikuru yakavakirwa kutakura mvura kuenda kumaguta eRoma uye waini nemafuta zvakatengeswa kubva kuHispania, Gaul neAfrica.
Unyanzvi hwoUmambo hweRoma hwokutakurwa kwezvinhu hwainyatsoshanda, izvo zvaikurudzira kuchinjana kwezvokutengeserana pakati pemapurovhinzi ahwo.
Ruzhinji rwevagari vehushe hweRoma, vangangoita makumi masere kubva muzana, vaigara mumaruwa mumisha inogarwa nevanhu vasingasviki zviuru gumi. Varidzi veminda vaiwanzogara muguta, vachisiya kutarisira zvivako zvavo kumutoro wemamaneja edzimba. Matambudziko evaranda mumaruwa aiwanzoipa kupfuura aya evamwe vezera ravo vaishanda mudzimba dzepamusoro mumaguta.
Varanda vazhinji vakasunungurwa uye vakagamuchira mibairo kubva kuvaridzi vavo kuti vakurudzire kugadzirwa, asi kunyange zvakadaro kuwandisa nenhamo zvoupenyu hwomumaruwa zvakaramba zvichikura, izvi zvakanyandura kutama kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi kuenda kunzvimbo dzomumaguta kusvikira pakutanga kwezana ramakore II a. C. apo vanhu vari mumaguta vakamira kukura ndokutanga kuderera.
Kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri a. C. Tsika dzechiGiriki dzakaramba dzichiwedzera pesvedzero yadzo patsika dzechiRoma, zvisinei nekurwiswa kwetsika dzechinyakare vachipesana ne “kutapira” kwetsika dzechiGiriki. Panguva yaMambo Augusto, varanda vepamba vakadzidza vechiGiriki vaiva nebasa rokudzidzisa pwere, kazhinji kazhinji vaibatanidza vasikana, vabiki, vashori, vanyori, vanachiremba, vagadziri vebvudzi, uye vaiuyawo zvikurukuru kubva munzvimbo dzepesvedzero yechiGiriki.
Zvivezwa zvechiGiriki zvaishongedza magadheni echiGiriki paPalatine kana kuti mudzimba dzokugara, kana kuti zvaitevedzerwa muzvivanze zvezvivezwa zvechiGiriki zvakaitwa nevaranda vechiGiriki. Vanyori veRoma vaifarira mutauro wechiGiriki wakasarudzika uye vaizvidza chiLatin.
Tsika dzechiRoma dzaingopfuura tsika dzechiGiriki nekurudyi. Tsika dzechiRoma, nekuda kwesimba rayo rakakura mu geography uye munhoroondo yayo refu, yasiya, mushure mekudonha kweHumambo hweRoma, yakakura nhaka yetsika inosara muchikamu kunyange nhasi.
Social structure
Kubva pakatanga nzanga yeRoma yechinyakare, chimiro chemagariro chaive nepakati pemhuri, iyo yakanga isingaonekwi chete nehukama hwayo hweropa asiwo nehukama hwaive hwakaumbwa zviri pamutemo, hwe "patria potestas". Nzvimbo yose yemhuri yakashandiswa ne "Pater Familias", akanga ari tenzi wemudzimai, vana, madzimai evana, vazukuru, vazukuru, varanda uye vakasunungurwa. Kana mudzimai akapiwa kumurume sine manu, baba vake vanochengeta simba pamusoro pake, zvimwe chetezvo zvinoitika kuvakadzi vevana.
Huranda nevaranda vaive chikamu chemagariro, varanda muRoma yekare vaive vasungwa vehondo. Varanda vaitengwa ndokutengeswa pamusika wevaranda. Mutemo weRoma waibata varanda sechinhu chero chipi zvacho chinotamiswa. Vanatenzi vaiwanzosunungura varanda semubairo webasa remhando yepamusoro. Vamwe varanda vaigona kuchengetedza vobhadhara rusununguko rwavo. Mutemo wairambidza kuchekwa uye kupondwa kwevaranda asi uchingobvumira kubatwa zvisina kunaka.
Kunze kwemhuri (gens) nevaranda (mancipia, yakabatwa natenzi) paiva nevanhuwo zvavo asi vakanga vasina unhu hwepamutemo. Vakanga vasina simba repamutemo uye vaisakwanisa kuita zvibvumirano, kunyange vakanga vasiri varanda. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, iyo yainzi "clientele" yakagadzirwa. Nesangano iri, munhuwo zvake akabatana nemhuri yemushandi zviri pamutemo uye aigona kugara achisaina zvibvumirano achidzidziswa nevabereki vake. Zvinhu zvose zvomunhuwo zvake zvakava chikamu chegen’a uye akanga asingabvumirwi kuumba dzinza rake.
Chiremera chaishandiswa nevabereki pamusoro pemarudzi chakanga chisina muganhu mukodzero dzevanhu uye mutemo wemhosva. Pakati pemabasa amambo aiva kutungamira mauto, kugadzirisa mitemo yezvekune dzimwe nyika uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana pakati pemarudzi. Munguva yeRiphabhuliki yeRoma vagari vaive nekodzero yekuvhota, izvi zvaisanganisira vese maPatricians uye plebeians asi vasingabatanidzi vakadzi, vana nevaranda kubva kune iyi kodzero.
Musangano uyu waiva musimboti wairarama upenyu hwemaguta ekare eRoma, vagari veRoma vakawanda vaienda ikoko kuti vaite mabasa avo ezvokutengeserana uye kuti vaitewo mhemberero kana mitambo. Muforamu iyi, vatauri vakaita zvavanofunga kana kufunga kwavo uye vakatsvaga rutsigiro rwezvikonzero zvavo. Mangwanani-ngwanani vana vaienda kuchikoro kana vadzidzisi vega vega vakaenda kudzimba dzekugara.
Vanhu vakuru vaiwanzodya kudya kwemangwanani nenguva dzegumi neimwe muzuva, vaimbozorora masikati voenda kuforamu pakati pehusiku. Vagari vomuRoma vakawanda vaiva netsika yokuenda kunogezera veruzhinji kanenge kamwe chete pazuva. Zvimbuzi zvevakadzi nevarume zvaive zvakaparadzana. Musiyano mukuru waiva wokuti mabhati evakadzi aiva maduku pane evarume, uye akanga asina frigidarium (kamuri inotonhora) kana palestra (nzvimbo yokurovedza muviri).
Roma yakapa vagari mhando dzakasiyana dzevaraidzo yemahara kunze nemukati. Zvichienderana nechimiro chechiitiko, izvi zvinogona kuitika mangwanani, masikati kana manheru. Mapoka evanhu akadirana kuColosseum kuti vazoona kurwa kwevanhu kana kurwisana kwevanhu nezvikara. Mijaho yengoro dzemabhiza yakaitirwa paCircus Maximus.
Zvipfeko
MuRoma yekare, mapoka emagariro evanhu aive akasiyana uye aisiyaniswa nemhando yezvipfeko. Vanhuwo zvavo, vafudzi, nevaranda vaipfeka jasi rakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakakora uye mavara aro akanga akasviba. Nguo yaishandiswa nevafundisi yaiva yerineni kana kuti mvere chena. Vatongi vaipfeka nguo yeangusticlavii, yakashongedzwa neuta nebhanhire rakatetepa repepuru; maseneta aipfeka hanzu dzine mupendero wepepuru, unonzi tunica laticlavia. Nguo yaipfekwa nemauto yaiva pfupi pane yaipfekwa nevanhuwo zvavo.
Vechidiki mushure mekutendeuka makumi maviri nemumwe vakashandisa toga, jira rakakura kana shinda, chiratidzo chemunhu akasununguka, pamusoro pejasi. Vakadzi vechiRoma vaipfeka jasi uye palla, iro raive jasi rakakura kwazvo rekona. Vafundisi vakapfeka shangu dzvuku neorenji, bhutsu dzemaseneta dzaive dzebrown uye dzemaconsul. Masoja akashandisa bhutsu dzinorema uye vakadzi vakavhara shangu chena, yero kana yegirinhi.
Zvokudya
Miitiro yokudya muRoma yekare yakanga iri nyore zvikuru. Chisvusvuro chainzi entaculum, kudya kwemasikati kwainzi prandium uye kudya kwemanheru kwakachengeta zita racho. Appetizers yainzi Gustatio uye madhiri ainzi secunda cantina. Chirairo chakareruka chaiwanzodyiwa pashure pokudya kwemasikati. Zvokudya zvemasikati zvaiwanzodyiwa nenguva dzegumi neimwe uye zvaisanganisira chingwa, saladhi, maorivhi, chizi, michero, uye nyama inotonhora zvakanga zvasara pakudya kwemanheru apfuura.
Mhuri dzaidyira pamwe chete dzakagara pazvituru zvakatenderedza tafura. Gare gare imba yekudyira yakagadziridzwa, ine zita rekuti triclinium, neimba yekudyira sofa yavakadaidza kuti triclini. Chikafu chakagadzirwa ndokuuyiswa nematrays kuvaenzi vakachitora nemaoko, spoon yaingoshandiswa kunwa muto.
Waini yainwiwa nemapoka ese ezvemagariro uye pakudya kwese nekuti yaive yakachipa, zvisinei yaigara yakasanganiswa nemvura. Kunze kwewaini, kudya kwaiperekedzwa nezvimwe zvinwiwa zvakaita semulsum, yaive waini yakasanganiswa nehuchi, muto waive muto wemazambiringa, uye mulsa yaive mvura yakasanganiswa nehuchi.
Munguva yeHumambo hweRoma vanhuwo zvavo vaidya miriwo polenta nechingwa, dzimwe nguva vaigona kudya nyama, hove, maorivhi nemichero. Dzimwe nguva, zvokudya zvepachena zvaigoverwa muguta. The patrician aristocracy aiva nekudya kwemanheru kwakanyanya, nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzewaini nezvokudya. Dzimwe nguva vatambi vaivaraidza vanhu vaidya. Vakadzi nevana vaidya vakaparadzana, asi pakazopera nguva yehumambo, vakadzi vepamusoro-soro vaipindawo mabiko aya.
dzidzo
Kubva mugore remazana maviri Kristu asati auya, dzidzo yechikoro yakatanga muRoma. Zvidzidzo zvakatanga paanenge makore matanhatu ezera uye kwemakore matanhatu kana manomwe akatevera vakomana nevasikana vakapiwa zvidzidzo mukuverenga, kunyora uye masvomhu.
Kubva pazera remakore gumi nemaviri, vechidiki vakatanga kudzidza chiLatin, chiGiriki, girama uye mabhuku, kuwedzera kune unyanzvi hwekutaura. Kutaura kwakakosha mutsika dzechiRoma uye chinangwa chikuru cheanenge mudzidzi wese, vatauri vakanaka vaifanirwa kuremekedzwa.
Vana varombo havana kuwana dzidzo nekuti vaisakwanisa kuiwana. Dzimwe nguva dzidzo yaipiwa nevaranda vakadzidza uye vane tsika. Chikoro ichi chainyanya kunangana nevakomana, zvisinei kuti vamwe vasikana vaibva kumakirasi akapfuma vaidzidziswa nevarairidzi vekumba vachitobvumidzwa kupinda muzvikoro izvi.
Mutauro
Mutauro wekutanga wevaRoma waiva chiLatin. Mhando dzakasiyana dzechiLatin dzaivepo, dzichishanduka uye dzichichinja zvakanyanya kuita mitauro yeRomance yatinoziva nhasi. Arufabheti yechiLatin yakavakirwa paarufabheti ekare ekutuka, ayo anobva muchiGiriki.
Arufabheti yechiLatin yakatanga kushandiswa munguva yepakati kunyora kwete chete mitauro yakabva muchiLatin, asiwo inenge mitauro yese iripo muEurope, nekuda kwemaitiro eevhangeri yevahedheni, kunze kweSlavic. mitauro inoshandisa Cyrillic alphabet. uye chiGiriki.
Mutauro waitaurwa muUmambo hweRoma waiva Vulgar Latin, iyo yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru neClassic Latin mugirama, mashoko, uye mataurirwo. Mabhuku mazhinji aidzidzwa nevaRoma akanyorwa nechiGiriki uye vanyori vakawanda vechiRoma vaishandisa chiGiriki mumabhuku avo, chiGiriki chaishandiswawo nevanhu vakadzidza veRoma asi chiLatin chakaramba chiri mutauro mukuru pakunyora muEmpire Roman.
Nekuwedzera kweUmambo hweRoma, chiLatin chakapararira muEurope yose. Nekufamba kwenguva, chiLatin chakashanduka kuita mitauro yemuno, ichichinjika mumitauro yakasiyana, ichigadzira mitauro yakati wandei yeRomance kutenderera XNUMXth century. Mitauro yakasiyana-siyana yakabudirira panguva iyi, kusanganisira chiFrench, chiItalian, chiPutukezi, chiRomanian, neSpanish, paine misiyano yakakura pakati payo yakawedzera kukura nekufamba kwenguva.
unyanzvi
Etruscan art yakapesvedzera kuratidzwa kwekutanga kwehunyanzvi hwechiRoma, uko kwakawedzera pesvedzero yehunyanzvi hwechiGiriki yakawedzerwa nguva pfupi yapfuura, iyo yakasangana nayo kumaodzanyemba kweItari mumakoloni eMagna Graecia, pavakapindwa neRoma mukuita kwayo kwekubatana. ye peninsula. Kurudziro yechiGiriki yakakura zvikuru mushure mekunge Roma yapinda muGirisi neMacedonia muzana ramakore rechipiri BC
Literature
Kubva pamavambo awo, mabhuku eRoma akapesvedzerwa zvakasimba nemabhuku echiGiriki. Mabhuku ekutanga anozivikanwa ndiwo epics enhoroondo anorondedzera nhoroondo yeRoma yekare. Sezvo republic yakawedzera, vanyori vakatanga kunyora nhetembo, makomedhi, nyaya, uye njodzi.
Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvakasangana nezera regoridhe panguva yekutonga kwemadzimambo ekutanga. Mabasa akakosha kubva panguva iyoyo anozivikanwa, akadai seThe Histories of Tacitus, the Commentaries of Bello Gallico naJulius Caesar uye Ab urbe condita naTito Livio.
Nyanduri ane mukurumbira weRoman epic Virgil neAeneid yake anorondedzera kutiza kwaAeneas kubva kuTroy nekusvika kwake muguta raizozova Roma. Lucretius akatsanangura sainzi kuburikidza nenhetembo yake On the Nature of Things. Ovid muMetamorphoses akaedza kunyora nhoroondo yakazara yengano kubva pakutanga kwenguva kusvika panguva yake. Rudzi rwesatire runowanzoonekwa sechinyakare cheRoma, uye satires zvakanyorwa, pakati pevamwe, Juvenal naPersius.
Munguva yeRepublic, makomedhi aivewo akakurumbira, kunyanya aya aPublius Terence Aphro, muranda akasunungurwa akabatwa nevaRoma panguva yeHondo Yekutanga yePunic. Mukutaura, Cicero akawana kukosha kukuru nekuda kweminamato yake. Uyezve, tsamba dzepachivande dzaCicero dzinoonekwa seimwe yemhando dzakanakisa dzetsamba dzakanyorwa kare.
Kupenda uye kuvezwa
Kufurira kweEtruscan kunoonekwa mumifananidzo yekutanga yeRoma, kunyanya pendi yezvematongerwo enyika. Art yeGreek yakatorwa sezvakapambwa muhondo muzana ramakore rechitatu BC yakave yakakurumbira zvekuti misha yakawanda yevapfumi yeRoma yakashongedzwa nenzvimbo dzakapendwa nenyanzvi dzechiGiriki. Pakati pemataera ekutanga akajeka echiRoma aive "Inlay" (Incrotius), umo mukati memadziro edzimba aive akapendwa kuti aite semarble ane mavara.
Chivezwa chakatanga kushandisa zvimiro zvechinyakare uye zvepwere, gare gare chakashanduka chikatora rudzi rwemusanganiswa wezvechokwadi nemafungiro, kudzamara aenda mberi kumifananidzo apo kukunda kweRoma kwaimiririrwa.
Architecture
Sezvakaita mune zvese zvehunyanzvi zviripo mutsika dzechiRoma, zvivakwa zvekutanga zveRoma zvakaratidza zvinhu zvemaitiro ekuvaka eEtruscans nemaGreek. Ichi chimiro chaive chichichinja sekuda kwezvido zvemudhorobha uye saka huinjiniya hutsva hwekuvaka nekuvaka hwakagadziridzwa uye hwakakwana. Kongiri yeRoma kusvika parizvino inoramba iine enigma uye kunyangwe mushure memakore anopfuura zviuru zviviri, zvimwe zvezvivakwa zvekare zvechiRoma zvichiripo, sePantheon.
Chitendero
Sezvinoratidzirwa mune kumwe kuratidzirwa kwetsika dzeRoma, rudzidziso rweRoma yekare rwakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nedzimwe tsika. Kunyanya chitendero chechiGiriki chaiva nebasa guru mukuumba vamwari veRoma. Pakutanga, panguva yehumambo uye makore ekutanga erepublic, humwari hwaive hwakanangana nemabasa ekurima uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwepamba.
VaRoma vainamata manhamba, midzimu yechisiko; kumidzimu yemadzitateguru avo; kumarasha, mweya yemba nekune mapenati, mweya yeupenyu. Ngano dzeRoma dzakaumbwa nengano nengano dzechitendero chevamwari vakawanda chaiitwa muRoma yekare. Vazhinji vevamwari veRoma pantheon vanobva kuGreece vanamwari vachitsiva vamwari venzvimbo nezvimwe zvisingawanzo.
VaRoma vaiva nemukurumbira nokuda kwenhamba huru yavamwari. Kuvapo kwaMagna Graecia kwakavimbisa kuti mimwe miitiro yechitendero yakatangwa iyo yakava inokosha, yakadai sechitendero cheApollo. VaRoma vakabatanidza ngano dzavo nengano dzaitorwa kubva kuGreece.
Rakanakisa ruzivo